XIX. A SUMMARY OF COMITIAL HISTORY (part 2 of 2)

XIX. A SUMMARY OF COMITIAL HISTORY (part 2 of 2)

[2617] Dig. iii. 3. 42. 1; xlvii. 10. 5; 10. 37. 1; xlviii. 2. 12. 4; Paul. Sent. v. 4. 8; Justin. Inst. iv. 4. 8; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 203; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 208, 423 f.; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1561; Bruns, Font. Iur. 93. In the opinion of Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 665; iii. 166, this lex did not establish a quaestio.

[2618] Cic. Cluent. 20. 55; 27. 75; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 442.

[2619] Cic. Cluent. 28. 75.

[2620] Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 442. On the Cornelian courts in general, see Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 420 ff.; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 520 f.; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 413-6; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. see index, s. Quaestio and the various crimes belonging thereto; Röm. Staatsr. ii. 200 f.; Lengle, Sull. Verf. 17-54; Lohse, De quaestionum perpetuarum origine, praesidibus, consiliis; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1561 f.

In Lange’s opinion (Röm. Alt. ii. 665; iii. 166) there must have been a lex Cornelia de adulteriis et pudicitia, for it is doubtful whether Sulla’s ordinance περὶ γάμων καὶ σωφροσύνης could have formed part of his lex de iniuriis; Plut. Comp. Lys. et Sull. 3; cf. Dig. xlviii. 5. 23. It seems to be demonstrated, however, by Voigt, in Ber. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. xlii (1890). 244-79, that all republican regulations of this offence, including the Cornelian, were sumptuary; cf. Cuq, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. iii. 1141. No quaestio accordingly was needed for the trial of the offence.

[2621] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 158.

[2622] P. 412.

[2623] Cic. Verr. II. i. 47. 123; Pseud. Ascon. 193.

[2624] Suet. Caes. 11.

[2625] Cic. Rosc. Am. 43. 125 f. Though Cicero says he does not know whether the law in question was the Valerian or Cornelian, he probably knew it was the latter, the terms of which he states: “Ut eorum bona veneant, qui proscripti sunt, ... aut eorum, qui in adversariorum praesidiis occisi sunt.”

[2626] Livy lxxxix; Vell. ii. 28. 4; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 6; Plut. Sull. 31; Cic. 12; Dion. Hal. viii. 80. 2.

[2627] Cic. Rosc. Am. 44. 128.

[2628] App. B. C. i. 96. 100; Flor. ii. 9 (iii. 21); cf. Suet. Ill. Gramm. 11.

[2629] Livy, ep. lxxxix; App. B. C. i. 100. 470; 104. 489; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 12; Cic. Mur. 24. 49: Leg. Agr. ii. 28. 78; iii. 2. 6 ff.; 3. 12; Gromat. p. 230 ff.

[2630] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 159; cf. ii. 689; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 407 f.

[2631] Lange, ibid. iii. 159.

[2632] CIL. i². p. 49.

[2633] Lange, ibid. iii. 161.

[2634] Cic. Dom. 30. 79; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 12; cf. Pseud. Ascon. 102.

[2635] Cic. Caecin. 35. 102.

[2636] App. B. C. i. 102. 474; cf. Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 14. 35.

[2637] Sall. Hist. i. 55. 11. They were then being made according to the law of M. Octavius (p. 401), or if that was repealed by Cinna, according to the lex Sempronia of 123 (p. 372).

[2638] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 693. The statement in iii. 161 is less exact.

[2639] App. B. C. i. 102. 474.

[2640] Cic. Off. iii. 22. 87.

[2641] P. 409 f.

[2642] Hence it was that T. Crispinus, quaestor in the following year, treated the Valerian law as no longer in force; Cic. Font. 15; Lange, ibid. iii. 162. To this date seems to belong the lex Cornelia de sponsu (Gaius iii. 124), which Poste, 359, reasonably assigns to the dictator.

[2643] CIL. i². p. 333; Vell. ii. 27. 6; Cic. Verr. i. 10. 31; Pseud. Ascon. 150; Wissowa, Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm. 128.

[2644] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 675; iii. 162.

[2645] Its existence is assumed for the year 80; Plut. Sull. 35.

[2646] P. 388, n. 9.

[2647] Ibid.

[2648] Gell. ii. 24. 11; Macrob. Sat. iii. 17. 11.

[2649] Plut. Sull. 35. Here belongs also his regulation de adulteriis et pudicitia; p. 420, n. 6 above.

[2650] CIL. i². p. 154. A proof that he completed his legislation in this year is the fact that he looked upon the following as a time of probation for his system (App. B. C. i. 103; Cic. Rosc. Am. 48. 139), and that the newly organized criminal courts were in operation for the first time in 80; Cic. ibid. 5. 11; 10. 28; Brut. 90. 312; Off. ii. 14. 51; Gell. xv. 28. 3; Plut. Cic. 3.

On the form of comitia used for the ratification of his measures, see p. 236.

[2651] The general character of these proposals, among which the frumentarian alone was adopted, can be gathered from the Oration of Lepidus, in Sall. Hist. i. 55; cf. Gran. Licin. x. p. 44: “Legem frumentariam nullo resistente adeptus est, ut annonae quinque modi populo darentur, et alia multa pollicebantur: exules reducere, res gestas a Sulla rescindere”; Tac. Ann. iii. 27; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. i. 554 f.

[2652] P. 414.

[2653] Sall. Hist. ii. 49; Ascon. 66, 78; Pseud. Ascon. 200; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 178 f.; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 3; Herzog, _Röm. Staatsverf._ i. 531 f.; Klebs, ibid. ii. 2483.

Cicero, Cornel. i. 18 (Frag. A. vii), states that Cotta proposed to the senate the repeal of his own laws, whereupon Asconius comments that he can find the mention of no law of his except the one concerning retired tribunes above described. Cicero, however, attributes to him a lex de iudiciis privatis, which his brother caused to be repealed in the following year; Cornel. i. 19. It is not otherwise known.

[2654] Sall. Cat. 31; Gaius ii. 45; Cuq, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. iii. 1159. For the cases coming before this court, see Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 424, n. 6.

[2655] Cic. Verr. iii. 8. 9. C. Scribonius, consul in the preceding year, may have been author of the lex Scribonia de usucapione servitutum (Dig. xli. 3. 4. 28; cf. Cic. Caecin. 26. 74), or it may belong to the tribune of the same name of the year 50; p. 450, n. 2.

[2656] P. 413, n. 4. The consuls of 73 passed a frumentarian measure—the lex Cassia Terentia, considered below; p. 444, n. 6.

[2657] Sall. Hist. iv. 1, in Gell. xviii. 4. 4. Sallust speaks of nothing more than the promulgation of the law; but we know that afterward an attempt was made to collect the moneys; Ascon. 72; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 190, 221; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 467. Münzer, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1380, speaks of the measure as a proposal.

The same consul with his colleague, L. Gellius Poplicola, proposed and carried a law for confirming the grants of citizenship already made by Pompey in Spain; Cic. Balb. 8. 19; 14. 32 f.; Pliny, N. H. v. 5. 36. Their joint proposal that provincials should not in their absence be tried on a capital charge took the form merely of a senatus consultum; Cic. Verr. II. ii. 38. 95; Münzer, ibid.; Drumann-Gröbe, ibid.

In 71 (CIL. i. 593 = vi. 1299) and in 62 (CIL. i. 600 = vi. 1305) there was a curator viarum e lege Visellia. The law mentioned could not have been later than 71, but may have been many years earlier. There were curatores viarum in 115; CIL. vi. 3824; Marquardt, Röm. Staatsv. ii. 89, n. 6.

[2658] Cic. Flacc. 3. 6; Ascon. 15; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 191.

[2659] Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 13. 3; Fam. i. 4. 1; cf. Q. Fr. ii. 2. 3; Fam. viii. 8. 5; Sest. 34. 74; Caes. B. C. i. 5.

[2660] Cic. Att. i. 14. 5; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 43. 3. As consul in 63 Cicero adjourned the assembly in order to hold a meeting of the senate on a certain comitial day; Cic. Mur. 25. 51; Plut. Cic. 14.

[2661] The first chapter of this law is preserved in an inscription; CIL. i. 204; Bruns, Font. Iur. p. 94; Girard, Textes, p. 66.

[2662] P. 423.

[2663] Gran. Licin. x. p. 44. It was charged against him by Philippus in the senate that for the sake of concord he wished to restore the tribunician power; Sall. Hist. i. 77. 14.

[2664] Sall. Hist. iii. 48. 8; Pseud. Ascon. 103.

[2665] P. 423 f.

[2666] Cic. Verr. II. i. 60.

[2667] Cic. Cluent. 34. 93 f.; Ascon. 103; Plut. Lucull. 5.

[2668] Licinius Macer, Oratio ad plebem, in Sall. Hist. iii. 48. 11 (cf. iv. 71); Cic. Cluent. 22. 61; 27. 74; 28. 77; 29. 79; Pseud. Ascon. 141; Schol. Gronov. 386, 395, 441.

[2669] Sall. Hist. iii. 48; Cic. Brut. 67. 238.

[2670] Suet. Caes. 5.

[2671] Plut. Pomp. 21; App. B. C. i. 121. 560; Sall. Hist. iv. 44 (“Magnam exorsus orationem”) probably refers to his speech in this contio. Frag. 45 (“Si nihil ante adventum suum inter plebem et patres convenisset, coram se daturum operam”) seems also to be from this speech.

[2672] Sall. Hist. iv. 46.

[2673] Cic. Verr. i. 16. 46 f.

[2674] Ibid. 15. 44; Pseud. Ascon. 147.

[2675] CIL. i². p. 154.

[2676] Livy, ep. xcvii; Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 47; Ascon. 75; Pseud. Ascon. 103.

[2677] Sall. Cat. 38; Vell. ii. 30. 4; Cic. Leg. iii. 9. 22; ii. 26; Plut. Pomp. 22; App. B. C. ii. 29. 113; cf. Cic. Verr. v. 63. 163; 68. 175; Schol. Gronov. 397; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 192 f.; Long, _Rom. Rep._ iii. 49-51; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 553.

[2678] Cic. Verr. i. 15. 45.

[2679] P. 424. Pompey found it popular to give his assent; Plut. Pomp. 22; cf. Neumann, Gesch. Roms, ii. 75.

[2680] Cicero, in his In Verrem Actio I, is unacquainted with the rogation and expresses the hope that the condemnation of Verres will restore confidence in the senatorial courts. In Actio II, composed after the exile of Verres and not delivered, he assumes the existence of such a rogation (cf. v. 69. 177).

[2681] Cic. Verr. ii. 71. 174 f.; iii. 96. 223 f.; v. 69. 177 f.; Livy, ep. xcvii; Plut. Pomp. 22; Pseud. Ascon. 127.

[2682] On the tribuni aerarii, see p. 64, n. 3. See also Cic. Phil. i. 8. 20; Rab. Perd. 9. 27; Cat. iv. 7. 15; Ascon. 16; Schol. Bob. 339.

[2683] P. 402.

[2684] Cic. Cluent. 43. 121.

[2685] Cic. Att. i. 16. 3; Phil. i. 8. 20; Ascon. 16, 30, 53, 67, 78, 90; Pseud. Ascon. 103; Schol. Bob. 229, 235, 339; Schol. Gronov. 384, 386; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 197 f.; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 533; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 442 ff.; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 51-3; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. ii. 2485 f.

The reference to a lex Aurelia in Cic. Q. Fr. i. 3. 8, seems to be, not to a lex de ambitu, as Lange, ibid. iii. 198, supposes, but to the lex iudiciaria under discussion.

[2686] Röm. Alt. ii. 199 (cf. ii. 671). It must have been passed between the death of Sulla and 57; Gell. ii. 24. 13; Macrob. Sat. iii. 17. 13; Cic. Fam. vii. 26. 2.

[2687] Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 11. 44.

[2688] Cic. Cluent. 55. 152 (year 66).

[2689] Cic. Att. i. 17. 9; Off. iii. 22. 88; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 202.

[2690] Cf. Neumann, Gesch. Roms, ii. 141.

[2691] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 30.

[2692] Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 52; Ascon. 78.

[2693] Cic. Phil. ii. 18. 44; Hor. Epist. i. 1. 61; Juv. iii. 159; xiv. 324.

[2694] Livy, ep. xcix; Tac. Ann. xv. 32; Ascon. 79; Cic. Mur. 19. 40; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 42. 1; cf. Hor. Epod. iv. 15. The censors of 194 had given front seats to the senators; p. 356 f.

[2695] Vell. ii. 32. 3; Cic. Mur. 19. 40; p. 356 f. above.

[2696] Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 11. 3.

[2697] Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 526.

[2698] P. 425.

[2699] Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 13. 3; cf. Fam. i. 4. 1.

[2700] Cic. Alt. v. 21. 12; vi. 2. 7. Loans were sometimes made in violation of the law (Flacc. 20. 46 f.), and sometimes the senate granted a dispensation from it; Att. v. 21. 11 f.; vi. 2. 7; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 203.

[2701] Ascon. 56.

[2702] Ibid. 57.

[2703] P. 307 f.

[2704] Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 5; Valin. 2. 5; Ascon. 57 f.; Quintil. Inst. x. 5. 3 (iv. 4. 8).

[2705] Ascon. 58; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 39. 4.

[2706] Cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 214; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 337 f.; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 107. Dio Cassius, xxxvi. 39, has wholly misunderstood the matter. Ferrero’s account (Rome, i. 194) of the Cornelian legislation is inaccurate in all points.

[2707] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38. 4; Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 40.

[2708] CIL. 1², p. 156; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. i. 256 f.; Münzer, ibid. iii. 1376 f.

[2709] Ascon. 75.

[2710] Schol. Bob. 361; Ascon. 68, 89; Cic. Mur. 23. 46; 32. 67. It was opposed by the people, who preferred the stricter measure of Cornelius; but Piso with a crowd of followers forced it through the assembly; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38. 1.

[2711] Schol. Bob. 361; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38; xxxvii. 25. 3; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 425, 508, 521 f.; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 867; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 105 f. It was supplemented by the lex Fabia de numero sectatorum, apparently a plebiscite of 66; Cic. Mur. 34. 71; Mommsen, ibid. 871; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 527.

[2712] XXXVI. 40. 1 f. (Foster’s rendering); cf. Ascon. 58; Cic. Fin. ii. 22. 74; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 656; iii. 215; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 107 f.; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 527; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 95, 97 f., 122.

[2713] Ascon. 58. The restriction, however, was only partial; Erman, in Mélanges Ch. Appleton (1903), 201-304. The author of the law seems to have been a man not only of excellent heart but of remarkably statesmanlike views, though the optimates naturally classed him as seditious. On Cornelius in general, see Münzer, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1252-5; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 526-9.

[2714] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 23 ff.; Plut. Pomp. 25; Vell. ii. 31; App. Mithr. 94.

[2715] Vell. ii. 31; Cic. Verr. ii. 3. 8; iii. 91. 213; Pseud. Ascon. 122, 176, 206; Schol. Bob. 234; Sall. Hist. iii. 4 f.

[2716] P. 428 f.

[2717] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 30. 2; cf. the deposition of Octavius, p. 367.

[2718] Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15. 44; Livy, ep. xcix; Eutrop. vi. 12.

[2719] Plut. Pomp. 26; Dio Cass, xxxvi. 37. 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19. 57 f.

[2720] Sall. Hist. v. 13; cf. Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. i. 256.

[2721] Cf. Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 76. Another comitial act on foreign affairs was the plebiscite of unknown authorship providing for a commission of ten to aid Lucullus in settling the affairs of Asia; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 43. 2.

[2722] Ascon, p. 64 ff.; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 42. 1-3.

[2723] Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 3.

[2724] Cic. Mur. 23. 47.

[2725] Ascon. 65 f. The Cn. Manlius mentioned by Ascon. 45 f. is probably to be identified with this Manilius; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 19, n. 9.

[2726] XXXVI. 42. 3.

[2727] Ascon. 66, or more simply the “lex de imperio Cn. Pompeii”; Cic. Imp. Pomp. Inscr.

[2728] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 42.4; Plut. Pomp. 30; Lucull. 35; App. Mithr. 97; Livy, ep. c; Vell. ii. 33. 1; Eutrop. vi. 12.

[2729] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 219; Willems, Sén. Rom. ii. 586 f.

[2730] Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17. 51 ff.; 20. 59 ff.; Plut. Pomp. 30.

[2731] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 43. 2, and especially Cicero’s oration De imperio Pompeii ad quirites. Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 131 f., severely criticises Dio Cassius for his treatment of Cicero’s motives.

[2732] P. 354.

[2733] P. 370.

[2734] P. 397; Cic. Off. iii. 11. 47; Brut. 16. 63; Balb. 21. 48; 23. 52; 24. 54; Arch. 5. 10; Leg. Agr. i. 4. 13; Ascon. 67; Schol. Bob. 296, 354; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 9. 5; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 229; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 140.

[2735] Gell. i. 12. 11 f.; Suet. Aug. 31; Lange, ibid. ii. 675 f.; iii. 229; Wissowa, Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm. 439.

[2736] P. 391.

[2737] P. 416. On the lex Atia, see Dio Cass. xxxvii. 37. 1; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 243. This act had no effect on the supreme pontificate, which had remained elective (p. 416 above) and which was conferred on Caesar soon after (Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 155 f.) the enactment of the Atian law; Dio Cass. ibid.; Suet. Caes. 13; Vell. ii. 43. 3. The same Atius, together with T. Ampius Balbus, a colleague, proposed and carried a plebiscite for granting to Pompey the privilege of wearing the triumphal ornaments in the Circensian games and the toga praetexta and laurel (or golden?) crown at the theatres; Vell. ii. 40. 4; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 21. 3 f.

[2738] Cic. Leg. Agr. iii. 2. 4.

[2739] Ibid. i. 2. 4; ii. 5. 13.

[2740] Ibid. ii. 7. 16-8; 8. 21.

[2741] Ibid. ii. 13. 34; 24. 64.

[2742] Ibid. ii. 9. 24.

[2743] Ibid. i. 5. 15; ii. 13. 33; 27. 72.

[2744] From (1) an extensive sale of houses, lands, and other property belonging to the state (ibid. i. 1. 3; 3. 10; ii. 14. 35; 15. 38). (2) vectigalia (i. 4. 10; ii. 21. 56), and (3) other public moneys (i. 4. 12 f.; ii. 22. 59).

[2745] Ibid. ii. 25. 66.

[2746] Ibid. i. 5. 16 f.; ii. 13. 34; 20. 55; 24. 63; 25. 66; 26. 68; 27. 74 f.

[2747] These are the second and third Orations on the Agrarian Law, the first having been delivered in the senate. On the purpose of the rogation, see Neumann, Gesch. Roms, ii. 223 ff.; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 143; Ferrero, Rome, i. 231-3.

[2748] P. 431.

[2749] Cic. Mur. 32. 67.

[2750] Cic. Vat. 15. 37; p. 359 above.

[2751] CIL. i². p. 156.

[2752] Cic. Mur. 2. 3; 3. 5; 23. 47; 32. 67; Schol. Bob. 269, 309, 324, 362.

[2753] Cic. Mur. 23. 47.

[2754] Cic. Vat. 15. 37; Sest. 64. 133 (cf. Har. Resp. 26. 56); Schol. Bob. 309.

[2755] Cic. Mur. 23. 47; 41. 89; Planc. 34. 83; Schol. Bob. 269, 362; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 29. 1.

[2756] Cic. Mur. 23. 47. On the law in general, see Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 245; Hartmann, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. i. 1801.

[2757] Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 9. 24, proves that no such law existed at the beginning of 63, and in 62 its existence is assumed by the Caecilian rogation for dispensing Pompey from its provisions; Schol. Bob. 302.

In 61 M. Aufidius Lurco, tribune of the plebs, attempted a curious modification of the statute concerning corruption at elections, proposing that promises of money to the tribes should not be binding, but that a candidate who actually paid should be liable for life to a payment—apparently annual—of three thousand sesterces to the tribe. His measure failed to become a law; Cic. Att. i. 16. 12 f.; 18. 3; Hartmann, ibid. i. 1802.

[2758] Cic. Fam. xi. 1. 2; Att. ii. 18. 3.

[2759] Cic. Leg. iii. 8. 18.

[2760] Cic. Fam. xii. 21.

[2761] Cic. Leg. Agr. i. 3. 8; 17. 45; Flacc. 34. 86.

[2762] Cic. Leg. iii. 8. 18.

[2763] Cic. Flacc. 34. 86; Fam. xii. 21; Att. ii. 18. 3; xv. ii. 4; Suet. Tib. 31; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 244.

Several unpassed bills of the year 63 are mentioned. (1) The rogation of L. Caecilius, tribune of the plebs, for lightening the penalty upon P. Autronius Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla, who had been condemned for ambitus; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 25. 3; Cic. Sull. 22 f.; cf. Leg. Agr. ii. 3. 8; 4. 10.—(2) A proposal to restore to the children of those whom Sulla had proscribed the right to become candidates for offices; Dio Cass. ibid.; Plut. Cic. 12; Cic. Att. ii. 1. 3.—(3) A proposal for the cancellation of debts and (4) another for the allotment of lands in Italy. All these measures were quashed by Cicero; Dio Cass. ibid. § 3 f.

[2764] Suet. Caes. 28. 3; Plut. Cat. Min. 17.

[2765] Schol. Bob. 310. These same magistrates established a penalty for violations of the lex Caecilia Didia (Cic. Phil. v. 3. 8), whether by the law above mentioned or a separate enactment cannot be determined.

[2766] Val. Max ii. 8. 1. In 62 falls the unpassed bill of Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, tribune of the plebs (cf. p. 437, n. 1), directing Pompey to come to the defence of Italy against Catiline; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 43; Schol. Bob. 302. In the following year (61) the consuls, M. Pupius Piso and M. Valerius Messala, proposed a resolution for the appointment of a special commission to try Clodius on charge of having intruded in a religious festival exclusively for women; Cic. Att. i. 13. 3; Mil. 5. 13; 22. 59; 27. 73; Ascon. 53; Suet. Caes. 6; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 46. The bill provided that the jurors should not be drawn by lot in the usual way but appointed by the praetor; Cic. Att. i. 14. 1. It was withdrawn in favor of the plebiscite de religione for the same purpose but more favorable to the accused, presented by Q. Fufius Calenus, and accepted by the tribes; Cic. Att. i. 16. 2; Parad. iv. 2. 31; Plut. Caes. 10; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 198 f.

[2767] Dio Cass. xxxvii. 51. 3; Cic. Att. ii. 16. I; Q. Fr. i. 1. 11. 33; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 274. These taxes were made unnecessary by Pompey’s acquisitions in the East.

[2768] Cic. Att. i. 18. 6; 19. 4; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 50; Plut. Cat. Min. 31.

[2769] P. 162.

[2770] P. 386.

[2771] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 1. 4. On the later inclusion of this territory, see p. 440 below.

[2772] Suet. Caes. 20.

[2773] Cic. Fam. xiii. 4. 2.

[2774] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 1. 4 f.; Cic. Dom. 9. 23.

[2775] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 1. 3; App. B. C. ii. 10. 35; Plut. Cat. Min. 31; Pomp. 47; Cic. 26.

[2776] App. B. C. iii. 2. 5; 7. 24.

