XXVII. CONCLUSION

XXVII. CONCLUSION

General Estimate and Influence.

In forming a general estimate of a religion, one's verdict will largely depend upon the point of view from which the religion in question is regarded. It is manifestly unjust and illogical to apply modern standards to an ancient religion, not that such a religion would necessarily suffer by the comparison involved, but because of the totally different conditions under which religion developed in antiquity from those prevailing in modern times. The close association, nay, the inseparable bond, between religion and the state is only one of several determining factors that might be adduced, while the small scope permitted to individualism in matters of religious belief and practice in a country like Babylonia or Assyria was fraught with such peculiar results that all comparisons, even with other religions of antiquity, could only obscure and not illumine our judgment.

There are manifestly three phases of the religion of Babylonia and Assyria that need to be considered in reaching some general conclusions as to the character and rank to be accorded to it,--the doctrines, the rites, and the ethics. So far as the pantheon is concerned, the limitations in the development of doctrines connected with it were reached when the union of the several Euphratean states was permanently effected under Hammurabi. Marduk, a solar deity, takes his place as the head of the pantheon by virtue of the preeminent place occupied by his patron city,--Babylon. The other great gods, each representing some religious center that at one time or the other rose to importance, grouped themselves around Marduk, as the princes and nobles gather around a supreme monarch. A certain measure of independence was reserved for the great mother goddess Ishtar, who, worshipped under various names as the symbol of fertility, plenty, and strength, is not so decidedly affected by the change as deities like En-lil, Shamash, Sin, and Ea, who could at any time become rivals of Marduk. As the position of Marduk, however, became more and more assured without danger of being shaken, the feeling of rivalry in his relations to the other gods began to disappear. Marduk's supremacy no longer being questioned, there was no necessity to curtail the homage paid to Shamash at Sippar or to En-lil at Nippur; hence the religious importance of the old centers is not diminished by the surpassing glory of Babylon. There was room for all. Marduk's toleration is the best evidence of his unquestioned headship.

The centralization of political power and of religious supremacy is concomitant with the focussing of intellectual life in Babylon. The priests of Marduk set the fashion in theological thought. So far as possible, the ancient traditions and myths were reshaped so as to contribute to the glory of Marduk. The chief part in the work of creation is assigned to him. The storm-god En-lil is set aside to make room for the solar deity Marduk. But, despite such efforts, the old tales, once committed to writing on the practically imperishable clay, survived, if not in the minds of the people, at least in the archives of the ancient temples.

The antiquity of literature in Babylonia was the factor that prevented the cult from acquiring a uniform character in the various parts of the empire. The priests of Nippur, of Sippar, of Eridu, of Erech, Cuthah, Ur, and other places began long before the period of Hammurabi to compile, on the basis of past experience and as a guide for future needs, omen lists, incantation formulas, and sacrificial rituals. These collections created orthodox standards, and these standards, once acknowledged, the natural conservatism attaching to religious customs was sufficient to maintain their continuance. The uniformity of doctrine was thus offset by variations in the cult; and the policy adopted by both Babylonian and Assyrian rulers, in permitting each center to remain undisturbed, and in freely recognizing the religious independence of each, prevented the Babylonian and Assyrian religion from falling into the state of stagnation which would otherwise have been its fate.

In the views taken of the relationship between the gods and men, no notable advances were made when once the ethical spirit was infused into the religious beliefs. The problem of good and evil was solved in a simple fashion. By the side of the great gods there existed a large, almost infinite number of spirits and demons, who were generally held responsible for the evils affecting mankind.[1594] These demons and spirits were in many cases gods 'fallen from grace,'--minor local deities who, unable to maintain themselves in the face of the growing popularity of the great gods, sank to an inferior position as messengers, forced to do the will of their masters and who could be controlled by the latter. But the intercession of the priests was essential to obtaining divine help against the mischievous workings of the spirits. Even the kings, though originally standing very close to the gods, could not dispense with the services of the priests, and by virtue of their conspicuous position had to exercise greater precautions than the masses not to offend the gods, by errors of commission or omission in the cult. The priests held the secret that could secure freedom from ills and promote the comparative well-being of rulers and subjects. They alone knew what incantations to use for each case that was brought before them, in what way the sacrifices were to be brought, when the deity should be approached, and why divine anger had manifested itself. The intellectual leadership thus acquired by the priests, in addition to their control of religious affairs, was an additional factor in maintaining orthodox standards of belief when once they had become fixed. In the doctrines of life after death, this influence of the priesthood is distinctly seen. The popular notions were systematized, but the priests, true to their rule as conservators, did not pass beyond primitive conceptions. Some weak attempts at a philosophical view of the problem of death are attempted in the Gilgamesh epic as finally put together under the influence of the Babylonian schools of thought,[1595] but the leaders shared with the people the sense of hopelessness when picturing the life in the great hollow Aralu. It is in the hymns and prayers, rather than in the cosmology and eschatology, that the spiritual aspirations of the priests (and to a limited degree of the masses) manifest themselves. In these productions, whether existing independently or incorporated into incantation rituals, we see the religion of Babylonia at its best. A strong emphasis is placed upon the doctrine that misfortunes and ills come as a punishment for sins of commission or omission. It is true that no distinction is drawn between ceremonial errors and real misdeeds, but the sense of guilt is aroused by the priests in the minds of those who come to the temples, seeking relief from the attacks of the evil spirits, or the bewitchment of sorcerers.

It is in this doctrine of guilt, as revealed through the magical texts, that we must seek both for the starting-point of the development of an ethical system (so far as such a system existed among the Babylonians), and also for the limitations of this system. The aim of the priests to observe the right ceremonies, to pronounce the right words in order to accomplish their aim, reacted on rulers and subjects, and led them to make the pleasure of the gods the goal of life. With fear of the gods, upon which stress is always laid,[1596] there is thus associated an equally strong love[1597] of the divine powers. Obedience to the gods is primarily inculcated as a means of securing their protection and blessing; but the fear of the gods, we are told, is the cause of joy;[1598] and the Babylonians passed far beyond the stage of making the satisfaction of one's own desires the standard of right and wrong. A penitential psalm declares[1599] that what is pleasing to oneself may be sinful in the eyes of a god.

The kings pride themselves upon being the promoters of justice. Even the Assyrian rulers, who impress one while conducting their wars as bereft of all softer emotions, declare that their highest aim is to spread plenty and happiness.[1600] Sennacherib calls himself a king who 'loves righteousness,'[1601] and he, as well as his predecessors and successors, busies himself with actually restoring the rights of those of his subjects who have been wrongfully deprived of their possessions.

The standard of private morality was high both in Babylonia and Assyria. The legal and commercial tablets reveal that proper consideration was given to the treatment of woman--a most satisfactory index of ethical conditions.[1602] She could hold property and dispose of it. Before the courts, her status did not differ materially from that of the male population. The husband could not divorce his wife without sufficient cause, and children owed obedience to the mother as well as to the father.[1603] Polygamy, as a matter of course, prevailed, but it is an error to suppose that polygamy is inconsistent with high ideals of family life, even though it does not lead to the highest ideals.

Hatred, lying, cheating, using false measures, removing boundaries, adultery, insincerity are denounced in the incantation texts,[1604] and in accord with this standard, we see in the records of lawsuits and agreements between parties[1605] clear indications of the stringent laws that prevailed in order to protect citizens against infringement of their rights. It comes as a surprise, but also as a welcome testimony to the efficacy of justice in Assyria, to find Ashurbanabal emphasizing the fact that he established ordinances so that the strong should do no harm to the weak.[1606]

The institution of slavery flourished in Babylonia and Assyria throughout all periods of their history,[1607] but there were various grades of slaves. Some classes differed but little from that of servants, indentured for a longer or shorter period for certain services. The temple slaves appear to have largely belonged to this class. Mild treatment of slaves is enjoined and was the rule. The slaves are often the confidential agents of their masters who attend to the business affairs of the latter. We find slaves holding property in their own right. Contracts entered into by them are legal and binding. Injuries inflicted upon them by their masters are punished, and they are protected against losses and mishaps encountered while in service. While we have no evidence to show that the laws of Assyria were on a lower ethical plane than those of Babylonia, still, as the pupils and imitators of the Babylonians in almost everything pertaining to culture and religion, the general tone of life in Assyria was hardly as high as in the south. The warlike spirit of the rulers is but a symptom of the fiercer character of the people.

The tendency towards monotheism in the religion of Babylonia and Assyria has been referred to. We must remember that it was only a tendency. No decided steps in this direction were ever taken. Both in the south and in the north, this tendency is but the expression of the preeminent rank accorded to Marduk and Ashur, respectively. The independent existence of two heads in the combined pantheon was sufficient to prevent the infusion of an ethical spirit into this monotheistic tendency; and unless a monotheistic conception of the universe is interpreted in an ethical sense, monotheism (or monolatry) has no great superiority, either religiously or philosophically, over polytheism.

From the standpoint of religious doctrine, accordingly, the religion of Babylonia and Assyria does not occupy a unique position. In this respect, the Egyptian religion reaches a higher level. For all that, the influence exerted by the religion that developed in the Euphrates Valley was profound and lasting. We have had occasion in various chapters of this work to point out the close analogies existing between the thoughts, tradition, and practices of the Hebrews and the Babylonians.[1608] A proper study of the Hebrew religion is closely bound up with an investigation of the religious antiquities of Babylonia; and as our knowledge of these antiquities increases, it will be found that not only are Hebrews and Babylonians equipped with many common possessions when starting out upon their intellectual careers, but that, at different times and in diverse ways, the stimulus to religious advance came to the Hebrews from the ancient centers of thought and worship in the Euphrates Valley. This influence was particularly strong during the period of Jewish history known as Babylonian exile. The finishing touches to the structure of Judaism--given on Babylonian soil[1609]--reveal the Babylonian trademark. Ezekiel, in many respects the most characteristic Jewish figure of the exile, is steeped in Babylonian theology and mysticism; and the profound influence of Ezekiel is recognized by modern scholarship in the religious spirit that characterizes the Jews upon the reorganization of their commonwealth.

It would be a mistake, however, to suppose that what Babylonia gave to others was always the best she had to offer. Degrading tendencies, too, found an entrance into post-exilic Judaism through Babylonian influence. Close contact of Jews with Babylonians served to make the former more accessible to the popular beliefs in incantations and in the power of demons than they would otherwise have been. Not that the Jews (as little as any other people) were ever entirely free from superstitious practices; but, living in an atmosphere charged, so to speak, with magic and astrology, it was inevitable that even the best among them should be infected by customs that they daily witnessed. In the Babylonian Talmud, the references to evil spirits are numerous. Specific incantations are introduced, and an elaborate system of angelology and demonology forms a feature of Talmudical Judaism in which, by the side of Persian influences,[1610] we may detect equally strong traces of Babylonian ideas. In the upper strata of the ruins of Nippur, hundreds of clay bowls were found, inscribed with Jewish inscriptions, in the Aramaic dialect that was spoken by the Babylonian Jews.[1611] Similar bowls were found elsewhere in the mounds of the Euphrates Valley.[1612] These bowls indicate the presence of Jews in various parts of the country.[1613] Placed in the graves as a protection for the dead against evil spirits, the inscriptions contain formulas of denunciation against the demons that constitute a striking parallel to the incantation texts of ancient Babylonia. Some of the demons are identical with those occurring in these texts, and by the side of the inscriptions, there are illustrations[1614] and magical designs to which parallels exist on the Babylonian tablets.

This custom of endeavoring to secure protection for the dead through the power of the curses and propitiatory phrases inscribed on bowls continued in vogue as late as the ninth century at the least, and perhaps considerably later. There are indications also that Babylonian ideas found an entrance into the Jewish Kabbala,--the strange mystic system of the middle ages, the sources of which are to be sought in the apocalyptic chapters of Ezekiel and Daniel.

Christianity as well as Judaism felt the fascination of the mystic lore of Babylonia. Gunkel[1615] has demonstrated the Babylonian origin of the myth embodied in the twelfth chapter of Revelations. This myth is but another form of the Marduk-Tiamat contest, which, it will be recalled, is the chief episode in the Babylonian creation 'epic.'[1616] More significant is the influence exerted by the religious ideas of Babylonia upon the various Gnostic sects that arose within the Christian Church. That the source of Gnosticism was to be sought in Mesopotamia was always recognized by scholars, but until the discovery of Babylonian literature, it was customary to seek for Jewish influences in the formation of the various Gnostic sects. Kessler[1617] was the first to demonstrate clearly the dependence of the leading ideas of Gnosticism upon the Babylonian cosmology and the conceptions developed with reference to the gods. More recently, Anz[1618] has undertaken a renewed investigation of the subject, and, approaching the theme from various points of view, reaches conclusions confirmatory of Kessler's thesis. All of the Gnostic sects have certain fundamental doctrines in common, such as the dwelling of God in the abyss,[1619] the migration of the soul after death through seven zones, the emanation of aeons from a supreme aeon.[1620] All these doctrines exhibit such close affinities with Babylonian ideas as to warrant the assertion that the religion of Babylonia survives in Gnosticism; and since, as we know, Babylonian culture and customs maintained an undisturbed existence almost to the threshold of our era, there is no need to go back to the older periods of the Babylonian religion to find the connecting link, uniting Gnosticism with the Babylonian religion. The spread and influence of the Gnostic sects was notoriously wide. It is sufficient to recall the chief centers of Gnostic schools of thought in Antioch, Edessa, and Alexandria and the various branches of the powerful sect of the Ophites. The influence of these schools extended into Greece and Rome. While the Gnostic sects disappear in the sixth century, the influence of Gnosticism can be followed down to the twelfth century,--a significant testimony to the enduring qualities of Babylonian doctrines.

In the ancient world, prior to the rise of Christianity, Egypt, Persia, and Greece felt the influence of the Babylonian religion. Budge[1621] is of the opinion that many of the magic practices carried on in the Egyptian temples are to be traced back to the incantation rituals perfected by the Babylonian priests. In view of the early contact between Egypt and Babylonia, as revealed by the El-Amarna tablets, there were certainly abundant opportunities for the infusion of Babylonian views and customs into Egyptian cults. In Persia, the Mithra cult reveals the unmistakable influence of Babylonian conceptions;[1622] and if it be recalled what a degree of importance the mysteries connected with this cult acquired among the Romans, another link will be added connecting the ramifications of ancient culture with the civilization of the Euphrates Valley. The strong admixture of Semitic elements both in early Greek mythology and in Grecian cults is now so generally admitted by scholars as to require no further comment.[1623] These Semitic elements are to a large extent more specifically Babylonian. The spread of the Gilgamesh epic and of the Ishtar cult into Asia Minor and Greece may be instanced as illustrations of Babylonian influence; and granting that the Phoenicians acted largely as the mediators in carrying these ideas to the Greek settlements, still there must have been influences at work long before this direct contact with Semitic culture that prepared the way for the ready acceptance which Semitic conceptions and Semitic practices found. The time has not yet come for pronouncing an opinion as to the influence exerted by Babylonia upon lands in the distant East. The theory of DeLacouperie[1624] and Ball, which proposes to trace the Chinese script to the hieroglyphic system of Babylonia, is still to be tested. Early commercial contact between the Euphrates Valley and India is maintained as a probable theory by several scholars,[1625] and the possibility, therefore, of the spread of the religious ideas of Babylonia to the distant East is not to be rejected. Patient research and the additional discoveries (which are constantly being made) will alone place us in a position some day to give a definite answer to the question. Whatever that answer may be, the verdict as to the high quality and profound influence of the religion that arose in the valley of the Euphrates and that flourished for several millenniums will not be altered.

To show the general indebtedness of Grecian, Roman, mediaeval, and even modern civilization to Babylonian culture lies beyond the range of this work, but the profound impression made upon the ancient world by the remarkable manifestations of religious thought in Babylonia and by the religious activity that prevailed in that region is but an index of the influence that must have been exerted in other directions by the varied intellectual activity that converted a district, exposed to the by no means tender mercies of the elements, into one of the most notable illustrations of the power and achievements of man.

FOOTNOTES:

[1594] See above, pp. 183, 266.

[1595] See pp. 513 seq.

[1596] Babylonian and Assyrian kings alike speak constantly of their fear of the gods. See the passages in Delitzsch's Assyrisches Handwoerterbuch, pp. 526, 527, to which many more could be added.

[1597] See, e.g., Nebuchadnezzar, IR. 53, col. i, l. 31.

[1598] IVR. 60, B obv. 25.

[1599] IVR. 60, C obv. 14.

[1600] So Sargon cylinder, ll. 34-42.

[1601] IR. 37, col. i. l. 4.

[1602] See the writer's remarks in Oriental Studies of the Oriental Club of Philadelphia, pp. 119-121.

[1603] See the so-called family laws (as early as the days of Hammurabi) in Meissner's Beitraege zum Altbabylonischen Privatrecht, p. 15, where the punishment in the case of the son who casts aside his mother is specifically referred to.

[1604] See, e.g. p. 291.

[1605] See the admirable discussions on Babylonian jurisprudence in Kohler and Pelser's Aus dem Babylonischen Rechtsleben (parts i.-iii., Leipzig, 1890-97).

[1606] S. A. Strong in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1891, p. 460.

[1607] See on this subject Meissner, De Servitute Babylonico-Assyriaca pp. 3, 4, 40-49.

[1608] See especially chapters xxi., xxv., and xxvi.

[1609] See p. 611.

[1610] See Kohut, Die Judische Angelologie und Daemanologie in ihrer Abhaengigkeit vom Parsismus (Leipzig, 1866).

[1611] Peters' Nippur, pp. 182, 395.

[1612] See, e.g., Layard, Nineveh and Babylon (New York edition, 1853), p. 509.

[1613] On the extent of the settlements of Jews in Nippur, see Hilprecht, Cuneiform Texts, ix. 27, 28.

[1614] So, e.g., on some of the bowls in the University of Pennsylvania collection, crude pictures of Bel-Marduk and Ishtar are portrayed.

[1615] Schoepfung und Chaos, pp. 381-397.

[1616] See pp. 432 seq.

[1617] "Ueber Gnosis und die Altbabylonlsche Religion," Verhandlungen des fuenften Orientalisten Congress, 1881, ii. 288-305.

[1618] Zur Frage nach dem Ursprung des Gnostizismus (Leipzig, 1897).

[1619] I.e., Ea dwelling in the Apsu. See p. 430.

[1620] Anu, the source of all gods. See p. 417.

[1621] The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great, pp. xii. seq.

[1622] See Anz, as above, pp. 78-85.

[1623] R. Brown, Semitic Influence in Hellenic Mythology (London, 1898).

[1624] Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization (London, 1894).

[1625] A paper on this subject was announced by Jas. Kennedy at the Eleventh International Congress of Orientalists.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

NOTE.

The bibliography is arranged in nine sections, the order adopted corresponding to the broad subdivisions of the book. The beginning is therefore made:

(1) With references to the most important or most useful publications, dealing with the excavations conducted in Babylonia and Assyria, the method of decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions, the general history of Babylonia and Assyria, and the general aspects of the Babylonian-Assyrian culture. This section corresponds to the first two chapters of the book.

(2) The second section is devoted to books, monographs, articles, and chapters in books, dealing with the general subject of the Babylonian-Assyrian religion.

In neither of these two sections have I aimed at being exhaustive, though the second will be found, I think, to include almost everything of any value.

The detailed bibliography begins with the following section. Corresponding again to the treatment of the subject in the book, I take up in succession:

(3) The Pantheon.

(4) Religious Texts.

(5) Cosmology.

(6) Gilgamesh Epic (including the Deluge episode).

(7) Beliefs and Customs (Views of Life after Death, Funeral Rites, Legends, Ethics, etc.).

(8) Temples and Cult.

(9) Bearings of the Babylonian-Assyrian Religion on the Old Testament, and General Influence Exerted by the Religion.

Of these seven sections, all but the last aim at being exhaustive. It was not always easy to decide into what division a particular reference belonged, but I have been generally guided by the needs of students for whom this portion of the bibliography is particularly intended.

The fifth and sixth sections should be taken together; and similarly the seventh and eighth, while the fourth section should of course be consulted in connection with the third, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth.

Under each section the authors named are arranged in alphabetical order. Occasionally, I have added some comments to the reference given, as a guide or a warning to students. In a subject like Assyriology, where new discoveries are constantly being made and progress in the interpretation of texts is steadily going on, it is inevitable that views and translations should be subject to modification--sometimes slight, but frequently significant. I have endeavored to avoid repetition of references. In a few cases this was unavoidable. In the second section portions of books are referred to, which by virtue of their character as very general works had to be assigned a place also in the first section. Two or three of the references in the fourth section had to be repeated elsewhere; and I should also add that there are a few references which I have been unable to verify.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following abbreviations are employed:

AB = Assyriologische Bibliothek, ed. by Friedrich Delitzsch and Paul Haupt. AD = Andover Review. AI = Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. AJP = American Journal of Philology. AJT = American Journal of Theology. AJSL = American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. AL = Delitzsch's Assyrische Lesestuecke (3d ed.) APC = Annales de Philosophie Chretienne. BA = Beitraege zur Assyriologie. BAZ = Beilage zur Allgemeinen Zeitung (Munich). BOR = Babylonian and Oriental Record. BW = Biblical World. CR = Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. DR = Deutsche Rundschau. DRe = Deutsche Revue. ET = Expository Times. FLJ = Folk Lore Journal. H = Hebraica. IAQR = Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review. ICO = International Congress of Orientalists. JA = Journal Asiatique. JAOS = Journal of the American Oriental Society. JHUC = Johns Hopkins University Circulars. JRAS = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. JTVI = Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. KAA = Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam). KAW = Koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. M = Museon. MVG = Miltheilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft. OTS = Old Testament Student. PAOS = Proceedings of the American Oriental Society. PR = Presbyterian Review. PSBA = Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. R = Rawlinson's 'Selection from the miscellaneous Inscriptions of Western Asia.' (London 1861-1891.) 5 vols. RA = Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archeologie Orientale. RAr = Revue Archeologique. RB = Revue Biblique. RC = Revue Critique. RHR = Revue de l'Histoire des Religions. RIA = Royal Irish Academy. RP = Records of the Past. RR = Revue des Religions. RS = Revue Semitique. RT = Recueil de Travaux relatifs a la Philologie et a l'Archeologie Egyptiennes et Assyriennes. SST = Sunday School Times. TSBA = Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. TZ = Theologische Zeitblaetter. WZKM = Wiener Zeitschrift fuer die Kunde des Morgenlandes. ZA = Zeitschrift fuer Assyriologie. ZATW = Zeitschrift fuer die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. ZDMG = Zeitschrift der Deutsch-Morgenlaendischen Gesellschaft. ZK = Zeitschrift fuer Keilschriftforschung.

Periodicals, the volumes of which correspond to years, are quoted by the years; others, by the volumes, or by series, or by series and volumes.

Roman numerals indicate volumes, except in the case of PAOS, where they indicate pages; Arabic numerals indicate pages or plates.

I.