[2777] Varro, R. R. i. 2. 10; Cic. Att. ii. 6. 2; 7. 3; ix. 2 a. 1; Vell. ii. 45. 2; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 1. 6 f.; Suet. Aug. 4.

[2778] Dio Cass. ibid.

[2779] CIL. vi. 3826 (Elogium of M. Valerius Messala, consul in 61); Cic. Att. ii. 7. 4; Prov. Cons. 17. 41.

[2780] Röm. Staatsr. ii. 628, n. 4.

[2781] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 2.

[2782] Ibid. 3 f.; Plut. Caes. 14; App. B. C. ii. 10.

[2783] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 6. 1.

[2784] P. 116.

[2785] The assembly met in the Forum, and was therefore tribal; Suet. Caes. 20; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 6. 2; Plut. Cat. Min. 32.

[2786] Cic. Att. ii. 18. 2: “Ut ex legibus Iuliis” seems to be official language. The explanation of Marquardt, Röm. Staatsv. i. 114 f., which identifies one of the Julian laws with the lex Mamilia, Roscia, etc., is not satisfactory, though accepted by Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 182. A plurality is also mentioned by Livy, ep. ciii; Schol. Bob. 302; Plut. Pomp. 47 f.; Caes. 14; App. B. C. ii. 10-2.

[2787] Att. ii. 18. 2.

[2788] Att. ii. 3. 3 (Dec. 60); 6. 2; 7. 3.

[2789] Att. ii. 16. 1.

[2790] XXXVIII. 1. 4; 7. 3.

[2791] Cat. Min. 31, 33.

[2792] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 279-88, maintains that there were two agrarian laws; cf. Ferrero, Rome, i. 287-91. The opposite view is held by Marquardt, Röm. Staatsv. i. 114 f.; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 182.

[2793] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 7. 3; Cat. Min. 33; Suet. Caes. 20; Vell. ii. 44. 4. Whereas Cicero was of the opinion that this district could provide not more than five thousand with lots of ten iugera, Suetonius and Velleius state that twenty thousand were settled in it. Some Campanian land remained undivided in 51; Cic. Fam. viii. 10. 4. Many settlements under the Julian law are mentioned in the liber coloniarum, in Gromat. 210, 220, 231, 235, 239, 259, 260.

It was in accord with Caesar’s policy of colonization and of the extension of the franchise that P. Vatinius, tribune of the plebs in this year, carried a law for sending five thousand new settlers to Comum, a Latin colony in northern Italy. Some of the new residents he honored with the citizenship; Strabo v. 16; Suet. Caes. 28; App. B. C. ii. 26. 98; Plut. Caes. 29; Cic. Att. v. 11. 2; Fam. xiii. 35. 1. The franchise was afterward withdrawn by a decree of the senate; Suet. and Plut. ibid.

[2794] Dio Cassius, xxxviii. 7. 1 f. (cf. Schol. Bob. 302; App. B. C. ii. 12. 42), is probably wrong in saying that death was the penalty for refusal to swear. Cicero (Sest. 28. 61) and Plutarch (Cat. Min. 32) speak simply of heavy penalties.

[2795] Cic. Att. ii. 18. 2. The provision regarding the oath was not introduced till it was found that the senate opposed.

Supplementary to these Julian laws is the lex Mamilia Roscia Peducaea Alliena Fabia, three articles of which are contained in Gromat. 263-6; Bruns, Font. Iur. 96-8; Girard, Textes, 69 f. Other references to a lex Mamilia are Gromat. 11. 5; 12. 12; 37. 24; 144. 19; 169. 7; Cic. Leg. i. 21. 55. The last proves it to have been passed before 51. The seeming citation of the third article as an agrarian law of Gaius Caesar by Dig. xlvii. 21. 3, may indicate merely a borrowing of this article from the earlier law of Caesar, just as article 2 is substantially repeated in Lex Col. Genet. 104. Mommsen, in Röm. Feldmess. ii. 221-6; Röm. Staatsr. ii. 628, n. 4, considers it the work of a second sub-committee (Vviri) of the vigintiviri provided for by the agrarian law, enacted to furnish rules for the administration of the latter. Lange (Röm. Alt. ii. 690; iii. 288) and more decidedly Willems (Sén. Rom. i. 498, n. 5) prefer to regard it as a tribunician law and to assign it to 55.

[2796] Cf. Polyb. vi. 17. 5; p. 345 above.

[2797] Suet. Caes. 20; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 7. 4; App. B. C. ii. 13. 48; Cic. Att. ii. 16. 2; Schol. Bob. 259, 261.

[2798] Cic. Fam. viii. 8. 3.

[2799] Pompey in his second consulship, 55, attempted in vain to displace it by a still severer measure; p. 448.

[2800] Cic. Att. v. 10. 2; 16. 3.

[2801] Cic. Pis. 16. 37; 21. 49 f.; 37. 90; Dom. 9. 23; Prov. Cons. 4. 7.

[2802] Cic. Pis. 37. 90.

[2803] Cic. Att. vi. 7. 2; Fam. ii. 17. 2, 4; v. 20. 2, 7; Pis. 25. 61; cf. Plut. Cat. Min. 38; Dio Cass. xxxix. 23. 3.

[2804] Dig. xlviii. 11.

[2805] Cic. Rab. Post. 4. 8 f.; 11. 30.

[2806] Suet. Caes. 43; Otho, 2; Tac. Hist. i. 77; Paul. Sent. v. 28.

[2807] Vat. 12. 29. See further on the law, Sest. 64. 135; Schol. Bob. 310, 321; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 195-7; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 292; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 709; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 427, 483, 485.

[2808] Ci. Vat. ii. 27; Planc. 15. 36; Schol. Bob. 235, 321, 323. “It is indifferently described as a method of challenging alternate benches (consilia) and alternate iudices”; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 451. It seems to have permitted the rejection not simply of individual jurors as heretofore, but of an entire panel; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 197.

[2809] Dio Cass, xxxviii. 8. 1; Schol. Bob. 235.

[2810] Pliny, N. H. xxxiii. 10. 136; Joseph. Ant. Iud. xiv. 34 f.

[2811] Cic. Att. ii. 16. 2.

[2812] Caes. B. C. iii. 107. 6; Suet. Caes. 54; Dio Cass, xxxix. 12. 1; Cic. Rab. Post. 3. 6.

[2813] Dio Cass, xxxviii. 7. 5; App. B. C. ii. 13. 46; Plut. Lucull. 42; Pomp. 48; Vell. ii. 44. 2; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 289; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 194. Several other laws on foreign affairs, having especial reference to treaties, were proposed and carried by P. Vatinius, tribune of the plebs in this year, acting probably as Caesar’s instrument; Cic. Vat. 12. 29; Fam. i. 9. 7; Att. ii. 9. 1.

[2814] P. 163.

[2815] Dio Cass. xxxviii. 8. 5; Suet. Caes. 22; Cic. Sest. 64. 135; Vat. 15. 35 f.; Prov. Cons. 15. 36; Caes. B. G. ii. 35. 2; iii. 7. 1; v. 1. 5.

[2816] Caes. B. G. i. 10.

[2817] Caes. B. G. i. 21.

[2818] Suet. Caes. 22; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 8. 5; Plut. Caes. 14; Pomp. 48; Crass. 14; Cat. Min. 33. The resolutions of people and senate are combined by App. B. C. ii. 13. 49; Vell. ii. 44. 5; Zon. x. 6; cf. Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 198 f.

[2819] Cf. Ferrero, Rome, i. 290.

[2820] Drumann-Gröbe, ibid.

[2821] On the consulship of Caesar see further Long, Rom. Rep. III. ch. xix; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 278-96; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 550-3; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 177 ff.; the histories of Mommsen, Peter, Ferrero, etc., and the various biographies of Caesar.

[2822] Cic. Sest. 25. 55; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13. 1; Ascon. 9; Schol. Bob. 300 ff.

[2823] Six and a third asses to the modius; p. 372. The frumentarian law of Appuleius Saturninus for lowering the price to five-sixths of an as had been annulled (p. 395 f.), and the law in force in 82, whether the Sempronian or the Octavian, was repealed by Sulla (p. 422). Lepidus, consul in 78, carried a law for the distribution of five modii of grain to the citizen, at what price and at what interval is not stated (p. 423, n. 8). There was also a lex frumentaria of the consuls of 73, C. Cassius Varus and M. Terentius Varro (Cic. Verr. iii. 70. 163; v. 21. 52; cf. Sall. Hist. iii. 48. 19). It must have restored, or maintained, the Sempronian price, which according to the sources was displaced by the Clodian provision for free grain. Probably by an article of this law, rather than by a new enactment, Sex. Clodius, a dependent of the tribune, was given charge of the distribution; Cic. Dom. 10. 25. See further Humbert, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. ii. 1346 f.

[2824] Cic. Sest. 25. 55.

[2825] Cic. ibid.; Red. in Sen. 13. 33; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13. 1 f.; Plut. Cic. 30.

[2826] Cic. Pis. 4. 9; Sest. 25. 55; Ascon. 9, 67; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13. 2; Liebenam, Röm. Vereinswes. 21; Waltzing, Corp. prof. i. 92.

[2827] Cf. Ferrero, Rome, i. 300.

[2828] P. 117.

[2829] Cic. Sest. 15. 33; p. 471.

[2830] Ascon. 9: Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13. 2; Schol. Bob. 300; cf. Cic. Pis. 4. 9; Sest. 25. 55.

[2831] Suet. Dom. 9. 3: Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 308.

[2832] Vell. ii. 45. 1; Livy, ep. ciii; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 14. 4; Plut. Cic. 30; cf. Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 208 f.

[2833] P. 371.

[2834] We hear many echoes of this theory in the speeches of Cicero which refer to the Catilinarian conspiracy; cf. Cat. ii. 2. 3; 8. 17; iv. 5. 10 (admitted by C. Caesar); 7. 15; 10. 22.

[2835] This act accorded with earlier usage; p. 249, 267, 395. On the original rogation of Clodius concerning the exile of Cicero and its amendment, see Gurlitt, in Philol. N. F. xiii (1900). 578-83; Sternkopf, ibid. 272-304; xv (1902). 42-70. See also Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 970, n. 2, 978, n. 1.

The remaining Clodian laws may pass with briefer mention: (1) A plebiscite which converted the kingdom of Cyprus into a province, confiscated the property of the reigning king, and commissioned Cato to bring the treasury of the latter to Rome; Livy, ep. civ; Cic. Dom. 8. 20; Sest. 26. 57; 27. 59; Schol. Bob. 301 f.; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 30. 5; App. B. C. ii. 85 f.—(2) The plebiscite de inuriis publicis, the terms of which are not known; Cic. Dom. 30. 81.—(3) The plebiscite which transferred the title of king and the priesthood of the Great Mother at Pessinus from Deiotarus to his son-in-law Brogitarus; Cic. Sest. 26. 56; Har. Resp. 13. 28 f.; 27. 59; Dom. 50. 129; Q. Fr. ii. 7. 2; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 308; Niese, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 2401-4.—(4) The plebiscite de provinciis and (5) de permutatione provinciarum, which assigned to the outgoing consuls of the year provinces according to their desires; Cic. Sest. 25. 55; Dom. 9. 23 f.; 26. 70; Prov. Cons. 2. 3; Plut. Cic. 30; (Aurel. Vict.) Vir. Ill. 81. 4. There were, too, several unpassed rogations. In general on Clodius and his legislation, see Lange, ibid. 296 ff.; Long, Rom. Rep. III. ch. xxi; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 202 ff.; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 82-8; White, Cicero, Clodius, and Milo, 16 ff.

[2836] Cic. Dom. 33. 90; Pis. 15. 35 f.; Red. in Sen. 11. 27; p. 127 above. Among the tribunician rogations for the purpose, preceding the enactment of the centuriate law, were the Ninnia (Dio Cass. xxxviii. 30. 4; Cic. Sest. 31. 68), the Messia (Cic. Red. in Sen. 8. 21), that of eight tribunes (Cic. Sest. 33. 72; Pis. 15. 35; Fam. i. 9. 16), and the Fabricia (Cic. Red. in Sen. 8. 22; Mil. 14. 38). The last was proposed early in 57; the others near the end of 58.

[2837] Cic. Att. iv. 1. 7; Livy, ep. civ; Dio Cass. xxxix. 9. 2 f.; Plut. Pomp. 49; App. B. C. ii. 18. 67.

In 56 a rogation of C. Porcius Cato, tribune of the plebs, for abrogating the proconsular imperium of P. Cornelius Lentulus failed to become a law (Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 3. 1; Fam. 1. 5 a. 2); also the rogation of his colleague L. Caninius for commissioning Pompey with pretorian power for the purpose of restoring Ptolemy, the exiled king of Egypt, to his throne; Dio Cass. xxxix. 12 ff.; Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 2. 3; Plut. Pomp. 49.

[2838] An interregnum was forced in order to secure a more favorable chairman for the elections than were the consuls of 56.

[2839] Plut. Caes. 21; Pomp. 51; Crass. 14; Cat. Min. 41; App. B. C. ii. 17. 62 f. The postponement of the comitia was effected by C. Porcius Cato (Dio Cass. xxxix. 27. 3; Livy, ep. cv; Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 4. 6) and a colleague in the tribunate (Cic. Att. iv. 15. 4).

[2840] Cic. Att. iv. 9. 1; Dio Cass. xxxix. 33. 1 f.; Plut. Cat. Min. 43; Crass. 15; Pomp. 52; App. B. C. ii. 18. 65; Livy, ep. cv; Vell. ii. 46. 1 f.; p. 442 above.

[2841] Dio Cass. xxxix. 34 f.; Plut. and Livy, ibid.

[2842] Dio Cass. xxxix. 33. 3 f.

[2843] Dio Cass. xxxix. 37. 1.

[2844] Cic. Planc. 15. 36; 16. 40; 17. 41.

[2845] Ibid. 15. 36 ff.; Schol. Bob. 253 f., 261.

[2846] Cic. Planc. 16. 40; Schol. Bob. 262; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 340 f.

[2847] Cic. Att. x. 4. 8; xiii. 49. 1; App. B. C. ii. 23. 87; Dio Cass. xl. 52. 3; 55. 2; Plut. Cat. Min. 48; Pomp. 55.

[2848] Paul. Sent. v. 24; Dig. xlviii. 9; cf. i. 2. 2. 2. 32, which is inexact; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 667.

[2849] Cic. Rab. Post. 6. 13. As the equites did not participate in the government of Italy and the provinces, they had not been rendered liable to the earlier leges repetundarum, although it was possible to bring action against them for corrupt jury service; cf. p. 378, n. 3.

[2850] Dio Cass. xxxix. 37.

[2851] Cic. Pis. 39. 94; Phil. i. 8. 20; Ascon. 16; Pseud. Sall. Rep. Ord. ii. 3. 2 f.; cf. 7. 11 f.; 12. 1; cf. Greenidge, _Leg. Proced._ 448.

[2852] Cic. Mil. 5. 13; 6. 15; 26. 70; 29. 79; Ascon. 31 ff., 37, 40, 53; Schol. Bob. 276; Schol. Gronov. 443; Gell. x. 20.

[2853] Cic. Att. vii. 1. 4; 3. 4; viii. 3. 3; Fam. vi. 6. 5; xvi. 12. 3; Phil. ii. 10. 24; Suet. Caes. 26; Caes. B. C. i. 32; Dio Cass. xl. 51. 2.

[2854] Dio Cass. xl. 56. 1; Suet. Caes. 28. 3.

[2855] Dio Cass. xl. 46. 2.

[2856] Ibid, and 56. 1; cf. 30. 1.

[2857] P. 381.

[2858] Hirschfeld, in Klio, iv (1904). 76-87; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 720 ff.

[2859] It suffices to mention (1) the unpassed bill of C. Lucilius Hirrus and M. Coelius Vinicianus, 53 (in rivalry with a tribunician rogation for the establishment of tribuni militum consulari potestate), to name Pompey dictator; Cic. Fam. viii. 4. 3; Q. Fr. iii. 8. 4; Plut. Pomp. 54.—(2) The repeal of the Clodian plebiscite of 58 concerning the censorial stigma (p. 445) by a law of Q. Caecilius Metellus, colleague of Pompey in 52; Dio Cass. xl. 57. 1.—(3) The unpassed bill of the famous P. Clodius, praetor in 52, concerning the suffrage of the libertini—somewhat similar to the Manilian law of 67 (p. 433); Ascon. 52; Schol. Bob. 346.—(4) Possibly a lex Scribonia de usucapione servitutum was the work of C. Scribonius Curio, tribune in 50, though more probably it belongs to an earlier date; p. 424, n. 4.—(5) An unpassed alimentary rogation of the same Scribonius for ordering the aediles to control the weights and measures of the markets in a way to give justice to the poor; Cic. Fam. viii. 6. 5; App. B. C. ii. 27. 102.—(6) Another unpassed Scribonian bill for limiting the travelling expenses of senators; Cic. Att. vi. 1. 25.—(7) An unpassed Scribonian bill concerning the Campanian land; Cic. Fam. viii. 10. 4.—(8) An unpassed Scribonian rogatio viaria, like the agrarian rogation of Servilius Rullus (p. 435); Cic. Fam. viii. 6. 5.—(9) An unpassed Scribonian bill for confiscating the realm of King Juba; Caes. B. C. ii. 25; Dio Cass. xli. 41. 3. One or two other unpassed bills of the same tribune are still less important.

[2860] Dio Cass. xli. 36. 1 f.; Caes. B. C. ii. 21; App. B. C. ii. 48. 196; Plut. Caes. 37.

[2861] Caes. B. C. iii. 2; App. B. C. ii. 48. 196 f.; Plut. Caes. 37.

[2862] Here seems to belong the plebiscite of A. Hirtius concerning the partisans of Pompey (Cic. Phil. xiii. 16. 32; CIL. i. p. 627 f.; Willems, Sén. Rom. i. 592), though Mommsen (CIL. l. c.) assigns it to 46.

[2863] Dio. Cass. xlii. 20.

[2864] Ibid. 21. That his appointment was for an indefinite time, not for a year as Dio Cassius, ibid. 20, states, is proved by CIL. i.² p. 28, 41. He held the office till news of the victory at Thapsus reached Rome.

[2865] Dio Cass. xlii. 20.

[2866] Dio Cass. xliii. 14; cf. Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 48 f.

[2867] Dio Cassius, xliii. 42-6, describes them at great length, whereas Suetonius, Caes. 76, is content with a brief enumeration.

[2868] Dio Cass. xliii. 44; CIL. ix. 2563; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 767, n. 1.

[2869] The right to the consulship was granted according to Dio Cassius, xliii. 45. 1 (προεχειρίσαντο), by a vote of the people. In general it is impossible to determine which senatus consulta for conferring these and future honors were ratified by the comitia. The perpetual dictatorship was assumed February, 44; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 739.

[2870] Dio Cass. xliv. 5. 3.

[2871] Ibid. 7. 3; Suet. Caes. 52. 3. Two laws of the consul M. Antonius were also enacted in his honor, the first changing the name of the month Quinctilis to Julius (Macrob. Sat. i. 12. 34), the second dedicating to Caesar the fifth day of the Roman games (Cic. Phil. ii. 43. 110).

[2872] Cf. Bondurant, Dec. Jun. Brut. 40.

[2873] Caes. B. C. iii. 1; Cic. Att. vii. 11. 1.

[2874] Caes. B. C. iii. 1; Suet. Caes. 42; Dio Cass. xli. 37 f.; App. B. C. ii. 48. 198; Plut. Caes. 37. Possibly the lex Iulia de bonorum cessione (Gaius iii. 78; Theod. Cod. iv. 20; Justin. Cod. vii. 71. 4) may be identical with this law.

[2875] Dio Cass. xli. 38. 1 f.; Cic. Att. ix. 9. 4.

[2876] Agitation leading to this measure found expression in a rogation of M. Caelius Rufus, praetor in 48, for the payment of debts in six years without interest (Caes. B. C. iii. 20) and somewhat later in a rogation for an extensive, perhaps complete, abolition of debts (Caes. B. C. iii. 21; Livy, ep. cxi; Vell. ii. 68. 1 f.; Dio Cass. xlii. 22-5); in a rogation of P. Cornelius Dolabella, tribune of the plebs in 47, for the complete abolition of debts (Livy, ep. cxiii; Plut. Ant. 9; Dio Cass. xlii. 29. 32); and in rogations by these two officials respectively for the remission of rents (treated by the sources in connection with their bills on insolvency).

[2877] Suet. Caes. 38; Dio Cass. xlii. 51. 1.

[2878] On the similar measure of Octavianus, see p. 459. See also Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 694; iii. 435.

[2879] This measure seems to have been brought about by no law but merely through his censorial power; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 448; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 557.

[2880] A Julian colonial law is mentioned by Lex Col. Genet. 97. The veterans were settled in Italy probably under the agrarian law of 59; Suet. Caes. 81. 1. The known colonies founded under the dictatorial law are included in Kornemann’s list, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 524 ff.; cf. Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 604-6. His most famous colonies were Carthage (App. Lib. 136; Dio Cass. xliii. 50. 3 f.; Plut. Caes. 57; Strabo xvii. 3. 5) and Corinth (Dio Cass. ibid. § 4; Plut. ibid.; Strabo viii. 6. 3; xvii. 3. 15; Paus. ii. 1. 2; 3. 1). The colonia Genetiva Iulia Urbanorum in Spain was founded in 44 after the death of Caesar, but iussu C. Caesaris dict. imp. et lege Antonia senat(us)que c(onsulto) pl(ebi)que (scito)—by a consular law of Antonius for the founding of the colony, supplemented by a plebiscite of unknown authorship.

The inscription known as the lex Coloniae Genetivae Iuliae (CIL. ii. supplb. 5439; Bruns, Font. Iur. 123-40; Girard, Textes, 87-103) is a part of the lex data (§ 67), or charter, granted the colony by its founder. It was called Urbanorum because it was made up of proletarians from Rome; cf. Kornemann, ibid. 527.

[2881] Suet. Caes. 42. At the same time measures were taken to prevent those residents of Italy who were liable to military service from absenting themselves unduly from the country. To give employment to the poor, the owners of herds were ordered to make up one-third of their shepherds from freemen; ibid.

[2882] Dio Cass. xli. 18. 2; xliv. 47. 4; Plut. Caes. 37; Suet. Caes. 41; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 416.

[2883] Caes. B. C. iii. 1; cf. Suet. Caes. 41.

[2884] Cic. Phil. xii. 4. 10; Tac. Ann. xi. 24; Dio Cass. xli. 36. 3; cf. xxxvii. 9. 3-5. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 134; 159, n. 1; Krüger-Brissaud, Sourc. d. droit Rom. 97, for the authorship of the law.

The so-called lex Rubria de Gallia Cisalpina (CIL. i. 205 = xi. 1146; Bruns, Font. Iur. 98-102; Girard, Textes, 70-76) seems to be a lex data, probably of 49 [Mommsen, in Wiener Studien, xxiv (1902). 238 f.; Ephem. Ep. ix. 1903. p. 4]. As the lex Rubria cited in § 20 is not this document but an earlier plebiscite, the name of the author has not been determined. It regulated the administration of justice in Cisalpina, which remained a province till 42. The fragment of a law found at Ateste (Bruns, ibid. 102 f.; Girard, Textes, (76-8) is of the same nature and belongs to the same period, though probably not to the Rubrian law itself, as Mommsen (Hermes, xvi. 24-41) once assumed.

[2885] Dio Cass. xli. 24. 1; cf. Livy, ep. cx. The monarchical quality of his rule shows itself in his bestowal of the citizenship on individuals at his own pleasure; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 134.

In 44 the lex Iulia de Siculis, published by Antonius after the death of Caesar, gave the full citizenship to the Sicilians, who had received the Latinitas from Caesar. This law, Antonius asserted, had been carried through the comitia by the dictator, whereas Cicero, Att. xiv. 12. 1, states positively that no mention was even made of such a proposition in the dictator’s lifetime.

[2886] Dio Cass. xlii. 51. 4; Suet. Caes. 41; wrongly Pomponius, in Dig. i. 2. 2. 2. 32. The two additional aediles (cereales) were not instituted till 44; Dio Cass. xliii. 51. 3.

[2887] Dio Cass. xlii. 51. 3; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 437; p. 416 above. The addition of one to the fifteen members of the great sacerdotal colleges (Dio Cass. ibid.; cf. Cic. Fam. xiii. 68. 2) refers to his right to commend candidates for supernumerary membership (Wissowa, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. ii. 2317), and hence does not imply a comitial act.

[2888] Cic. Phil. vii. 6. 16.

[2889] Suet. Caes. 41; cf. Dio Cass. xliii. 51. 3. The pretext was the impending Parthian war. In 46 he had been given the right to name all the magistrates but had rejected it; Dio Cass. xliii. 14. 5; 45. 1; 47. 1; cf. Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 612, n. 3.

[2890] Livy, ep. cxvi; Dio Cass. xliv. 10. 1-3; xlvi. 49. 2. In the following year a tribune was similarly deposed by a plebiscite of P. Titius, a colleague (Dio Cass. xlvi. 49. 1); and in 43, before the establishment of the triumvirate, the city praetor was deprived of his office by his colleagues, probably through a comitial act; App. B. C. iii. 95. 394 f.; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 630, n. 4.

[2891] P. 427.

[2892] Suet. Caes. 41; Dio Cass. xliii. 25. 1. Cicero, Phil. i. 8. 19, intimates, without positively stating, that this was a centuriate law; p. 236 above.

[2893] Cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 455; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 558.

[2894] We are informed that he increased the penalties for crimes, and enacted that a person condemned to exile should forfeit half his estate, and the murderer of a relative the whole; Suet. Caes. 42; cf. Dio Cass. xliv. 49. 3.

[2895] Cic. Phil. i. 9. 23.

[2896] The Julian laws on these subjects in the Digesta, xlviii. 4 (de maiestate), 6 f. (de vi) prove by their contents to belong to Augustus; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 560. 4; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 455. The leges Iuliae which abolished what remained of the legis actiones (Gaius iv. 30) are also supposed to belong to Augustus; Poste, Gaius, 474.

[2897] Cic. Att. xiii. 7.

[2898] Cic. Fam. ix. 15. 5; 26. 3; Suet. Caes. 43.

[2899] Cic. Att. xii. 35; 36. 1.

[2900] Cic. Att. xiii. 7; Suet. Caes. 43; Dio Cass. xliii. 25. 2; cf. Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 559; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 450. The officials failed to enforce it effectively; Suet. ibid.

[2901] P. 164.

[2902] Dio Cass. xliii. 25; Cic. Phil. i. 8. 9; iii. 15. 38; v. 3. 7; viii. 9. 28. The lex Iulia et Titia, which gave provincial governors the right to name tutors (Gaius i. 185, 195; Ulp. xi. 18; frag. d. Sin. 20; Inst. i. 20) may be a part of the lex de provinciis (Voigt, Röm. Rechtsgesch. i. 840 f.), or a supplement to it. The expression may refer either to one law or to two related laws. The Julian lex de liberis legationibus, limiting their duration (Cic. Att. xv. 11. 4), also belongs to 46.

[2903] CIL. i. 206; Bruns, Font. Iur. 104-13; Dessau, ii. 6085; Girard, Textes, 78-87. The extant fragment, originally known as the Table of Heraclea (Lucania) from the place where it was found, is inscribed on a bronze tablet now in the National Museum at Naples. As it disqualified for office any who had taken part in the proscriptions (§ 121), it must have followed the downfall of the Cornelian régime in 70, and the mention of the month Quinctilis (§ 98) proves that it preceded the renaming of that month in 43. A reference to one of its provisions (§§ 94, 104) by Cicero, Fam. vi. 18. 1 (Jan., 45) as of a law freshly passed, proves it to be no later than January, 45; cf. Savigny, Verm. Schr. iii (1850). 279-412; Karlowa, Röm. Rechtsgesch. i. 438; Girard, Textes, 78. It must have been passed, therefore, before Caesar set out for Spain, about November, 46; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 569.

[2904] For the various hypotheses, see Hackel, in Wiener Studien, xxiv (1902). 552-62.

[2905] Kalb, in Jahresb. ü. Altwiss. 1906. 37. The identification of this law with the lex Iulia municipalis cited in an inscription found at Padua (CIL. v. 2864) and with the lex municipalis of the Digesta (1. 9. 3; Cod. vii. 9. 1), proposed by Savigny, ibid., is not certain; Girard, Textes, 78.

[2906] Lex Iul. Mun. 1-19.

[2907] Lex Iul. Mun. 20-82.

[2908] Ibid. 83-142.

[2909] Ibid. 143-59.

[2910] Ibid. 160-4.

[2911] Savigny, Verm. Schr. iii. 329, was of the opinion that the inclusion of articles 1 and 2 with articles 3-5 formed a lex satura (p. 396) having no other motive than convenience. Hackel, Wien. Stud. xxiv. 560, supposes that Caesar had intended to bring the provisions of this measure before the comitia as two separate laws, but in his haste to be off for Spain, combined them in one. At all events the interpretation given above is true of the result if not of the intention.

[2912] Many of his regulations were effected through edicts. Such were probably the imposition of duties on goods imported into Italy—an abolition of the law of 60 (Suet. Caes. 43; cf. p. 438), the leasing of the emery mines in Crete (Dig. xxxix. 4. 15), and the suppression of the collegia which had been organized under the Clodian law of 58; Suet. Caes. 42; Joseph. Ant. Iud. xiv. 10. 8. 213 ff.; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 435; Liebenam, Röm. Vereinswes. 27.

[2913] Cic. Phil. v. 4. 10; App. B. C. iii. 5. 16; 22. 81; Dio Cass. xliv. 53. 2; xlv. 23. After the Antonian laws had been annulled by the senate, February, 43, on the ground that they had been passed with violence and contrary to the auspices (Cic. Phil. vi. 2. 3; Dio Cass. xlv. 27), the acts of Caesar are confirmed anew by a centuriate law of C. Vibius Pansa, consul in that year; Cic. Phil. x. 8. 17; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 526. The policy of using the departed Caesar as a means of self-aggrandizement readily lent itself to Octavianus, at whose instigation Q. Pedius, his colleague in the consulship in 43, caused a comitial act to be passed for the establishment of a special court to try the murderers of the dictator. The act specified the punishment to be inflicted on the guilty and offered rewards to informers; Vell. ii. 69. 5; Suet. Ner. 3; Galb. 3; Dio Cass. xlvi. 48 f.; App. B. C. iii. 95; Aug. Mon. Ancyr. i. 10; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 199.

The lex Rufrena in honor of Caesar (CIL. i. 626) probably belongs to 42; Lange, ibid. 556; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. ii. 89, n. 3. In te same year falls the lex of the triumvirs which changed the birthday of Caesar from July 12 to 5 (Fowler, Rom. Fest. 174) and compelled all to celebrate it; Dio Cass. xlvii. 18. 5.

[2914] Cic. Phil. v. 4. 10; Lex Col. Genet. 104.

[2915] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 499. After this law had been annulled by a senatus consultum (p. 457, n. 7), the settlements made by Antonius were confirmed by a centuriate law of C. Vibius Pansa, consul in 43; Cic. Phil. xiii. 15. 31.

[2916] Dio Cass. xlv. 9. 1.

[2917] Cicero, Phil. v. 3. 7, says all Italy; 7. 20; vi. 5. 13.

[2918] Ibid. v. 7. 21; vi. 5. 14; viii. 9. 26; xii. 9. 23.

[2919] Ibid. v. 7. 21; vii. 6. 17.

[2920] Ibid. ii. 38. 99; v. 12. 33; Alt. xv. 19. 2.

[2921] Cic. Phil. v. 3; vi. 5. 14; xi. 6. 13.

[2922] Dio Cass. xliv. 53. 7; cf. Livy, ep. cxvii; Vell. ii. 63. 1; cf. p. 341, 391. No comitial act is suggested, and it may have been one of the false laws of Caesar. Ferrero’s theory (Rome, iii. 38) has nothing in its favor.

[2923] P. 455.

[2924] Cic. Phil. i. 8. 19; v. 5 f.; viii. 9. 27; cf. Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 449 f. This law with his others was annulled in the following year by the senate; Cic. xiii. 3. 5; p. 457, n. 7.

[2925] Cic. Phil. i. 9. 21 f.

[2926] Ibid.

[2927] Cic. Phil. v. 4. 10; p. 457, n. 7. The lex Antonia on the dictatorship was doubtless renewed by a lex Vibia; Cic. l. c.

[2928] Dio Cass. xlvi. 55. 3.

[2929] Aug. Mon. Ancyr. i. 8; App. B. C. iv. 7. 27; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. ii. 84, 89.

[2930] Dio Cass, xlvii. 15. 4 (ἐψηφίσαντο ordinarily implies a comitial vote); cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 680. The grant of lictors to the Vestals in 42 may also have been effected by a comitial act; Dio Cass. xlvii. 19. 4. In the same year a consular lex of L. Munatius Plancus ordered the erasure of the names of L. Julius Caesar and Sergius from the list of the proscribed; App. B. C. iv. 37. 158; 45. 193.

[2931] Dio Cass. xlviii. 9. 5. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 565, assumes a vote of the comitia.

[2932] Dio Cass. xlviii. 33. 5; Gaius ii. 227; Dig. 35. 2. Closely related is the lex Glitia of unknown date, mentioned by Gaius only (Dig. v. 2. 4), which aimed to prevent a parent from ill-humoredly wronging a child in his testament. Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 662, regards the word Glitia as a copyist’s error for Falcidia.

[2933] Dio Cass. xlvii. 13. 3.

[2934] Dio Cass. xlix. 38. 1.

[2935] Aug. Mon. Ancyr. ii. 1; Tac. Ann. xi. 25; Dio Cass. lii. 42. 5; cf. Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. ii. 130.

[2936] Plut. Ti. Gracch. 9; Cic. Att. iii. 23. 4; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 649; Karlowa, Röm. Rechtsgesch. i. 427.

[2937] Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 5. 13; Dion. Hal. x. 57. 5; Livy iii. 34. 1; Dio Cass. xlii. 32. 2 f. A bronze tablet was sometimes used for a mere rogation; Cic. Mil. 32. 87; Suet. Caes. 28. For leges promulgatae, see Livy iii. 9. 5; iv. 1. 1; 48. 1, 9; vi. 35. 4; 39. 1; x. 6. 6; xliii. 16. 6. On the requirement of the trinum nundinum, see p. 397. The proposer was called rogator or lator (Livy iv. 48. 10); his supporters adscriptores; Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 9. 22. The names of the latter, provided they were magistrates, were often published with the bill for the sake of influence; Cic. Pis. 15. 35; Red. in Sen. 2. 4; 9. 22; Sest. 33. 72; Fam. i. 9. 16.

[2938] Cic. Att. i. 19. 4; Inv. ii. 45. 130 f.; Ascon. 57; Livy iii. 34. 4 ff.

[2939] Cic. Sull. 22. 62.

[2940] Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 9. 22.

[2941] Frontinus, De aquis urbis Romae, ch. 129; Bruns, Font. Iur. 115; Girard, Textes, 103-5; Lex Agr. 1 (CIL. i. 200).

[2942] The Italics supply lacunae. See also Cic. Phil. i. 10. 26; Probus, in Gramm. Lat. iv. 272 (Keil).

[2943] Or the several names of a group of rogatores (cf. Livy iv. 1. 2; Cic. Sest. 33. 7. 2), as in the Lex de Termessibus (p. 425) and the lex Mamilia Roscia, etc. (p. 441, n. 1); see also Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 315, n. 2.

[2944] Cf. Probus, in Gramm. Lat. iv. 272.

[2945] He was either taken by lot or appointed by the presiding magistrate; Cic. Planc. 14. 35.

[2946] As in the Lex de Termess. 1.

[2947] Ex h(ace) l(ege) plebive scito; Lex Lat. Bant. (3). 15; Bruns, Font. Iur. 55; Girard, Textes, 31; Lex Agr. 2 (CIL. i. 200).

[2948] Sometimes K. (kaput) or K. L. (kaput legis) followed by a number is used, or the title may be preceded by R. (rubrica); Egbert, Lat. Inscr. 349; Cagnat, Épigr. Lat. 266.

[2949] Dig. xlviii. 19. 41; Cic. Att. iii. 23. 2 f. The substance of the sanctio comprising the extant fragment of the Lex Lat. Bant. is given on p. 379. On the lex sacrata, see p. 264 f.

[2950] Macrob. Somn. Scip. ii. 17. 13. A lex minusquam perfecta prescribes a penalty but allows the violating act to stand. The lex Furia testamentaria (p. 352), for instance, declares that the beneficiary of a legacy above the legal limit must pay fourfold, but does not rescind the legacy itself; Ulp. Reg. 1. A lex perfecta not only prescribes a penalty but nullifies a contravening act. These distinctions apply only to the civil law. Cf. Ulp. l. c.; Karlowa, Röm. Rechtsgesch. i. 428; Poste, Gaius, 566. Other terms connected with the enactment, repeal, and alteration of laws are explained by Ulp. Reg. 3: “Lex est rogatur, id est fertur, aut abrogatur, id est prior lex tollitur, aut derogatur, id est pars primae legis tollitur, aut subrogatur, id est adiicitur aliquid primae legi, aut obrogatur, id est mutatur aliquid ex prima lege.” The classification of laws as curiate, centuriate, and tribal according to the form of the comitia, and as consular, tribunician, etc. according to the office of the lator does not need explanation.

[2951] Dig. xiii. 2. 1; Gromat. 265.

[2952] Cf. Frag. Atest. in Bruns, Font. Iur. 101; Girard, Textes, 78; Lex Acil. rep. 78 (CIL. i. 198).

[2953] “Si quid ius non est rogarier, eius ea lege nihilum rogatur”; Cic. Caec. 33. 95; Dom. 40. 106; Lex Tudert. (CIL. i. 1409) 10 f. A far more detailed formula is given by Cic. Att. iii. 23. 3.

[2954] “Si quid sacri sancti est, quod non iure sit rogatum, eius hac lege nihil rogatur”; Probus, in Gramm. Lat. iv. 273.

[2955] P. 233 f.

[2956] Lex de imp. Vesp. in CIL. vi. 930; Bruns, Font. Iur. 193 f.; Girard, Textes, 106: “Si quis huiusce legis ergo adversus leges rogationes plebisve scita senatusve consulta fecit fecerit, sive, quod eum ex lege rogatione plebisve scito senatusve consulto facere oportebit, non fecerit huius legis ergo, id ei ne fraudi esto, neve quit ob eam rem populo dare debeto, neve cui de ea re actio neve iudicatio esto, neve quis de ea re apud se agi sinito.” Although this document may have been a senatus consultum, it has the form of a law and is so called by itself; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 876-9. All such formulae were indicated by the series of initial letters of the component words; Probus, in Gramm. Lat. iv. 272 f.

[2957] Fest. 314. 29: “Neve per saturam abrogato aut derogato”; Lex Tudert. 9; Cic. Att. iii. 23. 3.

[2958] This is true of the Lex Lat. Bant. (p. 380), the Appuleian laws (p. 395), and the Julian agrarian law of 59 (p. 440).

[2959] As by forbidding tribunician intercession; Lex Mal. 58; Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 12. 30.

[2960] Cic. Att. iii. 23. 2.

[2961] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 652.

[2962] Livy iii. 57. 10; Cic. Phil. i. 10. 26; Tac. Hist. iv. 40; Suet. Vesp. 8; Serv. in Aen. vi. 622. In earlier time wooden tables were used for laws as well as for rogations; Dion. Hal. iii. 36. 4; iv. 43. 1.

[2963] P. 438. Plebis cita and the senatus consulta pertaining thereto were originally kept by the aediles of the plebs in the temple of Ceres; p. 278 f.

[2964] “Unde de piano recte legi possit”; Probus, in Gramm. Lat. iv. 273, for example, the Forum; Dion. Hal. x. 57. 7. Plebiscites and senatus consulta of international importance could be found in the temple of Faith on the Capitoline hill; Suet. Vesp. 8; Obseq. 68. For other places, see Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 652 f.

[2965] Under the aedile for judicial business only; p. 325.

[2966] P. 276.

[2967] Cf. p. 304.

[2968] For judicial business only; p. 292.

[2969] P. 327.

[2970] P. 141. For instance, the dictator; p. 416, n. 1.

[2971] Livy xxv. 3. 14; xxxiii. 25. 7; xxxiv. 1. 4; 53. 2; xliii. 16. 9; xlv. 36. 1; App. B. C. i. 15. 64; Plut. Ti. Gracch. 17; C. Gracch. 13; Aemil. 31; Ascon. 77.

[2972] Dion. Hal. vii. 17. 2; ix. 41. 4; x. 9. 3; Livy viii. 14. 12; Varro, R. R. i. 2. 9. For legislation in the Forum, see Lex Quinct. de Aq. praescriptio.

[2973] Varro, R. R. iii. 2. 5; Cic. Planc. 9. 16; Att. i. 1. 1; iv. 3. 4; Fam. vii. 30. 1.

[2974] Livy iii. 54. 15; xxvii. 21. 1; cf. Richter, Top. v. Rom, 48, 212; Platner, Top. and Mon. of Anc. Rome, 343.

[2975] Livy iii. 20. 7.

[2976] P. 297. Meetings distant from the city were soon afterward forbidden by law.

[2977] Vocare tribus in (or ad) suffragium (Cic. Planc. 20. 49; Livy iii. 71. 3; iv. 5. 2; vi. 38. 3; x. 9. 1; xxv. 3. 15), citare tribus ad suffragium ineundum (Livy vi. 35. 7), or mittere tribus in suffragium (Livy iii. 64. 5).

[2978] Livy xxv. 3. 16; Lex Mal. 53; Fest. 127. 1. These sources prove, against Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 483, that the right to vote in a tribe drawn thus by lot was not restricted to those who were virtually citizens awaiting enrolment. It is probable that, at least in early time, not even residence was a requirement; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 232, n. 2, 396 f., 643 f.

[2979] In the opinion of Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 397, n. 4, 411, n. 7; Abhdl. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. ii (1857). 426, n. 107, the principium had nothing to do with the order of voting. His argument is based chiefly on the fact that according to the Lex Mal. 55—a constitution evidently based in large part on that of Rome—the curiae voted simultaneously. Reference to the preliminary vote of a single Roman tribe, however, is made by Plut. Aemil. 31; App. B. C. i. 12. 52. Furthermore it is difficult to understand why so great importance should attach to the principium on Mommsen’s supposition that it had merely to do with the order of announcement after the simultaneous vote of all the tribes. His view is accepted by Liebenam, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 684, but rejected by Lange, Kl. Schr. ii. 477 f.; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. 1184, and ignored by most other writers, including Liebenam, inconsistently; ibid. 706.

[2980] “Sitellam deferre.” It was filled with water, the lots were thrown in, and the drawing was effected by pouring out the water, which caused the pieces to fall one by one. The process was supervised by the custodes; cf. Ascon. 70; Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 9. 22.

[2981] Dion. Hal. vii. 59. i; App. B. C. iii. 30. 117.

[2982] Serv. in Bucol. i. 33; Ovid, Fast. i. 53; Cic. Mil. 15. 41.

[2983] The marble building, known as the Saepta Julia, begun in 54 by Julius Caesar (Cic. Att. iv. 16. 14), was finished by Agrippa in 27 B.C. A plan is given by Platner, Top. and Mon. of Anc. Rome, 365, who describes it at length; cf. Richter, Top. v. Rom, 230 ff.

[2984] Cic. Sest. 51. 109; p. 129 above.

[2985] The act could take place during the deliberation, the placing of the urn, the sortition, and the separation of the people in their voting groups; Ascon. 70; (Cic.) Herenn. i. 12. 21; Cic. N. D. i. 38. 106. It was most convenient, however, for the tribune to interpose his veto by forbidding the reading of the bill; Ascon. 57 f. (p. 430 above); App. B. C. i. 12.

[2986] P. 115.

[2987] Livy ix. 46. 2; Gell. vii (vi). 9. 2.

[2988] Dion. Hal. vii. 59. 9; 64. 6.

[2989] This is true of the comitia centuriata (Cic. Div. ii. 35. 75; N. D. ii. 4. 10), and doubtless applies as well to other forms of assembly; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 403, n. 4. The rogator must have kept a tally of the votes in rogations in some such way as in elections, in which for each vote he placed a mark (punctum) after the name of the candidate in whose favor it was given; Mommsen, ibid. 404.

[2990] P. 359, 390.

[2991] U. R. and presumably A.; Cic. Att. i. 14. 5; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 402, n. 2. There were corresponding abbreviations for trials; Liebenam, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 692; cf. p. 178 f. above.

[2992] Plut. Cat. Min. 46; Suet. Caes. 80. These names might also be abbreviated; Cic. Dom. 43. 112.

[2993] Sisenna, Frag. 118 (Peter, Reliq. i. 293); (Cic.) Herenn. i. 12. 21; Plut. Ti. Gracch. 11. The voting within the curiae was also by heads; Livy i. 43. 10; Dion. Hal. iv. 20. 2.

[2994] Cic. Red. in Sen. 11. 28; Pis. 15. 36; Lex Mal. 55 (Bruns, Font. Iur. 149; Girard, Textes, 112). As they also counted the votes, they were termed diribitores. In the last century of the republic they were drawn from the album iudicum (Pliny, N. H. xxxiii. 2. 31), and hence included some of the most influential men in the state; cf. Cic. Leg. iii. 3. 10; 15. 33 f.

[2995] Cic. Planc. 20. 49; Pis. 5. 11; 15. 36; Varro, R. R. iii. 5. 18.

[2996] Cic. Planc. 14. 35. The order of announcement of the curial votes was likewise determined by lot; Lex Mal. 57. Livy, ix. 38. 15, refers to the sortition for the principium.

[2997] Varro, in Gell. x. 1. 6; Cic. Pis. 1. 2; Mur. 17. 35; Plut. C. Gracch. 3; Caes. 5; Suet. Vesp. 2. In the case of censors alone no declaration was made unless two were elected; Livy ix. 34. 25.

[2998] Lex Mal. 57; Cic. Mur. 1. 1; Gell. xii. 8. 6. In like manner in the comitia curiata a majority of the curiae decided; Dion. Hal. ii. 14. 3.

[2999] As in the vote to depose Trebellius from the tribunate in 67 (p. 432); cf. the deposition of Octavius in 133; p. 367. The voting as well as the announcement might be interrupted by an evil omen (p. 109, 111, 248), in which case the assembly had to be adjourned. Sometimes the president arbitrarily adjourned the meeting; Livy xlv. 36. 1-6, 10; Plut. Aemil. 31.