Excavations.--Method of Decipherment.--History of Babylonia and Assyria.--Origin and General Aspects of Babylonian And Assyrian Culture.--General Bibliography.

(a) Excavations and Decipherment.

Kaulen, Fr.--Assyrien und Babylonien nach den neuesten Entdeckungen. (4th ed. Freiburg 1891.)

[Popular account of excavations, method of decipherment, Babylonian literature and architecture. A work in English of this character is much to be desired. See also Hommel, F.--Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens. Berlin 1885. pp. 30-134; Evetts, B. A.--New Light on the Holy Land. London 1891. pp. 79-129.]

(b) History.

Duncker, Max.--Geschichte des Alterthums. Vols. I. and II, (5th ed. Berlin 1878.)

[Also English translation of earlier edition.]

Hommel, F.--Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens. (Berlin 1885.)

---- Geschichte des alten Morgenlandes. (Stuttgart 1895.)

[Chapters I., IV.-VIII.]

Lenormant, Francois [and Ernest Babelon].--Histoire ancienne de l'Orient. Vol. IV. (9th ed. Paris 1885.)

Maspero, G.--The Dawn of Civilization: Egypt and Chaldaea. (London 1894.)

---- The Struggle of the Nations: Egypt, Syria, and Assyria. (London 1896.)

[Replacing earlier historical works of this author.]

Meyer, Ed.--Geschichte des Alterthums. Vol. 1. (Stuttgart 1884.)

Muerdter und Delitzsch.--Kurzgefasste Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens. (2d ed. Stuttgart 1891.)

Ragozin, Z.--(1) The Story of Chaldea. (2) The Story of Assyria. (New York 1886-1887.)

Rawlinson, George.--The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World. Vols. I.-III. (4th ed. London 1879.)

[Antiquated, but still of some use.]

Rogers, R. W.--Outlines of the History of Early Babylonia. (Leipzig 1895.)

Schmidt, Valdemar.--Assyriens og Aegyptens gamle Historie. (Copenhagen 1872-1877.)

[pp. 347-461]

Tiele, C. P.--Babylonisch-Assyrische Geschichte. (Gotha 1886.)

[The best history that has as yet been published.]

Wachsmuth, Curt.--Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte. (Leipzig 1895.)

[pp. 365-403 "Babylonier und Assyrier,"--indication of ancient and modern sources for the study.]

Winckler, Hugo.--Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens. (Leipzig 1892.)

(c) Origin and General Aspects of Babylonian-Assyrian Culture.

Baumstark, A.--Babylon and Babylonia.

[In Pauly-Wissowa's Real Encyclopaedie, II. cols. 2667-2718.]

Bezold, C.--Assyria.

[Ib. II. cols. 1751-1771.]

Hommel, F.--Der Babylonische Ursprung der Aegyptischen Kultur. (Munich 1892.)

Ihering, Rudolph Von.--Vorgeschichte der Indo-Europaeer. (Leipzig 1894.) 2tes Buch, 'Arier und Semiten,' pp. 93-305.

[A most suggestive sketch of the development and influence of Babylonian culture; also in English translation, 'The Evolution of the Aryan.' New York 1897.]

Nikel, Johannes.--Herodot und die Keilschriftforschung. (Paderborn 1896.)

Peiser, F. E.--Skizze der Babylonischen Gesellschaft. (Berlin 1896.)

[Brief but capital sketch of Babylonian culture and social life.]

(d) Bibliography.

Bezold, C.--Kurzgefasster Ueberblick ueber die Babylonisch-Assyrische Literatur. (Leipzig 1886.)

[A new edition is needed of this most valuable work.]

Delitzsch, Friedrich.--'Litteratura' in the appendix to his 'Assyrian Grammar.' (London 1889.) pp. 55-78.

Kaulen, Fr.--Assyrien und Babylonien (as above), pp. 248-266.

Lincke, A.--Bericht ueber die Fortschritte der Assyriologie in den Jahren 1886-1893. (Leipzig 1894.)

Full bibliographical reports are given in:

(1) The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (University of Chicago; quarterly).

(2) Jahrbuecher fuer Geschichte, ed. by I. Jastrow and E. Berner (Berlin; annual).

(3) Orientalische Bibliographie, ed. by Lucian Scherman (Berlin; semi-annual).

(4) Zeitschrift fuer Assyriologie, ed. by C. Bezold (Munich; quarterly).

(5) Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archeologie Orientale, ed. by J. Oppert and E. Ledrain (Paris; published at irregular intervals).

II.

General Works and Articles on the Religion of Babylonia and Assyria.

Berger, P.--'Assyrie' in Lichtenberger's 'Encyclopedie des Sciences Religieuses.'

Boscawen, W. St. Chad.--Lectures on the Religion of Babylonia [abstract] BOR III. 118-120, 150-163.

---- The Religion of Babylonia in 'Religious Systems of the World.' (Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 1896. pp. 15-25.)

Delitzsch, Friedrich.--The Religion of the Kassites. H 1885. 189-191.

[From Delitzsch's 'Sprache der Kossaer.' Leipzig 1884. pp. 51-54.]

Eerdmans, B. D.--Babylonian-Assyrian Religion.

[In 'Progress,' a publication issued by the University Association, Chicago, Ill. 3d series, No. 6 (1897), pp. 403-415.]

Finzi, Felice.--Ricerche per lo Studio dell' Antichita Assira. (Rome 1872.) Libro Secondo. Mitologia, pp. 433-554.

[General sketch of the religion, more particularly of the pantheon and legends of Babylonia and Assyria.]

Guyard, S.--Bulletin de la Religion Assyro-Babylonienne. RHR I. 327-345; V. 253-278.

Halevy, Joseph.--La Religion des Anciens Babyloniens et son plus recent historien M. Sayce. RHR XVII. 169-218.

[Elaborate review of Sayce's work on the 'Religion of the Babylonians,' with summary of Halevy's own views.]

Heuzey, Leon.--Description of Monuments in De Sarzec's 'Decouvertes en Chaldee.' (Paris 1889-1891.) pp. 77-240.

[Contains much valuable information on religious art, votive objects, representations of religious ceremonies. The publication is not yet complete.]

Hewitt, J. F.--Early History of Northern India, Part III. JRAS, 1889, 527-583.

[An attempt to trace the origin of Indian civilization to emigrants from southern Babylonia. The investigation has little value.]

Hincks, Edward.--On the Assyrian Mythology. RIA Transactions XXII. Polite Literature, 1854, 405-422.

Hommel, F.--Die Semitischen Voelker und Sprachen. (Leipzig 1883.) pp. 356-396. Die Religion der alten Babylonier, pp. 266-356. Sprache und Literatur der Sumero-Akkadier.

[Specimens of hymns and incantations.]

Jeremias, Friedrich.--'Die Babylonier und Assyrier' in Chantepie de la Saussaye's 'Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte.' (2d ed. Freiburg 1897.) I. 163-221.

[An excellent sketch of the Babylonian-Assyrian religion.]

Lenormant, Francois.--Les Sciences Occultes en Asie. I. La Magie chez les Chaldeens et les Origines Accadiennes. II. La Divination et la Science des Presages chez les Chaldeens. (Paris 1874-1875.)

[Also in English translation (in part) under the title 'Chaldaean Magic.' London 1877.]

Loisy, A.--Etudes sur la Religion Chaldeo-Assyrienne. (RR, 1890-1892.)

[Seven articles.]

Meyer, Ed.--Geschichte des Alterthums. I. 174-183. (Stuttgart 1884.)

Muerdter und Delitzsch.--Kurzgefasste Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens. (2d ed. Stuttgart 1891.) pp. 23-53.

Oppert, J.--'Babylone et Chaldee' in Lichtenberger's 'Encyclopedie des Sciences Religieuses.'

Pinches, T. G.--The Religious Ideas of the Babylonians. JTVI XXVIII. 1-22.

Pressense, E. de.--La Religion Chaldeo-Assyrienne. RHR XIV. 73-94.

Rawlinson, George.--The Religions of the Ancient World. (New York 1883.)

[Chapter II.--The Religion of the Assyrians and Babylonians.]

---- The Religion of Assyria in 'Religious Systems of the World.' (Swan Sonnenschein & Co. London 1896.) pp. 26-41.

Rawlinson, H. C.--The Religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians.

[In George Rawlinson's 'The History of Herodotus.' London 1859. Vol. I. Essay X.]

Sayce, A. H.--The Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians. (London 1887.)

[Brilliant and suggestive, but unreliable in details. The translations attached to the volume are to be accepted with caution. See Halevy's elaborate review, RHR XVII. 169-218.]

Strong, S. A.--Die Religion der Babylonier.

[Announced to appear.]

Schwally, F.--'Die Religion der Babylonier und Assyrier,' in Friedrich von Hellwald's 'Kulturgeschichte in ihrer natuerlichen Entwicklung bis zur Gegenwart.' (4th ed. Leipzig 1896.) I. 423-433.

Tiele, C. P.--Babylonisch-Assyrische Geschichte. (1886.) pp. 515-557. Religion: Die Mythologie und Glaubenslehre.

---- Vergelijkende Geschiedenis der Aegyptische en Mesopotamische Godsdiensten. (Amsterdam 1869.) pp. 282-413. De Godsdienst van Babel en Assur.

[French translation (abridged) by G. Collins, 'Histoire Comparee des Anciennes Religions de l'Egypte et des Peuples Semitiques.' Paris 1882, pp. 145-255. La Religion de Babylonie et de l'Assyrie. Also English translation by J. Ballingue. 1882.]

---- Geschichte der Religion im Alterthum bis auf Alexander den Grossen. (Gotha 1895.) I. 127-216. Die Religion in Babylonien und Assyrien.

[Also in Dutch. Amsterdam 1893.]

III.

Pantheon, Gods, Spirits, Heroes.

Ball, C. J.--Tammuz, the Swine-god. PSBA XVI. 195-200.

Barton, G. A.--The Semitic Ishtar Cult. H IX. 131-165; X. 1-73.

---- Was Ilu Ever a Distinct Deity in Babylonia? H X. 206, 207.

Bezold, C.--A Cuneiform List of Gods. PSBA XI. 173, 174; see also IX. 377.

---- Note on the god Addu or Daddu. Ib. p. 377.

---- Ueber Keilinschriftliche Babylonisch-Assyrische Goettertypen. ZA IX. 114-125, 405-409.

Chwolson, D. A.--Ueber Tammuz und die Menschenverehrung bei den alten Babyloniern. (St. Petersburg 1860.)

De Cara, Caesare.--Identificazione d'Iside e d'Osiride con Ishtar ed Ashur. 8th ICO, Section Semitique 2^me Fasc, 275-278.

Delitzche, Friedrich.--Article on 'Thammuz' in 'Calwer, Bibellexikon.' (Calw und Stuttgart 1885.)

---- Articles on Dagon, Merodach, Nebo, Nergal, Nisroch, Rimmon. Ib.

Eerdmans, B.--Goddess A (or Malkatu) in 'Melekdienst en Vereering von Hemellichamen in Israel's Assyrische Periode.' (Leiden 1891.) pp. 73-82.

Guyard, S.--Le Dieu Assyrien Ninib. RC, 1879, 1^er Mars.

Hoffmann, G.--Neue und Alte Goetter (Nin-gal, Nusku, Ea, Nabu, Gibil, Ninib, Nergal, Sin). ZA XI. 258-292.

[Chiefly discussions of symbols of these deities found upon seal cylinders.]

Hommell, Fritz.--Die Identitaet der aeltesten Babylonischen und Aegyptischen Goettergenealogie und der Babylonische Ursprung der Aegyptischen Kultur. 9th ICO II. 218-244.

---- Note on Ninib. PSBA XIX. 312-314.

Jastrow, Morris, Jr.--On the Assyrian Kuduru and the Ring of the Sun-god in the Abu-Habba Tablet. PAOS, Oct. 1888. XCV.-XCVIII.

Jensen, P.--Ueber einige Sumero-Akkadische und Babylonisch-Assyrische Goetternamen. ZA, 1886. I. 1-24.

[Anshar, Ashur, Igigi, Duzu, or Tammuz. Cf. Schrader's remarks, ib. pp. 209-217.]

---- Die Goetter Amurru und Ashratu. ZA XI. 302-305.

---- Nik(k)al-Sharratu; Sharratu in Harran. ZA XI. 293-301.

Jeremias, A.--Articles on Ashur, Marduk, Nebo, Nergal, Shamash, Sin, Tammuz in Roscher's 'Ausfuehrliches Lexikon der Griechischen und Roemischen Mythologie.'

[Articles on Adar, Anu, Anunnaki, Ea, Etana announced to appear in the supplement to Roscher's 'Ausfuehrliches Lexikon,' etc.]

Lenormant, Francois.--Il mito di Adone-Tammuz nei documenti cuneiformi. 4th ICO, 1878. I. 143-173.

---- Sur le nom de Tammuz. 1st ICO II. 149-165.

---- Les Dieux de Babylone et de l'Assyrie. (Paris 1877.)

Luzzato, P.--L'Existence d'un Dieu Assyrien nomme Semiramis. JA, 4th Series, XVII. 465-480.

Lyon, D. G.--Was there at the Head of the Babylonian Pantheon a Deity bearing the Name El? PAOS, May 1883, clxiv.-clxviii.

---- The Pantheon of Assurbanipal. PAOS, Oct. 1888, xciv., xcv.

Menant, J.--Le Mythe de Dagon. RHR XI. 295-301.

[Also in 'Les Pierres Gravees de la Haute Asie. Recherches de la Glyptique Orientale.' Paris 1883.]

---- Le Pantheon Assyro-Chaldeen. Les Beltis. RHR VIII. 489-519.

[The representation of goddesses engraved on seal cylinders. See also 'Les Pierres Gravees de la Haute Asie,' etc., as above.]

Meyer, Eduard.--Articles Baal and Astarte (with references to Bel and Ishtar) in Roscher's 'Ausfuehrliches Lexikon der Griechischen und Roemischen Mythologie.'

Nicolsky, M. V.--La Deesse des Cylindres et des Statuettes Babyloniennes. RAr, 3^me serie, XX. 36-43.

Offord, J.--The Nude Goddess in Assyro-Babylonian Art. PSPA XVIII. 156, 157.

Oppert, Jules.--La Vraie Assimilation de la Divinite de Tello. CR, 1884, 231-233.

---- Le Dieu de Sirtella [i.e., Lagash]. ZK II. 261, 262.

[M. Oppert accepts the reading Nin-girsu first proposed by Arthur Amlaud. Ib. pp. 151, 152.]

---- Adad. ZA IX. 310-314.

[Discussion of pronunciation. See also Hilprecht, 'Assyriaca,' pp. 76-78, and Jastrow, AJSL XII. 143.]

Pinches, Theo. G.--Note upon the divine name A. PSBA XIII. 25-27, 42-56.

---- Was Ninib the Most High God of Salem? Ib. XVI. 225-229.

---- The Pronunciation of the Name of the Plague-god, Urra not Dibbarra. BOR I. 207, 208.

[See Scheil, RT. XX. 57.]

---- A Bilingual List of Assyrian Gods. Academy, 1887, No. 816.

[See Evetts, ib. No. 819.]

Rawlinson, H. C.--Notes on Captain Durand's Report upon the Islands of Bahrein. JRAS, 1880, 201-227.

[Contains important remarks on the origin of Ea worship at the Persian Gulf, pp. 202-208.]

Reisner, George.--The Different Classes of Babylonian Spirits. PAOS, April 1892, cxcv., cxcvi.

Revillout, E. and V.--Istar Taribi. BOR II. 57-59.

Robiou, F. A.--A Study on Egyptian and Babylonian Triads. IAQR, 1894.

Sayce, A. H.--Who was Dagon? SST, 1893, No. 21.

---- The God Ramman. ZA II. 331, 332.

Scheil, Fr. V.--Le Dieu-roi Bur-Sin Planete. ZA XII. 265, 266.

---- Ishtar sous la symbole de la vache. RT XX. 62.

---- Le Culte de Gudea. RT XVIII. 64-74.

Schrader, E.--Die Goettin Ishtar als Malkatu und Sharratu. ZA III. 353-364; IV. 74, 75

---- Die Malkat hash-Shamayim und ihr Aramaeisch-Assyrisches Aequivalent. KAW Sitzungsberichte, 1886, 477-491.

[See also Stade in ZATW VI. 123-132; 289-339; and Kuenen KAA Afdeeling 'Letterkunde,' 1888, 157-189.]

Talbot, H. Fox.--The Legend of Ishtar Descending to Hades. TSBA II. 179-212. See also RPI, 141-149.

Thureau-Daugin, Fr.--La Lecture de l'Ideogramme AN-IM (Ramman). JA, 9th Series, II. 385-393.

[See also Oppert, ib. pp. 393-396.]

Tiele, C. P.--- La Deesse Ishtar surtout dans le mythe Babylonien. 6th ICO, Part II. Section I. 493-506.

[See also discussion in the Comptes Rendus of the Congress, pp. 87-91.]

---- Die Beteekenis van Ea en zijn verkoudung tot Marduk en Nabu. KAA Verslagen en Mededeelingen 'Letterkunde,' 1887, 67-81.

Ward, W. H.--The Babylonian Gods in Babylonian Art. PAOS, May 1890, xv.-xviii.

---- Was there a Babylonian Gate-god? Academy, 1888, No. 847.

Winckler, H.--Die Istar von Nineve in Egypten. MVG I. 286-289.

Witte, J. de.--Sur le nom de Thamouz attribue a Adonis. M, 1887, 81 seq.

Zehnpfund, R.--Altbabylonische Goetter und Heldensagen. BAZ, 1891, Nos. 39, 40, 52, 56, 63.

IV.

Religious Texts.

Hymns, Incantations, Omens, Oracles, Prayers, Legends, Myths, Votive Texts.

Ball, C. J.--A Bilingual Hymn (IVR 46, 5-19) PSBA XV. 51-54.

---- A Babylonian Ritual Text. JRAS, 1892, 841-853.

Banks, E. J.--Sumerisch-Babylonische Hymnen der von George Reisner herausgegebenen Sammlung, umschrieben, uebersetzt und erklaert. (Breslau 1897.)

Barton, G. A.--Esarhaddon's Account of the Restoration of Ishtar's Temple at Erech. PAOS, May 1891, cxxx.-cxxxii.

Bertin, G.--Akkadian Hymn to the Setting Sun. RP, new series, II. 190-193.

Bezold, C.--Remarks on Some Unpublished Cuneiform Syllabaries with Respect to Prayers and Incantations written in Interlinear Form. PSBA X. 418-423.

---- Translation and Analysis of a Hymn to the Sun-god (Sp III.). RA I. 157-161.

Boissier, Alfred.--Deux Documents Assyriens relatifs aux Presages. RS I. 63-70, 168-172.

---- Documents Assyriens relatifs aux Presages.

[Vols. I. and II., Paris 1894-1897. Vol. III. announced.]

---- Notes d'Assyriologie. RS VI. 143-151.

[Two texts--a Prayer and an Incantation.]

Boscawen, W. St. Chad.--The Babylonian Legend of the Serpent Tempter. BOR IV. 251-255.

---- Babylonian Teraphim. BOR I. 39, 40.

---- The Legend of the Tower of Babel. RP III. 129-132; also in the TSBA V. 303-312.

[The interpretation is erroneous.]

Bruennow, R.--Assyrian Hymns. ZA IV. 1-40, 225-258; V. 55-80.

[Hymns to Shamash, Marduk, and Ishtar.]

Budge, Ernest A.--Assyrian Incantations to Fire and Water. RP XI. 133-138; also in TSBA VI. 420-435.

Craig, Jas. A.--Prayer of the Assyrian King Ashurbanipal. H X. 75-87.

---- Assyrian and Babylonian Religious Texts, Vols. I. and II. (Leipzig 1895-1897.) AB XIII.

[Announces also volumes of texts (1) Prayers to Shamash and Ramman, and (2) Series 'Illumination of Bel.']

---- K 69 (a hymn). ZA XI. 276.

---- An Assyrian Incantation to the God Sin, cir. 650 B.C. H XI. 101-109.

Delattre, A. J.--The Oracles Given in Favor of Esarhaddon. RP, new series, III. 25-31; see also BOR III. 25-31.

Delitzsch, Friedrich.--Babylonisch-Assyrisches Psalmbuch.

[Announced to appear in the 'Abhandlungen der koeniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig.']

---- Assyrische Lesestuecke. (Leipzig 1885. 3d ed.)

[Contains a selection of religious texts as follows: pp. 93-99, Creation tablets; 99-104, Deluge episode; 117, 118, Oracle to Esarhaddon; 130-132, Incantations; 134-136, Hymn to Ishtar.]

Evetts, B. T. A.--An Assyrian Religious Text. PSBA X. 478, 479 and two plates.

[Apparently a royal prayer.]

Halevy, J.--Assyrian Fragments. RP XI. 157-162.

[Part of a hymn, of a penitential psalm, etc.]

---- Documents religieux de l'Assyrie et de la Babylonie. (Paris 1882.)

---- Textes religieux Babyloniens en double Redaction. RS IV. 150-160, 245-251, 344-348.

---- 'Les Inscriptions peints de Citium' in 'Melanges de Critique et d'Histoire,' pp. 165-196.

[Translation in large part and discussion of Ishtar's descent into the nether world.]

Harper, Edward T.--Die Babylonischen Legenden von Etana, Zu, Adapa und Dibbarra. BA II. 390-521.

[See also Academy 1891, No. 976.]

Haupt, Paul.--Akkadische und Sumerische Keilschrifttexte. (Leipzig 1881-1882.)

[Contains pp. 75-79, 82-106 Incantations; 79, 115-131 Hymns and Psalms.]

Jastrow, Morris, Jr.--A fragment of the Babylonian "Dibbarra" Epic. Publications of the University of Pennsylvania. Series in Philology, Literature, and Archaeology, Vol. 1., No. 2. (Boston 1891.)

---- A new Fragment of the Babylonian Etana Legend. BA III. 363-384.

Jensen, P.--De Incantamentorum Sumerico-Assyrorum seriei quae dicitur "surbu" Tabula VI. ZK I. 279-322; II. 15-61; also 306-311, 416-425.

[Appeared as a revised and separate publication under same title with the addition of the words "commentatio Philologica." Munich, Straub, 1885.]

---- Hymnen auf das Wiedererscheinen der drei grossen Lichtgoetter. ZA II. 76-94, 191-204.

[Hymns to Sin, Shamash, and Ishtar. A volume by Jensen, embodying translation of religious texts is in course of preparation for Schrader's 'Keitschriftliche Bibliothek.']

Jeremias, A.--Die Hoellenfahrt der Ishtar. Eine altbabylonische Beschwoerungslegende. (Munich 1886.)

King, L. W.--Babylonian Magic and Sorcery, being 'the Prayers of the Lifting of the Hand.' (London 1896.)

---- New Fragments of the Dibbarra Legend. ZA XI. 50-62.

Knudtzon, J. A.--Assyrische Gebete an den Sonnengott fuer Staat und koenigliches Haus aus der Zeit Asarhaddons und Assurbanipals. Band I. Autographierte Texte; Band II. Einleitung, Umschrift und Erklaerung Verzeichnisse. (Leipzig 1893.)

Lenormant, Francois.--Chaldaean Hymns to the Sun. RP X. 119-128.

---- Hymne au Soleil. Texte primitif Accadien. JA, 7^th Series, XII. 378; XIII. 1-98; postscriptum ib. XIV. 264, 265.

---- Une Incantation Magique Chaldeenne. RAr, 2^d Series, XXXIV. 254-262.

---- Lettres Assyriologiques. 2^me Serie Etudes Accadiennes, Vols. II. and III. (Paris 1874-1879.)

[Contains numerous hymns and incantations accompanied by a French translation.]

---- Translations of religious texts in 'Les Origines de l'Histoire d'apres la Bible et les Traditions des Peuples orientaux.' (Paris 1880-1882.) 2 vols.

Lyon, D. G.--Assyrian and Babylonian Royal Prayers. PAOS, October 1888. XCIII., XCIV.

---- On a Sacrificial Tablet from Sippar. PAOS, May 1886, xxx.

Messerschmidt, L.--Tabula VA. Th. 246, Babylonica Musei Berolinensis primum editur commentarioque instruitur. (Kirchhain 1896.)

[A hymn.]

Oppert, J.--'Chants et Invocations' in Eichoff and David 'Chef d'[oe]uvres litteraires de l'Inde, de la Perse, de l'Egypte et de la Chine.' (Paris.) II. 211-219.

[Translations of selected prayers, hymns, and incantations.]

---- Fragments Mythologiques. (Paris 1882.)

[Reprints of several articles.]

---- Translation of III. Rawlinson, pl. 65, in JA, 6^th Series, XVIII. 449-453.

---- Hymnes en Sumerien et en Accadien ou Assyrien, 1st ICO. II. 217-224.

[A hymn to Ishtar in dialogue form.]

---- Le Champ Sacre de la Deesse Nina. CR, 1893, 326-344. See also ZA VII. 360-374.

[Contains important remarks about the goddess Nina, in connection with the text published by Hilprecht, 'Old Babylonian Inscriptions', I. 1, pls. 30, 31.]

---- Traduction de Quelques Textes Assyriens.... Louange du Dieu Nibir et de ses sept Attributions. 4th ICO I. 233-235.

---- L'Immortalite de l'ame chez les Chaldeens. (Paris 1875.)

[Legend of Ishtar's descent to the lower world.]

---- Chant en Sumerien et en Assyrien sur une epidemie. JA, 7^th Series, I. 289-293.

[Translation of tablet K 1284 (incantation against Namtar) and of IIR 19.]

---- Notice sur d'anciennes formules d'Incantation et autres dans une langue anterieure au Babylonien. JA, 7^th Series, I. 113-122.

[Translation of II Rawl. 17, 18.]

---- Babylonian legends found at Khorsabad. RP XI. 41-44.

[See also translations of various religious texts in 'Expedition Scientifique en Mesopotamie,' pp. 328-350.]

Peiser, F. E.--Ein Satz in den Beschwoerungsformeln. ZA II. 102, 103.

Pinches, T. G.--An Erechite's Lament. RP, new series, I. 84, 85.

[A penitential psalm with historical references; see also BOR I, 21-23.]

---- The Oracle of Ishtar of Arbela. RP XI. 59-72; also RP, new series, V. 129-140.

---- Sin-Gashid's Gift to the Temple E-Ana. BOR I. 8-11. See also RP, new series, I. 78-83.

---- and E. A. W. Budge.--Some New Texts in the Babylonian Character, relating Principally to the Restoration of Temples. PSBA, 1884. pp. 179-182.

Rawlinson, H. C.--A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. IV. 2d ed. revised (and with additions) by T. G. Pinches. (London 1891.)

[This fourth volume of the publications of tablets in the British Museum is almost exclusively devoted to religious texts. In the other volumes some texts of this character will be found as follows: Vol. II. pls. 17-19, incantations; 51-61, names and titles of gods and temples; miscellaneous. Vol. III. pls. 61-65, astronomical and astrological reports, omen tablets and portents; 66-69, lists and titles of gods and temples; miscellaneous. Vol. V. pl. 31, omen tablets (with explanations); 43, titles of Nebo, etc.; 46, No. 2, lists of gods and their epithets; 47, prayer (with commentary); 48, 49, religious calendar; 50, 51, hymn to Shamash. Note also that many of the historical tests in Vols. I.-V. contain invocations to gods.]

Reisner, George.--Sumerisch-Babylonische Hymnen nach Thontafeln Griechischer Zeit. (Berlin 1896.) Koenigliche Museen zu Berlin. Mittheilungen aus den Orientalischen Sammlungen No. X.

Sayce, A. H.--Accadian Hymn to Istar. RP I. 155-160.

---- Accadian Poem on the Seven Evil Spirits. Ib. IX. 144-148.

---- An Accadian Liturgy. Ib. III. 125-130.

---- An Accadian Penitential Hymn. Ib. VII. 151-156.

---- Ancient Babylonian Charms. Ib. III. 145-154.

[Shurpu Series, 6th Tablet.]

---- An Assyrian Talismanic Tablet. BOR III. 17, 18.

---- Babylonian Augury by means of Geometrical Figures. TSBA IV. 302-314.

---- Fragment of an Assyrian Prayer after a Bad Dream. RP IX. 149-152.

Sayce, A. H.--Babylonian Exorcisms. Ib. I. 131-135.

---- Tables of Omens Furnished by Dogs and Births. Ib. V. 167-176.

---- The Dedication of three Babylonians to the service of the Sun-god at Sippara. RP, new series, IV. 109-113.

[Interpretation false.]

---- The Overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah (Accadian Account). RP XI. 115-118.

[Title, translation, and Interpretation alike fanciful.]

---- Two Accadian Hymns. Ib. XI. 129-132.

---- Two Hymns to the Sun-god [in preface, pp. ix.-x., to RP, new series, IV., 1890].

[Copious translations of magical texts, hymns, legends, etc., by Sayce in Hibbert Lectures on 'The Religion of the Ancient Babylonians.' London 1887. See especially pp. 441-540.]

Scheil, F. V.--Psaume de Penitence Chaldeen inedit, RB, 1896, 75-78.

---- Legende Chaldeenne trouvee a El-Amarna [Adapa]. RR Mars-Avril 1891.

---- Choix des Textes Religieux Assyriens. RHR XXXVI. 197-207.

---- Fragments de Poesie lyrique Babylonienne. RB VI. 28-30.

---- Fragment mythologique avec mention de Uddushu-namir patesi. RT XX. 62, 63.

---- Hymne Babylonien avec metre appartent. ZA XI. 291-298.

Schrader, E.--Die Hoellenfahrt der Ishtar. Ein Altbabylonisches Epos. (Giessen 1874.)

Smith, S. A.--Miscellaneous Texts. (Leipzig 1887.) pp. 1-5, 8-10.

[Portions of the Creation Series.]

Strong, S. Arthur.--A Prayer of Assurbanipal. RP, new series, VI. 102-106; also 9th ICO II. 199-208.

---- Note on a Fragment of the Adapa Legend. PSBA XX. 274-279.

---- On Some Oracles to Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal. BA II. 627-645.

---- Votive Inscriptions. RP, new series, IV. 90-95.

---- A Hymn to Nebuchadnezzar. PSBA XX. 154-162.

Talbot, H. Fox.--A Prayer and a Vision. TSBA I. 346-348 and RP VII. 65-68.

[Ashurbanabal's prayer to Ishtar and dream sent by the goddess.]

---- Assyrian Sacred Poetry. RP III. 131-138.

[Prayers and incantations.]

---- Assyrian Talismans and Exorcisms. Ib. III. 139-144.

---- War of the Seven Evil Spirits Against Heaven. Ib. V. 161-166.

[Incantation text]

Tallquist, K. L.--Die Assyrische Beschwoerungsserie Maqlu. (Leipzig 1894.)

Weissbach, F. H.--Ueber die ersten Tafeln im IV. Bande Rawlinsons.

[Announced.]

---- Eine Sumerisch-Assyrische Beschwoerungsformel IV. Rawl. 16, No. 1 in 'Melanges Charles de Harlez.' (Leiden 1896.) pp. 360-371.

Winckler, H. and Abel Ludwig.--Thontafelfund von El-Amarna. (Berlin 1891.)

[Vol III. pp. 166, a and b. Legend of Adapa; see Erman In KAW Sitzungsberichte XXIII. 585; Lehmann, ZA III. 380; other mythological fragments, pp. 164-165.]

Zimmern, Heinrich.--Babylonische Busspsalmen, umschrieben, uebersetzt und erklaert. (Leipzig 1885.) BA VI.

[Also published in part as a thesis.]

---- Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Babylonischen Religion. Erste Lieferung. Die Beschwoerungslafeln Shurpu. (Leipzig 1896.) AB XII.

---- Zusatzbemerkungen zur Legende von Adapa. BA II. 437, 438.

---- Hexenbeschwoerungen bei den Babyloniern. BAZ, 1891, No. 337.

---- An Old Babylonian Legend from Egypt [Adapa]. SST, 1892, No. 25.

V.

Cosmology.

Barton, G. A.--Tiamat. JAOS XV. 1-28; also PAOS, May 1890, xiii.-xv.

Brunengo, Giuseppe.--L'Impero di Babilonia e di Ninive. (2 vols. Prato 1885.) Capo I. La Cosmogonia de Caldei comparata alla Mosaica, pp. 67-85. Capo II. La Ribellione degli Angeli e la Caduta del Uomo, (i.e., Marduk and Tiamat story), pp. 86-108. Capo IV. La Storia del Diluvio, pp. 124-140.

Budge, E. A. W.--The Fourth Tablet of the Creation Series, relating to the fight between Marduk and Tiamat. PSBA VI. 5-11.

---- Fourth Tablet of the Creation Series. PSBA X. 86 and six pls.

Delitzsch, Friedrich.--Texte zur Weltschoepfung und zur Auflehnung und Bekaempfung der Schlange Tiamat. AL, 3d ed., 1885. pp. 93-99.

---- Das Babylonische Weltschoepfungsepos. (Leipzig 1896.)

Engel, Moritz.--Die Loesung der Paradiesfrage. (Leipzig 1885.)

Halevy, J.--La Cosmologie Babylonienne d'apres M. Jensen. RHR XXII. 180-208.

[Summary and critique of Jensen's 'Kosmologie der Babylonier.']

---- Recherches Bibliques--L'Histoire des Origines d'apres la Genese. Texte, Traduction et Commentaire. Tome I. Genese I.-XXV. (Paris 1895.)

[Contains translations of the Babylonian Cosmological Texts, and discusses their bearings on the O. T. narrative. A most suggestive work.]

---- Recherches Bibliques--Chapter 28, La Creation et les Vicissitudes du Premier Homme. RS I. 101-117, 193-202.

[Transliteration, translation, and discussion of the Babylonian Creation Tablets.]

Hommel, F.--Eine Neugefundene Weltschoepfungslegende. DR, 1892, 105-114; see also Neue Kirchliche Zeitung, I. 393 seq., II. 89 seq.

---- The Oldest Cosmogony. SST, 1891, No. 7.

Jensen, P.--Die Kosmologie der Babylonier. Studien und Materialien. (Strassburg 1890.)

Jensen, P.--Ursprung und Geschichte des Tierkreises. DR, 1890, 112-116.

Lajard, F.--Fragments d'un Memoire sur le Systeme theogonique et cosmogonique des Assyriens ou des Chaldeens d'Assyrie. JA, 2^d Series, XIV. 114-143.

Laurie, Thomas.--Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Deluge. Bibliotheca Sacra, XLII. 165-168.

Lenormant, F.--Essai de Commentaire sur les Fragments cosmogoniques de Berose. (Paris 1871.)

[An elaborate treatise on the traditions of Berosus in connection with the cuneiform account of creation.]

Loisy, A.--Les Mythes Chaldeens de la Creation et du Deluge. (Amiens 1892.) RR, 1896.

[From RR, 1890-1891. See Sec.I.]

Lukas, FR.--Die Grundbegriffe in den Kosmogonieen der Alten Voelker. 1893. pp. 1-46.

[Translations by Jensen, pp. 1-14. Die Kosmogonie der Babylonler und der Genesis.]

Mueller, D. H.--Die Propheten in ihrer Urspruenglichen Form. (Wien 1895.) pp. 6-13.

[Translation of considerable portions of the Babylonian creation narratives. Follows Zimmern.]

Muss-Arnolt, W.--The Cuneiform Account of the Creation. Revised translation. BW III. 17-27.

---- A Comparative Study of the Translations of the Babylonian Creation Tablets, with special reference to Jensen's 'Kosmologie' and Barton's 'Tiamat.' H IX. 6-23.

Oppert, J.--Fragments Cosmogoniques in Ledrain's 'Histoire d'Israel.' (Paris 1882.) pp. 411-422.

[Translation of Creation Series of tablets of deluge.]

---- Le Poeme Chaldeen du Deluge. (Paris 1885.)

---- Die Fragmente der Epopoeen welche die Schoepfung und Sintfluth nach babylonischer Auffassung betreffen. Verhandlungen Deutscher Philologen und Schulmaenner, XXXIV. 128, 129.

---- Traductions de quelques textes Assyriens.--Fragments des Recits de la Creation.--Guerre de Merodach et Tiamat. 4th ICO, 229-238.

Pinches, T. G.--A Babylonian Duplicate of Tablets I. and II. of the Creation Series. BOR IV. 25-33.

---- The New Version of the Creation Story. 9th ICO, 1892. II. 190-198; also JRAS, 1891, 393-408; and Academy, 1890, Nos. 968, 974, and the Times, 1889, Dec. 16.

---- The Non-Semitic Version of the Creation Story. RP, new series, VI. 107-114.

Sayce, H.--The Assyrian Story of the Creation. RP, new series, I. 122-146.

---- Babylonian Legend of the Creation RP XI. 109-114.

---- The Babylonian Story of the Creation according to the Tradition of Cutha. RP, new series, I. 147-153.

Schrader, E.--Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament. (London 1885.) I. 1-22.

[Translation of portions of the Creation Series with comments; third German edition announced.]

Smith, George.--The Chaldaean Account of Genesis. (2d ed. London 1881.) German trans, ed. by Friedrich Delitzsch (Leipzig 1876), under the title 'Chaldaeische Genesis.'

---- On Some Fragments of the Chaldaean Account of the Creation. TSBA IV. 363, 364.

Stucken, Ed.--Astralmythen der Hebraer, Babylonier und Aegypter. I. und II. Theil. (Leipzig 1896-1897.)

[Rather fanciful.]

Talbot, H. Fox.--The Fight between Bel and the Dragon. RP IX. 135-140.

[Portion of the Creation Series.]

---- The Fight between Bel and the Dragon and the Flaming Sword which turned every way. TSBA V. 1-21.

---- The Chaldaean Account of the Creation. RP IX. 115-118; also TSBA V. 426-440.

---- The Revolt in Heaven, from a Chaldaean Tablet. TSBA IV. 349-362.

[Portions of the Creation Series.]

Warren, W. F.--Paradise Found. 10 ed. (Boston 1893.) Part IV. chapter 6. The Cradle of the Race in Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian Thought.

[Discussion in connection with a general theory of the site of paradise.]

Ward, W. Hayes.--Contest between Bel-Merodach and the Dragon. PAOS, May 1879. X.

---- Dragon and Serpent in Chaldaean Mythology. PAOS, Oct. 1879, xvii.

---- Bel and the Dragon. AJSL XIV. 94-105.

---- The Dragon Tiamat in Babylonian and Assyrian Art. PAOS, Oct. 1889, clxviii-clxix.

Zimmern, H.--Translations of the Babylonian Creation and Deluge Stories in Gunkel's 'Schoepfung und Chaos,' pp. 401-428.

---- 'Koenig Tukulli bei nisi und die Kuthaische Schoepfungslegende.' ZA XII. 317-330.

[Translation of the Cuthaean Version of the Creation Story.]

VI.

The Gilgamesh Epic

(including the Deluge Story.)

Adler, C.--The Legends of Semiramis and the Nimrod Epic. JHUC, No. 55.

Boscawen, W. St. Chad.--Hymn to Gilgames. BOR VII. 121-125.

---- The Twelfth Izdubar Legend. RP IX. 131-134.

Casanowicz, I. M.--Professor Haupt's Nimrod Epic. JHUC, No. 98.

Cheyne, T. K.--Nimrod, a Kassite King. Academy, 1895, No. 47.

De Lacouperie, Terrien.--The Deluge Tradition and its Remains in Ancient Chaldaea. BOR pp. 15-24, 49-55, 79-88, 102-111.

Delitzsch, Friedrich.--Article 'Nimrod' in 'Calwer Bibellexikon.'

---- Die Sintflutherzaehlung oder die elfte Tafel des Nimrod Epos. AL. (3d ed. Leipzig 1885.) 99-109.

Dryoff, K.--Wer ist Chadir? ZA XII. 319-327.

Grivel, Josef.--Nimrod et les Ecritures Cuneiformes. TSBA III, 136-144.

[Proposed identification of Nimrod and Marduk. See also Sayce, below.]

Hamilton, L. le Cenci.--Ishtar and Izdubar, the Epic of Babylon. Restored in modern verse. Vol. I. Illustrated. (London 1884.)

Harper, E. T.--The Legend of Etana, Gilgamos and his Kindred in Folklore. Academy, 1891, No. 995; see also Nos. 985, 987, 988.

Haupt, Paul.--The Cuneiform Account of the Deluge. OTS, 1883, 77-85.

---- Das babylonische Nimrodepos. Keilschrifttext der sogenannten Izdubarlegenden mit dem Keilinschriftlichen Sintfluthberichte, nach den Originalen im Britischen Museum copiert und herausgegeben. (Leipzig 1884-1891.) 2 vols. AB III.

---- Die zwoelfte Tafel des Babylonischen Nimrodepos. BA I. 48-79.

---- On Two Passages in the Chaldaean Flood Tablet. PAOS, March 1894, CV.-CXI.

---- On Some Passages in the Cuneiform Account of the Deluge, with special reference to the first column of the tablet. JHUC, No. 69.

---- Ergebnisse einer neuen Collation der Izubar Legenden. BA I. 94-152. See Halevy ZA IV. 61.

---- On the Dimensions of the Babylonian Ark. PAOS, Oct. 1888, lxxxix.-xc.; see also AJP IX. 419-424.

---- Der Keilinschriftliche Sintfluthbericht. Eine Episode des babylonischen Nimrodepos. (Leipzig 1881.)

---- Der Keilinschriftliche Sintfluthbericht. Umschrift, Uebersetzung, und Erlaeuterungen in Schrader's 'Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament,' 3d ed., 1898.

[Latest and most satisfactory translation.]

Hoffmann, G.--Die Dubar-Sage und der Keilinschriftliche Sintfluthbericht. Die Grenzboten, Jahrgang 47.

Hommel, F.--Gis-dubarra, Gibilgamish, Nimrod. PSBA XV. 291-300; XVI. 13-15.

Heuzey, L.--La Lance Colossale d'Izbubar et les Nouvelles Formeles de M. de Sarzec. AI. Bulletin 1893, 305.

Jastrow, Morris, Jr.--The New Version of the Babylonian Account of the Deluge. The Independent, Feb. 10, 17, 1898.

Jensen, P.--Gishgimash (=Gilgamish) ein Kossaer? ZA VI. 340-342.

Jeremias, A.--Article 'Izdubar' in Roscher's 'Ausfuehrliches Lexikon der Griechischen und Roemischen Mythologie.' Vol. II. cols. 773-823.

---- Izdubar-Nimrod. Eine Altbabylonische Heldensage nach den Keilschriftfragmenten dargestellt. (Leipzig 1891.) See also article by Quentin in RHR XXXI. 162-177.

Lenormant, F.--Le Deluge et l'Epopee Babylonienne. (Paris 1873.)

Lidzbarski.--Zu den Arabischen Alexandergeschichten. ZA VIII. 263-312. See also ib., 317-319.

---- Wer ist Chadhir? ZA VII. 104-116.

Meissner, Bruno.--Alexander und Gilgamos. (Leipzig 1894.)

---- Einige Bemerkungen zur Erklaerung des Sintfluthberichtes. ZA III. 417-421.

Menant, J.--Le Deluge. Noe dans l'arche. (Paris 1880.)

Moor, Fl.--De la Geste de Gilgames confrontee avec la Bible et avec les Documents Historiques indigenes. M, June 1897.

Muss-Arnolt, W.--The Chaldaean Account of the Deluge. A revised translation. BW III. 109-118.

---- Remarks Introductory to a Comparative Study on the Translations of the Deluge Tablets. PAOS, April 1892, cxc.-cxcv.; also JHUC, No. 98.

Offord, J.--A New Fragment of the Babylonian Deluge Story. PSBA XX. 53, 54.

[Scheil's tablet from Sippara.]

Oppert, J.--The Chaldaean Perseus. BOR V. 1, 2; also CR, 1890, 464, 465.

[Identification of Izdubar-Gilgamesh with Gilgamos in Aelian's zooelogical work 'De Natura Animalium,' XII. 21. See also Sayce in the Academy, 1890, No. 966; Ward, ib., No. 971; and Kohler, ib., 1891, No. 985.]

---- Nimrod. Bulletin de l'Athenee Orientale, 1873, Jan.-Feb.

Oppert, J.--Le Poeme Chaldeen du Deluge. Traduit de l'Assyrien. (Paris 1885.)

Pinches, T. G.--Exit Gishtubar. BOR IV, 264.

[Proposal to read the name of the Babylonian hero Gilgamesh. Cf. Sayce in Academy, 1890, No. 966, and Ward, ib., No. 971.]

Rawlinson, H. C.--The Izdubar Legends. Athenaeum, 1872, No. 2354.

Rochette, Raoul.--Memoire sur l'Hercule Assyrien et Phenicien. AI Memoires, 2^me Partie, XVII. 9-374.

Sauveplane, F.--Une Epopee Babylonienne. Ishtubar-Gilgames. (Paris 1894.)

Sayce, A. H.--On Nimrod and the Assyrian Inscription. TSBA II. 248, 249; see also Academy, 1893, No. 1054.

[Proposed identification of Nimrod with Amar-ud = Marduk, the head of the Babylonian Pantheon.]

---- The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments. (London 1894.) pp. 97-119.

Scheil, F. V.--Notes d'Epigraphie et d'Archeologie Assyrienne. XXX. Un Fragment d'un Nouveau Recit du Deluge de l'Epoque du Roi Ammizaduga. RT XX. 55-59; see also RB, 1898, 5-9.

---- The New Babylonian Account of the Deluge. The Independent, Jan. 20, 1898.

Smith, George.--The Chaldaean Account of the Deluge. TSBA II. 203-234.

---- The Eleventh Tablet of the Izdubar Legends. The Chaldaean Account of the Deluge. TSBA III. 530-596; also RP VII. 133.