[3000] Twelve Tables i. 9: “Solis occasus suprema tempestas esto”; Documents in Varro, L. L. vi. 87, 92; Declam. in Cat. 19; cf. Livy x. 22. 7 f.

[3001] For the presidency of the tribunus celerum, see Livy i. 59. 7; cf. Humbert, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. i. 1377. It is denied by Liebenam, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 682.

[3002] Livy ix. 38. 15; p. 112 above.

[3003] P. 195 f.

[3004] Cic. Rep. ii. 13. 25; 17. 31.

[3005] Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 11. 28.

[3006] P. 155.

[3007] P. 154.

[3008] Livy v. 52. 15; Dio Cass. xli. 43.

[3009] Varro, L. L. v. 155; Livy, ibid.; cf. Fest. ep. 38.

[3010] P. 154.

[3011] Gell. xv. 27. 2.

[3012] Dion. Hal. ii. 8. 4; p. 31 above; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 386.

[3013] On the procedure, see Liebenam, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 682-4.

[3014] P. 103, 140, 203, 244, 245. The censors convoked it for the census and the lustrum only; p. 204.

[3015] He could not hold these comitia for elections; Livy xxii. 33. 9.

[3016] See references in the next to the last note above.

[3017] Livy v. 52. 15; Gell. xv. 27. 5; Cic. Rab. Perd. 4. 11.

[3018] Varro, L. L. vi. 88, 91; cf. Verg. Georg. ii. 539.

[3019] P. 203, n. 2.

[3020] P. 150.

[3021] Livy xxvi. 22. 11; Juv. vi. 529; Serv. in Bucol. i. 33.

[3022] 70 of the first class—1 prerogative + 18 equestrian.

[3023] Cic. Att. i. 14. 5; (Cic.) Herenn. i. 21; Fest. 334. 16.

[3024] P. 359, 390, 467.

[3025] P. 211, 226 f.

[3026] Cic. Fam. vii. 30.

[3027] In the comitia centuriata in addition to the prerogative there had to be at least four, and possibly seven, successive votings before a majority could be reached. In the tribal assembly there was but one in addition to the principium. After the comitia curiata had come to be represented by thirty lictors the votes could be taken in a few minutes.

[3028] Varro, L. L. vi. 29: “Comitiales dicti quod tum ut coiret populus constitutum est ad suffragium ferendum nisi si quae feriae conceptae essent, propter quas non liceret, (ut) Compitalia et Latinae”; Macrob. Sat. i. 16. 14: “Comitiales sunt, quibus cum populo agi licet, et fastis quidem lege agi potest, cum populo non potest, comitialibus utrumque potest”; Verrius Flaccus, in Fast. Praen. ad Ian. 3 (CIL. i². p. 231); Ovid, Fast. i. 53; Fest. ep. 38.

[3029] For the various local Italian calendars with Mommsen’s comment, see CIL. i². p. 203 ff. Especially useful is the Diei notarum laterculus, ibid. p. 290 ff.

[3030] On the distinction between dies fasti and dies nefasti, see Varro, L. L. vi. 29 f., 53; Macrob. Sat. i. 16. 14; Fast. Praen. ad Ian. 2; Ovid, Fast. i. 47; Fest. ep. 93; Gaius iv. 29.

[3031] March 24 and May 24; p. 159, n. 8.

[3032] June 15. For the meaning of this expression and the one given just above, see Varro, L. L. vi. 31 f.; Ovid, Fast. v. 727; vi. 225; Mommsen, in CIL. i². p. 289. These three days were called fissi; Serv. in Aen. vi. 37.

[3033] Dies endotorcisi or intercisi; Varro, L. L. vi. 31; Macrob. Sat. i. 16. 3; Ovid, Fast. i. 49; Mommsen, in CIL. i². p. 290.

[3034] Cf. Varro, L. L. vi. 30; Macrob. Sat. i. 16. 14. In a wider sense comitial days were fasti. Naturally judicial business could be transacted on those comitial days on which the assembly did not actually meet, or after its adjournment if time remained; p. 315. A Clodian law of 58 permitted comitial legislation on all dies fasti; p. 445.

[3035] Mommsen, in CIL. i². p. 296; 109 according to Wissowa, Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm. 368 f.

[3036] Mommsen, ibid. Wissowa, ibid., reckons 192 comitial days, which would give 43 non-comitial fasti. The following were the dies comitiales according to Mommsen:

Jan. 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 16-28, 31—in all xix. Feb. 18-20, 22, 25, 28—vi. Mar. 3-6, 9-12, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28-31—xvii. Apr. 3, 4, 24, 27-30—vii. May, 3-6, 10, 12, 14, 17-20, 25-31—xviii. June, 4, 16-28, 30—xvi. July, 10-14, 17, 18, 20, 22, 26-31—xv. Aug. 3, 4, 7, 8, 10-12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28, 31—xv. Sept. 4, 7-11, 16-22, 24-28, 30—xix. Oct. 3-6, 9, 10, 12, 17, 18, 20-31—xxi. Nov. 3, 4, 7-12, 15-28, 30—xxiii. Dec. 4, 7-10, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24-28, 31 —xv.

[3037] Wissowa, ibid. 378.

[3038] Varro, in Macrob, Sat. i. 16. 19; L. L. vi. 29.

[3039] Varro, R. R. ii. praef. 1; Serv. in Georg. i. 275.

[3040] That judicial business was done on those nundinae which were not marked N(efasti) is clearly proved by the Twelve Tables, iii. 1-6 (Girard, Textes, p. 13), in Gell. xx. i. 45 ff.; cf. especially § 47: “Trinis nundinis continuis ad praetorem in comitium producebantur, quantaeque pecuniae iudicati essent, praedicabatur.”

[3041] Dion. Hal. vii. 59. 3: Ἐν δὲ ταύταις (ἀγοραῖς) συνιόντες ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν εἰς τὴν πόλιν οἱ δημοτικοί τὰς τ’ ἀμείψεις ἐποιοῦντο τῶν ὠνίων κὰι τὰς δίκας παρ’ ἀλλήλων ἐλάμβανον, τά τε κοινά, ὅσων ἦσαν κύριοι κατὰ τοὺς νόμους καὶ ὅσα ἡ βουλὴ ἐπιτρέψειεν αὐτοῖς, ψῆφον ἀναλαμβάνοντες ἐπεκύρουν; Rutilius, in Macrob. Sat. i. 16. 34: “Romanos instituisse nundinas, ut octo quidem diebus in agris rustici opus facerent, nono autem die intermisso rure ad mercatum legesque accipiendas Romam venirent.” The words of Dionysius and Rutilius apply to all voting assemblies, not simply to those of the plebs.

[3042] Gran. Licinian. in Macrob. Sat. i. 16. 30 (quoted p. 315, n. 2).

[3043] Cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 518 f.

INDEX

Abbreviations: c. = consular, d. = dictatorial, p. = pretorian, t. = tribunician. The numbers in parentheses are dates B.C.

Abacti, 391.

Abjuration of social rank, 156, 162, 163, 165.

Abrogation, of imperium, 324, n. 1, 342, 360, 390, 404; of tribunician power, 366, 367 f., 432, 455; of pretorian power, 455, n. 3.

Accensi velati, 66, 80 f., 207, 208, 228.

Accensus, summons comitia centuriata, 469.

Accerani, receive citizenship, 304.

Acclamation, 152, 202, 276.

Acculeia (curia), 11, n. 7.

Accusation, fourth, 260.

Acilius Glabrio, M’., trial of (189), 319.

Adlectio of senators, 166, 418.

Adoptions, 160, 166; testamentary, 161.

Adrogatio, 156, 160 f.; of Clodius, 30, 443; formula of, 161; for transitio ad plebem, 162, 443.

Adscriptivi, 80, n. 5.

Adsidui, 61.

Aediles, election of, 127; presidency of contio, 141; of comitia, 292, 465; jurisdiction of before Hortensius, 290-2; after Hortensius, 325-7; limited by standing courts, 326 f.

Aediles cereales, 454, n. 5.

Aediles, curule, and lex curiata, 189; instituted, 234, 291; presidency of comitia, 292, 465; jurisdiction before Hortensius, 291 f.; after Hortensius, 325-7.

Aediles, plebeian, instituted, 262; election of, 262, 272; bailiffs of tribunes, 264, n. 5; sacrosancti, n. 7, 274; Valerian-Horatian law on, 274, 278 f.; relation to tribunes, 290; jurisdiction, before Hortensius, 195, 290-2; after Hortensius, 325-7; presidency of comitia, 292, 465.

Aemilius Lepidus, M., his imperium abrogated (136), 360, 367.

Aemilius Lepidus, M., consul (78), 423, 425.

Aemilius Paulus, L., trial of (218), 318.

Aemilius Scaurus, M., trial of, for neglect of duty (103), 323; for maiestas (91), 257, n. 5.

Aerarii, 60, 62, 64, 65, 212, 318.

Aerarium, 62.

Aes equestre et hordearium, 93 f.

Aetates, in comitia centuriata, 222.

Africa, organized under lex Livia, 349; agrarian conditions of, 387.

Ager, privatus, ownership of, 48 f.; registration in tribes, 50, 54, 60 f., 64; publicus, agitation for assignment of, 270, 272, 295, 310 f., 360, 373 f., 435 f.; laws for assignment of, see Legislation, agrarian.

Ager compascuus, 365.

Ager, effatus, etc., 108.

Agrarian laws, see Legislation, agrarian.

Alba Longa, three tribes in, 4, n. 3.

Alban Mount, triumphs on, 293, 335, n. 2, 350.

Aliens, treatment of, 38; under jurisdiction of senate, 254; of people, 255; expulsions of, 273, 354, 370, 397, 434; enrolment in colonies, 353; see Italians, Latins.

Allies, unfair treatment of, 352; under lex Iulia repetundarum, 442; see Italians, Latins.

Ambitus, laws on, 295, 296 f., 348 f., 419, 431, 436 f., 448, 454, 474.

Aniensis iuniorum, 217, 227, n. 2.

Annius Luscus, T., prosecution of (133), 322.

Annius Milo, T., prosecution of, 327.

Anquisitio, 259.

Antias, Valerius, on Scipionic trial, 319, n. 7.

Antiquo, 467.

Antonius, L., tribune (45-44), 455.

Antonius, M., misuses oblativa, 113; tribune (49), 453 f.; consul (44), 454, n. 4, 457-9.

Apparitores, 416, n. 1.

Appeal, to comitia curiata, 182, 239; to centuriata, 239 ff., 259, 287; to tributa, 259, 266, 268, 286 f., 292, 317, 325, 327; limited by first milestone, 241; from military imperium, 251 f.; from tribunes in capital cases, 268; when most used, 328; right offered as reward, 378.

Appian, on new tribes (90), 57 f.; reëlection of tribunes, 369; liability of jurors for bribery, 378, n. 8; lex Boria (?), 385; lex Livia iudiciaria, 398; lex Cornelia Pompeia (88), 407; election of senators, 418.

Appuleius Decianus, C., tribune (98), 323 f.

Appuleius Saturninus, L., weakens veto, 117; interdicts Metellus, 257, n. 5; murdered, 258 f., 396; tribune (103, 100), 393-6.

Ἀρχαιρεσία, 406, n. 6.

Archives, for senatus consulta, 278 f.; for statutes, 437 f., 465.

Ardea, disputes with Aricia, 294.

Ardeates, concilium of, 122.

Aricia, disputes with Ardea, 294.

Army, relation of to folk, 2, 35; pre-Servian, 10 f., 35; Servian, 58 ff., 66 ff., 72-6; originally self-supporting, 61 f.; not identical with comitia centuriata, 68; Graeco-Italic, 69-71; primitive Roman, 69, n. 4; like Athenian, 76; post-Servian, 76-80; supernumeraries in, 80-2; early republican, 83 f.; political importance of, 202.

Arpinates, receive suffrage, 352.

Arrogation, see Adrogatio.

As, sextantarian, 67, n. 4, 87, 213; declines in value, 86 f.; of ounce weight (uncial), 90, n. 4, 336; semiuncial, 91, 403.

Assembly, German, 33, 153, n. 3, 168, 169, 170, 172; Homeric Greek, 33, 153, n. 3, 168, 169, 170 f.; European, 152, 168-73; Athenian, 153, 168; Alamannic, 153; Irish, 153, n. 3, 172; Slavic, 168, 172 f.; Lacedaemonian, 168; Celtic, 168, 170; Etruscan, 169; Italian, 171; Frankish, 172.

Assembly, Roman, affected by omens, 109; plebeian tribal, termed comitia, 120, 126-30; three organized forms of, 138; origin of, 152; limited by senate in early republic, 273, 284; development of voting in, 275 f.; laws on, 307; packing of, 405; see Comitia, Concilium, Contio.

Asylum, in theory of patrician state, 36 f.; connection with tribunate, 265.

Ateste, law found at, 454, n. 3.

Atilius Calatinus, M., trial of, 247.

Atinius Labeo, C., tribune (131), 264, n. 8.

Atius Labienus, T., tribune (63), 435; prosecutes Rabirius, 258.

Attus Navius, 101, n. 3, 105, n. 3.

Auctoritas, see Patrum auctoritas.

Auguraculum, 109, n. 7.

Augural districts, 108.

Auguria, 106.

Augurs, 105-8; number and character, 105 f.; functions, 106-8; have nuntiatio, 111 f.; attend comitia, 107, 112 ff.; election of, 120, 391, 435; in contiones, 146, n. 1; increased to fifteen, 416.

Auspices, 100-18; of Sodales Titii, 2, n. 6; private, 100-3; nuptial, 100, n. 4; public, 100, 101, 103-18; impetrativa, 103-11; assemblies requiring, 110 f.; oblativa, 111-8; spectio, 112 ff.; under Aelian and Fufian laws, 116 f., 279 f., 358 f.; misuse of, 117 f.; essential to magistratus iustus, 187, n. 7; borrowing of, 244, 245, 280, 315; violated by consul, 248; of first tribunician election, 263, n. 1; support nobility, 330 f.

Auspicium, 100, 102 f.; deputed, 104, 244, 245, 280, 315; lex for, 179; see Auspices.

Auxilium, tribunician, 253, 263, 414.

Aventine hill, 2, n. 6; outside the Servian tribes, 59; so-called lex Icilia for assignment of, 238, 265, n. 1, 272 f.

Bacchanalians, 254, n. 3.

Ballot, 467; laws on, 359, 369, 371, 389 f.; use of in quaestiones, 420; in all comitia, 469; boxes, 389, 467.

Belot, on ratings, 91-3.

Berns, on comitia and concilium, 126.

Bibulus, spectio of, 114, n. 9, 116, n. 1, 439.

Bill, see Rogatio.

Birds, auspices from, 108.

Bird-seer, 105, n. 1.

βουλή, 407.

Bribery, in trials, 378, 442; of magistrates, 429 f.; electoral, see Ambitus.

Caecilius Metellus, L., tribune (213), 318.

Caecilius Metellus, Q., censor (131), 264, n. 8.

Caecilius Metellus, Q., consul (60), 163.

Caecilius Metellus, Q., consul (57), 115.

Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Q., prosecution of (100), 257, n. 5.

Caedes, see Murder.

Caeles Vibenna, 3.

Caelestia (auspicia), impetrativa, 108; oblativa, 112; de caelo servare, 114; of Bibulus, 439.

Caelian hill, 3.

Caerite franchise, 38, n. 1.

Caerites, 62.

Caesetius Flavius, L., tribune (44), 324, 455.

Calabra, curia, 154, 468.

Calare, 153 f.

Calatores, 154.

Calendar, 470-2; pontifical control of, 358.

Calumniator, Calumny, 400.

Camillus, see Furius Camillus.

Campanian land, vectigalia of, 337, 351, n. 5, 365 f., 373; under lex Iulia, 439, 440.

Campanians, punished for revolt, 254, 340; senatus consultum on, 353.

Campus Martius, meeting place of centuries, 108, 203, 469; of tribes, 465; president’s platform in, 109; elections in, 115, 194, n. 2; inauguration in, 156; execution in, 258.

Candidacy, in absentia, 436 f., 449; see Ambitus.

Cannae, effect of disaster at, 343.

Capital punishment, under kings, 182, 239 f.; voted by centuries, 240 ff., 286 f.; in early republic by curiae and tribes, 266-9; abolished by lex Porcia, 250 f.; avoided by exile, 344; see Appeal.

Capite censi, 89, 394.

Capitoline hill, 2; beyond Servian tribes, 59; auspication on, 109, 154; comitia tributa on, 465; curiata on, 468.

Capua, plan to colonize, 373, 382, n. 9; lex Iunia on, 410.

Carpenters, in comitia centuriata, 206.

Carthage, colonization of, 383, 385.

Cassius, Sp., 238, 244, 310.

Catiline, 437.

Cato the Elder, see Porcius, M., the Elder.

Cato the Younger, 111, 126.

Cattle, standard of value, 269, 287.

Caudium, effect of defeat at, 302 f.

Cavalry, see Equites.

Celeres, 73.

Censi, 90, n. 5.

Censoriae Tabulae, 67, 85, 204.

Censors, make up tribes, 60; relation to aerarii, 60, 62, 64 f.; instituted, 79, 234, 237; auspices of, 103; auspicate lustral comitia, 111; preside over contio, 141; inspect arms, 204; election of, 229; centuriate sanction, 237; laws on, 237, 300, 307; grant citizenship, 283, 304; prosecution of, 318; reëlection forbidden, 332; limited by comitia, 337; supervise morals, 332, 337, 428; tribunes interfere with, 351, n. 5; assign seats to senators, 356 f.; let out taxes of Asia, 380; stigma of, 445, 450, n. 2.

Census, connection of with tribes, 50, 54, 59; money valuation in, 65; instituted, 53, 68, n. 7, 76; Greek, 71; post-Servian, 77; object of, 204; after reform, 216; under lex municipalis, 457.

Centuria procum (patricium), 67, n. 3, 75, n. 1; of the tardy, 208, 226.

Centuriate organization, Fabius on, 52 f., 67; Livy and Dionysius on, 66, 68; Servian, 72-6; post-Servian, 76-80, 201 ff.; see Comitia centuriata.

Centuries, 66 ff.; number of, in classes, 66, 76 f.; in the classis, 73, 76; in post-Servian phalanx, 76 f.; in fifth rating, 77; supernumerary, 80-82, 205-9, 224; of juniors, 82 f., 205; of seniors, 205; after reform, 216 ff.; increased, 219 ff.; see Comitia centuriata.

Centurions, in comitia centuriata, 211; in jury service, 458.

Ceres, connection of with plebeian organization, 264, n. 7; forfeiture of estates to, 267, 274; senatus consulta in temple of, 278 f., 465, n. 2.; Priestesses of granted citizenship, 353.

Chalkidae, an Attic gens, 28.

Chariot, in war, 69, 74.

Χειροτονία, 406, n. 6.

Chicken auspices, 107, 118, n. 2.

Cicero, on early Roman history, 26; account of centuriate system, 67, 205, n. 5, 215, n. 2, 221 f.; criticises Antony’s obnuntiation, 111, n. 4; attitude toward auspices, 118, n. 2; usage relative to comitia and concilium, 126-31; distinction between whole and part, 130, 466; on curiate law, 184 f.; on capital trials, 267, 268, n. 6; curule aedile, 327; on frumentations, 401, n. 5; supports Manilian rogation, 434; consul (63), 435-7; commends lex Iulia repetundarum, 442.

Cinna, see Cornelius Cinna.

Circus, Flaminius, 465.

Cistae (ballot boxes), 389, 467.

Citizenship, early idea of, 2; liberality of Rome in granting, 38, 43 f.; of other states, 44, n. 1; granted by king, 24, 181, 304; by censors, 283, 304; by tribes, 304 f., 352; by founder of colony, 353, 395; to priestesses of Ceres, 353; to Latins and Italians, 401 f.; less freely, 353 f.; as reward, 393, n. 2; value enhanced, 354; usurpations of, 354, 397; optimo iure, 355; sine suffragio, 62, 63, 64, 304, n. 4, 305, 352.

City, relation of to country, 55 f.

City-state, origin of, 6.

Cives sine suffragio, 44, 62, 63, 64, 352.

Classes, 66 ff.; relative size of, 83; the five and their ratings, 84-91; Smith on origin, 85, n. 3; soldiers recruited from, 86, 394; number of centuries in, after reform, 216 f.; parts of tribes, 219 f.; social, 16 ff.; Athenian, 71; in theatre, 356 f.

Classici, 72, n. 2, 76, 85, 90, 216, n. 1.

Classicum, 469.

Classis, original meaning of, 72, n. 1; and infra classem, 72; like zeugitae, 76; array in battle, 79; changed meaning, 84 f.; rating of, 87; fifth, 88 f.; first, 89 f.; procincta, 203; number of centuries in fifth, 208; see Classes.

Claudia, trial of, for perduellio (246), 326.

Claudia (tribus), 56.

Claudius, augur, fined, 328.

Claudius, historian, on Claudine treaty, 302.

Claudius, App., decemvir, trial of, 246.

Claudius, App., consul (179), 192, n. 3.

Claudius, C., censor (169), trial of, 253.

Claudius, M., trial of, 246.

Claudius Caecus, App., 307; prosecution of, 247; alters tribes, 64; appraisements, 65, 86; influences censorship, 331.

Claudius Marcellus, C., consul (50), attitude of toward auspices, 118, n. 2.

Claudius Marcellus, M., consul (215), and curiate law, 197; lex for abrogating imperium of, 342.

Claudius Pulcher, App., consul (54), 194, n. 2; author of work on augury, 118, n. 2; view of curiate law, 193.

Claudius Pulcher, P., consul (249), trial of, 248, 317.

Clients, ancient view as to origin of, 22; rights, 22 f.; Niebuhr on, 27; Meyer on, 55; in Claudian tribe, 56; in populus, tribes, and curiae, 24, 262, n. 2, 271; vote in comitia curiata, 25, 32, 271; in assemblies, 120, 276; Mommsen on, 34; in war, 22, 78, n. 6.

Clodius Pulcher, P., tribune (58), 127, 444-6; transitio ad plebem, 162 f., 443; prosecutes Milo, 195.

Clustumina (tribus), 56.

Coinage, earliest copper, 86 f.; Flaminian law on, 336; Clodian, 392; Papirian, 403.

Coins, plated, 336, 398, n. 6.

Collegia, laws on, Clodia, 445; Licinia, 447 f.; Caesar’s edict, 457, n. 6.

Collegium (College), of accensi velati, 80, 207; of fabri, 206, 226; of tubicines and cornicines, 206 f.; tribunician, 269; of sacerdotes, 391 f.; connection of latter with tribes, 7; political character, 106, n. 6, 10, 113; enlarged by Sulla, 416; supernumeraries in, 454, n. 6; see Augurs, Epulones, etc.

Collina (tribus), 50.

Colonia Genetiva Iulia, 453, n. 4.

Colonies, founded by senate, 284; triumviri for conducting, 307, 311, 350; laws for founding, 350; founder’s right to enroll aliens, 353; Sempronian, 372, 382 f.; regulations of in Thorian law, 386; epoch in history of, 394; founded by Caesar, 453.