Suess, Ed.--Die Sintfluth in 'Das Antlitz der Erde.' (Leipzig 1883.) pp. 25-98.

[Discussion of the Babylonian tale with notes by Prof. Paul Haupt.]

Talbot, H. Fox.--Ishtar and Izdubar, being the 6th Tablet of the Izdubar Series. Translated from the Cuneiform. TSBA V. 97-121; also RP IX. 119-128.

---- Commentary on the Deluge Tablet. TSBA IV. 49-83.

---- Tablet in the British Museum Relating Apparently to the Deluge. TSBA IV. 129-131.

[Talbot's supposition is erroneous.]

VII.

Beliefs, Legends, Ethics, and Special Phrases of the Religion.

Ader, Cyrus.--The Views of the Babylonians Concerning Life after Death. AR, 1888, 92-101; see also PAOS, Oct. 1887, ccxxxviii.-ccxliii.

Ball, C. J.--Glimpses of Babylonian Religion. I. Human Sacrifices. II. The Gods and Their Images. PSBA XIV. 149-162.

Bonavia, E.--The Sacred Trees of the Assyrian Monuments. BOR III. 7-12, 35-40, 56-61; see also IV. 95, 96.

---- The Sacred Trees of Assyria. 9th ICO, pp. 245-257.

[Arguments not conclusive.]

Boscawen, W. St. Chad.--Notes on the Religion and Mythology of the Assyrians. TSBA IV. 267-301.

---- Texts Bearing on the Belief in Immortality. (1) 12^th Izdubar Tablet. (2) Descent of Ishtar. (3) 7^th Izdubar Tablet. (4) Hymn to Marduk. BOR IV. 251-254.

---- Babylonian Witchcraft. ET, 1898, 228-230.

---- Notes on Assyrian Religion and Mythology. TSBA VI. 535-542.

[Translations of some religious texts. General remarks.]

---- Babylonian Teraphim. BOR I. 39, 40.

---- The Babylonian Legend of the Serpent Tempter. BOR IV. 251-255.

---- Oriental Eschatology (Egypt and Chaldaea). BOR VI. 38-42.

---- The Plague Legends of Chaldaea. BOR I. 11-14.

Clermont-Ganneau.--L'Enfer Assyrien. RAr, 2d Series, XXXVIII. 337-349.

Craig, James A.--The Babylonian Ishtar Epic. OTS VIII. 249-256.

Goessling, E.--Die Hoelle nach Babylonisch-Assyrischer Anschauung. TZ, 1895, No. 3.

Halevy, J.--L'Immortalite de l'Ame chez les Peuples Semitiques. RAr, 2d Series, XLIV. 44-53.

[Translation and discussion of Ishtar's descent into the nether world.]

Halevy, J.--Le Rapt de Persephone ou Proserpine par Pluton chez les Babyloniens. RS I. 372-376.

Haug, M.--Die Unsterblichkeit der Seele bei den Chaldaeern. BAZ, 1875, Nos. 70, 71.

Heuzey, L.--Mythes Chaldeens. RA, 3d Series, XXVI. 295-308.

Hilprecht, H. V.--Serpent and Tree in Babylonian Records. SST, 1893, No. 52.

Hincks, Edward.--On the Assyrian Mythology. RIA Memoirs, 1854, 405-422.

Hommel, F.--Hexenverbrennungen im alten Babylonien. Muenchener Neueste Nachrichten, 1896, No. 415.

Jastrow, Morris, Jr.--The Ethics of the Babylonians and Assyrians. ER. III. 65-77.

---- The Babylonian Term Shu'alu. AJSL XIV. 165-170.

Jensen, Peter.--The Queen in the Babylonian Hades and Her Consort. SST, 1897, Nos. 11, 12.

---- The Supposed Babylonian Origin of the Week and the Sabbath. SST, 1892, No. 3.

Jeremias, A.--Die Babylonisch-Assyrischen Vorstellungen vom Leben nach dem Tode. (Leipzig 1897.)

---- Articles 'Arallu' and 'Etana.'

[Announced to appear in the supplement to Roscher's 'Ausfuehrliches Lexikon der Griechischen und Roemischen Mythologie.']

Kiesewetter, Carl.--Der Occultismus des Alterthums. (Leipzig 1896.) Book I. 364 seq., 'Der Occultismus bei den Akkadern, Babyloniern, Chaldaeern und Assyriern.'

[Based largely upon Lenormant's 'Chaldaean Magic.']

Laurent, A.--La Magie et la Divination chez les Chaldeo-Assyriens. (Paris 1894.)

Lenormant, F.--La Legende de Semiramis. (Paris 1872.)

[A transformed Ishtar legend.]

Oppert, J.--L'Immortalite de l'Ame chez les Chaldeens. (Paris 1875.)

[Translation of Ishtar's descent into the nether world.]

Pinches, T. G.--The Messianic Idea among the Early Babylonians and Assyrians. Academy, 1887, Nos. 816, 818, 820.

Ravenshaw, E. C.--On the Winged Bulls, Lions, and Other Symbolical Figures from Nineveh. JRAS, 1854, 93-117.

[Contains some interesting suggestions on Babylonian mythology, but the paper as a whole is antiquated.]

Sayce, A. H.--Ancient Babylonian Moral and Political Precepts. RP VII. 119-122.

---- The Babylonian Legend of the Creation of Man. Academy, 1893, No. 1055.

---- Babylonian Folk-Lore. FLJ I. 16-22.

Scheil, Fr. V.--Relief Cisele representant une Scene Funeraire Babylonienne. RT XX. 59-62.

---- Le Culte de Gudea. RT XVIII. 64-74.

Talbot, H. Fox.--On the Religious Belief of the Assyrians. Nos. I., II., III., IV. TSBA I. 106-115; II. 29-79, 346-352.

[No. I. contains text and translation of two prayers; Nos. II and III., Incantation Texts; No. IV., Future Punishment of the Wicked.]

---- Legend of the Descent of Ishtar. RP I. 141-149.

---- Revised Translation of the Descent of Ishtar with a Further Commentary. TSBA III. 118-135. Addenda pp. 357-360.

Thureau-Daugin, F.--Le Culte des Rois dans la Periode Prebabylonienne. RT XIX. 185-187.

Tiele, C. P.--Cyrus de Groote en de Godsdienst van Babel in 'Melanges, Charles de Harlez' (Leiden 1896), 307-312.

Tyler, Thomas.--The Babylonian Idea of a Disembodied Soul. BOR I. 55-57.

Tylor, Edward B.--The Winged Figures of the Assyrians and Other Ancient Monuments. PSBA XII. 383-393; see also RHR XXII. 209-220.

[Explanation of the symbols on Assyrian sculptures.]

Ward, W. H.--On the Representation of the Solar Disk. AJT II. 115-118.

Warren, W. F.--Gates of Sunrise in Ancient Babylonian Art. BOR III. 241-244.

Zimmern, H.--Vater, Sohn und Fuersprecher in der Babylonischen Gottesvorstellung. (Leipzig 1896.)

[See review by Jastrow, AJT I. 468-474.]

VIII.

Temples and Cult.

Ball, C. J.--Glimpses of Babylonian Religion. I. Human Sacrifices. II. The Gods and Their Images. PSBA XIV. 149-162.

Boscawen, W. St. Chad.--The Babylonian and Jewish Festivals. BOR IV. 34-38.

D'Alviella, Goblet.--Des Symboles qui ont influence la Representation figuree des Pierres Comiques chez les Semites. RHR XX. 135-150.

Jeremias, Johann.--Die Cultustafel von Sippar. BA I. 267-92.

[An important archive of the Sharmash temple at Sippar, illustrative of the cult.]

Karppe, S.--Melanges de Critique Biblique et d'Assyriologie. RS II. 146-151.

[The Babylonian festival Zagmuk und the Biblical New Year.]

Koldewey, Robert.--Die altbabylonischen Graeber in Surghul und El Hibba. ZA II. 403-430.

[Funeral customs.]

Kohut, A.--The Talmudic Records of the Persian and Babylonian Festivals critically illustrated. AJSL XIV. 182-194. See also REJ XXIV. 256-271.

[Insufficient discussion.]

Menant.--Les Sacrifices sur les Cylindres Chaldeens. Gazette Archeologique, 1883, Nos. 7-9.

Perrot & Chiplez.--A History of Art in Chaldaea and Assyria. (London 1884.) Eng. trans. Vol. I. chapters III., IV.

[Temples and Tombs.]

Peters, J. P.--Nippur. Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates. Vol. II. chapter V., The Oldest Temple in the World. Chapter VIII., Coffins and Burial Customs.

Pinches, T. G.--Sin-Gashid's Endowment of the Temple E-ana. RP, new series, I. 78-83. See also BOR I. 8-11.

---- A Fragment of a Babylonian Tithe List. Ib. I. 76-78.

---- Gifts to a Babylonian Bitili or Bethel. Ib. II. 142-145.

Rawlinson, H. C.--On the Birs Nimrud, or the Great Temple of Borsippa. JRAS, 1861, 1-24.

Reber, F.--Ueber altchaldaeische Kunst ... Der Tempelbau. ZA I. 149-164.

Sayce, A. H.--A Babylonian Saint's Cylinder. RP VII. 157-170.

[Days sacred, and otherwise, of the month of Elul, with directions for religious ceremonies to be observed.]

---- On Human Sacrifice among the Babylonians. TSBA IV. 25-31.

Tiele, C. P.--De Hoofdtempel van Babel en die van Borsippa. KAW Afdeeling 'Letterkunde' (1886) 3^de Reeks Deel III; also in German ZA II. 179-190.

Tristram, H. B.--Sacrifices in Babylonia and Phoenicia. SST, 1894, No. 1.

Ward, W. H.--On Some Babylonian Cylinders, supposed to Represent Human Sacrifices. PAOS, May 1888, xxviii.-xxx.

IX.

Bearings on the Old Testament; General Influence.

Anz, Wilhelm.--Zur Frage nach dem Ursprung des Gnostizismus. (Leipzig 1897.) pp. 58-112, Die Herkunft ... aus Babylonien.

Ball, C. J.--The First Chapter of Genesis and the Babylonian Cosmogonies. PSBA XVIII.

Bonnett, E.--Les Decouvertes Assyriennes et le Livre de la Genese. (Paris 1884.)

Boscawen, W. St. Chad.--The Bible and the Monuments. (London 1895.)

Brandt, W.--Die Assyrisch-Babylonische Keilschriftliteratur und das Alte Testament. Deutsch-evang. Blaetter, 1884. Heft 3. pp. 164-187.

Brown, Francis.--Critical review with valuable comments of E. Schrader's 'Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament.' AJP IV. 338-343.

---- The Sabbath in the Cuneiform Records. PR, 1882, 688-700.

---- Assyriology: Its Use and Abuse in Old Testament Study. (New York 1885.)

Brown, Robert, Jr.--Semitic Influence in Hellenic Mythology. (London 1898.)

[Part III. discusses Babylonian Influence.]

Buddensieg, R.--Die Assyrischen Ausgrabungen und das Alte Testament. (Heilbronn 1880.)

Delitzsch, Friedrich.--Wo Lag das Paradies? Eine Biblisch-Assyriologische Studie. (Leipzig 1881.)

[See Francis Brown. OTS IV. 1-12.]

Evetts, B. A.--New Light on the Bible and the Holy Land. (London 1892.)

Gruppe, O.--Die Griechischen Kulte und Mythen in ihren Beziehungen zu den Orientalischen Religionen. (Leipzig 1887.)

Gunkel, H.--Schoepfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit. (Goettingen 1895.)

[A most important discussion of the relationship of the Biblical creation narratives to the Babylonian cosmology.]

Halevy, J.--Recherches Bibliques. (Paris 1896.)

Haupt, Paul.--Wo Lag das Paradies? Ueber Land und Meer, 1894-1895, No. 15.

[Also syllabus of lectures before the Gratz College of Philadelphia, Dec 10, 1895, on 'The Site of Paradise and the Nimrod Epic.']

Jastrow, Morris, Jr.--The Bible and the Assyrian Monuments. The Century Magazine, XLVII. 395-411.

[Translated into French by E. Lacordaire in Revue des Revues, 1894 227-235.]

---- The Original Character of the Hebrew Sabbath. AJT II. 312-352.

[Relationship between Hebrew and Babylonian Sabbath.]

---- Adam and Eve in Babylonian Literature.

[Announced.]

Jensen, P.--The Cult of Ashera and the Cult of Mary.

[Announced to appear in the Sunday School Times, 1898.]

Kessler, K.--Ueber Gnosis und Altbabylonische Religion. 5^th ICO, II. Part I. 288-305.

Kellner, M. L.--The Deluge in the Izdubar Epic and the Old Testament.

[Reprinted from the Church Review, November, 1888.]

Lacouperie, T. de.--Origin from Babylonia and Elam of the Early Chinese Civilization. Series of articles in the BOR III-VIII.

[Also in book form under the title, 'Origin of Early Chinese Civilization and its Western Sources.' (London 1894.) Lacouperie's method is unsatisfactory. The theory, however, merits farther investigation.]

Lotz, W.--Quaestiones de Historia Sabbati. (Leipzig 1883.)

Lyon, D. G.--Assyrian Study: Its Bearing on the Old Testament. The Christian Register, 1885, Nos. 15, 16.

Menant, J.--Remarques sur un Cylindre du Musee Britannique. La Bible et les Cylindres Chaldeens. CR, 1879, 270-286.

[Discussion of a scene on a cylinder supposed to represent the first human pair and the serpent.]

Meyer, Ed.--Der Babylonische Einfluss auf Judenthum und Christenthum. BAZ, 1894, No. 344.

Oppert, J.--Origines Communes de la Chronologie Cosmogonique des Chaldeens el des Dates de la Genese. APC, 6th series, XIII. 237-240.

Palmer, A. S.--Babylonian Influence on the Bible and Popular Beliefs. Tehom and Tiamat, Hades and Satan: a Comparative Study of Genesis, i., ii. (London 1897.)

Robiou, F.--L'Etat Religieux de la Grece et de l'Orient au Siecle d'Alexandre ... II. Les Regions Syro-Babyloniens et l'Eran. (Paris 1896.)

[Unsatisfactory, and not based on independent researches.]

Sayce, A. H.--The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments. (London 1894.)

[Suggestive, but unreliable. Full of inaccuracies.]

---- Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments. (2d ed. London 1886.)

Schleussner.--Die Bedeutung der Ausgrabungen in dem Euphrat und Tigris-Gebiet fuer das Alte Testament. (Wittenberg 1892.)

Schrader, E.--Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament. 3d ed. (Announced for 1898.)

[English translation of the 2d German ed., 'The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament.' London 1885-1889.]

Sillem, C. H. W.--Das Alte Testament im Lichte der Assyrischen Forschungen und ihrer Ergebnisse. (Hamburg 1877.)

Simpson, William.--The Tower of Babel and the Birs Nimroud. TSBA IX. 307-332.

Stucken, Edward.--Astralmythen der Hebraer, Babylonier und Aegypter. Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Parts I., II. (Leipzig 1896-1897.)

[Rather fanciful.]

Tallquist, K. L.--Altbabylonischer Aberglauben in den Abendlaendern. [In Norwegian]; Valvoja, Helsingfors, 1896, 498-520.

---- Fornbabyloniska och hebraeiska psalmer. Finisk Tidskrift, Mars 1892.

Tiele, C. P..--Die Assyriologie und ihre Ergebnisse fuer die Religionsgeschichte.

[German translation by Friederick. Leipzig 1878.]

Toy, C. H.--Esther as a Babylonian Goddess. The New World, VI. 130-145.

Vigouroux, F.--Le Bible et les Decouvertes Modernes en Palestine, en Egypte et en Assyrie. 4 vols. (Paris 1884-1885.)

[Written from a Catholic standpoint, but comprehensive and accurate.]

Wahrmund.--Babylonierthum, Judenthum und Christentum. (Leipzig 1882.)

Ward, W. H.--Light on Scriptural Texts from Recent Discoveries, Hebrew and Babylonian Poetry. The Homiletic Review, 1895, 408.

Zehnpfund, R.--Einige zeitgemaesse Bemerkungen ueber den Wert der Assyriologie fuer die alttestamentliche Litteraturkritik. (Ernste Allotria. Dessau 1896.)

Zimmern, H.--Die Assyriologie als Huelfswissenschaft fuer das Studium des Alten Testaments und des Klassischen Alterthums. (Koenigsberg 1889.)

---- Zur Frage nach dem Ursprung des Purimfestes. (Zeits. f. alttest. Wiss., XI. 157-169.)

Zschokke, Hermann.--Ueber die Wichtigkeit der Assyriologischen Forschungen, insbesondere fuer das Alttestamentliche Bibelstudium. (Vienna 1884.)

INDEX.

A, or Malkatu, her names and their explanation, 74; position and relationship to Shamash, 74-5, 176, 685; temples of A and Shamash in Larsa and Borsippa, 70, 241; temple E-edinna in Sippar, 640.

Ab, 5th month, sacred to Nin-gish-zida, 462, 547; "the mission of Ishtar," 564; festival of Ishtar, 685.

Abram and Abraham, followers of, in fight with Babylon, 2; cult of Father Abraham, 562.

Abu-Habba, excavations, 10; see also Sippar; temple records and legal documents, 165.

Abu-Shahrein=Eridu.

Abydenus, source for B. A. religion, 1, 5.

Achaemenian inscriptions, 16.

Ad, Arabic tribe, 496.

Adad=Ramman, 157; solar deity of Syria, 156.

Adam, parallelism betw. A. and Eabani, 511; parallelism betw. A. and Adapa, 552.

Adapa Legend, a nature myth, 548, 644 ff.; found on El-Amarna tablets, 544; Adapa, son of Ea, 545; A. fighting the south wind, 545 ff.; seconded by Tammuz and Gish-zida, 548-9; identified with Marduk, 548; Adapa myth compared with 3d chapter of Genesis, 551.

Adar, 12th month, sacred to the Seven Evil Spirits, 463; 15th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685; compared with Purim, 636.

Adar, 2d (intercalated), sacred to Ashur, 463.

Addu, equivalent of Ramman, 156.

Adon, Phoenician equivalent for Tammuz; see Tammuz.

Adra-Khasis, epithet of Parnapishtim, 505.

Aelian, historian, mentions Gilgamesh, 469, 524.

Agade, ancient center, 35, 245; rulers, 36; temple E-ul-mash of Nana, 82; temple of Anunit-Ishtar, 117, 242; zikkurat E-an-dadia, 639.

Agriculture, A. and calendar, 462.

Agum, see Agumkakrimi.

Agumkakrimi, king of Babylon, recovers the statues of Marduk and Sarpanitum, 122, 152, 670, 687; cult of Shamash, 144; cult of Shukamuna, 162; institutes special festival for Marduk and Sarpanitum, 687.

Ahasverus, the wandering Jew, =Parnapishtim, 515.

Ai-ibur-shabu, name of street in Babylon, 679.

Airu, 2d month, sacred to Ea, 462, 677; 12th day of A., sacred to Gula, 683; installation of king Ashurbanabal, 684; sacred in Assyria, 684; 10th day of A., sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

A-ishtu, a foreign god, 644.

Akitu, see Zag-muk; festival, 679.

Akkad, see also Sumer and Akkad; =Babylonia, 176, 532.

Akkadian=Sumerian.

Alala, deity, 417; in incantations, 417; in Allatu's court, 593; consort of Belili, 589; connection with Alallu, 589.

Alallu, a bird; relations to Ishtar, 482, 589; connection with deity Alala, 589.

Alamu, phase of Nergal, 280.

Alexander Polyhistor, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5, 413.

Alexander the Great, probably contemporary of Berosus, 1; A. and Gilgamos, 469, 516.

Alexandria, gnostic center, 699.

Allatu, goddess, 1st Bab. period, originally associated with Bel, 104; associated with Nin-azu, 586, 590; associated with Nergal, 104, 183, 565, 580, 583, 593; goddess of subterranean cave, 104, 282, 511, 565, 580; in incantations, 282; =Nin-ki-gal, 282, cf. 584; Namtar, her messenger, 570, 580, 587, 592; Belit-seri, her scribe, 587; pictured as a lion, 580; Allatu's court, 587, 592; authoress of evil and disease, 593; called Eresh-kigal, 584 (cf. 282); vanquished by Nergal, 584-5; imitation of Tiamat-Marduk episode, 585; correlated to Ishtar, goddess of fertility, 587; explanation of name, 587.

All-Souls' Day, see under Tammuz and Dead, 599, 605, 682.

Altar, description of, 651; the "horns" of the altar compared with those of Hebrew and Phoenician altars, 652.

Alu-usharshid, king of Kish, 54.

Amalgamation of divinities, cause, features, and results, 74-5, 94-5.

Amanus, district famous for its wood, 627.

Amiand, his attempt at a genealogical arrangement of Old Bab. pantheon, 108.

Am-na-na, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

Amraphel=Hammurabi, 534.

Amulets, see Talisman, Teraphim, 672, 674.

Anatum, goddess, consort of Anu, 153.

Animism, starting-point of religious belief, 48; survivals of, 180 ff., 457; popular rather than theological, 187.

Anshar, god, in the cosmology, 197, 410, 417; =Ashur, 197, 414-5; A. and Kishar created, 197, 410; builds Esharra, 198; A. and Kishar intermediate betw. the monsters and the gods in cosmology, 414, 416; Anshar and Kishar in the creation epic and their meaning, 418; conquers Tiamat (one version), 422.

Anshar-gal, cosmological deity, 417.

Antar, Arabian romance of A., 494.

Antares, observations of, 372.

Antioch, gnostic center, 699.

Antiochus Soter, cult of Marduk and Nabu, 650.

Anu, god, 51; relationship to Ishtar, 84-5; Der, city of Anu, 88, 155, 162; god of heavenly expanse, 89, 147, 207, 432; abstract conception, 89; priest of Anu, 90; Anu as term for 'lofty,' 90; member of the great triad, 107, 152, 155, 207, 677; in Lugalraggisi's pantheon, 110; artificial character in Hammurabi's pantheon, 152; position in Agum's pantheon, 152; dwells in Uruk, 153; Anatum, his consort, 153; in Ass. pantheon, 153-5, 201, 207; associated with Ramman, 154, 207, 212; associated with Dagan, 154, 209; disappears after Sargon, 155; in religious texts, 156; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; father of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 207, 593; fighting Tiamat, 197; temple in Lagash, 53, 640; temple at Ashur, 207; succeeded by Ashur, 207; associated with Ishtar, 207; blesses handiwork, 208, 237; associated with Bel and Belit, 226-7; Anu and Ishtar, names of the west gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; associated with Nusku, 277, 286; made god of heavenly expanse, 432; "Way of Anu"=ecliptic of sun, 457; pole star of the ecliptic, 460; Nisan, sacred to A. and Bel, 462, 677; Tebet, sacred to A., Papsukal, and Ishtar, 463; 2d Ululu, sacred to Anu and Bel, 463; in the Adapa myth, 546 ff.