Comitia, relation of to augural districts, 108; effect of celestial omens on, 109; attended by augurs, 112 ff.; meet at sunrise, 115; distinguished from concilium, 119-38; defined by Laelius, 119; Livy’s usage relative to, 119-25; sacerdotal usage, 125 f.; Sallust’s, 126; Cicero’s, 126-30; literary and juristic, 131; true distinctions, 131-8; uses classified, 132-4; developed, 135-7; meaning of, 135; relation to concilium and contio, 138; not summoned by promagistrate, 141; formed from contio, 150; connotes organization, 154; iusta, 187, n. 7; in camp, 194; right to establish special courts, 254, 390; judicial procedure in, 259 f.; limited by senate and magistrates, 273, 284, 344 f.; development of voting in, 275 f.; gain power, 315 f.; permit triumphs, 334; regulate festivals, 340 f.; influence of Flaminius on, 343; part of in government, 344; lack initiative, 345 f.; most active under C. Gracchus, 384; worn out, 405; under senatorial control, 406-8; yield judicial function to courts, 420 f.; decline, 450-61; limited by Sulla and Caesar, 413 f., 420 f., 452, 454 f., 457, 477; presidency of, 465, 468, 469; length of sessions, 470; composition of, 473; summary of history, 473-7.

Comitia calata, 152-67; auspicated, 104; wills made in, 139, n. 5, 157-9; also termed contio, 140, n. 1; definition of, 153 f.; place of meeting, 154; religious objects, 154-6; centuriata, 154, n. 4, 156; voting in, 156 f.; adrogatio in, 160 f.; testamentary adoptions in, 161; transitio ad plebem in, 162 f.; grant of patriciate in, 164-6.

Comitia centuriata, principle of, 12 f.; convoked by horn-blower, 31; advance beyond curiata, 33, 473; ascribed to Servius, 66 ff., 201; described in Censoriae Tabulae, 67; non-existent under kings, 68, 201; developed from army, 68 f., 202 ff.; distinguished from army, 83, 203, 205 ff.; relation to augural districts, 108; place of meeting, 108, 143, 203, 469; auspicated, 104, 110; attended by augurs, 114; enact privilegia, 127 f.; recall Cicero, 128; lustral, 141, 204 f.; no deliberation in, 143; voting in, 157, 211, 469 f.; declare war, 177, 230-2, 283, 295; curiate sanction, 184, 229; pass lex de censoria potestate, 185, 237; confer imperium, 188; elect praetor in Spain, 192; organization of, 201-28; early republican, 201-11; presidency of, 203, 236, 469; supernumeraries in, 205-9; sex suffragia in, 209; new equestrian centuries in, 209 f.; table of centuries, 210; reform of, 211-28; essentials of, 212; date, 212 f.; gradual, 214 f.; five classes after, 216; tribes, 216 f.; Niebuhr on, 217-9; Huschke, 219; Pantagathus, 220; Mommsen, 221-4; Lange, 224 f.; Klebs, 225; voting after, 225, 227, 469 f.; supernumeraries, 226; functions, 229-61; elective, 229 f.; legislative, 230-9; Twelve Tables on, 233 f.; freed from patrum auctoritas, 235; yield to tribes, 239; judicial, 239-61; appeal to, 239-42, 268; tribunician cases before, 245-53; limited by special courts, 253-7; try Rabirius, 258 f.; procedure, 259 f.; pass lex de Aventino, 272; institute Decemvirate, 273; divide jurisdiction with tribes, 286 f.; lose regulation of magistracy, 305.

Comitia curiata, 10, 168-200; not identical with army, 11; voting in by genera hominum, 12; include clients and plebeians, 24 f., 32; convoked by lictor, 31; lack initiative, 33, 173; auspicated, 110, 112; pass lex de imperio, 112; attended by augurs, 113; origin, 152 f., 168-73, 473; limited rights of, 173 ff.; subject to patrum auctoritas, 174 f.; on war and peace, 174-7; legislation in, 177-82; jurisdiction of, 182, 339; elections, 182 ff., 196, 473; lex de imperio, 184-96; become formality, 196-8; early republican, 232; presidency of, 262; composition of, 262, 271; place of meeting, 468.

Comitia sacerdotum, 120, 129, 341, 391, 458.

Comitia tributa, principle of, 12 f.; alleged trial of Coriolanus, 56, n. 4; auspication of, 104, 110; attended by augurs, 114; Livy’s use of term, 120; Sallust’s, 126; Cicero’s, 126-9; incompetent to pass privilegia, 128; of whole people, 129 f.; curiate sanction, 184; confer imperium, 188; under pretorian presidency, 193; ratify Cornelian laws, 236; gain at expense of centuries, 239; legalize voluntary exile, 249, 256, 257, n. 5, 267, 446; procedure in, 259 f., 465-8; origin of, 262, 270-2, 473 f.; pre-decemviral jurisdiction, 267-9, 273; patricians in, 271, 275-7; elective, 272; no legislation before Decemvirate, 272-4; conditioned legislative power granted to, 274-9; advantages over centuriata, 280; from 449 to 287 B.C., 283-316; jurisdiction after Hortensius, 317-29; tribunician, 317-25; aedilician, 325-7; pontifical, 327 f.; era of repose in legislation, 330-3; Flaminian, 333-46; Plutocratic, 346-62; from Gracchi to Sulla, 363-411; subjected to senate by Sulla, 413 f.; from Sulla to Octavianus, 412-61; preferred by Caesar, 452; decline of, 450 ff.

Comitial days, 470-2; vitiated by spectio, 115; by proclamation of holidays, 116; senatorial sessions forbidden on, 424; lex Gabinia on, 429; lex Clodia on, 445.

Comitiatus maximus, 241, 268.

Comitium, meeting-place of curiae, 10, 468; of tribes, 465; auspication in, 109.

Commentarii Servi Tullii, 67.

Commission, special, see Quaestio extraordinaria.

Commissioners, see Duumviri, Triumviri, etc.

Compitum Fabricium, 9.

Concilium, distinguished from comitia, 119-38; defined by Laelius, 119; Livy’s use of term, 119-25; Mommsen on, 121-4; Caesar’s usage, 125 f.; Sallust’s, 126; Cicero’s, 130 f.; literary and juristic, 131; true distinction, 131-8; uses classified, 132-4; developed, 135-7; relation to comitia and contio, 138; of nobles, 124, 125; populi, 120-6; plebis at Capua, 125.

Concordia ordinum, 428.

Consobrini, intermarriage of, 340.

Conspiracy, special court for trial of, 254, 310; judicial, 378; lex Furia on, 396, n. 2.

Constitution, equilibrium of Roman, 343-6, 361 f.

Consuls, auspices of, 103; obnuntiate, 114; watch sky, 115; proclaim holidays, 116; call to concilium, 121; to contio, 142; election of, 189, 229; intermediate between senate and comitia centuriata, 235; laws on, 237, 296, 299, 307; given absolute authority, 273; depend on people, 345; minimal age of, 415; presidency of assemblies, 465, 468, 469.

Consulta, see Senatus consulta.

Contio, 139-51; interrupted by storm, 109; auspicated, 110 f., 122, 144 sacerdotal use of word, 125 f., 139 f.; relation to comitia and concilium, 138; derivation of, 139; composition, 140; presidency, 140 f.; tribunician, 142, 144; witnessing, 142; preliminary to comitia, 143; opening of, 144 f.; speaking in, 145 f.; women in, 146 f.; change to comitia, 150, 465, 469; earliest form of assembly, 152, 156, 473; part of in elections, 183; military, 202, 230; judicial, 259 f., 320; plebeian, 263, 269, 273, 425 f., 430; for opposing Manilian law, 434; oath in, 441.

Conubium, connected with auspices, 101; between near kin, 339 f.; freedmen lack, 354.

Conventio, 139, 140, n. 1; see Contio.

Conway, on social classes, 38, n. 2.

Coöptation, of patricians, 164, n. 1, 166; of sacerdotes, 416.

Cornelian constitution, 423-8.

Cornelius, C., tribune (67), 429 f.

Cornelius Cinna, L., consul (87), 409; assigns new citizens to tribes, 58, 409; measures of vetoed by tribunes, 257, n. 5.

Cornelius Dolabella, L., naval duumvir (180), fined by pontiff, 328.

Cornelius Merula, L., prosecution of (87), 257, n. 5.

Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, P., punishes soldiers, 251 f.; dispensed from laws, 360; modifies Sempronian agrarian law, 367.

Cornelius Scipio Africanus, P., trial of (185), 319 f.; favors senators at theatre, 356 f.

Cornelius Scipio Asiagenus, L., trial of (185), 255, 319 f.

Cornelius Sulla Felix, L., treatment of new citizens, 58; use of assemblies, 236; increases quaestiones, 257 f., 324; reactionary, 403, 414; consular legislation of (88), 405-8; dictatorial (82-81), 412-23; limits comitia, 413 f., 420 f., 477.

Cornicines, 81, n. 2-4, 206; see Musicians.

Corpus, Augustale, Iulianum, etc., 220.

Cotta, L., opinion of on Cicero’s interdict, 128.

Crier, see Praeco.

Crimes, treatment of, by Sulla, 258, 419-21; early legislation on, 357; standing courts on, 358; Julian laws on, 455.

Crucifixion, punishment for perduellio, 258.

Curatores, of tribes, 220, n. 4; viarum, 424, n. 6.

Curia Calabra, 154, 468.

Curiae, 8-11; social composition of, 24, 32, 271; new citizens admitted to, 44; relation of to land, 48; see Comitia calata, curiata.

Curiales, 9.

Curio, 9; maximus, 10, 120, 341, 391.

Cursus honorum, 347, 415.

Custodes tabellarum, 389, 466, n. 4, 467.

Cyrene, tribes of, 7, n. 1.

Damnum, lex Aquilia on, 332 f.

Debts, legislation on, 296, 298, 310, 312, 313, 351 f., 408, 409 f., 437, n. 7, 452.

De caelo servare, 114 ff.

Decemviri agris adsignandis, under Servilian rogation, 186, 187, 259, 435; under Livian law, 398, 400.

Decemviri legibus scribundis, presidency of contio, 141; election of, 229; without appeal, 240; instituted, 273.

Decemviri sacris faciundis, 296, 308; election of, 391; increased to quindecemviri, 416.

Decianus, see Appuleius Decianus.

Decius, censor (304), 64.

Decius, tribune (120), 256.

Decuriae (decades), of soldiers, 11 f.; (decuries) of jurors, 427, 458.

Decurions, 12.

Decurionate, municipal, 457.

Demagogism, encouraged by frumentations, 373.

Democracy, incipient, 308; rise of prevented, 346.

Δῆμος, 17, 407 f.

Δημοτικοί, 17.

Denarius, value of, 87, n. 4, 336.

Detestatio sacrorum, 156, 161, 162, n. 7, 163.

Di penates, prosecution for neglecting, 323; oath by, 380.

Dice, prohibited, 337.

Dictator, auspices of, 103, 112; passes lex curiata, 112, 189, 191; presidency of contio, 140; of comitia, 465, 468, 469; temporary monarch, 182; optima lege, 187; instituted, 233; preferred tribes for legislation, 236, 416, n. 1, 452; abolition of office, 237, 459; subjection to appeal, 241 f.; presides over special court, 254; appointed at command of senate, 273, 284; rei publicae constituendae, 412.

Dies, comitiales, 470-2; nefasti, 470 f.; endotorcisi, intercisi, 470, n. 9; fasti, 471.

Diodorus, on plebeian tribunate, 272, n. 2; admission of plebs to consulship, 293; Sempronian law on military service, 382.

Dionysius, on early Roman history, 25, n. 3, 26 f.; Servian tribes, 50, 53; centuriate system, 66, n. 1, 67, 201, n. 3; first tribal meeting, 262, n. 2; patricians in tribal assembly, 275.

Diribitio, 467.

Diribitores, 467, n. 10.

Dispensations from law, 307 f., 343, 360, 366, 368 f., 449; senate versus people on, 430 f.; from lex curiata, 186, 190, 195, 199.

Divination, forms of, 108 f.; see Auspices.

Divisores, 431.

Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn., tribune (103), 323.

Draco, law of on phratry, 28.

Duoviri, see Duumviri.

Duumviri navales, instituted (311), 306 f.

Duumviri perduellioni iudicandae, 243 f.; give way to tribunes, 248; for trial of Rabirius, 258.

Duumviri sacris faciundis, 296.

Dyarchy, established by Gabinian law (67), 433.

Edicts, pretorian, 431 f.; of Caesar, 457, n. 6.

Effatus ager, 108.

Egeria, 177.

Election, annulment of on religious ground, 107; prevented by oblativa, 111, 113; of king, 182-4; and curiate law, 184-200; by centuries, 229 f., 331; of plebeian officials, 262 f.; by tribes, 271 f., 285 f., 331; ballot in, 359; theory of popular control, 360; see Ambitus, Magistrates.

Elicius, 100, n. 6.

Emancipation, in German assembly, 153; in transitio ad plebem, 163.

Ennius, granted citizenship, 353.

Epidius Marullus, C., tribune (44), 324, 455.

Epilepsy (morbus comitialis), 112.

Epulones, instituted, 347; election of, 391; increased to seven, 416, n. 3.

Equites, relation of to tribes, 7; originally self-supporting, 62; in centuriate system, 66, 209 f.; before Servius, 73 f.; in Servian army, 75 f.; in 214 B.C., 92; census of, 92, 96 f.; post-Servian, 93-7; funds for, 93 f.; opened to plebeians, 94; equo privato, 94 f.; equo publico, 95 f., 209; in comitia centuriata, 209 f.; prerogative, 211; after reform, 212, 215, 220, 224, 226 f.; given seats at theatre, 357, 428; liable to law against bribery, 378; made superior to senators, 381; desert C. Gracchus, 384; associate with senators in courts, 402, 427 f., 455.

Esquilina (tribus), 50, 220.

Eupyridae, Attic gens, 28.

Exercitus urbanus, 203.

Exile, voluntary, legalized by comitia tributa, 249, 256, 257, n. 5, 267, 446.

Extortion, see Repetundae.

Fabius, Q., trial of (389), 246, 288.

Fabius Buteo, censor (241), 213.

Fabius Gurges, Q., consul (292), resolution on imperium of, 289, 306.

Fabius Maximus, Q., consul (215), and curiate law, 197.

Fabius Maximus Servilianus, Q., trial of, for murder, 257, n. 5.

Fabius Pictor, sources of for early Rome, 26; on Servian tribes, 51, 52-4; centuriate system, 67, 85.

Fabius Pictor, Q., praetor (189), trial of, 327 f.

Fabius Rullianus, Q., alters tribes, 64.

Fabri (mechanics, sappers, workmen), 66, 67, n. 3, 68, 81; assigned to classes, 205 f.; after reform, 226.

Family law, changes in, 339 f., 352.

Fasti, read in comitia calata, 154 f.; dies, 471 f.; Clodian law on, 445.

Faucia (curia), 11, n. 7; ill-omened, 112.

Ferentarii, 80, n. 5.

Festivals, regulated by law, 340 f.

Fetialis, 176, 265.

Finance, legislation on, 297 f., 310 f., 335-7, 351 f., 392, 403, 422, 438.

Fines, appealed to tribes, 259, 269, 286 f., 292, 317 ff., 344.

Flamen, curial, 10; Dialis, 203, n. 7.

Flaminian, era, 333-46; Circus, 465; Meadow, 465.

Flaminius, C., and curiate law, 191; monetary law of, 191 f., 336; censor, 213; era of, 333-46; agrarian law, 334 f.; supports Claudian law, 335; influences legislation, 337 f., 343; assigns libertini to city tribes, 355; energizes comitia, 343, 475.

Flavius, M., trial of, 291.

Fordicidia, 9.

Foreign affairs, administered by senate, 273; then fell partly to comitia tributa, 303; laws on, 349 f.

Forgery, 420.

Foriensis (curia), 11.

Formiani, Fundani, etc., receive suffrage, 352.

Formulae, legal, 464.

Fornacalia, 9, 11, n. 8.

Forum, assembly in, 267, 327, 431, 439, n. 15, 465.

Fowler, W. W., on lex Scantinia, 357, n. 13; reëlection of tribune, 369, n. 4; Sempronian lex iudiciaria, 374, n. 7.

Freedmen, see Libertini.

Fregellae, revolt of, 255.

Fröhlich, on Sulpicius, 405, n. 2; Cornelian-Pompeian law, 406, n. 6; lex Cornelia de tribunicia potestate, 414.

Frumentations, 372 f., 395, 398, 401; abolished by Sulla, 422; restored by Lepidus, 423, n. 8; further legislation on, 424, n. 5, 444 f.; curtailed by Caesar, 453; under lex municipalis, 456.

Fulvius, Cn., praetor (212), trial of, 249 f.

Fundus populus factus, 401, n. 8.

Furius, L., past consul, trial of, 268.

Furius, P., tribune (98), 257, n. 5, 323.

Furius Camillus, M., and equestrian fund, 94; dictator, 202; trial of, 244 f., 288, 290.

Furtum (theft), 339, n. 5; prosecution for, 321; under lex Hostilia, 337, n. 5; Plautia, 424; see Peculatus.

Gabinius, A., tribune (67), 429 f., 432 f.

Gabinius, Q., tribune (139), 359.

Gabinus ager, 108.

Gades, receives citizenship, 454.

Galeria iuniorum, 217.

Genera, identified with gentes, 12.

Gens, meaning family, lineage, 30 f., 102.

Gentes, 11-13; unconnected with curiate system, 13; social composition of, 28-31; defined by Scaevola, 28, n. 7; maiores et minores, 35 f.; origin of patrician, 37, n. 4; relatively late, 48, n. 2; common land of, 49; relation to rural tribes, 35, 50, 55, n. 1; in war, 78, n. 6.

Gentiles, Gentilitas, 28, n. 7, 29, 30.

Gifts, leges Publicia and Cincia on, 338 f.

Governors, provincial, of the Spains, 346 f.; under Porcian laws, 349; Sempronian, 374, 381 f.; Acilian, 376 f.; Julian, 442, 456.

Gracchi, see Sempronius.

Grain, see Frumentations.

Greenidge, on social classes, 38, n. 2.

Guilds, see Collegia.

Hackel, on lex Iulia municipalis, 457, n. 5.

Heredium, 49.

Herennius, tribune (60), 162, 438.

Hernicans, receive civitas sine suffragio, 305.

Herzog, on curiate law, 183, n. 5; Sulpicius, 405, n. 2.

Ἑταιρεία, 8, n. 6.

Holidays, non-comitial, 116.

Horatius, trial of for perduellio, 121.

Hornblowers, in centuriate system, 66.

Horsemen, see Equites.

Hortensius, Q., dictator (287), 313.

Hosticus ager, 108.

Hostilius Tubulus, L., trial of (141), 255, n. 1.

Huschke, on Servian tribes, 51; ratings, 86; reformed comitia centuriata, 219.

Ihne, on trial of Opimius, 256 f.; popular interference with censors, 351, n. 5; policy of Marius, 389; Sulpicius, 405, n. 2.

Imperium, true (iustum), 102 f., 187, n. 7; confirmed by curiate law, 188; granted by comitia, 188, n. 2; by senate, 191, 284; transition of without curiate law, 196 f.; promagisterial, 305; abrogated, 324, n. 1, 342, 360, 367, 390, 404, 409; limited by Porcian laws, 349; regulated by Sulla, 417.

Impetrativa, impetrita (auspicia), 100, 103-11; relation of to oblativa, 112.

Inaugurare sacerdotes, 106.

Inaugurations, in comitia calata, 155 f.

Incertus ager, 108.

Incest, prosecution for, 326.

Index legis, 462.

Ingenuus, 20 f., 36; son of libertinus becomes, 355.

Instauraticius dies, creation of by law, 308 f.

Intercession, see Veto.

Interdict, decreed by tribes, 249, 256, 257, n. 5, 267, 446.

Interregnum, 183.

Interrex, appointment of, 102; auspices, 103; presidency of contio, 140; right of public speech, 145, n. 4; nominates king, 183; lacks curiate sanction, 191; presides over curiae and centuries, 236, 412, 468, 469.

Italians, benefit by Sempronian agrarian law, 364; revolt of, 397, 401; receive citizenship, 401 f.; dissatisfied, 403; equalized with Romans, 409.

Iubere, in legislation, 179.

Iudices (jurors), originally from senate, 345, 358, 374; from knights under leges Sempronia and Acilia, 374 f.; qualifications of under lex Cornelia, 419; Aurelia, 427; Licinia and Pompeia, 448; Antonia, 458; punished for bribery, 442.

Ius agendi cum populo, 465.

Ius gentium, violation of, 246.

Ius pontificum, 181.

Ius sententiae dicendae, 391.

Iussus populi, 180, n. 7.

Iustitium, 401; defined, 404, n. 6.

Iustum auspicium, imperium, 102 f.

Janiculum, garrison and flag on, 203, n. 2, 258, 469; secession to, 313.

Judicial process, in contio, 142, 143; in comitia, 259 f.; choice as to assembly, 287; ballot in, 359.

Jugurtha, 390.

Julius Caesar, C., usage as to comitia and concilium, 125; creates patricians, 164, 456; uses centuriate and tribal assemblies, 236; threatened with prosecution, 324; supports Licinius Macer, 426; Manilian rogation, 434; consul (59), 438-44; affected by Pompeian laws, 449; dictator (49-44), 451-7; adds 10 days to year, 471.

Julius Caesar, C., consul (64), usage as to contio, 125 f.

Julius Caesar Octavianus, creates patricians, 164, 460; triumvir, 459 f.

Juniors, in centuriate system, 66, 68, 81 ff.; number of, 84, 205; after reform, 216.

Junius, L., consul (249), trial of, 248.

Junius Silanus, M., prosecution of (103), 323.

Juno, Curis, 8, n. 5, 9; Moneta, 2, n. 6.

Junonia, colonization of, 383, 385.

Jupiter, auspices of, 100, 103; victim to, 264, 274; feast of, 347; oath by, 380.

Jurisdiction, of king, 182; comitia centuriata, 239-61, 315; tributa, 264-9, 280, 286-92, 317-29.

Jurors, see Iudices.

Juventus Thalna, M., tribal lex de bello indicendo of, 231.

Kalumniator, 400.

Kaput legis, 463, n. 6.

Κήρυκες, 153, n. 3.

King, auspices of, 103; presidency of contio, 140; of comitia calata, 154; curiata, 173 ff.; right to address people, 145, 173; as legislator, 177 f.; irresponsible, 180; powers of, 181; jurisdiction, 182; election, 182-4, 189 f.; declares war, 175 f., 181, 230.

Klebs, on reformed comitia centuriata, 223, 225.

Knights, see Equites.

Kornemann, on lex Scantinia, 357, n. 13.

Laelius Felix, defines comitia and concilium, 119; not in accord with Livy, 119-25; view of rejected, 131; error explained, 137.

Laelius Sapiens, C., prosecution of, 322; agrarian rogation of, 360 f.

Laetorius Mergus, L. or M., trial of, 247.

Land, see Ager.

Lange, on obnuntiatio, 117; early legislation, 181, n. 9; transitio imperii, 183, n. 5, 197, n. 4; comitia centuriata, 201, n. 4; reform of, 224 f.; validity of plebiscite, 278, n. 2; right of dedication, 309; lex Appuleia de maiestate, 394, n. 5; lex Antia, 428; principium, 466, n. 3.