Anunit, goddess, 51; a variant of Ishtar, 82, 85, 242; in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169; worshipped at Agade, 117, 242; shrine in E-babbara at Sippar, 646.

Anunnaki, explanation of name, 184; number of, and its explanation, 185; spirits of earth, 185, 593; gods in whose service the A. are, 186; their character, 186; associated with Igigi, 186, 593; altar of A. and Igigi, 186; shining chiefs of Eridu, 186; ruled by Ishtar, 204 (cf. 502); Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593; Bel, king of all the A., 222; associated with the great triad, 236; created by Marduk, 447; offspring of Anu, 593; A. and Mammitum determine death and life, 493; in the deluge story, 500, 502 (cf. 204); in Allatu's court, 593.

Apollodorus, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.

Apotheosis, see Deification.

Apsu, the deep, personified ocean, 411, 443, 489, 580; synonymous with Tiamat, 411; male principle, 411; dominion of A. and Tiamat precedes that of the gods, 412; gods, product of the union of A. and Tiamat, 413; mythical monsters, product of the union of A. and Tiamat, 414; basin, a sacred object and symbol, 653; comparison with the "sea" in Solomon's temple, 653.

Arabia, metals and stone exported, 627.

Arabians invade Mesopotamia, 34, 39.

Arakh-shamnu, 8th month, sacred to Marduk, 463, 678, 686; 15^th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

Aralu, the nether-world, 489, 557; called E-kur or mountain house, 558; distinction betw. Aralu, the mountain (= earth), and Aralu, the district of the dead proper, 558; names and epithets of A., 563, 592; pictorial representation of, 579 ff.; pantheon of, 582 ff.

Arbela, temple of Ishtar, 202-3, 205, 651; meaning of name, 203; theological center, 342, 651.

Archaeological religious monuments, 14.

Architecture, reed and clay materials for building, 495-6; see Temple.

Ardi-Ea, ferryman of Parnapishtim, 491; takes Gilgamesh to the fountain of life, 509.

Ark, see Ship.

Ark of the covenant compared with the Babylonian ship for the gods, 655.

Armenia, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.; exports precious stones, 627.

Arts, patron gods, 177-8.

Aruru, goddess, creates mankind, together with Marduk, 448, 474; creates Eabani, 448, 474; = Ishtar, 448-9; creates Gilgamesh, 473-4.

Ashera compared with tree worship in Babylonia, 689.

Ashur, capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651; modern name Kalah-Shergat, 198; temple to Ashur, 198, 651; temple to Ishtar, 205; temple to Anu, 207; temple to Shamash, 209; temple to Bel, 225; temple to Ea, 230; intellectual center, 651.

Ashur, god, consort of Belit, 150, 226, 668; rivaled by Ramman, 161; in Ass. pantheon, 189; head of Ass. pantheon, 191, 200; his unique position, 191-2, 215; local deity, 193; symbol, 194, 632; interpretation of symbol, 195-6, 685; general character of Ashur, 195; etymology of name, 196; Anshar another form of A., 197, 414; god of battle, 195, 199, 201; chief of pantheon and epithets, 200-2; king of the Igigi, 200; associated with Ninib, 214; his temples few, 215; associated with Ninib and Nergal, 216, 218; associated with Marduk, 224; associated with the great triad, 236; name of inner wall of Sargon's II. palace, 237; permits the king to grow old and protects the troop, 237; superiority to Marduk, 239; god of oracles, 344; Bel Tarbasi or lord of the court, 345; 2d Adar, sacred to A., 463; Ululu, sacred to A., 463, 685.

Ashurbanabal, library, 13; patron of science and art, 43, 229; rule, 44; recaptures Nana's statue, 85, 206; gives prominence to Nabu cult, 129; celebrates festival in honor of Gula, 218, 683; embellishes temple of Nergal at Tarbisu, 219; his pantheon, 238; sacrifices in Babylonia, 664; restores temple E-kur at Nippur, 645; Shamash cult in Sippar, 646; Ishtar cult in Uruk, 648.

Ashuretililani, king of Assyria, improves Nabu's temple at Calah, 229.

Ashurnasirbal, king of Assyria, 205; gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214; Calah, his capital, 215; builds sanctuaries to Ishtar, Sin, Gula, Ea, Ramman, 215; as a hunter, 216; builds sanctuary to Gula, 218; builds sanctuary to Sin at Calah, 219; his pantheon, 237; gives prominence to Ishtar cult, 325.

Ashur-rish-ishi, king of Assyria, 149, 204, 213.

Assyria, military superiority, 2; history by Herodotus, 3; art and antiquities, 7; character of country and culture, 30-1; character of people, 31; comparison with Babylonia, 31; architecture, 42; history, 41-4; conquest of, 44; sun worship, 78; Assyrian Ishtar cult as distinguished from Bab., 83, 85; Ass. Nabu cult as against Bab. Marduk cult, 128; religious beliefs more popular than Bab., 153; influence upon Bab. culture and religion, 179; pantheon, 188; divisions of Ass. pantheon, 188-9; comparison of Ass. and Bab. pantheons, 189, 201; attacked by Cassites, 199; A. god of oracles, 344; continuity of Ass. and Bab. religion owing to Ass. worship of Bab. deities, 642; Airu, sacred month in Ass., 684.

Assyrians, see Assyria.

Astrology, lunar worship influenced by A., 219-20; bar to monotheistic development, 319; observation of the planets, 370; questions put to the astrologer, 369.

Astronomy, factor in spreading lunar worship, 220, 245; mixture of astronomy and astrology in the observation of eclipses, 357; in the observation of the planets, 370; forms part of cosmology, 454; the determination of the laws under which the stars stood, 457; composite character of A. science, 460; divisions of, 460-1; moon and sun in, 461.

Azag-sir, minor deity in Ass. pantheon, 234.

Babbar, surname of Shamash, 72; etymology, 72.

Babylon, founded, 2; supremacy, 2; capture of, 4, 45; ancient center, 35; capital of Babylonia, 39, 116; Marduk, deity of, 54, 117-8, 531; E-sagila, temple of Marduk, 121, 241, 639; temple of Shamash, 242, 640; temple of Sin, 242; temple of Nin-makh, 242, 640; temple of Nin-khar-sag, 242; temple of Gula, 242, 638; attacked by Dibbarra, 531; zikkurat at Bab., 619, 639; temple to Nin-lil-anna (242), 640; religious center of the country, 649-50.

Babylonia, conceptions of netherworld, 2; notices in rabbinical literature, 3; extent, 26; character of country, 30; character of people, 31; character of culture, 34; Babylonian states and their history, 35 ff.; dynasties of, 39-41, 44-5, 489; united under Hammurabi, 116; Bab. and Ass. Ishtar cult, 83, 85; Bab. and Ass. Marduk cult, 128; Bab. beliefs less popular than Ass., 153; periods of Bab. religion, 162; gods common to all three periods of Bab. religion, 163; Bab. culture and beliefs influenced by Assyria, 179; comparison of Bab. and Ass. pantheons, 189, 201; country of Bel, 222; under Ass. rule, 223; source of Ass. culture, 222; independent of Assyria, 239; political and religious centers, 245; replaces Nippur, 542; sanctuary of Nabu, 640; sacrificial acts in Bab. and their meaning, 664; Nisan, the sacred month in Bab., 684; continuity of Bab. and Ass. belief owing to Ass. worship of Bab. gods, 642.

Babylonians, see also Babylonia; subjects of Bel, 222; humanity of Bel, 222.

Babylonian-Assyrian religion, 1; phases of, 46-7; age of essentials of religion, 114; gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 189; continuity of B.-A. religion, 642; see Assyria and Babylonia.

Bahrein, exports wood, 627.

Ba-kad, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172.

Balasi, astrologer, 340.

Balawat, explorations, 9; portals of palace at B., 627.

Bar, offspring of Ishtar declines to fight Zu, 541.

Bashtum, goddess in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

Battles of Yahwe, recalls Dibbarra epic, 534.

Bau, goddess, 51; her attributes, 59-60, 90, 678; temple in Uruazagga, 59, 103; Zag-muk, her festival, 59, 677; consort of Nin-girsu, 59, 677; identification with Gula, 60; her sphere, 60; daughter of Anu, 59-60; mother of Ea and water-deity, 61; common features with Ga-sig(?)-dug, 61; Bau not Hebr. bohu, 60; her sons (Amiaud), 103; in Gudea's pantheon, 106; in incantations, 273; Bau's ship, 655.

Ba'u-ukin = Dungi (Winckler), 65.

Baz, city in Babylonia, temple of Bel-sarbi, 242, 639.

Bel, see also Marduk and Bel-Marduk; god, temple of, 4; temple at Nippur, 11, 37, 69, 51, 54, 151, 642, 644; position in the Babylonian theology, 52; oldest spelling and meaning of name, 52; temple in Lagash, 53; growth of his cult, 53; blending with Marduk, 54, 145, 146, 148, 222; phases of cult, 55; associations and relations with Ea, 62; associated with Allat, 104; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; subordination to Marduk, 118; transfers his name to Marduk, 140, 222, 439, 635; god of earth par excellence, 140, 147, 432, 440, 497; creator of mankind, 141, 441; in the deluge story, 142, 497, 502, 504; Bel and the triad, 107, 145-9, 207, 677; Bel in Hammurabi's pantheon, 145-6, 162; in Cassite period, 146; temple at Dur-Kurigalzu, 146; in the Assyrian pantheon, 146-7, 225-6; in the neo-Bab. pantheon, 147; epithets, 146, 222, 225, 227, 274; relationship to the other members of the triad, 147, 226; Bel (and Belit) decree fates, 150, 153, 538; Dagan = Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225; relationship to Zakar, 172; lord of Annunaki and Igigi, 186; husband of Ishtar, 205; confused with Dagan, 151, 154, 209; Ninib, first-born of Bel, 217; Sin, first-born of Bel, 219, 462; Nusku, messenger of, 221; temple at Ashur, 225; dwells in E-khar-sag-kurkura, 225; associated with Anu and Belit, 226-8; consort of Ishtar, 205; of Belit, 226; B. and Belit, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; lays foundations, 237 (cf. Ninib); associated with fire-god, 279, 286; Bel made lord of the earth by Marduk, 432; in the zodiacal system in conjunction with Nibir and Ea marks the three divisions of the year, 434-5; identified with north polar-star, 435, 460; Nisan, sacred to Anu and B., 462, 677; 2nd Elul, sacred to Anu and B., 463; Bel in 11th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 496; rivalry with Ea, 497, 507 ff.; god of Dur-an-ki, 539; on seal cylinders, 540; robbed of tablets of fate by Zu, 540; temple E-U-gal, 640; figurines of Bel, 674; Zagmuk, festival of, 678.

Bel-epush, Babylonian prince, votive object, 671.

Bel-Marduk, see Bel and Marduk.

Belili, deity, 417; in incantations, 417; sister of Tammuz, 575, 588; in Allatu's court, 588, 593; consort of Alallu, 589.

Belit, goddess, 51; place of cult, 55, 635; titles and their meanings, 55-6, 227; sanctuaries, 56; in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110; consort of En-lil, 111, 150, 151; consort of Ashur, 150, 226, 668; uses of "Belit," 151; Bel and Belit decree the fate, 150, 153; relationship to Zakar, 172; associated with Anu and Bel, 226-8; confusion in Ass. pantheon, 226-7; consort of Bel, 226; consort of Ea, 226-7, 231, 237; = Ishtar, 226-7; = Sarpanitum, wife of Bel-Marduk, 226, 684; E-mash-mash, her temple at Nineveh, 227; B. and Bel, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; brings fertility, 237; temple at Babylon (see Nin-khar-sag), 242; = Nin-lil, 635; figurines of, 674.

Belit of Akkad = Belit, 162, 176.

Belit-ekalli, in the Cassite pantheon, 162; consort of Ninib, l73; = Gula, 173, 176; meaning, 173.

Belit-ilani, consort of Ea, 226, 231, 237; B. and Ea, names of southern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; increases offspring, 237.

Belit mati = Belit of the land = Ishtar, 151, 206, 215; perhaps=Belit, 227.

Belit-seri, scribe of Allatu, 587.

Bel-sarbi, god, his temple at Daz, 242, 639; perhaps=Nergal, 242.

Bel-zir, a layman, offers a votive object, 671.

Berosus, source B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 412.

Birs Nimrud, explored, 9.

Bit-Khabban, town in Babylonia; its patron gods, 176.

Bit-Khabban, district of Babylonia, sacred to Sin, 163.

Blood, sanctity of, 661.

Boaz, name of column in Solomon's temple, 624.

Borsippa, explorations, 9; temple of Nabu, 121, 229, 241, 639; its situation, 124, 125; beloved city of Marduk, 126; temple of Ramman, 242; 3 sanctuaries of Gula, 242, 636 (E-ul-la), 641; zikkurat at B., 617, 619, 639; E-makhtila shrine in E-zida to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

Botta, P. E., excavations, 6.

Buddhism, doctrine of annihilation, 556-7.

Bulala, a foreign god, 644.

Bunene, in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162; in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169, 176; associated with Shamash and Malik, 176.

Bunene and Malik, attendants of Shamash, 177; consort of Malik, 177; associated with Shamash and Malkatu, 685.

Burial, see Dead.

Bur-Sin, repairs zikkurat and builds shrine in Nippur, 645.

Calah, capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651; temple of Nabu, 128, 228; temple of Belit mati, 151; temple of Ninib, 214; capital of Ashur-nasirbal, 215; sanctuary of Sin, 219; intellectual center, 651; worship of Ninib, 215, 684; palace of Sargon II., 687.

Calendar, fixed by Marduk, 434; importance of moon for c., 436, 461; agriculture and c., 462; growth and character, 465; adopted by Hebrews, 464, 681.

Cappadocian wedge writings, 20.

Cassites, dynasty, 40-1, 480; cult of Bel of Nippur, 146, 645; cult of Shamash, 144, 646; cult of Ramman, 158; cult of Shukamuna, 152, 162; cult of Nin-dim-su, Bakad, Pap-u, Belit-ekalli, Shumalia, 162, 172; attack upon Assyria, 199.

Chaldaean Wisdom, 362, 384, 403.

Chaos, attempts at picturing c., 411, 419; gods contemporaneous with the primeval c., 413.

Christianity, influenced by Ass.-Bab. religion, 698.

Claudius Ptolemaeus' astronomy, 5.

Commercial literature in syllabaries, 135.

Cosmology, 247, 407 ff.; the Tiamat episode, 140; two or more versions of creation, 141-2, 407-8; literary-religious character of, 247; rise and development of cosmological speculations, 249; distinction between popular and scholastic c., 249-50, 442-3; distinction as to contents and form, 250; historical kernel, 250; c. deities antecedent to the known gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 417; not creatio ex nihilo, but evolution of chaos to order, the keynote of c, 418, 442; similarities with Biblical account, 409, 433, 435, 451; creation of heaven, 435, 443; of sun, 435; of moon, 436; of earth, 443; of mankind, 443; second version, its similarities with and dissimilarities from the first version, 444 ff.; the gods of Nippur, Erech, Eridu, the original creators of the universe, Marduk a later introduction, 449-50; the mountain Mashu and the cosmological conceptions, 489; see Creation epic.

Court of the World, name of temple, 641.

Creation epic, purpose of, 409; similarity with the Biblical account, 409, 433; literary form, 409 ff.; a nature myth, 432-3; representation of sun, 461; see Cosmology.

Ctesias, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4.

Cult and worship, cf. Festivals and Rituals; organization, 115, 133, 234; gods in cult and in invocations, 238; revival of old c. in Neo-Bab. period, 242-3; tree-worship, 688-9; compounded of popular belief and theology, 689.

Cuneiform, see Wedge writing.

Cuthah, ancient center, 35; = Tell-Ibrahim, 65; cult and temple Nergal (see Laz), 65, 164, 218, 563, 583, 648, 667; a designation for the nether-world, 563, 570; synonymous with netherworld, 583.

Cuthaeans, 532.

Cyrus, captures Babylon, 4, 45; adopts Babylonian religion, 45, 650.

Dagan, god, 51; confusion with Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225; associated with Anu, 154, 209; chiefly in Assyria, 208; comparison with Dagon, 208; probably Aramaic origin, 208; god of earth, 209.

Damascius (or Damascenus), see Nicolas of Damascus.

Damascus, in Syria, cult of Ramman, 159.

Damkina, consort of Ea, 64, 143, 231; meaning of name, 143; relationship to Ea and Marduk, 143; in magical texts, 143; Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153; title Belit-ilani, 231; occasionally invoked in incantations, 276.

Damku, god, associated with Sharru-ilu and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232; meaning of name, 232; evidently a title, 232; perhaps foreign deity, 232; worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

Damu and Damu-gal, epithets of Gula, 166, 175.

Daniel, book of; bearing upon B.-A. religion, 2, 3; Daniel and Bab. religion, 3 (cf. 668); illustrative of Babylonian dream lore, 403; authentic description of dedication of statue, 669.

Dead, universal, 556; location and names of the gathering place of the dead, 557 ff. (cf. Netherworld); All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682; under the special protection of the gods, 183, 558, 552, 592; furnish oracles to the living, 559, 560, 582, 657; deification of dead, 561, 582; condition of dead, 563 ff.; purified, 578, 602; can hear lamentations, 575, 577; cannot be brought back from Aralu, 576, 582; suffer hunger, 598-9; tombs and burial, 595 ff.

Death and burial, life after death, 512, 514, 556 ff.; cave burial, 557; pyramid burial, 557.

Deborah, song of, among the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

Deification (Parnapishtim and Etana), 470, 527; of dead, 561, 582; of Gudea and Dungi, 167, 470, 561; of Gimil-Sin, 561; of Gilgamesh, 282, 284, 470, 561.

Delila, parallelism with Ishtar, 516.

Delitzsch, Friedrich, Sumerian question, 22; see Preface.

della Valle, Pietro, traveler, 15.

Deluge, in Gilgamesh epic and O. T., 495; place of origin of deluge, 498; embodying two distinct traditions, 502, 506; points of contact with Biblical narrative, 506 ff.; antiquity of the tradition, 508.

Demons, see also Animism and Spirits; chief demon, 57, 497; in incantations, 287; how exorcised, 330; when not to be exorcised, 378; messenger of god, 378; Targul-le, in the deluge story let loose by Dibbarra, 500; the Utukku, 260 (cf. 511); the Ekimmu, 260 (cf. 512); authors of evil and disease, 183, 593, 306, 692.

Der, center of worship of Nina, 88; city of Anu, 88, 155.

de Sacy, Silvestre, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

de Sarzec, Ernest, explorer, 11.

Dibbarra, in Ass. pantheon, 189; plague-god, 232, 505, 528; a spirit, 232; identified with Nergal, 232, 528-9, 594; minor god, 234; in the deluge story, 500 (cf. 505); solar deity, 528; god of war, "the warrior," 528-9; attendant of Nergal, 529, 588; attended by Ishum, 529; D.'s attack upon Babylon, 530-1; D.'s attack upon Uruk, 531; general war among mankind, 531 ff.; Dibbarra enraged and appeased, 535; identified with Girra, 588.

Dibbarra epic, see Dibbarra, 232, 528 ff.; recalls the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

Dilbat, city in Babylonia; temple of Ninib, 242; zikkurat E-gubba-an-ki, 639.

Dilmun, island, 125.

Diodorus, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 399, 435.

Dirges, sung by priests and priestesses, 604, 658; by priestesses, 660.

Divine names, variety of names of individual divinities and local uses thereof, 73; transference of name and its meaning, 118, 140-1; in proper names, 165-6, 169; obscurity of, 233.

Djumdjuma, 10.

Dogma, establishment of, 115, 133, 247, 690 ff.

Dreams, importance of, 322-3; on par with oracles, 350, 479; treated as omens, 350, 403 ff.; in the Gilgamesh epic, 481, 486, 497.

Du'ar, Da'ur, cosmological deity, 417.

Du-azagga, council chamber of the gods, 629; = Apsu, 630; place where the sun rises, 630.

Dumu-zi, god; his double aspect, 96-7; worship at Lagash, 635.

Dumuzi-zu-aba, god, 51; interpretation of name, 96; functions and character, 96; places of worship, 96; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

Dungi, of Ur, builds temple of Nergal at Cuthah, 65; builds temple of Nana in Uruk, 81; builds temple to Nin-Mar, 100; deified, 167, 470, 561.

Dun-shagga, 51; son of Nin-girsu, 91; meaning of name, 94; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

Dur-an-ki, name of a temple tower in Nippur, 539.

Dur-ilu, Ass. city near Elamitic frontier; cult of Kadi, 232.

Dur-Kurigalzu, temple of Bel, 146.

Dur-padda, a fort sacred to Ramman, 158.

Dur-zakar, sanctuary of Belit, 56.

Du'zu, see Tammuz.

Ea, god, 51; functions, 62, 78, 230; epithets, 62, 142, 173, 230; associations and relations with Bel, 62; king of Eridu, 62-3, 275; sanctuary in Girsu, 61; god of the water, 63, 147, 237, 275, 430, 699; explanation of name, 64; identification with Nin-a-gal and other deities, 64; member of the great triad, 107, 148, 207, 230, 677; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 111; survival of his cult, 123-4, 136; change of position since Hammurabi, 136; non-mention in historical texts, 136; prominence in religious texts, 136; Ea and Marduk in incantation texts, 139-40; transfers his name to Marduk, 118, 141, 439; god of humanity par excellence, 141 (cf. 264, 275, 297, 437, 441, 462, 497); formed of clay, 142; Ea in the deluge story, 142, 497, 504; Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153; god of fine arts, 177; fighting Tiamat, 197, 422; Ninib, first-born of Ea, 217; shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241; Belit, consort of, 226, 231, 237; Nabu, son of, 229; in the Ass. pantheon, 230; sanctuary at Ashur, 230; titles emphasizing his skill, 230; house of wisdom, 522; similarity and difference between Ea and Nabu, 230-1; Ea and Belitilani, names of southern gates of Sargon's palace, 237; unlocks fountains, 237; shrine in E-Zida, 241; prominent in incantations, 137, 256, 275; the spirits hostile to, 264 (cf. 141); as a healer, 275; overcomes eclipse of moon, 276; associated with fire-god, 279, 286; in the Shurpu series, 288; conquers Tiamat, 422; in the zodiac in conjunction with Nibir and Bel, 434-5; identified with some star in southern heaven, 435, 460; Iyar, his sacred month, 462, 677; Ea in the 11th tablet of the Gilgamesh epic, 496; rivalry with Bel, 497, 507 ff.; Persian Gulf, sacred to Ea, 498, 545; father of Adapa, 545; Ea in Ishtar's descent, 571; Ea's sanctuary E-karzaginna, 636.

Eabani, created by Aruru, 448, 474; E. and Ishtar, 484, 486; parallelism betw. Adam and E., 511; E.'s spirit conjured up by Nergal, 511 ff., 560, 565.