Lanuvium, curiae in, 8, n. 5.

Latins, rights of, 63; benefit by Sempronian agrarian law, 364; proposal to grant citizenship to, 383; receive citizenship, 401 f.; limited suffrage, 466, n. 2.

Lator legis, 462, n. 2.

Laurentum, 2, n. 6, 3, n. 1.

Lauretum, 2, n. 6.

Lavinium, Tities in, 4, n. 3.

Law, divine, 177; human, 178; sovereignty of, 308; see Legislation, Lex.

Legion, instituted, 68, 84; early republican, 75 ff.

Leges, composition and preservation of, 462-5; imperfectae, etc., 463; centuriate, consular, etc., n. 8; provisions to secure validity of, 464; annulment by senate, 107.

Legislation, regal, 177-82, 230; centuriate, 230-9; tribal, pre-decemviral, 269-74; pre-Hortensian, 292-316; from Hortensius to Gracchi, 330-362; from Gracchi to Sulla, 303-411; late republican, 412-61; freed from obnuntiatio, 117, 445; process of, 178 f., 465-70; provided for by Twelve Tables, 233 f., 307, 368, 464, 474; senatorial, 273; transferred to tribes, 316; to centuries, 406-8; ballot in, 369; fields of: administrative, 238, 306 f.; agrarian, 238, 265, n. 4, 272, 334, 363-7, 373 f., 385-7, 392, 395, 400, 403, 435 f., 438-41, 458; colonial, 311, 350, 382 f., 393 ff., 457 f.; financial, 310 f., 335-7, 351 f., 392, 403, 422, 438; frumentarian, 372 f., 395, 401, 423, n. 8, 444; judiciary, 358, 374-6, 402 f., 419, 424, 427 f., 442, 448, 455 f., 458 f.; religious, 238, 295, n. 6, 308 f., 340, 358 f., 391 f., 435; sumptuary, 337 f., 356, 388, n. 9, 423, 428, 448, 455 f.

Legum dictio, 110, 179, n. 7.

Lengle, on lex Cornelia Pompeia (88), 407, n. 2.

Lentus, L., consul (156), trial of, 255, n. 1.

Lex, meaning of word, 179; data and rogata, 180.

Lex alearia, (before 204), 337.

⸺ auspical, 110.

⸺ centuriata de potestate, 185.

⸺ Coloniae Genetivae, 453, n. 4.

⸺ curiata de imperio, 31, 32, 112, 180, n. 7; formula of, 183, 188; sanctioning, 184; Messala on, 185 f.; dispensations from, 186, 190, 195, 199; subject to veto, 187; confirms imperium, 188; functions performed without, 191; lack of in 49 B.C., 192, 194 f.; one annually, 195; becomes formality, 196 f.; revived by optimates, 198; strengthened by Sulla, 199; de potestate, 190.

⸺ lenonia, 338, n. 5.

Leges regiae, 181.

Lex sacrata, so-called Icilian, 233, 272 f.; on tribunes, 264; meaning of, 264 f.; mitigation of, 266; renewed by Valerius and Horatius, 274; list of leges s., 265, n. 1; on centuriate trials, 268, n. 6.

⸺ satura, 396, 399.

⸺ de bello indicendo, 231.

⸺ de imperio, for triumphs, 334 f.; Vespasiani, 464, n. 5; see Lex curiata.

⸺ on driving nail, 238.

⸺ found at Ateste, 454, n. 3.

⸺ granting citizenship to priestesses of Ceres, 353.

⸺ creating dictatorship (501), 233.

⸺ instituting tribuni militum consulari potestate (445), 234, 294.

⸺ creating censors (443?), 234.

⸺ appointing prefect of market (440), 295, 305, n. 5.

⸺ on presenting crown to Jupiter (437), 295, n. 6.

⸺ on garments of candidates (432), 295.

⸺ increasing quaestors (421), 234.

⸺ creating special murder court (414), 253, 295.

⸺ as to residence on Capitoline hill (384), 295.

⸺ creating praetorship (367), 234.

⸺ creating curule aedileship (367), 234.

⸺ for election of 6 military tribunes (362), 234.

⸺ prohibiting comitia away from city (357), 297.

⸺ preparing for war (356), 297, n. 5.

⸺ granting triumph (356), 297, n. 5.

⸺ on interest and debts (347), 298.

⸺ granting citizenship to Privernates (329), 304 f.

⸺ creating promagistracy (t. 327), 305.

⸺ sending prefects to Capua (318), 306.

⸺ on dedication of temples, etc. (304), 309.

⸺ dispensing Q. Fabius from law (t. 298), 308.

⸺ creating triumviri coloniis deducendis (296), 311.

⸺ prolonging imperium (t. 295), 305.

⸺ granting Etruria to Fabius (295), 305 f.

⸺ on imperium of consul Q. Fabius (292), 289, 306.

⸺ creating special court (270), 254.

⸺ doubling number of quaestors (267), 332.

⸺ forbidding reëlection to censorship (265), 332.

⸺ instituting second praetor (242), 332.

⸺ granting privilege of riding (241), 332.

⸺ instituting 2 praetors (227), 341 f.

⸺ granting triumph (t. 223), 334.

⸺ on intermarriage of kin (241-219), 339 f.

⸺ on Sacred Spring (t. 217), 340.

⸺ dispensing consulars from law (t. 217), 343.

⸺ granting citizenship to Campanian knights (215), 340.

⸺ for election of pontifex maximus (before 212), 341; for election of chief curio (before 209), 341.

⸺ creating 3 administrative boards (t. 212), 337.

⸺ on Campanian vectigalia (210), 337.

⸺ granting citizenship (t. 210), 353, n. 7.

⸺ for election of 24 military tribunes (207), 342.

⸺ dispensing C. Servilius from law (t. 203), 343, n. 2.

⸺ permitting oath by proxy (t. 200), 343, n. 2.

⸺ on qualification of plebeian tribunes and aediles (Flaminian era), 342 f.

⸺ increasing praetors to 6 (198), 346.

⸺ on triumphs (after 180), 350.

⸺ forbidding reëlection of consul (151), 348; dispensation from, 360; repealed by Sulla, 415.

Leges, dispensing Scipio Aemilianus from laws (t. 148, 135), 360.

Lex, assigning seats to equites at theatre (t. 146?), 357.

⸺ abrogating proconsular imperium (136), 360.

⸺ granting Asia as province (t. 131), 381, n. 5.

⸺ on qualifications of senators (t. about 129), 369 f.

⸺ permitting reëlection of tribune (t. before 123), 369, 371.

⸺ agraria, amending Sempronian law (t. not after 118), 385.

⸺ founding Narbo Martius, 386, n. 1.

Leges, repealing Sempronian law on military service (about 115), 388 f.

Lex, on dedication of Capitoline temple (78), 341, n. 1.

⸺ on vectigalia (75), 424.

⸺ appointing decemviri for regulating Asia (t. 67), 433.

⸺ dispensing Caesar from law (t. 52), 449.

⸺ granting citizenship to Gades (49), 454.

Leges, recalling certain exiles (p. and t. 49), 454.

Lex, granting Caesar triumph over Juba (48), 335, n. 2.

Leges, conferring powers on Caesar (48-45), 451 f.

Lex, for founding Colonia Genetiva (t. 44), 453, n. 4.

Lex (?), for building temple to Isis (43), 459.

Lex, honoring triumviri (43), 459.

⸺ on birthday of Caesar (42), 457, n. 7.

⸺ granting lictors to Vestals (42), 459, n. 5.

Leges, honoring Octavia, Octavianus, and Livia (t. 35), 459 f.

Leges whose authors are given:

Lex Acilia de intercalatione (c. 191), 358.

⸺ Acilia repetundarum (t. 122), 375-8.

⸺ Acilia Calpurnia de ambitu (c. 67), 431; amended by Cicero, 436.

⸺ Acilia Minucia, on peace with Carthage (t. 201), 344, n. 7.

⸺ Acilia Rubria, on worship of Jupiter (t. 122), 384, n. 4.

⸺ Aebutia, on legis actio, 339, n. 5.

Leges Aebutia et Licinia, on qualifications of candidates (t. after 194), 347 f.

Lex Aelia, colonial (t. 194), 350.

Leges Aelia et Fufia (t. about 150), 116 f., 358 f.; amended by lex Clodia, 116 f., 445; and curiate law, 198; relation to tribunician comitia, 280.

Lex Aemilia, on censorship (d. 443), 237.

⸺ Aemilia de libertinorum suffragiis (c. 115), 388; Sumptuaria, n. 9.

⸺ Aemilia frumentaria (c. 78), 423, n. 1, 444, n. 6.

⸺ Aemilia, for naming Caesar dictator (p. 49), 450.

⸺ Antia sumptuaria (t. 70?), 428.

⸺ Antistia, on punishment of Satricans (t. 319), 310; serves as precedent, 340.

⸺ Antonia de Termessibus (t. 71), 425.

⸺ Antonia, on children of proscribed (t. 49), 453 f.; colonial (c. 44), 237, 453, n. 4, 457 f.; iudiciaria, 458; establishing appeal from quaestiones, 458 f.; abolishing dictatorship, 237, 459; a l. sacrata, 265, n. 1; leges honoring Caesar, 452 n. 4; lex confirming acts of Caesar, 457.

⸺ Antonia, on elections (t. 45), 454 f.; agraria (t. 44), 458.

⸺ Antonia Tullia de ambitu (c. 63), 436 f.

⸺ Appuleia agraria (t. 100), 395; colonial (t. 103, 100), 393 ff.; frumentaria (t. 100), 395, 444, n. 6; de maiestate, 394, 400; de sponsu (103, 100?), 298, n. 1, 394, n. 5; interdicting Metellus (t. 100), 257, n. 5, 395 f.

⸺ Aquilia de damno (t. 287?), 332 f.

⸺ Aternia Tarpeia de multae dictione (c. 454), 233, 269.

⸺ Atia, on election of sacerdotes (t. 63), 416, n. 6, 435.

⸺ Atia Ampia, honoring Pompey (t. 63), 435, n. 2.

⸺ Atilia, appointing special court (t. 210), 254, 340.

⸺ Atilia, on appointing tutors (242-186), 340.

⸺ Atilia Furia, for surrendering Mancinus (c. 136), 350.

⸺ Atilia Marcia, for electing 16 military tribunes (t. 311), 306.

⸺ Atinia, on stolen property (214?), 339, n. 5.

⸺ Atinia, for founding colonies (t. 197), 350.

⸺ Atinia, on right of tribunes to senatorship (t. 122-102), 391.

⸺ Atinia Marcia, on treaty with Macedon (t. 196), 349.

⸺ Aufidia, on importing wild beasts (t. 170), 356.

⸺ Aurelia, amending Cornelian law on tribunate (c. 75), 423 f.; de iudiciis privatis, 424.

⸺ Aurelia iudiciaria (p. 70), 427, 448.

⸺ Baebia, colonial (t. 194), 350.

⸺ Baebia, on praetors (c. 181), 346.

⸺ Bantina, Latin, 370, n. 3, 379 f.

⸺ Boria (?) agraria (t. 118), 385.

⸺ Caecilia, appointing special court (154), 255.

⸺ Caecilia, abolishing vectigalia (p. 60), 438; repealed by Caesar, 457, n. 6.

⸺ Caecilia, repealing lex Clodia on censorial stigma (c. 52), 450, n. 2.

⸺ Caecilia Cornelia, recalling Cicero (c. 57), 114, n. 7, 143, 446; on cura annonae, 446.

⸺ Caecilia Didia, on rogations (c. 98), 396 f.; amended, 438, n. 2.

⸺ Caelia tabellaria (t. 107), 253, 390.

⸺ Calidia, recalling Metellus (t. 98), 396, n. 1.

⸺ Calpurnia, for recovery of property, 339, n. 5.

⸺ Calpurnia repetundarum (t. 149), 358.

⸺ Calpurnia, recalling Popillius (t. 120), 388.

⸺ Calpurnia, granting citizenship (t. 89), 57, n. 5, 58, 402.

⸺ Calpurnia Acilia de ambitu (c. 67), 431.

⸺ Canuleia, on conubium (t. 445), 294.

⸺ Carvilia, legalizing voluntary exile (t. 212), 249.

⸺ Cassia tabellaria (t. 137), 253, 359.

⸺ Cassia, on qualifications of senators (t. 104), 390 f.

⸺ Cassia, for creating patricians (t. 45), 164, 456.

⸺ Cassia Terentia frumentaria (c. 73), 424, n. 5, 444, n. 6.

⸺ Cincia, on gifts (t. 204), 339.

⸺ Claudia, on senatorial qualifications and contracts (t. 219), 335, 370.

⸺ Claudia, for expulsion of Latins (c. 177), 354.

⸺ Clodia, monetary (104?), 392.

⸺ Clodia, frumentaria (t. 58), 444 f.; de collegiis, 445; amended, 447 f., 457, n. 6; on secretaries of quaestors, 445; on censorial stigma, 445; repealed, 450, n. 2; amending Aelian and Fufian laws, 116 f., 445; de provocatione, 445 f.; interdicting Cicero, 115, n. 1, 127, 446; leges on minor subjects, 446, n. 1.

⸺ Cornelia, on gambling, 337, n. 6.

⸺ Cornelia (?), outlawing Marius and others (88), 405.

⸺ Cornelia, repealing Cornelian-Pompeian laws (Cinna, c. 87), 409.

⸺ Cornelia (?), recalling exiles (c. or t. 87), 409.

⸺ Cornelia, de tribunicia potestate (d. 82), 236 f., 413 f., 418; repealed, 423 f., 426 f.; violated by Opimius, 425 f.; de maiestate (81), 415-7; on praetors, 416; on quaestors, 415 f.; de sacerdotibus, 416 f.; de provinciis ordinandis, 417 f.; iudiciaria, 419; de adulteriis et pudicitia, alleged, 420, n. 6, 423, n. 6; de proscriptione, 421; de civitate Volaterranis adimenda, 236, 422; on debts, 422; de sponsu (?), 422, n. 13; instituting ludi Victoriae, 422 f.; sumptuaria, 423; leges, criminal, 419-21; on quaestio inter sicarios, 378; amended, 448; agrariae (82, 81), 421 f.; lex on return of Pompey (80), 335, n. 2.

⸺ Cornelia, on collecting certain moneys (Lentulus, c. 72), 424.

⸺ Cornelia, on edicts of praetors (t. 67), 431 f.; on dispensations, 430 f.

⸺ Cornelia Baebia de ambitu (c. 181), 348.

⸺ Cornelia Caecilia, recalling Cicero (c. 57), 446; de cura annonae, 446.

⸺ Cornelia Fulvia de ambitu (c. 159), 348.

⸺ Cornelia Gellia, on granting citizenship (c. 72), 424, n. 6.

⸺ Cornelia Pompeia, on assemblies (c. 88), 277, n. 4, 406-8; on rogations, 406, 407; colonial, 408; unciaria, 408.

⸺ Crepereia, on legis actio, 339, n. 5.

⸺ Decia, on duumviri navales (t. 311), 306.

⸺ Didia cibaria (p. or t. 143), 356.

⸺ Domitia, on election of sacerdotes (t. 103), 391 f.; repealed by Sulla, 416; renewed, 435.

⸺ Duillia, on appeal (t. 449), 241, 292.

⸺ Duillia Menenia, on interest (t. 357), 297.

⸺ Duronia, sumptuaria (t. before 97), 388, n. 9, 423.

⸺ Fabia de plagiariis (c. 209 or 183?), 357.

⸺ Fabia de numero sectatorum (t. 66), 431, n. 6.

⸺ Falcidia testamentaria (t. 40), 459.

⸺ Fannia cibaria (c. 161), 356.

⸺ Flaminia, agraria (t. 232), 334; monetary (c. 217), 336.

⸺ Flavia, on punishing Tusculans (t. 323), 310.

⸺ Fufia de religione (t. 61), 438, n. 3.

⸺ Fufia, on voting in quaestiones (p. 59), 443.

Leges Fufia et Aelia (t. about 150), 116 f., 198, 280, 358, 445.

⸺ Furia de sponsu, 298, n. 1.

Lex Furia testamentaria (203-170?), 352, n. 5, 463, n. 8.

⸺ Furia (?), instituting prefects for Capua (318), 306, n. 6.

⸺ Furia, on conspiracy (t. 99), 396, n. 2.

⸺ Furia Atilia, surrendering Mancinus (c. 136), 350.

⸺ Furia Quinctia, arbitrating between Ardea and Aricia (c. 446), 294 f.

⸺ Gabinia tabellaria (t. 139), 359.

⸺ Gabina, on secret meetings (t. 186 or 139?), 357.

⸺ Gabinia, on loans to provincials (t. 67), 429; on sessions of senate, 429; granting imperium to Pompey, 432 f.

⸺ Genucia (t. 342), 298 f.; article of on consulship, 238; on reëlections, often violated, 307 f.; dispensations from, 307 f., 343; renewed by Sulla, 415.

⸺ Glitia testamentaria, 459, n. 7.

⸺ Graccana, 383, n. 1.

⸺ Helvia, abrogating tribunicia potestas (t. 44), 455; on wives of Caesar, 452.

⸺ Hirtia, on partisans of Pompey (t. 48?), 451, n. 2.

⸺ Horatia, honoring Gaia Taracia, 146, n. 7.

⸺ Hortensia (d. 287), 234, 312-6; epoch-making in social history, 16; effect on comitia centuriata, 137; for relief of debtors, 235; on plebi scita, 236, 269, 330, 475; on tribunician jurisdiction, 247 f., 270; on veto, 270.

⸺ Hostilia, on prosecutions for theft, 377, n. 5.

⸺ Icilia agraria, so called (456), 238; sacrata, 265, n. 1, 272 f.

⸺ Icilia, granting amnesty to seceders (t. 449), 292; granting triumph, 293.

⸺ Iulia, granting citizenship (c. 90), 57, n. 7, 10, 401 f.

⸺ Iulia, on dedication of Capitoline temple (p. 62), 341, n. 1; agraria (c. 59), 145, n. 3, 148, 438-41; relieving publicans, 441; repetundarum, 441 f.; dispensation from, 447; attempt to amend, 448; confirming acts of Pompey, 443; on Ptolemy, 443; curiata, arrogating Clodius (pont. max.), 443; on debts (d. 49), 452; de bonorum cessione (?), 452, n. 7; on rents (47), 452 f.; creating 2 praetors, 454; iudiciaria (46), 455; de maiestate, 455; de vi, 455; sumptuaria, 455 f.; de provinciis, 456; municipalis, 456 f.; colonial (45), 453; de Siculis, alleged (44), 454, n. 4.

⸺ Iulia, on rents (Octavianus, 41), 459; on conubium of libertini (18), 354, n. 8.

⸺ Iulia Papiria de multarum aestimatione (c. 430), 234, 287.

⸺ Iunia repetundarum (t. 126), 370, 376, 379; for expelling aliens, 370.

⸺ Iunia, on military pay (c. 109), 392.

⸺ Iunia, colonial (t. 83), 410.

⸺ Iunia Licinia, on filing statutes (c. 62), 437 f.

⸺ Licinia, on games (p. 208), 341, n. 2.

⸺ Licinia, instituting epulones (t. 196), 347.

⸺ Licinia sumptuaria (p. or t. before 97), 388, n. 9, 423.

⸺ Licinia de sodaliciis (c. 55), 447 f.

Leges Licinia et Aebutia, on qualifications of candidates (t. after 194), 347 f.

Lex Licinia Cassia, on appointment of tribuni militum (c. 171), 342, n. 2.

⸺ Licinia Iunia, on filing statutes (c. 62), 437 f.

⸺ Licinia Mucia, on aliens (c. 95), 397.

⸺ Licinia Pompeia de tribunicia potestate (c. 70), 426 f.; prolonging Caesar’s command (55), 447.

Leges Licinia Sextia (t. 368, 367), 120, 295 f.; article of on consulship, 237 f.; relieving debtors, 238; on pasturage, 291; violations of, 291, 311, 325, 363; limiting occupation of land, 291, 310; amended, 334, n. 1, 363, n. 4.

Lex Licinnia de actione communi dividundo, 339, n. 5.

⸺ Livia, on organization of Africa (t. 146), 349.

⸺ Livia, colonial (t. 122), 383 f., 397; on Latins, 252, 383.

⸺ Livia agraria, frumentaria, etc. (t. 91), 397-400.

⸺ Lucretia, on Campanian vectigalia (t. 172), 351, n. 5.

⸺ Maenia, on ludi Romani (c. 338), 308 f.

⸺ Maenia, on patrum auctoritas (t. 287?), 230, 331.

⸺ Maenia, on dowries (188?), 352.

⸺ Maenia Sextia de multae dictione (c. 452), 233.

⸺ Maevia, on Asiatic affairs (about 189), 349. n. 5.

⸺ Mamilia, on arbitri (c. 239?), 332, n. 9.

⸺ Mamilia, appointing special court (t. 109), 390.

⸺ Mamilia, Roscia, etc. (t. 55?), 441, n. 1.

⸺ Manilia, on libertini (t. 67), 433; granting imperium to Pompey (66), 433 f.

⸺ Manlia, on manumission of slaves (c. 357), 202, 297.

⸺ Manlia, granting Numidia as province (t. 107), 381, n. 5.

⸺ Marcia, on usurers (c. 352?), 298, n. 1.

⸺ Marcia, appointing special court (t. 172), 255, n. 1.

⸺ Marcia Atinia, on treaty with Macedon (t. 196), 349.

⸺ Marcia Porcia, on triumphs (t. 62), 438.

⸺ Maria, on pontes (t. 119), 389.

⸺ Memmia de incestu (t. 111), 377, n. 5, 390, n. 4.

⸺ Metilia, on master of horse (t. 217), 342; on fulling cloth, 338.

⸺ Minicia, on children of mixed parentage, 354, n. 2.

⸺ Minucia, instituting triumviri mensarii (t. 216), 336 f.

⸺ Minucia, repealing Rubrian colonial law (t. 121), 385.

⸺ Mucia, appointing special court (t. 141), 255, n. 1.

⸺ Munatia, pardoning certain persons (c. 42), 459. n. 5.

⸺ Norbana, appointing special court (t. 104), 390.

⸺ Octavia frumentaria (about 90), 401.

⸺ Ogulnia, on sacerdotes (t. 300), 102, 166, n. 7, 307, 309.

⸺ Oppia, on luxury of women (t. 215), 338; repealed, 356.

⸺ Orchia cibaria (t. 181), 356.

⸺ Ovinia, on senators (t. 339-312), 164, 307, 335.

⸺ Papia de Vestalium lectione (t. 65?), 156, n. 7, 434; expelling aliens, 434.

⸺ Papiria, on viatores of aediles, 290, n. 4.

⸺ Papiria, granting citizenship (p. 332), 304.

⸺ Papiria, on dedications (t. after 304), 309.

⸺ Papiria, on triumviri capitales (t. after 242), 332.

⸺ Papiria tabellaria (t. 131), 369, 371.

⸺ Papiria, monetary (t. 89), 91, 403.

⸺ Pedia, appointing special court (c. 43), 457, n. 7.

⸺ Peducaea, appointing special court (t. 113), 390.

⸺ Pesolania, on injury done by dogs, 332, n. 9.

⸺ Petillia, appointing special court (t. 185), 255, n. 1, 319, n. 7.

⸺ Pinaria, on appointment of judge, 339, n. 5.

⸺ Pinaria annalis (p. 182?), 347, n. 3.

⸺ Pinaria Furia de intercalatione (c. 472), 238.

⸺ Plaetoria, on urban praetor (after 227), 342, n. 1.

⸺ Plaetoria, on cura of young men (before 192), 340.

⸺ Plaetoria, appointing duumviri aedi dedicandae (151?), 347, n. 2.

⸺ Plautia iudiciaria (t. 89), 401, n. 3, 402 f., 427; probably repealed, 409, n. 1; agraria, 403.

⸺ Plautia de vi (t. 78-77), 424.

⸺ Plautia, recalling exiles (t. 73?), 424.

⸺ Plautia Papiria, granting citizenship (t. 89), 57, n. 10, 353, n. 9, 402.

⸺ Poetelia de ambitu (t. 358), 296 f.

⸺ Poetelia, on slavery for debt (c. or d. 326 or 313), 310.

⸺ Pompeia, granting citizenship (c. 89), 402.

⸺ Pompeia iudiciaria (c. 55), 448; de parricidio, 448; de ambitu (52), 448, 454; de provinciis, 449; de iure magistratuum, 449; excepting certain persons from law, 449.

⸺ Pompeia Licinia de tribunicia potestate (c. 70), 426 f.; prolonging Caesar’s command (55), 447, 449.

⸺ Poplicia, granting burial place, 342, n. 8.

Leges Porciae de provocatione (198-184?), 250-3, 256, 349.

Lex Porcia de sumptu provinciali (c. 195), 349; on provincial governors (177?), 349.

⸺ Porcia, on interest (c. 118?), 392.

⸺ Porcia Marcia, on triumphs (t. 62), 438.

⸺ Publicia, on gambling, 337, n. 6.

⸺ Publicia, on gifts at saturnalia (t. 209), 338; rogatio for abrogating proconsular imperium, 342.

⸺ Publilia de sponsu, 298, n. 1.

⸺ Publilia, so-called (471), 196, 233, 270-2; does not exclude patricians, 262, n. 2, 271; confused with L. Publilia Philonis, 300.

⸺ Publilia (d. 339), 299-302; article of on patrum auctoritas, 235; on plebiscita, 236; on consuls, 237; excludes patricians, 262, n. 2, 276 f.; relation to Valerian-Horatian laws, 300.

⸺ Pupia, on sessions of senate (p. 71), 424 f.; amended, 429.

⸺ Quinctia de aquaeductibus (c. 9), 462.

⸺ Quinctia Furia, arbitrating between Ardea and Aricia (c. 446), 294 f.

⸺ Remmia de calumniatoribus (91?), 400.

⸺ Roscia theatralis (t. 67), 357, n. 2, 428 f.

⸺ Roscia, granting citizenship to Transpadani (p. 49), 454.

⸺ Rubria de Gallia Cisalpina, so-called, 454, n. 3.

⸺ Rubria, for founding Junonia (t. 123), 383.

⸺ Rufrena, honoring Caesar (42), 457, n. 7.

⸺ Rutilia, on military tribunes (169), 349, n. 1.

⸺ Saenia, for creating patricians (c. 30), 164, n. 6, 460.

⸺ Saufeia agraria (t. 91), 400.

⸺ Scribonia de usucapione servitutum (c. 76 or t. 50), 424, n. 4, 450, n. 2.

⸺ Scantinia, on violation of ingenui, 357.

⸺ Sempronia, for dedication of temple (c. 215), 341, n. 1.

⸺ Sempronia, on loans (t. 193), 351 f.

⸺ Sempronia de imperio (t. 167), 335, n. 2, 349, n. 1.

⸺ Sempronia agraria (t. 133), 363-7, 371; abrogating potestas of colleague, 366, 367 f., 391.

⸺ Sempronia de provocatione (t. 123), 355 f., 371; frumentaria, 372 f., 444; agraria, 372, 373 f.; on taxation of Asia, 380 f.; on consular provinces, 381; repealed, 449; on military service, 382, 389; colonial, 382 f.; viaria (?), 373; iudiciaria (122), 374-6; on murder and poisoning, 378.

⸺ Servilia repetundarum (t. 111?), 393.

⸺ Servilia, on qualifications of iudices (c. 106), 388.

⸺ Sestia or Sextia, instituting Decemvirate (c. 452), 233, 273.

⸺ Silia, on legis actio per condictionem, 339. n. 5.

⸺ Silia, on weights and measures (t. Flaminian era), 337 f.

⸺ Sulpicia, on various subjects (t. 88), 404 f.; article of on new citizens, 58; on transferring command to Marius, 381, n. 5.

⸺ Terentia, on sons of libertini (t. 189), 355.

⸺ Terentilia, 120.

⸺ Thoria agraria (t. 111), 386 f.

⸺ Titia, on gambling, 337, n. 6.

⸺ Titia, on questorian provinces (267?), 332. n. 3.

⸺ Titia agraria (t. 99), 396; criminal (99?), 396, n. 5.

⸺ Titia, abrogating potestas of colleague (t. 43), 455, n. 3.

⸺ Trebonia, on tribunician elections (t. 448 or 401), 285 f., 294.

⸺ Trebonia, granting provinces (t. 55), 447.

⸺ Tullia, on free legations (c. 63), 437.

⸺ Tullia Antonia de ambitu (c. 63), 436 f.; article of renewed, 449.

⸺ Valeria de provocatione (c. 509), 232 f., 240, 473 f.; a l. sacrata, 265, n. 1; granting building lot to proposer, 238, n. 3.

⸺ Valeria (d. 342), 234 f.; abolishing debts, 238, 298; a l. sacrata, 265, n. 1.

⸺ Valeria de provocatione (300), 233, 234, 242, 250; relation of to Porcian laws, 252 f.

⸺ Valeria, repealing Oppian law (t. 195), 356.

⸺ Valeria, granting suffragium (t. 188), 352.

⸺ Valeria, granting citizenship to priestesses of Ceres (p. 98), 353, n. 5.

⸺ Valeria, on debts (c. 86), 409 f.; repealed, 422.

⸺ Valeria, appointing Sulla dictator (interrex, 82), 236, 412, 421.

⸺ Valeria Horatia (c. 449), 234, 274-80, 474; de provocatione, 233, 241; a l. sacrata, 265, n. 1; violated by rogatio Servilia, 259; on oath of plebs, 264, n. 7; bearing on tribunician jurisdiction, 270, 280; on sanctity of plebeian officials, 274; on plebiscita, 274-8.

⸺ Valeria Marcia, instituting bank (c. 352), 297 f.

⸺ Varia de maiestate (t. 90), 400 f.

⸺ Vatinia iudiciaria (t. 59), 442; colonial, 440, n. 8; granting provinces to Caesar, 443 f.; leges on foreign affairs, 443, n. 6.

Leges Vibiae, confirming acts of Caesar (c. 43), 237, 457, n. 7, 458, n. 2; abolishing dictatorship, 459, n. 2.

Lex Villia annalis (t. 180), 347; renewed by Sulla, 415.

⸺ Visellia de curatoribus Viarum (before 71), 424, n. 6.

⸺ Voconia, on inheritance (t. 169), 72, n. 2, 85, 90, 352.

Levy, obstruction of, 272, 273, 279.

Liber and Libera, forfeiture of estates to, 274.

Libertini, class of clients, 22; enrolment in tribes, 58, 354; deterioration of status, 354 f.; lex Terentia on, 355; l. Sulpicia on, 404.

Licinius Crassus, M., consul (70), 426 f.; triumvir, 441; second consulship (50), 447 f.

Licinius Macer, tribune (73), 426.

Licinius Stolo, C., trial of (357), 291.

Lictors, curial, 10, 154, 468; curiate sanction, 189, n. 2; cast votes of curiae, 196, 198, 199; magisterial, 150; granted to Vestals, 459, n. 5.

Liticines, in comitia centuriata, 206, 226.

Lituus, 468.

Livius Drusus, M., tribune (122), 252, 383.

Livius Drusus, M., tribune (91), 397-400.

Livius Salinator, M., trial of (218), 317 f.

Livy, on early Roman history, 25, n. 3, 26; centuriate system, 66 f.; comitia and concilium, 119-25; patricians in tribal assembly, 275; agrees with Fabius Pictor, 293, n. 3.

Locupletes, 61.

Lucerenses, 74.

Luceres, 3, 74; in Ardea, 4, n. 3.

Lucerus, in Ardea, 4, n. 3.

Lucilius (Licinius?), hurled from Tarpeian Rock, 257, n. 5.

Lucretius, C., praetor (171), prosecution of, 321.

Ludi, Romani, 308; Victoriae, 422 f.

Lusitanians, rogation on, 349 f.

Lustrum, 204.

Lutatius Catulus, Q., prosecution of (87), 257, n. 5.

Lycurgus, 177.

Magic, prosecution for, 325.

Magistracy, bestowed by curiate law, 185 f.

Magistrates, patrician, 103, 263; higher and lower, 103, 141 f.; occupy templa, 109; take auspices, 110; have obnuntiatio, 111 f.; spectio, 113; preside over contio, 140 f.; comitia, 465, 468, 469; bound by laws, 180 f.; iusti, optimo iure, 186-8; and lex curiata, 189 ff.; higher, 229; act as accusers, 259; controlled by dictator, 273, 284; right to divide business, 306; to enrolment in senate, 307; exempt from prosecution, 318; under law of extortion, 377; regulated by Sulla, 413-8; by Pompey, 449; swear to uphold laws, 464; municipal, 457.

Maiestas, 257, n. 5; Cornelian court of, 258; Claudia tried for, 326, 394; under lex Varia, 400 f.; Cornelia, 419; Iulia, 455.

Majority rule, primitively unknown, 170, n. 7.

Mancinus, law for surrendering, 350.

Mancipatio, 48.

Manilia, trial of for violence (183), 326.

Manilius, C., tribune (67-66), 433 f.

Manlius, A., consul (178), threatened with prosecution, 231.

Manlius, past consul, trial of, 268.

Manlius, Cn., consul (357), holds comitia at Sutrium, 297.

Manlius, L., past dictator, trial of (362), 288.

Manlius Capitolinus, M., trial of, 123 f., 243.

Manlius Volso, Cn., 231.

Mantua, three tribes in, 4, n. 3.

Marcius, L., propraetor in Spain, 192.

Marcius Coriolanus, C., trial of (491), 267.

Mariana colonia, 394, n. 1, 396.

Marius, C., change in recruiting, 86, 394; tribune (119), 389; combines with Saturninus, 393-5; given command against Mithridates, 404.

Market days, see Nundinae.

Master of horse, presides over contio, 140.

Matienus, C., trial of for desertion, 252.

Matrons, fined for stuprum, 291 f., 326; trial of for poisoning, 253 f., 309.

Meadow, Flaminian, 465.

Mechanics, see Fabri.

Messala, on curiate law, 185 f.

Metellus, see Caecilius Metellus.

Meyer, E., on four city tribes, 54-6; origin of tribunate, 55, n. 1, 262, n. 1, 272, n. 2; Licinian-Sextian laws, 296, n. 4; chronology of Sempronian laws, 371, n. 2; Cornelian-Pompeian law on assemblies, 406.

Milo, tribune (57), 115 f.

Minervia, founding of, 384, n. 1.

Minos, 177.

Minucius, L., trial of, 246.

Minucius Augurinus, C., tribune (184), 320.

Mithridates, 403, 404, 433, 434.

Mommsen, Th., on patrician state, 33-6; gens, 35; gentile ownership of land, 48; urban tribes, 51 f., 54 f.; classis, 72, n. 1; concilium populi, 121-4; grant of patriciate, 166, n. 3; of citizenship, 181, n. 5; early legislation, n. 9; transitio imperii, 197, n. 4; exercise of comitia centuriata, 203, n. 4; proletarian century, 207, n. 12; reformed comitia centuriata, 221-4; validity of plebiscite, 277, n. 2; Licinian and Aebutian laws, 347, n. 8; qualification of iudices, 375, n. 4; Thorian law, 385, n. 5; lex Appuleia de maiestate, 394, n. 5; lex Plautia iudiciaria, 403; Sulpicius, 405, n. 2; principium, 466, n. 3.

Morals, laws on, 337 f.

Mucius Scaevola, P., tribune (141), 255, n. 1.

Mucius Scaevola, Q., formula of oath in arrogations, 160.

Mühl, on lex Appuleia de maiestate, 394, n. 5.

Municipia, lex Iulia on, 456 f.

Murder, trial of, 244, 246, n. 6; under questorian jurisdiction, 248; court for, 253, 255, n. 1, 257, n. 5, 295, 309, 358; under lex Sempronia, 378; Cornelia, 419 f.; of tribune alleged, 268.

Musicians, in centuriate system, 66, 68, 81, 206, 208, 226.

Naevius, M., tribune (185), 320.

Narbo Martius, founding of, 386, n. 1.

Nefas, Nefasti dies, 159, 470.

Neptunia, founding of, 382.

Niebuhr, on early Roman history, 25 ff.; patrician state, 27-32; gens and curia, 11-13, 31 f.; social composition of gens, 27; Attic tribal system, 28, 31 f.; Servian tribes, 51, 61, n. 3; reformed comitia centuriata, 217-9; unsoundness of his method, 45.

Niese, on origin of tribunate, 262, n. 1; Licinian-Sextian law, 296, n. 4.

Nigidius Figulus, P., on auspices, 101, n. 3.

Nobility, origin of, 39; develops into class, 40; among various peoples, 40-2; at Rome, 43; supported by tribunate, 312; plebeian, allies of patrician, 330.

Nobles, concilium of Etruscan, 124; of Gallic, 125; comitia of, 129; represented in council, 275; right to vote, 276; see Patricians.

Nola, loses citizenship, 422.

Νόμοι ἐπ’ ἀνδρί, 153.

Norbanus, C., trial of (95), 394, n. 4.

Novae Curiae, 9.

Numa, 177.

Numantines, 350.

Nundinae, comitia not held on, 139; made fasti by Hortensian law, 315, 471.

Nuntiatio, 111.

Oath, in contio, 142; in arrogations, 160; making tribunes sacred, 264, 274; lack of in comitial trials, 287; to support law, 380, 395, 440 f.

Oblativa (auspicia), 100; publica, 111-8; under Aelian and Fufian laws, 116 f., 358 f.; under lex Clodia, 116 f., 445.

Obnuntiatio, by whom served, 111, 114 f., 439; when served, 115; under Aelian and Fufian laws, 116 f., 358 f.; under lex Clodia, 116 f., 445; prevents election, 193; to what point allowable, 467.

Octavianus, see Julius Caesar Octavianus.

Octavius, tribune (133), 322; deposed, 366, 367 f., 371.

Opimius, L., trial of (120), 256; given absolute power, 387 f.

Opimius, Q., trial of, 414, n. 2; tribune (75), 425 f.

Oppidum, 6 f.

Oppius, Sp., decemvir, trial of, 246.

Optima lege, optimo iure, 186-8; cives, 355; private land, 386.

Optimates, prefer centuries, 237; undo Gracchan reforms, 385, 387; policy of as to special courts, 388; depend on religion, 391; moderate rule of, 396 f.

Ordines, in comitia centuriata, 222.

Ovation, comitial act on, 334 f.

Ovile, 469.

Paederastia, prosecution for (227), 325.

Pagus, relation of to Servian tribes, 51, 53 f.

Pais, on urban tribes, 52, 55, n. 1; origin of tribunate, 262, n. 1; connection of Ceres with plebs, 264, n. 7; Genucian and Publilian laws, 299, n. 2; election of pontiff, 341, n. 3.

Palatine (tribus), 50, 51, 52, n. 1, 220.

Palatine hill, 7, n. 3, 9.

Pantagathus, 220.

Papirius, L., trial of (326), 247.

Papirius Carbo, C., trial of (119), 257.

Parricidium, trial of, 244; under lex Pompeia, 448; Iulia, 455, n. 7.

Pater, meaning of, 19.

Pater patratus, 176.

Patrem ciere, 20.

Patres, meaning senators, 17 ff.; patricians, 19; in Mommsen’s theory, 34; maiorum et minorum gentium, 35 f.

Patrician magistrate, defined, 103.

Patricians, Patricii, origin of, 16 ff., 37, n. 1; Mommsen on, 34; not conquerors, 43; right to auspices, 101-3; and patrum auctoritas, 229, 235; in curiate assembly, 262, n. 2, 271; in tribal assembly, 271, 275-7; in plebeian tribunate, 285 f.; affected by Publilian law (339), 300 f.; creation of, 21, 164-6, 456, 460.

Patriciate, relation of to senate, 18; granted to plebeians, 21, 164-6, 456, 460; closing of, 165; acquired by adoption, 166.

Patricio-plebeian tribal assembly, 123, 128, 134; unnecessary term, 138.

Patricius, meaning of, 20 f.

Patrum auctoritas, 31, 174; and comitia curiata, 229, 235, 277; for curiate laws, 277; Publilian law on, 300; Hortensian law on, 313; Maenian law on, 331.

Pay, military, introduced, 61, n. 6, 94; by senate, 284, 295; how reckoned, 90, n. 4; since war with Hannibal, 382; laws on, 382, 388 f., 392.

Peculatus, trials for, 317 f., 319, 419.

Pecunia, 48.

Pellegrino, on asylum, 36.

Perduellio, 243 f., 248, 249, 253, 256, 257; Sulla transfers to quaestio maiestatis, 258; aedilician case of, 326; ballot in, 390; trials for: Horatius, 121; Claudius, 248, 317; Manlius, 288 f.; Postumius, 248 f., 318; Rabirius, 258 f.

Peregrinus ager, 108.

Petilii, Q., tribunes (185), 319.

Petronia (amnis), 108.

Phalanx, Greek, adopted by Rome, 61 f., 68, 71 f.; origin of, 69 ff.; organization and equipment, 72 f.; split in legions, 75; post-Servian changes, 76-80; changed to manipular legion, 84.

Phratry, 8, n. 6, 28, 69.

Phyle, 4, 6, 28.

Phylobasileis, 8, n. 1.

Picene district, 333; Flaminian law on, 334.

Plebeian assembly, termed comitia, 120, 126-30; question as to auspication, 122 f.

Plebeian magistrates, occupy templa, 109; do not auspicate assemblies, 110; preside over contio, 140 f.; comitia, 465, 469; see Aediles, Tribuni plebis.

Plebi scitum, issued by plebeian assembly, 120, n. 1; originally binding on plebs only, 263, 273; given conditioned validity, 274-9; Publilian law on, 300; made unconditionally valid, 313, 463; for individual plebi scita, see Lex.

Plebs, distinguished from populus, 1, n. 3; origin of, 16, 21; relation to clients, 22; belong to populus, 23 ff.; to tribes and curiae, 24; to gentes, 28-31; vote in comitia curiata, 25, 32; Mommsen on, 34-6; not the conquered, 43; in army, 75, n. 1; right to auspices, 101-3; assembly of termed comitia, 120; first secession of, 262; in contio, 263; community of, 264 f.; misunderstanding with government, 268; meaning of word in Valerian-Horatian law, 275-7; Publilian law on, 301 f.; condition of in third Samnite war, 311; leaders of ally with patricians, 330; in comitia under plebeian presidency, 465.

Pleminius, Q., trial of, 250.

Πλῆθος, 407 f.

Plutocracy, era of, 346-62, 476; discontent with, 371.

Poetelius Libo, C., consul (326), dictator (313), 310.

Poisoning, special court for trial of, 253, 254, n. 3.

Polybius, on Flaminian law, 334; on Roman constitution, 343-6, 361 f.

Pomerium, limits urban tribes, 52, 54; relation of to augury, 108; to comitia curiata, 194, 468; to comitia centuriata, 203, 469; to comitia tributa, 465.

Pompeius Magnus, Cn., use of oblativa, 111; and curiate law, 194 f.; consul (70), 426 f.; given special commands, 432-4; cura annonae, 446; second consulship (55), 447-50; third (52), 448.

Pompeius Strabo, Cn., trial of, 401, n. 3; consul (89), 402.

Pomptinus, praetor (63), 192 f.

Pontes, 469; Marian law on, 389.

Pontifex maximus, auspicium of, 104; elected by comitia, 120, 341, 391; presides over contio, 141; comitia calata, 153 ff.; comitia tributa, 153, n. 4, 263; over first tribunician elections, 263; and in 449 B.C., 285; jurisdiction of, 327 f., 390; chooses Vestals, 434.

Pontifex minor, in comitia calata, 155.

Pontifices, 102, 106, n. 10; have charge of arrogations, 160; of certain adoptions, 166; religious legislation of, 238 f.; opinion on Sacred Spring, 340; control calendar, 358; election of, 391; increased to fifteen, 416.

Popillius, M., trial of (172), 255, n. 1.

Popillius Laenas, C., trial of (107), 257, n. 5.

Popillius Laenas, P., presides over special court (132), 255; interdicted, 256; recalled, 388.

Popillius Laenas, P., tribune (86), 257, n. 5.

Population of Rome, in early republic, 83.

Populus, derivation of word, 1; definition, 1 f.; political divisions, 1-15; social composition of, 16-47; theory of a patrician, 27 ff.; concilium of, 120-5; sovereignty, 308, 316, 346, 368, 399; yields judicial function to courts, 420 f.; electoral function to Caesar, 454 f.

Porcius Cato, M., the Elder, on Servian tribes, 51, 53, 54; favors lex Voconia, 85, 90; lex Villia, 347; lex forbidding reëlections, 348; author of law of appeal, 250 f.; prosecutions of, 319, 321.

Porcius Laeca, P., praetor (195), 251.

Porcius Licinus, consul (184), 251.

Posteriores (equites), 73, n. 7, 74, 76.

Postliminium, 353.

Postumius, L., trial of, 289.

Postumius, M., trial of (423), 288.

Postumius Pyrgensis, M., trial of, 248 f., 318.

Potestas, tribunicia, destroyed by Sulla, 199; patria, political influence of, 342 f.; lex on, 185, 190.

Praeco (crier), summons contio, 144; invites to speak, 147, n. 5; reads bill, 430; declares result of vote, 468.

Praescriptio legis, 462.

Praetors, auspices of, 103; obnuntiate, 115; adoptions before, 160; election of, 189, 229; instituted, 234; grant auspices to tribune, 245 f., 280, 315; increased, 332, 341, 416, 454; urban, presides over election of boards, 337; lex Plaetoria on, 342, n. 1; fills album iudicum, 376, 377; minimal age of, 415; edicts of, 431 f.

Prefecture of market, created (440), 295, 305, n. 5.

Prerogative (praerogativa), 211, 463; equestrian abolished, 212, 215; after reform, 212, 224, 227; in elections, 389.

Presidency, of contio, 140 f.; of comitia, 465, 468, 469.

Principium, 463; in comitia curiata, 112; elections, 389; comitia tributa, 466 f.

Priores (equites), 73, n. 7, 74, 76.

Privernates, receive citizenship, 305.

Privilegia, enacted by centuries, 127 f., 241; violation of law on, 289 f.; dispensations are, 307 f.