E-adda, temple of Anu, 53, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-an-dadia, name of zikkurat at Agade, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-anna, temple of Ninni in Girsu, 80; temple of Nana or Ishtar in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 331, 639, 648; meaning of name, 639.

Eannatum, burial costumes, 597.

E-babbara, name of the temples of Shamash in Larsa and Sippar, 70, 628, 640; worship of Shamash, Malik, Bunene in E. at Sippar, 176, 628; meaning of name, 640; history of Ebabbara in Sippar, 646 ff.; with shrine of Anunit, 646; history of Ebabbara in Larsa, 647.

Ecbatana, concentric walls, 618.

Ecclesiastes, unsatisfactory ending like 12th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 513.

Eclipses, e. of moon removed by Ea, 276; cause of e., 264, 276, 280; calculation of time of occurrence of e., 357; indication of omens the ulterior motive of observations of, 357, 368; omens gathered from observation of e. in the "Illumination of Bel" series, 364 ff.; eclipses portend public disaster, 366, 369; importance of omens deduced from observations of e., 368; e. of sun called the "way of Anu," 457.

Eden, Garden of, legendary, 2; identical with the confluence of streams, 506.

Edessa, gnostic center, 699.

E-dim-anna, chapel of Sin in E-Zida, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-dingiranagin, see E-anna-tuma.

E-ditar-kalama, sanctuary of Shamash in Babylon, 242, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-dur-an-ki, zikkurat at Larsa, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-dur-gi-na, temple of Belsarbi, 242, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-edinna, temple of Shamash's consort, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-esh-gi, shrine of Nin-girsu at Lagash, 640.

E-gal-makh, temple in Ur, 639.

E-gish-shir-gal, temple of Sin at Ur, 76, 241, 295, 640, 647; meaning of name, 640.

E-gi-umunna, a sanctuary, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-gubba-an-ki, zikkurat at Dilbat, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-igi-e-nir-kidur-makh, temple to Ninni at Kish, 639; meaning of name, 639.

Ekallate, name of city in Assyria, cult of Ramman and Shala, 212.

E-karzaginna, sanctuary of Ea in E-Sagila, 636.

E-kharsag, temple in Ur, 638.

E-kharsag-ella, temple of Gula in Babylon, meaning of name, 638.

E-kharsag-kalama, name of temple, 638; E-kur-makh, 638.

E-kharsag-kurkura, dwelling of Bel, 225; temple in Assyria, 615; meaning of name, 638.

E-khulkhul, temple of Sin in Harran, 76, 241, 641, 647; meaning of name, 641.

E-ki-dur-garza, temple to Nin-lil-anna in Babylon, 640; meaning of name, 640.

Ekimmu, a class of spirits, 260 (cf. 512, 581, 602).

E-kua, papakhu of Marduk in E-Sagila, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-kur, temple of Bel, 11, 37, 51, 54, 69, 151, 642, 644; meaning of E-kur, 173, 217, 614, 638; = Eshara, 217; history of the temple, 644 ff.; = Kharsag(-gal)-kurkura, 558; lofty dwelling of gods, 541; designation for the nether-world, 558; = temple, 558, 614 (cf. 622); = earth, 614; in plural = divinities, 615.

E-kur-makh, name of temple, 638; = E-kharsag-kalama, 638.

Elali, in proper names of the 2nd Bab. period, 170; epithet of Gibil, 170.

Elam, 35; Elamites invade Babylonia, 38, 480; capture Nana's statue, 85; Elamitic deities: Eria, 122, 162; Kadi, 188, 232, 234.

El-Amarna, tablets of, containing the Adapa legend, 544; contains legend of Nergal conquering and wedding Allatu, 584-5.

Elul, see Ululu.

E-makh, chapel to Nin-kharsag, 639.

E-makh-tila, shrine to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

E-mash-mash, temple of Ishtar, 152; of Belit, 227.

E-me-te-ur-sagga, temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640; meaning of name, 640.

En-anna-tuma, patesi of Lagash, constructs storehouse to Nin-girsu, 58.

En-anna-tuma II., 2nd dynasty of Ur, devotee of Nin-gal, 98.

E-nin-makh, chapel of Ishtar in Babylon, 242, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-ninnu, temple of Nin-girsu, 57, 87, 635, 640.

En-ki, see Ea.

En-lil, see Bel.

En-meshara, attendant of Allatu, god of vegetation, 588; festival of E. in the 10th month, 588.

Ennanna = Ninni, 51.

En-ninna, a minor deity in the Etana legend, 521.

En-nugi, leader of the gods, 495.

En-temena, patesi of Lagash, 56; constructs storehouse to Nin-girsu, 58.

En-tena, see En-temena (better reading).

E-nun-makh, temple of Sin at Ur, 295, 640; meaning of name, 640.

Enshar, cosmological deity, 417.

En-zu, see Sin.

E-pa, zikkurat at Lagash, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-pad-kalama-suma, sanctuary of Nabu in Babylonia, 640; meaning of name, 640.

Epics and legends, literary-religious character of, 247; historical spirit of, 250; nature myths, 250.

Erech = Warka = Uruk; see Uruk.

Eresh-Kigal = Allatu, 584.

Eria, Elamitic goddess, possibly identical with Erua, 122, 162.

Eridu, ancient center, 35, 245, 445; sanctuary of Ea, 62, 124, 445; lost her political prestige, 136; cult of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186; prominent in incantations, 256.

Erua, the "begetting" goddess, 123; amalgamation with Sarpanitum, 122-3, 130; dwelling in E-Zida, 123; consort of Nabu, 123; possibly identical with Eria, 122; water deity, 123; cult suppressed by Hammurabi, 130; place of worship, 130.

E-Sagila, temple of Marduk in Babylon, 121, 636; with a shrine of Sarpanitum, 121, 241, 636, 641; with shrine of Nusku, 220, 241; with shrine of Nabu, 127, 220, 636; with shrine of Ea, 220, 241; with shrine of Tashmitum, 220, 241; with shrine of Nin-kharsag, 639; sanctuary E-karzaginna of Ea, 636; meaning of name, 639; with papakhu of Marduk, 640; takes the place of E-kur, 645; history of E-Sagila, 648 ff.; place of installation of rulers, 649; influence of E-Sagila and E-Zida, 649.

E-Sagila, temple of Ea, 446.

E-salgisa, temple in Girsu, 641; meaning of name, 641.

Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, 200; restores temple of Nana-Ishtar at Erech, 85, 206; his pantheon, 238; restores Ekur, 645; Shamash cult in Sippar, 646.

Eschatological literature, gods and demons in e., 183.

E-shara, meaning, 173, 175, 198; offsprings of, 174; bride of E., 173, 175; built by Anshar, 198; built by Marduk, 198, 431 = Ekur, 217; placed by Marduk under control of Bel, 432.

E-shid-lam, temple of Nergal and Laz at Cuthah, 65, 648, 667.

Etana, legendary personage, 468, 505, 519 ff.; dwells in the netherworld, 511, 520, 523, 527, 590; E.'s patron, Shamash, 520; name occurs in O. T., 519; traditions among other nations, 519-21; E. and Ganymede, 523; deified, 527, 590; god of vegetation, 590.

E-temen-an-ki, zikkurat to Marduk at Babylon, 619, 639; meaning of name, 639.

Ethics, B.-A. religion, 291, 312, 692; belong to advanced period, 292, 304-5; in prayers, 298-9; gods whose nature create e. notions, 306, 692; in penitential psalms, 312 ff.; private morality, 694 ff.

E-tila, name of a temple, and meaning of name, 641.

E-tur-kalama, temple of Ishtar, 311.

E-u-gal, temple to En-lil, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-ulla, temple to Gula in Sippar, 641; meaning of name, 641.

E-ul-mash, temple of Nana in Agade, 82.

Euphrates, stream of Garden of Eden, 2 (cf. 506); E. valley, central habitation of mankind, 2; old settlements of Hebrews, 2; course of, 27; comparison with Tigris, 30; one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506 (cf. 2).

E-ur-imin-an-ki, zikkurat at Babylon, 619.

Eusebius, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 5.

Eve, parallelism with Ukhat, 511.

Excavations, 6-15.

Exorcism, see Incantations.

E-Zida, temple of Nabu at Borsippa, 121, 229, 241, 639; with shrine of Erua, 123; with shrine of Sarpanitum, 241; with shrine of Tashmitum, 241; with shrine of Nusku, 241; with shrine of Ea, 241; with shrine of Sin, 639; history of E-Zida, 648 ff.; influence of E-Zida and E-Sagila, 649.

E-Zida, shrine of Nabu in E-Sagila, 127, 220, 229, 636.

Family, systematization of O. B. pantheon according to Davis, 109.

Fast days, special occasions, 688.

Fate tablets, tablets of fate in the hands of Bel, 538 (cf. 150, 153); in the Tiamat story, 420, 428, 538; robbed by Zu, 540; compared with the tablets of wisdom, 585.

Festivals, zag-muk, 59, 127, 631, 677, 678; significance of every day, 675; special significance of special days, 675, 677, 680-1, 683-5; words for f. in Assyrian, 676, 687; each month sacred to a deity, 462-3, 676, 683-4; festivals and months sacred to divinities not always corresponding, 687; special festivals, 687-8; the puru ceremony, 688; fast days and rites, 688.

Fire, see Water (cf. Gibil-Nusku in incantations, 277); means of purification, 276, 279; belongs to all three divisions of the universe, 286.

Foreign gods in B.-A. religion (see also Cassites), 142, 644; Adad = Ramman, 156; Kadi, 188, 232, 234; Damku, 232; Eria, 122, 162 (Elamitic).

Fresnel, Fulgente, expedition, 8.

Gaga, Assyrian pantheon, 188; minor god, 234; Anshar's messenger to Tiamat, 423; a foreign deity, 238, 644.

Gal-alim, 51; center of worship, 91; son of Nin-girsu, 91; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

Gamlat, in Ass. pantheon, 188.

Ganymede and Etana, 523.

Ga-tum-dug, goddess, 51; similar to Bau, 61; worship at Lagash, 61, 635; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

Gate of Widespread Splendor, seat of Sarpanitum in E-Sagila, 121, 241, 636, 641.

Gegunu, epithet of Aralu, 563.

Genealogical systematization of Old Bab. pantheon according to Amiaud, 109.

Genesis, see Cosmology.

Gibil, fire-god, E-la-li, perhaps an epithet, 170; in Ass. pantheon, 189; amalgamated with Nusku, 220, 227; in incantations, 273, 277; older than Nusku, 277; epithets, 277, 280; a mythological conception, 277, 279; G.-Nusku, god of civilization, 278; medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279; associated with Anu, 277; associated with Bel and Ea, 279; associated with Nin-gish-zida, 463; identified with Nergal, 594.

Gil, attendant of Nergal and Allatu, 588; god of foliage, 588.

Gilgamesh, hero of the Bab. epic, 83, 468 ff.; in incantations, 282, 284, 470; mythological explanation of, 282, 486-7; with omens, 387; solar deity, 470-1, 515; king of the earth, 471; born in Marada, 473; conquers Uruk, 473, 513; created by Aruru, 473-4; Shamash (see Lugal-Marada), his patron, 471, 479; love affair with Ishtar, 481 ff.; Lugal-Marada, his patron (see Shamash), 486; conquers Khumbaba, 480, 514; G.'s contest with the bull, 486, 514, 537; contest with lion, 488, 514; Gilgamesh half divine, half human, 490, 514; G. and Sabitum, 490-1; G. and Parnapishtim, 492 ff.; points of contact with O. T., 495, 515-6; G. and Eabani, 510, 565; seeking immortality and the secret of life after death, 513; parallelism with Samson, 516; parallelism with Hercules, 516; Gilgamesh and Alexander the Great, 469, 516; G. in Aelian, 469, 524; G.'s grandfather Sokkaros, 524.

Gimil-Sin, deified, 561; temple at Lagash, 561.

Gim-nun-ta-ud-du-a, son of Bau, 103; explanation of name, 103; probable functions, 103.

Gin-shul-pa-uddu, wife of Gudea, 99.

Girra, attendant of Nergal and Allatu, 588; identified with Dibbarra, 588; a form of Nergal in later texts, 589.

Girsu, see Lagash.

Gish-galla (?), quarter of Lagash, 57; temple of Ninni, 80.

Gish-zida, identical with solar deity Nin-gish-zida, 547; G. and Tammuz, doorkeepers of heaven, 546; 5th month sacred to G., 547; intercedes for Adapa with Anu, 548-9.

Gnosticism, influenced by B.-A. religion, 698.

Great Place, name of temple, 641.

Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, decipherment of wedge writing, 16.

Gudea statues, 57, 652; his pantheon, 106 ff., 635; number of deities indicative of the extent of his sovereignty, 106; principle of order, 107; gods common to Gudea's and Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110; deified, 167, 470, 561; his zikkurat, 615, 619; builder of temples, 642; imports diorite from Sinai peninsula, 627, 651; Gudea's apsu, 653; Gudea's ship for Ningirsu, 654; G.'s votive objects and inscription, 57, 668-9, 672.

Gula, identified with Bau, 60; associated with Ninib, 105 (cf. 576); goddess of healing, 105, 166, 175, 282 (cf. 576, 683); in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162, 175; epithets, 166, 173, 175, 576; goddess of nether-world, 174-5; position intermediate betw. gods of the living and gods of the dead, 175 (cf. 576); creator of mankind, 175; her sanctuary erected by Ashurnasirbal, 218; her festival celebrated by Ashurbanabal, 218, 683; = Nin-Karrak, 242; temple at Babylon (see Nin-Karrak), 242, 638; three sanctuaries at Borsippa, 242, 636 (E-ulla), 641; in incantations, 273, 282; 12th day of Iyar sacred to G., 683.

Gurmu, son of Bau, 103.

Gushgin-banda, 171; "brilliant chief," patron of metal-workers, 178.

Halevy, J., Sumerian question, 22-4.

Hallabi, city near Sippar, temple of Ninni, 117, 144.

Hamath, city in N. Syria, 578.

Hammurabi, king of Babylon, secures the hegemony in Babylonia, 116, 532; Marduk, the chief of his pantheon, 117; builds temples, 642; builds temple to Ninni at Hallabi, 117; builds E-Zida, 121; ignores cult of Nabu, 128; suppresses cult of Erua, 130; care of temple of Shamash at Larsa, 143-4; Shamash cult, 117, 143-4; at Sippar, 117, 143; at Larsa, 143; Ninni cult at Hallabi, 144-5; "proclaimer of Anu and Bel," 146-7; beloved shepherd of Belit, 150; list of names of gods in H.'s pantheon, 161-2; "The Akkadian," 532; H.'s character as a Messiah, 533; = Amraphel, 534.

Harran, city in Mesopotamia, sacred to Sin, 76, 241, 641, 647; its importance and political decline, 77; meaning of its name, 78; associations with Ur, 77; enjoys the patronage of Sargon II., 77; temple of Sin, 76, 241, 641; patronized by Nabonnedos, 77, 242.

Haynes, John H., excavations, 11.

Heart of Shamash, name of a temple, 641.

Hebrews, see Old Testament.

Hercules, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 516.

Herodotus, source for B.-A. religion, 1; history of Assyria, 3; history of Persia, 4; notices on B.-A. religion, 4; notices on Ishtar cult in Erech, 485.

Hillah, village, site of, 8.

Historical texts, value as source for religion, 51, 166, 246, 661; pantheon in h. t. compared with that in incantation texts, 297; source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661.

Hittites, eagle standard among the H., 527; influence on Assyrian architecture, 627.

Hommel, Fritz, Sumerian question, 21.

Homoroka = Marduk, 5.

House Full of Joy, name of temple, 641.

House of Fifty, see E-ninnu.

House of Great Splendor, name of temple, 641.

House of Hearkening to Prayers, name of temple, 641.

House of Light, name of temple, 641.

House of the Brilliant Precinct, name of temple, 641.

House of the Seven Divisions of Heaven and Earth, name of zikkurat at Borsippa, 639.

House of the Seven Zones, name of zikkurat at Uruk, 639.

House Without Rival, name of temple, 641.

Hymns and prayers, division of religious literature, 247, 293; where composed, 248; in connection with incantations, 293, 301; h. to Shamash, 300 ff.; to Sin, 303-4; dialogue style of composition, 305; to Nebo, 306; no difference in thought betw. h. and incantation, 301, 307; illustrating relationship betw. man and gods, 309; deity as person of dialogue in, 310; see also Prayers.

Iamblichus, source of B.-A. religion, 399.

Idiklat = Tigris, 28.

Igi-dug-ga, title of Ea, 230.

Igigi, explanation of name, 185; number of, and explanation, 185; spirits of heaven, 185, 200; gods in whose service the I. are, 186; their character, 186; associated with Anunnaki, 186, 593; altar of I. and Anunnaki, 186; chiefs of Eridu, 186; Ashur, king of, 200; Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593; associated with the great triad, 236.

Ilabrat, minor god, in the Adapa legend, 546.

Illumination of Bel, name of an omen series, 363.

Im = Ramman, 156.

Immeru = Ramman, 157.

Immortality, see Dead.

Im-pa-ud-du, son of Bau, 103; explanation of name, 103; function, 103.

Incantations, see also Magical Texts; in therapeutics, 246; means and methods of, 270-3; gods invoked in, 273; sacred objects invoked, 274; gods in incantations par excellence, 275; the fire-god in, 277; favorite time of, 280-1; i. services, 281, 283 ff.; principle of sympathetic magic, 284; mixed with ethical conceptions, 292; in connection with prayers, 293, 301; the oldest fixed ritual, 294; no line of demarcation betw. prayers and i., 297, 307; points in common with and differences from penitential psalms, 312; the natural expression of popular beliefs, 326; demons exorcised by i., 330; connecting link betw. omens and i., 352.

Inmarmaru, city in Dibbarra epic, 533.

Invocations, 165; in records of the 2nd Bab. period, 167; combined invocations, 235; where found, 235, 245; motive and manner of, 236 ff.; Tiglathpileser I., 236; Ramman-nirari I., 237; Ashurnasirbal, 237; Shalmaneser II., 237; Sargon II., 237; Sennacherib, 238; Esarhaddon, 238; Ashurbanabal, 238; gods in invocation and in actual worship, 238.

Irkalla, a designation of the netherworld, 563, 566; name of the consort of the queen of Aralu, 563, 591; identified with Nergal, 592.

Isaiah, prophet, 2.

Ish-gu-tur, temple of Nin-Mar in Mar, 100.

Ishi-milku, a foreign deity, 644.

Ishme-Dagan, king of Assyria, evidence of age of Dagan cult, 208.

Ishtar, goddess Nana, 82, 85, 202, 311, 643; absorbs other deities, 82; epithets, 83, 151-2, 204, 237; functions in B.-A., 83, 459; functions in A., 83-5; in Gilgamesh epic, 84-5, 482, 501, 563-4; zodiacal interpr., 82-4, 310-1; relationship to Sin, 79, 84, 163, 565, 571; relationship to Anu, 84-5, 566; significance of these relationships, 85; variants, 82, 85, 202, 242; temple at Agade, 117, 242; temple at Calah, 151; temple E-mash-mash, 152, 205, 227; relationship to Sin and Shamash, 163, 571; goddess of war, 83, 164, 204; during Cassite and Nebuchadnezzar's I. reign, 164, 645; variants of Assyrian Ishtar, 202; mighty over the Anunnaki, 204; milder nature in religious texts, 205; mother of mankind, 204-5, 237; relationship to her devotees, 205; temple Kidmuru, 202; temples at Arbela, Nineveh, and Ashur, 205; I. of Nineveh and I. of Arbela distinguished, 205; Ab her sacred month, 205, 462, 685; wife of Bel, 205; Belit of the land (151, 206), 215, = Belit, 226; temple in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639; worship in Uruk, 103, 242, 472, 475, 531 (see Nana); wife of Ashur, 227; associated with the great triad, 236; Ishtar and Anu, names of west. gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; causes the inhabitants to flourish, 237 (cf. 204); temple at Babylon, 242 (cf. Ninmakh), 640; in incantations, 273; in hymns, 310; temple E-tur-kalama, 311; in a penitential psalm, 318; prominence of cult of I. under Ashurnasirbal and before, 325, 342; in oracles and omens, 343-4; = Venus as name of planet, 370, 458-9, 571; importance of Ishtar-Venus in omen literature, 371-2; I. appears in a dream to the king, 374; personification of fertility, 459, 462, 482, 563, 587; causes decline, 483, 563; 10th month sacred to I., Papsukal, and Anu, 463; the Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati of I. in Uruk, 475, 485, 660; relationship to Tammuz, 84, 482, 484, 547, 564, 574; Ishtar's love fatal to her lovers, 482, 516; I. and Eabani, 484, 486; in the deluge, 501, 503-4; parallelism with Delila, 516; I. in the lower world, 564; the 6th month "the mission of Ishtar," 564, 684; festival celebrated in Ab, 685; correlated to Allatu, 587; I. cult under Ashurbanabal, 85, 206, 238, 648; cult under Nebuchadnezzar II., 648; figurines of, 674.

Ishtaritu, general designation of Ishtar priestess, 660.

Ishum, god, 51; identity with Pa-sag, 101; in proper names of, 2nd Bab. period, 169; messenger of Nusku, 280; solar deity, 528; local deity, 528; attendant of Dibbarra, 529, 594; describes Dibbarra's deeds, 530 ff.; his wars, 533 ff.; associated with Sibi, 533; "the warrior," 533; associated with Nergal, 594.

Isin, ancient center, 35; kings, 37; Isin dynasty as "builders" of temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

Iskenderun, bay of, 122.

Iyar, see Airu.

Izdubar = Gilgamesh.

Jezreel plain, cult of Ramman, 159.

Job, book of, unsatisfactory ending like 12th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 513.

Josephus, historical references to B.-A., 5.

Judges = priests, 625, 658.

Judith, book of, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3.

Jupiter = Marduk, name of planet, 370, 434, 458-9, 676-7; see Marduk.

Kaaba, at Mecca, 624.

Kabru, epithet for Aralu, 563.

Kadashman-Turgu, Cassite king, votive tablet, 671.

Kadi, in Ass. pantheon, 188; Elamitic god, 232; worshipped in Dur-ilu, 232; minor god, 234.

Kadishtu, general designation of Ishtar priestess, 660.

Kalah-Shergat, excavations, 10; site of city of Ashur, 198.

Kallat-Eshara, epithet of Gula, 173.

Kanishurra, a foreign god, 644.

Kara-indash, king of Babylon, restores Shamash temple at Larsa, 144

Kar-nuna-ta-uddua, ship of Ningirsu, 654; meaning of name, 654.

Karun, one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506.

Katnu, a foreign god, 644.

Kercha, one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506.

Khadir = Parnapishtim, 515.

Khani, tribe hostile to Babylon, 152.

Khani, god, in Ass. pantheon, 188; a form of Nebo, 188; minor god, 234; a foreign deity, 644.

Kharimati, sacred harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

Kharsag(-gal)-kurkura, "the (great) mountain of the earth," 558; native place of the gods, 558, 614; = Ekur, 558.

Khashur, mountain destroyed by Ishum, 533.

Khasis-Adra, see Adra-khasis, 505.

Khi-gir-nun-na, son of Bau, 103.

Khi-khi, mountain attacked by Ishum, 533.

Khiraitum, a foreign deity, 644.

Khi-shaga, a son of Bau, 103.

Khorsabad, unearthed, 6, 8; capital of Assyria, 193; sanctuary of Sin, 219; palace of Sargon, 225; names of its gates and walls, 237; sanctuary of Nin-Gal, 231; zikkurat at K., 617.

Khumbaba attacks Uruk, 480; conquered by Gilgamesh, 514.

Khusha, god of the 2nd Bab. period, 168.

Kidin-Marduk, father of Parnapishtim, 488, 496.

Kidmuru temple of Ishtar in Nineveh, 202.

Kigallu, a designation of the netherworld, 562.

Kilili, a foreign deity, 644.

Kingship, differentiation of kingly and priestly functions late, 374; traces of direct relationship betw. gods and king, 374-5.

Kingu, consort of Tiamat, 420; symbol of chaos, 538; deprived of the tablets of fate by Marduk, 428.

Kinunira, city on the Euphrates (?), sanctuary of Dumuzi-zu-aba, 96.

Kish, city in Babylonia, 54; temple of Zamama, 169; temple of Ninni, 639.

Kishar, god, K. and Anshar created, 197, 410; K. and Anshar intermediate betw. the monsters and the gods in creation, 414, 416-7; creation of theologians, 416; Anshar and Kishar in the creation epic and their meaning, 418.

Kishar-gal, cosmological deity, 417.

Kishshat, a foreign god, 644.

Kislev, 9th month, sacred to Nergal, 463.

Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati, the harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

Koyunjik, mound, unearthed, 7, 9.

Ku(?)-anna, 51; place of worship, 102; functions, 102; consort of Ramman (?), 102.

Kudur-mabuk, 2d dynasty of Ur, "builder" of temple of Sin in Ur, 76, 295; of temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

Kumari, city in Babylonia, temple of Ramman, 242.

Kurigalzu, Cassite, king of Babylon, cult of Bel of Nippur, 147, 645.

Kutu, see Cuthah.

Lagamal, a foreign god, 644.

Lagash, governors, 36; temple of Anu, 53, 640; temple of Belit, 56; temple of Bau, 635; quarters of, 56-7; temple of Ningirsu-Ninib, 57, 87, 635, 640; center of worship of Ninni, 80; ancient center, 35, 245; temple of Dumu-zi-zu-aba, 96; Dumuzi, temple of Ninmar, 635; temple of Nin-gish-zida, 99, 635; temple of Nina, 635; temple of Ku(?)-an-na, 152; temple of Gimil-Sin, 561; shrine of Nin-girsu, 640; zikkurat of Nin-girsu, 619, 635, 639; temple of E-salgisa, 641; temple of Nin-si-a, 635; temple of Shabra, 635; temple of Nin-sun, 635; temple of Nin-tu, 635; votive objects, 673.

Lakhamu, L. and Lakhmu cosmological, 197, 410, 417; a monster, 414, 418; in incantations, 417; in Allatu's court, 593.

Larsa, ancient center, 35; rulers, 37-8; dynasty, 39; center of worship of Shamash, 69, 143-4, 241, 628, 640, 646; zikkurats at L., 617, 639.

Lasimu, a foreign god, 644.

Layard, Austen Henry, excavations, 7.

Laz, consort of Nergal, 219, 243; not mentioned in Ass. texts, 219; not mentioned in religious texts, 583.

Lebanon, cedar forests, 626.

Legal literature, see also Literature; source for study of religion, 166; religious character of, 245.

Libations, 664, 666; in Old Testament and in A.-B., 665.

Libit-Ishtar, 2d dynasty of Ur, builds temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

Life of the World, name of temple, 641.

Light of Shamash, name of temple, 641.

Lists of gods, 213, 216; character of, 233; prepared on the basis of religious texts, 233.

Literature, Ashurbanabal's library, 132; syllabaries, 135; religious l., 12, 13, 213, 216, 233, 245, 247, 690-1; temple records, 165; legal documents, 165-6; connection betw. religion and literature, 245, 691; historical texts, 246; uncertain demarcation betw. religious and secular l., 247; epics, see Gilgamesh, Eabani, Adapa; compound of popular belief and of theology, 689.

Local cults, origin of, 49; confusion with nature cult, 49-50; growth of, 49; policy of preservation of local cults by foreign conquerors, 69-70, 106, 111; confusion of (female) local cults, 80; prominence given to local gods as compared with others, 111; local cult features and general cult features compared, 110; survival of local cults, 113; factors obscuring local cults, 113-5; political factors, 113; popular factors, 114; theological factors, 114; absorption, 114, 168, 171; number of, 170, 234, 274; in lists, 233; of the Ass. pantheon, 234; importance diminishes, 235.

Loftus, William K., excavations, 9.

Lofty and Brilliant Wall, name of temple, 641.

Lot, bears more resemblance to Parnapishtim than Noah, 507.

Lugal-banda, god, 51; temple at Uruk, 95; local character, 95; identification with Nergal, 95; signification of name, 95.

Lugal-edinna, epithet of Nergal, 172, 280.

Lugal-erima (?), god, 51; his local character, 97; interpretation of name, 97.

Lugal-gira, epithet of Nergal, 172, 280.

Lugal-ki-mu-na, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

Lugal-Marada, god, temple at Marad, 242; a solar deity, 473; patron of Gilgamesh, identical with Shamash, 486.

Lugal-mit-tu, in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162; wall of L., 172; meaning of name, 172.

Lugal-zaggisi, old Babylonian king of Uruk, 101; his pantheon and its age, 110, 636; gods common to Lugal-zaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; priest of Anu, 110.

Lulubite, name of people, 532.

Lunar cycle and sun calendar, 78.

Ma-an-ish-tu-su, servitor of A, 74.

Magarida, a foreign god, 644.

Magganubba, city in n.-e. Assyria, sanctuary of Sin, 219; restored by Sargon II., 232; cult of Damku, Sharru-ilu, Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232.

Magical texts, subdivision of religious literature, 247; practical purposes, 246, 255; beginning of rituals, 247, 253-4, 269; number of, 247; comparative age of, 253, 256; primitive popular thought, 254, 292; method of composition, 254; titles of, 254-5; incantation rituals and their growth, 255, 283 ff.; Ea and Eridu prominent in, 256; compiled character, 256-7; date of composition, 257; bilingual redaction, 258; metrical traits, 259; source of study of popular beliefs, 259; occurrence of Gibil evidence of ancient age of, 277; pantheon in m. t. compared with that in historical texts, 297.

Mahmal, tabernacle, compared with the Bab. ship for the gods, 655.

Makhir, god of dreams, 323, 402.

Maklu series, 286 ff., 302.

Ma-ku-a, name of Marduk's ship, 655.

Malik, god, in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162, 176; associated with Shamash and Bunene, 176; in proper names of the time of Hammurabi, 176; often used as epithet of Shamash, 176; meaning of name, 176; Malik and Bunene, attendants of Shamash, 177; consort of Bunene, 177.

Malkatu = A.

Malku, name of canal, 655; name of Naru's ship, 655.

Ma-ma, variant for Gula, 105.

Mammitu, goddess; M. and Anunnaki determine death and life, 493.

Mamu, a form of Gula in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

Mandacan, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.

Mar, district in southern Babylonia, sacred to Nin-Mar, 100; temple Ish-gu-tur of Nin-Mar, 100.

Marad, city in Babylonia, temple of Lugal-Marada, 242; native place of Gilgamesh, 473.

Marcheshwan, see Arakh-shamnu.

Marduk, 2d Bab. period, deity of Babylon, 54, 96; child par excellence of Ea, 96, 548; prominence of his cult since Hammurabi, 116, 134-5, 690-1; his titles, 118, 126, 239, 240, 276, 500, 576, 630; identification with Bel and Ea, 118; solar deity, 118, 119, 528, 576, 690; his warlike traits, 119; in religious texts, 120; temples in Babylon (E-Sagila) and Borsippa, 121, 241, 636, 639; his papakhu, 640; his consort, 121-4, 228; statue brought from Nineveh to E-Sagila, 684; his statue recovered by Agum, 122, 152, 670, 687; lord of E-Sagila and E-Zida, 126; New Year's Day his festival, 127, 631, 678, 681; mediator betw. Ea and mankind, 139, 276; Marduk and Ea in incantation texts, 139-40; conquers Tiamat, 140, 197, 408, 422; rivaled by Ramman, 158; during the Cassite period, 162; called Sag-ila, 169; lord of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 239; absorbs the role of other gods, 190, 409; builds Eshara, 198; blended with Bel, 54, 145-6, 148, 222, 542; Bel's titles applied to, 222, 409, 542, 635; position in the Assyrian pantheon, 224-5, 239; associated with Ashur, 224; associated with Ashur, Shamash, and Ramman, 224; second to Ashur, 239; prominence of his cult in the neo-B. period, 239-40; rivaled by Nabu in the pantheon of Nebopolassar, 240, 679; also in old Bab period, 648; in incantations, 272-3, 276; in the Shurpu series, 288; in hymns, 307 ff.; lord of rest, 309; god of oracles, esp. in the south, 342, 345; zodiacal interpretation, 370, 434, 458-9, 676-7; his double aspect in the creation epic, 409, 432, 450; takes the tablets of fate from Kingu, 428 (cf. 542, 681); creates the universe, 428 ff., 447; establishes the districts of Anu, Bel, and Ea, 432; arranges the stations of the gods in the zodiacal system, 434; creates man, 437 (cf. Ea, Bel, 443, 448); the fifty names (of the Igigi) are bestowed upon M., 438; creates the Anunnaki, 447; = Nibir, i.e., Jupiter, exercises control over all the stars, 434, 458-9; 8th month sacred to M., 463, 678, 686; Marduk as Sharru in the deluge story, 500; absent in the deluge story, 508; dogs symbol of the solar god Marduk, 528; conquers Zu, 542; identified with Adapa, 548; temple at Ashur, 637; zikkurat at Babylon, 639; ship of Marduk, 655; procession on New Year, 679; spec. festival instituted by Agum, 687.

Marduk-baladan, of Babylon, 129.

Marduk-nadin-akhe, king of Babylon, carried statues of Ramman and Shala to Babylon, 212.

Marriage offerings, time of, 59; to Bau, 59.

Mars = Nergal, name of planet, 370, 459; the "sheep" par excellence, 459.

Mar-tu = Ramman, 166, 212.

Marwa, hill in Mecca, 687.

Mashu, mythical mountain, 488-9; = Musas or Masis, 516.

Masis, or Musas, = Mashu, 515.

Mecca, 623.

Medes, 44-5.

Median wedge writing, 19.

Meme, variant of Gula, 175.

Mer = Ramman, 157.

Mercury = Nabu, planet, 371, 459.

Mesopotamia, religious ideas and customs, 1, 3; seat of Terahites, 2; empire of Nimrod, 2; geography, 26, 27; character of, 28 ff.

Messiah, Hammurabi and the Hebr.-Christian notion of Messianic time, 533.

Mili-shikhu, king of Babylon, his cult of Shamash, 144; minor gods worshipped, 172.

Minor gods, 2d Bab. period, 171-2; by Mili-shikhu, 172; some Cassite deities, 172; in Ass. texts, 171; in neo-B. period, 171, 242-3; absorbed by greater gods, 111, 147, 171, 177, 190, 233; patron-gods of arts, 178; as personifications, 179; dividing line betw. spirits and m. g., 183, 233.

Mishiru, a foreign deity, 644.

Mitanni wedge writings, 20.

Months, connected with gods, 462 ff., 676; names of the months, 464; m. sacred to gods and their festivals not always corresponding, 687.

Monumental finds, 7.

Moon, importance of m. as omen giver, 358; manifold relations between man and m., 358; importance of m. for calendar, 436, 461; moon and sun in religion and astronomy, 461.

Moon-god, see Sin.

Moses, 130; parallelism with Sargon I., 562.

Mosul, excavations near, 5.

Mugheir, mound, excavated, 9; see also Ur.

Mummu, associated with Apsu and Tiamat, 420-1.

Muenter, Frederick, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

Musas, or Masis, = Mashu, 516.

Mythology, see also Nature; extent and influence of Bab. m., 518 ff.

Nabonnedos, of Babylon, restores temple of Shamash in Sippar, 70, 647; last king of Babylonia, 45; restores temple of Sin in Harran, 77, 646; gives prominence to Shamash cult, 240-1.

Nabu, god, 2d B. period, 127; most prominent trait, 124; probable aqueous origin, 124-5, 220; rank as compared with that of Ea and Marduk, 125, 648; agricultural deity, 125; suppression of cult by Hammurabi and his successors, 126; becomes son of Marduk, 127, 240 (cf. 648-9); his shrine in E-Sagila, 127, 220-9, 636; prominence during the Assyrian period, 128-9, 228; his symbol, 128; temple at Calah, 128, 228-9; prominence during the neo-Bab. period, 129, 240; his epithets, 129-31, 229; meaning of name, 130; his functions, 130, 240; his cult with other Semites, 130; identified with Nusku, 220; his consort Tashmitum, 130, 228-9; his consort Nana, 224; favorite of Ramman-nirari III., 128, 228; temple E-Zida in Borsippa, 121, 229, 241, 639, 648; god of wisdom, 129, 229; son of Ea, 229; in the subscript to Ashurbanabal's tablets, 229-30; similarity and difference betw. N. and Ea, 230-1; in hymn, 306; shrine E-makh-tila in Borsippa, 307, 636; god of oracles in Assyria, 344, 348; = Mercury, name of planet, 371, 459; in the deluge, 500; sanctuary E-pad-kalama-suma, 640; Nabu's ship and procession, 654, 679.

Nabu-akhe-irba, astrologer, 340.

Nabu-bal-iddin, king of Babylon, 162, 685; restores cult of Sippar, 176, 628, 645, 670; votive offerings, 670.

Nabupelassar, see Nebopolassar.

Namar, district in Babylonia, sacred to Kamman, Nergal, and Nana, 159, 164.

Names, transference of name and interpretation of this act, 118, 140-1; composition of proper names, 165; Bab. etymologies of names, 173.

Namtar, god of pestilence, 569; strikes Ishtar with disease, 570; messenger of Allatu, 570, 580.

Nana, goddess, 51; titles, 81; center of worship, 81; position in the pantheon proper and in the cosmology, 81; her temples, E-anna in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639; E-ul-mash in Agade, 82; in Ur, 81-2, 85, 202, 311, 639, 678; statue captured by Elamites and recaptured by Ashurbanabal, 85, 206; absorbs inferior local deities, 103; associated with Nergal and Ramman, 159, 164; worshipped by Assyr. kings, 206; consort of Nabu, 224; Zag-muk of Nana, 678.

Nannar = Sin, etymology of N., 75; N. attached to Ur, 75; Sin to Harran, 76; his position, 76; his representation, 76; his functions, 76, 78; his epithets, 76, 79, 89; relationship to Ningal, 97.

Naram-Sin, founds temple of Shamash in Sippar, 70, 646; his exploits incorporated in omen text, 562; builder of the temple of En-lil in Nippur, 642.

Naru, rivergod in incantations, 282; ship of Naru, 655; place of worship, 655.

Nature, worship, 48; confusion with local cults, 49-50; nature myth, 432-3, 487, 494.

Nazi-Maruttash, Cassite king, votive objects, 671-2.

Nebo, mount in Moab, place of death of Moses, 130.

Nebopolassar, king of Babylon, 129; makes Babylon independent, 239; makes cult of Marduk prominent, 239; makes cult of Nabu prominent, 240; Shamash cult at Larsa, 647, note 3.

Nebuchadnezzar I., expels the Cassites, 88, 158; cult of Marduk and Ramman, 158, 162; his pantheon, 162.

Nebuchadnezzar II., religion of N. and Daniel, 3; builder of Birs Nimrud, 9; rule, 44; worships Sarpanitum as the begetting deity, 122; makes cult of Marduk prominent, 240, 646; revives ancient cults, 242-3; restores temple of Nin-karrak at Sippar, 294; his prayers exemplification of ethical tendencies, 299; opposed to Bel cult in Nippur, 646; restores Shamash temple in Sippar, 646; Ishtar cult in Uruk, 648.

Nergal, god, 51; local cult and temple in Cuthah, 65, 164, 218, 563, 583, 648; worship in Palestine, 65; in Uruk, 66; his names and their meanings, 66; functions, 66-7, 537; development of his attributes, 67-8, 582, 593; identification with Lugal-banda, 95; with Irkalla, 592; associated with Allat, 104, 183, 565, 580, 593; associated with Ramman and Nana, 159, 164; Nergal in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; epithets, 172; chief of nether-world and subterranean demons, 183 (cf. 260), 511, 563, 582; associated with Ninib as god of the chase, 216, 218, 237; with Ninib and Ashur, 216, 218; god of war, 218, 582; Cuthah his sacred city, 164, 218, 563, 583; Kar-Nergal named in his honor, 219; temple at Tarbisu, 219; Laz his consort, 219, 243, 583; identified with Dibbarra, 232, 528-9, 594; perhaps = Bel-sarbi, 242; in incantations, 273, 280; phases of, 280, 459; = Mars as name of planet, 370, 459; 9th month sacred to N., 463; sun of midday and summer solstice, 528, 582; pictured as a lion, 530; the lion a symbol of Nergal, 537, 580, 582; identified with Gibil, 594; associated with Allatu, 104, 183, 565, 580, 583, 593; Nergal conquers and weds Allatu, 584-5; imitation of Tiamat-Marduk fight, 585.

Nether-world, names of: Aralu, 557; Ekur, 558; Shualu, 558; Kigallu, 562; Irkalla, 563; Kutu or Cuthah, 563; epithets for n., 559, 563; Nergal, lord of the n., 563; the older head of the lower world a goddess, Allatu, not a god, 585.

New Year's Festival, see Zag-muk.

Nibir = planet Marduk or Jupiter, in the zodiac in conjunction with Bel and Ea, 434-5; exercises control over all the stars, 458.

Nicolas of Damascus, source B.-A. religion, 1, 412.

Niebuhr, Carsten, 15.

Niffer, excavations, 11; see Nippur.

Nika, mother of Esarhaddon, 340.

Nimrod, incidental biblical reference to, 2; not = Gilgamesh, 514.

Nimrud (mound), unearthed, 7; temple, 9, 627.

Nina, quarter in Lagash, 57, 86; explanation of name, 86.

Nina, goddess, 51; explanation of name, 86; centers of worship, 86-8, 635; associations with Nin-girsu, 87, 635; relations to Ea, 87-8; fusion with Ishtar of Nineveh, 88; interprets a dream, 101; a daughter of Nin-si-a, 102; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

Nin-a-gal, god, 51; meaning of name, 64; function, 64; identification with Ea, 64.

Nin-akha-kuddu, goddess, 51; her titles in incantation texts, 103, 282; in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110; goddess of purification, 282; mistress of Uruk, 103, 282; water deity, 282; lady of spells, 282.

Nin-azu, "god of the great city," 592; associated with Allatu, 586, 590; god of healing, 590; identified with Ninib, 591.

Nin-dara, see Nin-si-a.

Nin-dim-su, god, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172; epithet of Ea, 173.

Nin-din-dug, name of Bau. (See Corrections.)

Nin-e-gal, variant of Nin-gal, 98.

Nineveh, center of action in book of Judith, 3; site of, 6; capital of Assyria, 46, 193, 651; cult of Ishtar, 152, 202-3; temple E-mash-mash of Ishtar, 152; resp. of Belit, 227; Sha-nit(?)-ka, mistress of, 233; worship of all gods and goddesses, 638; intellectual center, 651.

Nin-gal, god, 51; center of worship, 97; relationship to Nannar, 97; sanctuary at Khorsabad, 231; Nin-gal's ship, 655.

Nin-girsu, solar deity, 51; subordinate to Bel, 53, 57; identity with Ninib, 57, 217 (cf. 528); temple E-Ninnu in Girsu, 57, 87, 634-5, 640; votive offerings, 57; agricultural deity = Shulgur, 58; identity with Tammuz, 58; relations to Nin-shakh, 93; in Gudea's pantheon, 106; in incantations, 273; zikkurat in Lagash or Girsu, 619, 635, 639; shrine in Lagash, 640; his ship, 654; consort of Bau, 59, 677.

Nin-gish-zida, solar deity, 51; a form of Nin-girsu, 92; meaning of name, 92; identified with Ninib, Nin-girsu, Nin-shakh, 99, 217, 528, 547; local character, 99, 528; temple in Girsu, 99, 635; in Gudea's inscriptions and incantation texts, 99, 106, 280; consort of Nusku, 280; brings famine in the land, 387; 5th month sacred to N., 462, 547; servant of Gibil, 463; 4th month sacred to, 463; identical with Gish-zida, 547; associated with Tammuz, 546, 588; presides over the growth of trees, 588.

Nin-gul, 51; consort of Lugal-banda, 95; interpretation of name, 95; place of worship, 96.

Ninib, see Nin-girsu, solar deity, 57, 217, 459, 462, 576, 684; consort of Gula, 105 (cf. 576, 591); of Belitekalli, 173; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162, 164; god of war, 164, 214, 218; = Ud-zal, 166; associated with Ashur, 214; epithets, 213-4, 217; temple in Calah, 214-5 (cf. 684); favorite of Ashurnasirbal and Shamshi-Ramman, 214; god of the chase in association with Nergal, 216, 218, 237; hero of the heavenly and earthly spirits, 214; in association with Nergal and Ashur, 216; identical with Nin-girsu, 57, 217; with Nin-azu, 591; absorbs Nin-gish-zida and Nin-shakh, 217 (cf. 547); represents east sun and morning sun, 217; first-born of Ea, 217; offspring of Ekur, 217; first-born of Bel, 217; god of destructive cloud storm, 217, 500; other qualities in religious literature, 218, 576; name of outer wall of Sargon's II. palace, 237; lays the foundations of cities, 237; three forms, 238; temple in Dilbat, 242; in incantations, 273, 280; = Saturn, name of planet, 371, 459; 6th and 11th months sacred, 215, 684; 4th month sacred to N., 462; in the deluge story, 500 (cf. 217), 504; worshipped at Nippur, 635; temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640.

Nin-igi-azag, title of Ea, 230.

Nin-igi-nangar-bu, 171; presides over metal workers, 178.

Nin-Karrak = goddess Gula, 242; temple at Babylon (see Gula), 242; in incantations, 273; temple at Sippar, 294; in a prayer of Nebuchadnezzar, 294.

Nin-khar-sag = goddess Belit, 164; in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162, 164; sanctuary at Babylon (see Belit), 242, 639.

Nin-kigal = Allatu, 282.

Nin-kurra, 171; lord of mountain, patron of stone workers, 178.

Nin-lil, see Belit.