Procedure, contional, 143 ff.; comitial, 465-70; in trials, 259 f.

Proceres, Proci, in centuriate system, 67, n. 3, 75, n. 1.

Proletarians, 68, 89, 207 f.; after reform, 226.

Promagistracy, instituted, 305.

Promagistrates, lack right to summon people, 141; and curiate law, 192 ff.; under lex repetundarum, 377; under lex Cornelia, 417; lex Pompeia, 449.

Propraetor, elected by army, 192, 202.

Provinces, assigned exceptionally by law, 305, 381, n. 5, 417, 432-4, 443 f., 447; Sempronian law on consular, 381 f.; Cornelian, 417; Julian, 456; protected by Gabinian, 429 f.; from extortion, see Repetundae.

Publicans, exactions of, 380 f.; law for relief of, 441.

Publicius Bibulus, C., tribune (209), 338.

Publilius Philo, consul and dictator (339), 235, 299-302; censor(322), 305.

Punctum, in counting votes, 467, n. 5.

Punic war, first, effect of on politics, 333.

Pupinian tribe, 59, n. 3.

Quaestio, preliminary inquiry, 259.

Quaestio extraordinaria (314), 242, n. 5; for trial of Pleminius (204), 250; affects centuriate jurisdiction, 253; appointed by senate and people, 253, 295, 309; by senate alone, 253 f., 255, 309; by people, 255, n. 1; for trial of conspiracy, 310; Satricans, 310; usurpers of citizenship, 354, 397; Vestals, 390; bribery, 390; vis, 448 f.; murderers of Caesar, 457, n. 7; composed of senators, 374 f.; under lex Sempronia, 371, 374-6; optimate policy as to, 388.

Quaestio perpetua, affects centuriate jurisdiction, 253; repetundarum, 257, 358; number increased by Sulla, 257 f., 324; inter sicarios, 258, 358; limits appeal, 328; composed of senators, 374, 419; Sempronian laws on, 374-6; of knights, 374 f.; of senators and knights, 402, 455; of three classes, 427, 458; under Latin lex Bantina, 379; Appuleia de maiestate, 394; Livia, 399; Varia, 401; Cornelia, 419-21; Licinia and Pompeia, 448; Iulia, 455; Antonia, 458; appeal granted from, 458 f.

Quaestors, auspicate comitia centuriata, 104; obnuntiate, 141; preside over contio, 140, 141; curiate sanction, 189, 195; increased, 234, 332, 415 f.; parricidii, 244 f.; relation of to tribunes, 248; elected by tribes, 294; minimal age of, 415.

Quando rex comitiavit fas, 159, n. 8, 470.

Quinctius, K., trial of (461), 267, 268, n. 6.

Quinctius, L., tribune (74), 426.

Quinctius, T., past consular tribune, trial of, 288.

Quinctius Trogus, T., trial of, 245.

Quindecemviri sacris faciundis, 416; see Decemviri.

Quinqueviri, for repairing defences, 337; agris adsignandis under lex Saufeia, 400; lex Iulia, 439.

Quirina (tribus), 214.

Quirinal hill, 2, 3, n. 1.

Rabirius, C., trial of, 243 f., 258 f.

Ramnenii, in Ostia, 4, n. 3.

Ramnenses, 74.

Ramnes, 2, n. 5, 74; in Ardea, 4, n. 3.

Ramnii, in Capua, 4, n. 3.

Rapta (curia), 8, n. 6, 11, n. 7.

Ratings, ascribed to Servius, 66; in sextantarian as, 67, n. 4; origin of, 79; array in battle, 79 f.; of five classes, 84-91; Belot on, 91-3.

Regiones, connection of with tribes, 51, n. 1, 4, 6, 53 f.

Religion, influences formation of nobility, 39 f.; right to legislate on, 308; laws on, see Legislation.

Remus, an augur, 105, n. 3.

Renuntiatio, 467.

Repetundae, court of, 257, 358, 370; under lex lunia, 370, 376, 379; lex Acilia, 375-8; Servilia, 393; Cornelia, 419; Iulia, 441 f.; defined, 377.

Revolution, period of, 363-460, 476 f.

Rex sacrorum, presides over contio, 141; comitia calata, 154; forbidden to address populus, 147; ceremonies of in comitium, 156, 159 f.; successor to king, 182; a shadow, 198.

Rhegium insurgent garrison of, 254.

Rogatio, meaning of, 178; composition and form of, 462 ff.

⸺ de imperio (t.) for triumph, 335.

⸺ colonizing Bolae (t. 415), 311, n. 1.

⸺ dispensing from law (298), 299, n. 3.

⸺ for abolition of debts (t. 287), 312.

Rogationes of Cicero’s consulship (63), 437, n. 7.

Rogatio, of 8 tribunes, recalling Cicero (58), 446, n. 2.

⸺ establishing consular tribunes (t. 53), 450, n. 2.

Rogationes Aemiliae, repealing Cornelian laws (c. 78), 423.

Rogatio Aufeia, on taxation of Asia (p. 123), 381, n. 4.

⸺ Aufidia de ambitu (t. 61), 437, n. 1.

⸺ Caecilia, lightening certain penalties (t. 63), 437, n. 7.

⸺ Caecilia, dispensing Pompey from law (t. 62), 437, n. 1.

Rogationes Caeliae, on debts and rents (p. 48), 452, n. 9.

Rogatio Caninia, granting imperium to Pompey (t. 56), 446, n. 3.

⸺ Cassia agraria (c. 486), 238, 265, n. 4.

⸺ Clodia de suffragiis libertinorum (p. 52), 450, n. 2.

⸺ Cornelia, renewing Sulpician lex (c. 87), 409.

⸺ Cornelia de ambitu (t. 67), 431.

Rogationes Corneliae (t. 47), 452, n. 9.

Rogatio Fabricia, recalling Cicero (t. 57), 446, n. 2.

⸺ Flavia, for punishing Tusculans, (323), 310.

⸺ Flavia agraria (t. 60), 438.

⸺ Fulvia, granting citizenship (c. 125), 370.

⸺ Herennia, transferring Clodius to plebs (t. 60), 162, 438.

⸺ Iunia, on usury (195?), 352, n. 2.

⸺ Laelia agraria (p. 145), 360 f., 363.

⸺ Licinia, on election of sacerdotes, 391.

⸺ Lucilia Coelia, for naming Pompey dictator (t. 53), 450, n. 2.

⸺ Maelia, confiscating property of Ahala (436), 289.

⸺ Marcia (123-122), referring to military tribunes, 382, n. 5.

⸺ Marcia agraria (t. 104), 392.

⸺ Messia, recalling Cicero (t. 58), 446, n. 2.

⸺ Ninnia, recalling Cicero (t. 58), 446, n. 2.

⸺ Papiria, permitting reëlection of tribunes (t. 131), 369.

⸺ Pinaria annalis (p. 182?), 347, n. 3.

⸺ Pompeia repetundarum (c. 55), 442, n. 2; sumptuaria, 448.

⸺ Porcia, abrogating imperium (t. 56), 446, n. 3.

⸺ Porcia Pompeia, recalling Metellus (t. 99), 396, n. 1.

⸺ Pupia Valeria, appointing special court (c. 61), 438, n. 3.

⸺ Rutilia, on censorial contracts (t. 169), 351, n. 5.

⸺ Scribonia, on Lusitanians (t. 149), 349.

Rogationes Scriboniae, on various subjects (t. 50), 450, n. 2.

Rogatio Semproniade provocatione (t. 133), 255, 368; iudiciaria, 368, 374; on military service, 368, 382.

⸺ Sempronia de abactis (t. 124), 371, 391; granting citizenship to Latins and Italians (123-122), 382, 383 f.; on voting in comitia centuriata (122), 384, n. 2.

⸺ Servilia agraria, 129, 183, n. 5, 186, 435 f.; violates right of appeal, 259; bearing of on election of sacerdotes, 416, n. 6.

Rogations, discussed in senate, 145; judicial, 259; no record of unpassed, 270; apocryphal agrarian, 270, 272, 295; restriction as to bringing, 359; lex Caecilia Didia on, 396 f.

Rogator legis, 462, n. 2, 463.

Rogatores, 211, 467, 469.

Roma, Etruscan origin of, 7, n. 2.

Romanus ager, 108.

Romilia (tribus), 214.

Romulus, connection of with tribes, 2, n. 5, 3; with army, 69, n. 4; with equites, 74; an augur, 105, n. 3; as legislator, 177.

Roscius, Otho, L., tribune (67), 428 f., 432.

Rostra, a templum, 109.

Rubino, on testamentary comitia, 157 f.; lex curiata, 185; vote by 30 lictors, 196.

Rubrica legis, 463, n. 6.

Rupilius, consul (132), condemned, 256.

Sabines, alleged connection of with Tities, 2 f.

Sacer homo, 265.

Sacerdotes, 7; inauguration of, 106; comitia, for election of, 120, 129, 341, 391, 458; their part in instituting comitia, 153; in trials, 182; in election of king, 183; see Augurs, Epulones, etc.

Sacred Mount, lex sacrata passed on, 274.

Sacred Spring, lex on, 340.

Sacro sanctitas, 264; origin of, 265; religious and legal basis, 265 f.; protects plebeian assembly, 266; relation of to tribunician jurisdiction, 266 f., 273 f.; confirmed by lex Valeria Horatia, 274.

Saepta, 466.

Saeptum, 467.

Salii, 69, n. 1, 70, n. 5.

Sallust, on comitia and concilium, 126.

Sanctio, 463; of Latin lex Bantina, 379.

Sappers, see Fabri.

Satricans, special court for punishing, 310.

Saturnalia, gifts at, 338 f.

Saturninus, see Appuleius Saturninus.

Savigny, on lex Iulia municipalis, 457, n. 5.

Scaevola, on gens, 28, n. 7.

Scantinus Capitolinus, C., prosecution of, 325.

Schmidt, Joh., on origin of tribunate, 262, n. 1.

Schwegler, on patrician state, 32 f.

Scipios, trial of (185), 319 f.; see Cornelius.

Scolacium, founding of, 382.

Scutum, in centuriate system, 66, 78, n. 6.

Secession, first, 262; second, 277; to Janiculum, 313.

Sectatores, 436.

Seditions, tribunician, 279, 313; Varian law on, 401.

Sempronius Gracchus, C., legislation of, 255 f., 371-85; defeat for third tribunate, 384; energizes comitia, 384 f.

Sempronius Gracchus, Ti., censor (169), trial of, 253; tribune (184), 320 f.

Sempronius Gracchus, Ti., tribune (133), weakens veto, 117, 366, 476; prosecutes Annius Luscus, 322; legislation of, 363-6; deposes colleague, 366, 367 f.; new platform of, 368; defeated for second tribunate, 368 f.

Senate, represents primitive tribes, 3, n. 8, 7; relation of to patriciate, 177 ff.; annuls comitial acts, 106 f., 109, 113, 396, 399 f., 405, 433, 457, n. 7, 459; comitia in, 129, 130; wisdom in, 173; auctoritas of, 174; grants imperium, 188; and curiate law, 197-9; declares war, 230-2; admits plebeians, 235; appoints special courts, 253-5, 309 f., 368, 371, 388; passes consultum ultimum, 255 f., 273, 387 f.; grants citizenship, 304; prolongs imperium, 305; plants colonies, 310 f., 351; loses legal control of tribunician assembly, 313 f., 316; conciliates citizens, 337; depends on people, 345, 351; class of criminals, 374; controls tax contracts, 380; deposes consul, 409; regains control of assemblies, 406-8, 413 f.; admission to through quaestorship, 415, 418 f.; gains through Sulla, 418; law on sessions of, 424 f.; grants dispensations, 430 f.; limited by Caesar, 457; considers rogations, 462, 463.

Senators, privati, 102; mostly creditors, 312; given seats at theatre, 356 f.; monopolize quaestiones, 374; debarred from by Sempronian law, 375; under lex repetundarum, 377; chosen indirectly by people, 391; swear to uphold law, 395, 440, 464; associate with equites in courts, 402, 427 f., 455; elected by tribes, 418; qualifications of under lex Ovinia, 307; lex Claudia, 335; Sulpicia, 404; see Senate.

Senatus consultum, on treaties, 175, 303, 465, n. 3; declaring war, 230; appointing special court, 253; essential to legality of plebiscite, 277 f.; for settling Latium, 304; Hortensian law on, 313; for founding colonies, 351; on usurpation of citizenship, 354; on importation of wild beasts, 346; on finance, 422; on trial of provincials, 424, n. 6; amending lex Acilia Calpurnia, 436; de collegiis, 445; honoring Caesar, 451; ultimum, 192, n. 6, 255, 273, 371, 387 f.

Seniors, in centuriate system, 66, 68, 81 f.; number of, 84, 205; after reform, 216.

Septemviri agris adsignandis, under lex Antonia, 458.

Sergia (tribus), 58.

Sergius, M., quaestor, 245.

Service, public, exempts from prosecution, 377.

Servilius Ahala, C., trial of, 246; rogation on property of, 289 f.

Servilius Caepio, Q., imperium of abrogated, 390.

Servilius Glaucia, C., 393.

Servilius Rullus, P., tribune (64-63), 435.

Servius Tullius, distributes land, 49; institutes new tribes, 50 ff., 217; centuriate system, 66, 68; personality of, 68, n. 7; increases equites, 74; and equestrian fund, 93; reference to in lex Cornelia Pompeia, 406.

Sesterce, 87.

Sheep, standard of value, 269, 287.

Sibylline books, 284.

Sicilians, receive citizenship, 454, n. 4.

Sicinius, L., tribune (76), 425.

Signa ex tripudiis, 107.

Sisenna, on creation of new tribes, 57 f.

Slaves, manumission of, 297; grant of citizenship to, 353.

Smiths, in centuriate system, 206.

Social classes, ancient view of, 16-25, 44 f.; conventional view, 25-38; comparative-sociological, 38-47; universal, 38 f.; origin of in nature, 39; in army, 75 f.

Social war, 401.

Sodales Titii, 2, n. 6 f., 8.

Sodalicii, lex on, 447 f.

Soldiers, and appeal, 251-3; laws on service of, 382, 388 f., 392.

Solon, law of, on citizenship, 44, n. 1; connection with classes, 71.

Soltau, on comitia centuriata, 201; composition of tribunician assembly, 275, n. 5; Licinian-Sextian law, 296, n. 4; validity of plebiscite, 300, n. 6.

Sovereignty, belongs first to king and council, 171 f.; not popular, 173; popular develops, 303, 308, 316, 368, 399; of law, yielding to democracy, 308; not real, 346.

Speaking, public, prohibition of, 142, 147; on merits of candidates, 143; right of, 145 ff.; compulsion, 148; time limited, 149; sparingly granted, 173 f.

Spectio, 110; belongs to magistrates only, 113; when forbidden, 114; under Aelian and Fufian laws, 116.

Statutes, see Leges.

Stipendium, 63.

Storm, interrupts comitia, 248.

Stultorum feriae, 9, n. 6.

Stuprum, prosecutions for, 247, 291 f., 326, 327, n. 2.

Submovere, 150, n. 9.

Suburana (tribus), 50.

Sucusana (tribus), 220.

Suffragia sex, 75, n. 1, 113, 157, 209, 224, 227.

Suffragium, 157; bestowal of, 352; see Citizenship.

Sulla, see Cornelius Sulla.

Sulpicius Rufus, P., tribune (88), 403-5.

Sumptuary laws, 337 f., 356, 388, n. 9, 428, 455 f.

Supernumeraries, in centuriate system, 68, 80-2, 226.

Sutrium, tribal assembly at, 297, 465.

Συσσίτια, 8, n. 6.

Tabulae iuniorum, 82, n. 3.

Tarpeian Rock, hurling from, 257, n. 5, 264, n. 8.

Tarquinius Priscus (Elder), relation of to equites, 74, 93.

Tarquinius Superbus, relation of to centuriate system, 201, n. 3 f.

Taxes, in early Rome, 61-4.

Tellus, 9.

Temples, dedication of, 340 f., 347, n. 2.

Templum, 107 f., 144.

Terentius Varro Lucullus, M., trial of (66), 324.

Testaments, in comitia calata, 157-9; laws on, 352, 463, n. 8, 459.

Testimony, false, prosecution for, 246.

Theatres, regulation of, 356 f., 428 f.

Theft, see Furtum.

Θέμιστες, 177.

Thunder, effect of, on comitia, 109, 111.

Thurii, tribes of, 7, n. 1.

Titia (curia), 8, n. 6, 11, n. 7.

Titienses, Tities, 2, 74.

Titus Tatius, 2 f., 4, n. 3, 56, n. 3.

Tolosa, gold found at, 390.

Transitio ad plebem, 162 f., 403, 438, 443.

Transpadani, receive citizenship, 402, 454.

Trasimene, political effect of disaster at, 343.

Treaty, alleged between plebs and government, 265.

Treaty-making, originally with magistrates and senate, 174 f., 273, 283; with king, 181; ratification of acquired by tribes, 175, 283, 302 f., 344, 349.

Trebellius, L., tribune (67), 432.

Trebonius, L. and Cn., 285.

Tremellius, Cn., praetor (160), prosecution of, 322.

Tresviri (Triumviri) nocturni, trial of, 318.

Tresviri epulones, 347, 391, 416, n. 3.

Tribes, the three primitive, 2-8; and Greek phylae, 4, 28; military function of, 10, 69, 74; social composition, 24; admission of new citizens to, 44.

Tribes, the later, 48-65; with gentile names, 35, 50; the thirty-five, 48-65; urban, 50 ff., 355; rural, 50 ff.; character, 54; temporary increase in Social War, 57 f., 402; altered in 312, 304 B.C., 64 f.; made up by censors, 300, 355; relation of to centuries, 77, 212 f., 215, 217 ff.; citizens assigned to, 352 f., 401 f.; assembly of, see Comitia tributa.

Tribuni aerarii, 64, n. 3; in jury service, 427 f.; debarred from, 455.

Tribuni celerum, 7 f.; preside over contio, 141, n. 3; comitia curiata, 468; right of to address people, 145, n. 4.

Tribuni militum, 7; make levy, 77; Valerian law on, 235; hold court-martial, 251; elected by people, 234, 306, 342, 349, n. 1; rarely appointed, 342, n. 2.

Tribuni militum consulari potestate, 229, 234.

Tribuni plebis, auspicium of, 104; obnuntiate, 115; under Aelian and Fufian laws, 116 f., 358 f.; election of, 127, 128, 262, 272; preside over contio, 140; comitia, 263, 465, 469; lack power of summoning, 148; veto curiate law, 199; bring capital actions before centuries, 245-53; limited by Sulla, 258, 324, 413 f.; instituted, 262; object of, 263; have no power over patricians, 264, 268, 276; sacro sancti, 264-6, 274; early methods of, 269, 270, 272, 273, 279; pre-decemviral jurisdiction, 267-9; number increased, 272; controlled by dictatorship, 273; Valerian-Horatian law on, 274, 277 f., 279 f.; later jurisdiction, 280, 286-90, 317-25; agrarian agitation, 310 f.; right to summon senate, 314; to prosecute unconditionally, 315; limited by courts, 326 f.; reëlection of permitted, 369; restored after Sulla, 423-7.

Tribunus, related to tribe, 7.

Tributum, and tribes, 63 f.; disused, 89; impeded by tribunes, 279; in third Samnite war, 311.

Trientabula, 368.

Trifu, 5, 6.

Trinum nundinum, Trinundinum, 259 f.

Triumph, deliberated on in contio, 147; depends on curiate law, 190, 192 f.; decreed by senate, 273, 284, 293 f.; by people, 277, n. 4, 293, 334; comitial act necessary to, 334 f.; on Alban Mount, 293, 335, n. 2, 350; laws on, 350, 417, 422, 438, 451.

Triumvirate, so called first, 441; second, 459; see Triumviri.

Triumviri (tresviri) agris adsignandis, under Sempronian laws, 366, 367, 373, 375, 379, 386.

Triumviri capitales, 307, n. 1, 312, 332.

Triumviri coloniae deducendae, 288, 307, 350 f.

Triumviri mensarii, 336 f.

Triumviri rei publicae constituendae, 459.

Triumviri, for repairing temples, 337; for dedicating, 340.

Trumpeters (tubicines, liticines), in centuriate system, 66, 206; summon accused, 259.

Tuba, 468.

Tubicines, 81, n. 2, 206, 226; see Musicians.

Tullus Hostilius, permits appeal, 239.

Turma, 12.

Twelve Tables, law of on inheritance, 30; ratified by laws, 233; provide for legislation, 233 f., 307, 368, 464, 474; composition of, 239; guarantee right of appeal, 240; on privilegia, 241, 245, 268; forbid conubium, 294; criminal laws of, 357; grant jurisdiction to tribes, 474.

Urbs, 7.

Urn, for drawing lots, 466, n. 4.

Usurers, fined, 291, 312; violate law, 351; oppress provinces, 430.

Ut rogas, 467.

Valerius Flaccus, L., prosecution of (98), 324.

Valerius Publicola, P., consul (509), 232; existence of questioned, 240.

Valuation of property, change in from land to money, 65.

Varius, Q., tribune (91-90), prosecutes Aemilius, 257, n. 5.

Varro, on Servian tribes, 53 f.

Vatinius, tribune (59), 117, 442 f.

Vectigalia, law on Campanian, 337, 351, n. 5; order to farm, 424; in Italy, abolished, 438; reimposed, 457, n. 6.

Veliensis (curia), 11.

Velina (tribus), 334.

Velitia (curia), 11, n. 7.

Velleius, on admission of socii to tribes, 57 f.; colonization, 351; lex Livia iudiciaria, 398.

Vennonius, on Servian tribes, 53.

Verres, trial of, 427.

Vestals, trial of, 390; choice of, 434.

Veto (intercession), tribunician, weakened, 117; original lack of, 269, 279; established by Hortensian law, 270, 315; conservative, 330; against senate, 345; oath not to use, 380 f.; against certain consulta forbidden, 381 f.; overborne, 393 f., 430, 447; limited by Sulla, 414, 425 f.; to what point allowable, 466 f.; consular, 423, 439.

Veturius, C., condemned, 250, n. 8.

Viatores, 264, n. 5; of tribune, 150; originally lacking, 290; of aedile, n. 4.

Vicus Tuscus, 3.

Vigintiviri agris adsignandis, 439.

Vindicia, 246, n. 5.

Vis (violence), 326; under lex Plautia, 424; Pompeia, 448 f.; Iulia, 455.

Vitio creatum esse, etc., 107, n. 1.

Volaterrani, lose citizenship, 236, 422.

Volscians, expelled, 273.

Voting, origin of, 156 f., 275 f.; by heads, 157; formula for, 179; order of in comitia centuriata, 211, 469 f.; after reform, 217, 224, 227; by ballot, 359 f.; in quaestiones, 420; in comitia tributa, 466 f.

Voturia (tribus), 52, n. 1.

Voturia iuniorum, 217.

Vultures, auspices from, 108.

War, declarations of, belong originally to magistrates and senate, 175-7, 181, 230, 273; acquired by centuries, 177, 230, 302, 344; formula of, 176, 232.

Widows and orphans, tax on, 62, 93.

Women, debarred from assemblies, 146 f., 326, n. 1; luxury of restrained, 338, 356; right of inheritance restricted, 352.

Zaleucus, 177.

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