Nin-lil-anna, in Nebuchadnezzar's II. pantheon, 242; temple in Babylon, 640.

Nin-makh = Ishtar, 242; temple at Babylon, 242.

Nin-mar, goddess, 51; center of worship, 100; her temples in Mar, 100; daughter of Nina, 100; popularity of cult, 100; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635; daughter of Marduk, 168; temple at Lagash, 635.

Ninni, goddess, = Enanna, 51; titles, 80; center of worship, 80; variant of Ishtar, 82; in Lugal-zaggisi's and Gudea's panthea, 110; identical with Nana of Uruk, 111; temple at Hallabi, 117; her cult by Hammurabi, 144-5; "Ninni," consort of Zamama, 169; temple in Kish, 639.

Nin-shakh, god, 51; his character and functions, 93; identified with Ninib, 93, 217; relations to Nin-girsu and Nin-gishzida, 92-3; temple at Uruk, 93.

Ninshar, cosmological deity, 417.

Nin-si-a, god, 51; or Nin-dar-a, 90; center of worship, 91, 635; absorbed by Nin-girsu, 91; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

Nin-sun, god, temple of N. at Lagash, 635.

Nin-tu, god, temple of N. at Lagash, 635.

Nin-zadim, god, 171; patron of sculpture, 178.

Nippur, rulers, 37; temple of Bel, 11, 37, 69, 51, 54, 151, 642, 644; temple of Belit, 55, 635; inscriptions from Nippur, 103; prominence during Cassite period, 40, 146, 480; wall of Zakar, 172; wall of Lugal-mittu, 172; ancient center, 245, 445; chief god Del, or En-lil, 445, 542; reference to N. in Gilgamesh epic, 486; rivalry betw. Nippur and Eridu, 508; replaced by Babylon, 542; zikkurat at N., 617; worship of Ninib, 635; worship of Nusku, 635; votive objects, 671-3.

Nisaba, goddess, 51; agricultural deity, 101; traits in common with Ea, 101; sister of Nina, 101; centers of cult, 102; in Gudea's pantheon, 111; probably local in Uruk, 111.

Nisan, sacred to Anu and Bel, 462, 677; sacred in Babylonia, 684; 7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

Nisir, mount on which the ship alights, 503.

Nisroch, Assyrian deity, 2.

Noah, resemblance to Parnapishtim less than is the case with Lot, 507.

Nu-gim-mud, title of Ea, 230.

Nun-gal, god of the 2d Bab. period, 168; temple in Sippar, 168; meaning of name, 168; solar deity, 168; becomes a demon, 168.

Nur-Ramman, of Ur, builder of Sin's temple in Ur, 76; builder of temples to Nin-gal and Nannar at Ur, 97.

Nusku, fire-god, in Ass. pantheon, 188, 220-1; in Bab. pantheon, 220; amalgamated with Gibil, 220, 277; identified with Nabu, 220-1; ideographic writing of name and its explanation, 220; solar deity, 220-1, 279; shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241; epithets, 221, 277, 280; functions, 221; shrine in E-Zida, 241; in incantations, 271-3, 277, 286; younger than Gibil, 277; a mythological conception, 277, 279; Gibil-N, god of civilization, 278; medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279; associated with Anu, 277, 286; associated with Bel and Ea, 279, 286; Ishum, messenger of, 280; worship at Nippur, 635; see Gibil.

Oktanos, see under Ea, 63.

Old Testament, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 669 (cf. 696); relations betw. the Hebrews and B.-A., 2, 611, 697-8; contrast betw. Hebr. and B.-A. religion, 3, 668; O. T. points of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495; with deluge story, 506 ff.; parallels betw. Adam and Eabani, Eve and Ukhat, 511; betw. Samson and Gilgamesh stories, 515-6; 3d chapter Genesis compared with Adapa legend, 551; Hebr. Sheol || Bab. Shualu, 560; Hebr. Shoel || Bab. Sha'ilu, 560; Hebr.-Bab. custom of inquiring of the dead, 560; parallelism betw. Sargon I. and Moses, 562; conceptions of nether-world in O. T. and in Bab., 606; parallels betw. temple of Solomon and Bab. temple, 623, 632, 652-3, 655; libation of oil in O. T. and in Ass.-Bab., 665; sacrifices in O. T. compared with Ass.-Bab., 667-8; teraphim and Ass.-Bab. amulets, 674; Hebr. and Bab. New Years, 681; Purim compared with Bab. 15th Adar festival, 686; Ashera and tree worship in Babylonia, 689.

Omens, division of religious literature, 247; purposes of, 248, 331; comparative age of, 253-4; an indirect means of forecasting the future, 329; directions for the priest in recognizing o., 330; relationship betw. o. and prayers, 331; part of magic element in the ritual, 331; occasions for seeking an o., 331 ff.; derived from offered animals, 332; of a public character, 332 ff., 362, 364, 374, 401; questions of an omen seeker, 333 ff., 369; list of, 337, 362; their relation to reports, 368, 372; o. ritual, 338; connecting link betw. incantations and o., 352; variety of o. literature, 355, 362; o. from stars, 356; the more variety, the more significance--a principle of general application in interpretation of o., 358; other guiding principles, 358 ff., 388, 401; private o., 362, 403, 405; o. series and mode of their composition, 363; omens deduced from observations of eclipses, 357, 364; restricted application of o. no hindrance to their practical use, 366, 372; vagueness of o. intentional, 367; interrelation betw. reports and o., 368, 372-3; importance of o. deduced from eclipses and more ordinary phenomena, 368-9; omens deduced from observations of planets, esp. Ishtar, and of other heavenly bodies, 371-3; omen calendars, 375, 382; omens from terrestrial phenomena, 383 ff.; logical principle controlling the interpretation, 384; offshoot of sympathetic magic, 384; birth omens, 384; partly public, partly private character, 386; the rarer the phenomena, the greater the significance, 385; ideas of sympathetic magic in the interpretation of o., 388; omens from offsprings of animals, 391 ff.; omens from the actions of animals, 397-402; omens from dreams, 402-4; o. of a private character, 403; popular phase of augury, 403; omens from individual experiences, 404; dividing line betw. omens of individual and of public character, 405; the practical working of the omen belief, 406.

Ophites, a gnostic sect, 699.

Oppert, Jules, expedition to Babylonia, 8.

Oracles, see also Omens and Witchcraft, direct means of forecasting the future, 329; occasions for asking o., 338 ff.; blank forms for o., 341; form of, 341 ff.; Marduk, god of, 342; asked of the sun-god, 334 ff.; of Ishtar of Arbela, 342; ceremonies accompanying o., 345; relationship to penitential psalms, 347; practical purpose of, 349; by means of dreams, 349 ff.; generally vague language, 344; occasionally definite language, 360; objects with which o. are concerned, 360; given by priestesses, 485, or priests, 329, 560, 657-8; asked of the dead, 559-60, 657; asked on the New Year's festival, 628-9.

Pantheon, divisions and development, 48-50; sources, 51; comparison betw. p. in historical and in incantation texts, 297; comparison betw. B. and A. pantheon, 189, 201.

Papakhu, chamber of the god, 627; cosmological significance, 629.

Pap-sukal, i.e., divine messenger, epithet of Nin-shakh, Nebo, and Nusku, 93 (cf. 463, 571); in incantations, 273; 10th month sacred to P., Ishtar, and Anu, 463.

Pap-u, god, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172; offspring of E-sharra, 174; function, 174.

Paradise, belief in, among Babylonians, 578.

Parakku, chamber of the god, 627.

Parnapishtim, immortal, 488, 577; P. and Gilgamesh, 492 ff.; son of Kidin-Marduk, 488, 496; born in Shurippak, 496; his epithet Adra-Khasis, 505; bears more resemblance to Lot than to Noah, 507.

Pa-sag, god, 51; "the leader of the land," 101; identity with Ishum, 101; lieutenant of Shamash, 107; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

Patesi, 198.

Patron gods, of persons, 216, 235; Nabu, patron of Ramman-nirari III., 228; of places, 49, 69-70, 106, 111.

Penitential psalms, points in common with and differences from incantations, 312; national origin of, 312; marks relationship betw. god and man, 313; purpose to appease the anger of the gods, 315, 688; advanced religious conceptions, 314-5, 326; dialogue form, 315; language, 316-7; age, 317; anonymity of the deity addressed, 318; p. for specific purposes, 324, 688; relationship to oracles, 347.

Persepolis, wedge writings, 16.

Persian Gulf, sacred to Ea, 497; not the source of the deluge, 497; confluence of the streams, 577.

Persian wedge writing, 19.

Personifications of human arts, 178.

Peters, John P., explorer, 11.

Pilgrimage, 684.

Place, Victor, excavations, 8.

Place of Fates, name of temple, 641.

Planets, observations of, 370; identifications of p. with deities, 370, 459 (cf. 619); prominence of Ishtar-Venus, in astrological texts, 371; regarded as auguries for the chiefs and the general welfare, 373; planets and zikkurats, 619.

Politics, affecting religion and literature, 108, 110-1, 134-5, 201, 239, 690-1.

Popular Belief, see Theology and Popular Belief.

Prayers, see also Hymns, occasions, 663; in connection with incantations, 293, 299; without accompaniment of incantations, 294; curses regarded as p., 296; no line of demarcation betw. incantations and p., 297, 299, 307; ethics in, 298; power of words, 328; no p. in its highest form, 329; relationship betw. prayers and omen, 330; efficacy dependent on their being uttered in the right manner and by the right person, 353.

Priestly codes, 362.

Priests and priestesses, divisions of, 269, 241-2, 657-8; p. as exorciser and his function, 271-2, 330, 657-8; mediator betw. man and god, 315, 331, 353, 374, 560, 627, 692; prognostication of future, 329, 560, 657; importance of, 353; "Priests of Ashur," association of priestly functions with early kingship, 374; priests and priestesses in their functions, 485, 655 ff., 692; priests purifying the dead, 578, 602; general name for priest, 657-8, 676; priestesses as dirge singers, 604, 658; as judges, 625, 658; intellectual leaders, 693; as sacrificers, 657-8; eligibility to priesthood, 658-9; women priests, 485, 659-60.

Proper names, see also Names, composition of, 165; source of study of divinities, 166; evidence of age of cult of gods (Ishme-Dagan), 208; Samsi-Ramman, 209.

Psalms, see Penitential Psalms; also Hymns, Prayers.

Ptolemy, see Claudius Ptolemaeus.

Pudilu, builds temple of Shamash at Ashur, 209.

Purat = Euphrates, 27.

Purification, see Rituals.

Purim, compared with the Bab. solar festival, 15th of Adar, 686; not to be compared with Puru, 688.

Puru, a festival ceremony, 688.

Puzur-Shadu-Rabu, captain of the ship of Parnapishtim, 500.

Ra, Egyptian sun-god, 210.

Rabbinical literature, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3, 697.

Races, of Mesopotamia, 24, 33.

Ramman, god, Shala his consort, 102, 161, 212; associated with Anu, 154, 207, 212; associated with Shamash, 145, 157-8, 160, 211; associated with Sin and Shamash, 158, 163; associated with Nergal and Nana, 159, 164; rivals of Marduk, 158; ideographic and other readings of the name, 156-7; meaning of name, 156-7; extent of his cult, 159; cult by Aramaeans, 159; indigenous to Assyria, 159; rival of Ashur, 161; his two aspects as storm-god, 160; epithets, 156, 158, 160, 212, 498; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; = Martu, 166, 212; popular in Assyria, 211; his instruments of destruction, 212; "the mightiest of the gods," 212; name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; brings abundance, 237; temple at Borsippa, 242; temple at Kumari, 242; 11th month sacred to R., 463; R. in the deluge, 500; declines to fight Zu, 541.

Ramman-nirari I., king of Assyria, 155; cult of Ramman, 159; of Anunnaki and Igigi as spirits of earth and heaven resp., 185; repels the Cassites, 199; his pantheon, 237, 593.

Ramman-nirari III., king of Assyria, gives prominence to Nabu cult in Assyria, 128, 228; erects temple to Nabu at Calab, 228; Nabu his patron god, 228.

Rassam, Hormuzd researches, 9.

Rawlinson, Henry, explorations, 9.

Regulus, observations, 372.

Religion, unity of church and state, 690; influence upon Hebrews, see Old Testament; upon Christianity, 698; upon Egypt, Persia, and Greece, 699-701.

Religious texts, 12-3, 467; sources for religion, 51, 661; in Bab. theological schools, 134; reshaping of r. t. during Hammurabi's time, 140-2; divisions, 247-51; age, 691; comparison betw. Ass. and Bab. r. t., 251-2; their value as source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661; votive inscriptions on statues, 669; on other objects, 671-2; worn as amulets, 672; plague tablets, 536, 674.

Rim-Sin, of 2d dynasty of Ur, "called" by Bel and Ea, 62; cult of moon and sun-god in Ur, 70; of Nana in Ur, 81; builds temple of Nin-shakh at Uruk, 93; his wife builds temple to Nin-gal at Ur, 97.

Rituals, establishment of, 115; and incantations, 247-8, 253-4, 283; manner of growth, 255; purification, 284, 688; incantations the oldest fixed r., 294; penitential psalms, 312 ff., 688; bodily castigation, 320, 688; offerings, 328; prayers, 293 ff.; never without ulterior motive, 328; oracles and omens, 328 ff.; composition and growth, 329-30; strictness in observation of, 347.

Rustem, son of Sal in Armen. and Mandaean legend, parallel to Etana, 520.

Saba, district in southern Arabia, 491.

Sabitum, maiden in Gilgamesh epic, 490-1; the goddess of Siduri, 491.

Sacred objects, 651.

Sacred period, 686.

Sacred quarter, 622 ff.

Sacredness of animals, meaning of, 397-8, 662; of trees, 662-3.

Sacrifices, when not to be offered, 378; when offered, 663, 667-8; offered by priests, 657-8; Semitic view of, 660; comparison with Hebrew, 667-8; as determined from religious and historical literature, 661; development of, 661; two kinds of, 661; connected with prayers, 663; use of oil and wine, 664, 666; daily, 667; monthly, 668.

Sadu, the hunter in the service of Gilgamesh, 475; associated with Ukhat, 511.

Safa, hill in Mecca, 687.

Sag-ila = Marduk, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

Sal, father of Rustem, 520.

Samsi-Ramman, king of Assyria, builds temple to Ramman, 154, 159; builds temple to Ashur in Ashur, 198; his name as evidence of age of Shamash cult, 209.

Samson, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 515 ff.

Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon, 56; builds sanctuary of Belit, 56; builds Dur-padda, sacred to Ramman, 158; his pantheon, 162; builds wall of Zakar in Nippur, 172; builds wall of Lugal-mittu in Nippur, 172.

Samuel, prophet, his spirit called up, 559.

Saracus, last king of Assyria, 229.

Sargon I., "builds" temple E-ulmash of Nana in Agade, 82; myth of Sargon I. related to an incident in Moses' life, 562; his exploits incorporated in a religious text, 562; "builder" of temple of En-lil in Nippur, 642, 645.

Sargon II., of Assyria, restores "laws and customs of Harran," 77; builds sanctuary to Shamash, 211; names Kar-Nergal in honor of Nergal, 219; builds sanctuary to Sin at Khorsabad and Magganubba, 219; patron of learning, 229; prominence of Nabu cult, 229; erects sanctuary to Nin-gal at Khorsabad, 231; restores Magganubba, 232; revives the triad, 236; his pantheon, 237; his palace at Khorsabad, 225, 237; his zikkurat at Khorsabad, 617; sacrifices in Babylonia, 664; institutes special festival, 687.

Sarpanitum, consort of Marduk, 121, 224, 228, 636; interpretation of name, 121, 449; shrine in E-Sagila, 121, 241, 636, 641; her statue recovered by Agum, 122, 152, 670, 687; her subordinate position, 121-2; goddess of matrimonial fertility, 122, 684; of secret knowledge, 122; amalgamation with Erua, 122; epithets of Sarpanitum-Erua, 123; called Belit, 224, 684; shrine in E-Zida, 241; rarely in incantations, 276; 25th day of Siwan her festival, 684; festival instituted by Agum, 687.

Saturn = Ninib, planet, 371, 459.

Saul, king of Israel, and the witch, 559.

Semites and non-Semites in Babylonia, 21-2, 32-4.

Sendschirli, excavations in, 579.

Senkereh = Larsa.

Sennacherib, king of Assyria, 200; takes statues of Ramman and Shala back from Babylon, 212; erects temple to Nergal at Tarbisu, 219; his pantheon, 238, 644, note 2.

Seven spirits, cause eclipse of moon, 264, 276; 12th month sacred to them, 463; Sibi, collective personification of the s. p. associated in war with Ishum, 533.

Sex, inferiority of female to male in the B.-A. pantheon, 75, 79, 104; confusion of female cults, 80; variety of "ladies" in pantheon, 98, 104; position of female deities as consorts of male deities, 104, 586, 594; male deities becoming female and consorts of male deities, 177, 280; association of sexes in cosmology, 411; association of sexes in the creation of the gods, 413; female deities and the months, 463; sex in witchcraft, 267, 342, 660; sex in priesthood, 485, 659-60; sex in furnishing oracles, 485, 660; sex among musicians and dirge singers, 660 (see Dirge); position of woman, 694.

Shabat, 11th month, sacred to Ramman, 463; sacred to Ninib, 215, 684.

Shabra, god, temple at Lagash, 635.

Shailu, a designation for priest, 560; || Hebr. Shoel, 560.

Shala, consort of Ramman, 161, 212; in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169; in Ass. pantheon, 189; meaning of name, 213; other applications of the name, 213; epithets, 213.

Shalman, god, in Ass. pantheon, 188.

Shalmaneser II., king of Assyria, gives prominence to Shamash cult, 205, 215; his pantheon, 237.

Shamash, or Utu, 51, 277; signification of name, 68; relations to the moon-god, 68-70, 98, 305; centers of worship, Sippar and Larsa, 69, 117, 143, 176, 241, 628, 640, 646; relative age of the centers, 70; temple Ebabbara, 70, 628, 640, 645; attributes and functions, 71, 120, 210; in incantations, 71, 211; probable age of these conceptions, 72; his other names and their meaning, 72-4, 176; local uses thereof, 73; Malkatu his consort, 74-5, 176, 241-685; offspring of Nin-gal, 98; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; warrior of heaven and earth, 144, 211; mighty hero, 152; position in Bab. pantheon during and after Hammurabi, 144; position in Ass. pantheon, 144, 209-11; associated with Ramman, 145, 157-8, 160, 211; associated with Sin and Ramman, 158, 163; associated with Ishtar, 163, 511; associated with Malik and Bunene, 176; often called Malik, 176; symbol of Shamash, 176-7; temple at Ashur, 209; protecting deity, 209; ethical level in Ass. pantheon, 209-10; judge of heaven and earth, 210, 274, 279, 297, 527 (cf. 640); prominence of sun cult during reign of Ashurnasirbal and Shalmaneser II., 210, 646; under Esarhaddon, 646; sanctuary by Sargon II., 211; cult influenced by that of Egyptian Ra, 210 (cf. 699); name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; grants victory, 237; Nebuchadnezzar II. and Shamash cult, 646; Nabonnedos gives prominence to Sh. cult, 240-1, 647; temple in Babylon, 242, 640; Sh. in incantations, 280; in hymns, 300 ff.; in omens and oracles, 334, 344; Shamash and Sin, 305, 647; 7th month sacred to Sh., 463, 685; patron of Gilgamesh, 471, 479; identical with Lugal-Marada, 486; patron of Etana, 520; controls Zu, 538; on seal cylinders, 540; Si-gar, a festival of, 684; festival days, 685.

Shamshi-Ramman, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214.

Shamuktu, a class of priestesses of Ishtar, 660.

Sha-nit(?)-ka, goddess, in Ass. pantheon, 188; associated with Damku and Sharru-ilu, 232; mistress of Nineveh, 233; = Ishtar, 233.

Sharru, title of Marduk, in the deluge story, 500.

Sharru-ilu, god, associated with Damku and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232; meaning of name, 232; evidently a title, 232; perhaps a foreign god, 232; worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

Shar-sarbi = Belsarbi, 242.

Sherua, minor god in Ass. pantheon, 234; foreign deity, 644.

Sheol, 560; O. T. conceptions of Sheol || to Babylonian conceptions, 606 ff.; see also Shualu, Dead..

Shinar = Babylonia, 613.

Ship, construction of, 498-9; Puzur-shadu-rabu, captain of ark, 500; a sacred object, 653-4; its uses and significance, 654; compared with the Mahmal and the ark, 655.

"Ship of Light," name of Sin's ship, 655.

"Ship of Malku," name of the ship of Naru, 655.

"Ship of the Brilliant Offspring," name of Bau's ship, 655.

Shir, god, in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; local god, 163; patron of Bit-Khabban, 176.

Shirpurla, see Lagash.

Shualu, designation of the district of the dead, 560 ff.; meaning, 559; || to Hebr. Sheol, 560.

Shubu, in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; local character, 163; patron god of Bit-Khabban, 176.

Shu-bu-la, god, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169; patron of Shumdula, 169.

Shu-gid-la, see Shu-bu-la, 169.

Shukamuna, Cassite god, identical with Nergal, 152, 163, 172; head of Agum's pantheon, 152, 172; consort of Shumalia, 173.

Shul-gur = Nin-girsu, 51.

Shul-pa-uddu, god, 51; meaning of name, 99; age and extension of cult, 99; decline of cult in favor of Shamash and Ninib, 100; position in Babylonian astronomy, 100; solar deity, 99, 531.

Shumalia, in the Cassite pantheon, 162-3, 172; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; consort of Shukamuna, 173; epithet, 173.

Shumdula, city in Babylonia, cult of Shubula, 169.

Shum-gar, see Si-gar.

Shurippak, city on Euphrates, destroyed by rainstorm, 495; comparison with Sodom, 496, 507.

Shurpu series, 290.

Shu-sil-la, see Shubula, 169.

Sibi, collective personification of the seven evil spirits associated with Ishum, 533.

Sibittum, minor deity in the Etana legend, 521.

Siduri, Sabitum, the goddess of Siduri, 491.

Si-gar, festival of Gula, 683; festival of Sin, 684; festival of Shamash, 684; meaning, 684; date of installation of Ashurbanabal, 684.

Silili, mother of one of Ishtar's associates, 482.

Sin, god, see also Nannar; worshipped in Harran, 76, 241, 641, 647; temple at Ur, 76, 241, 295, 640, 644, 687; occurrence of the name elsewhere, 77; amalgamation with Nannar, 78; chief trait, 78; lunar cycle and sun calendar, 78; epithets and functions, 76, 78-9, 219, 462; gradual decrease of Sin cult, 78-9; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; associated with Shamash and Ramman, 158, 163; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; patron of Bit-Khabban, 163; head of 2d triad, 163; associated with Ishtar, 163, 571; father of Ishtar, 565; temple at Calah, 219; sanctuary at Khorsabad, 219; sanctuary at Magganubba, 219; god of wisdom, 78, 219; god of water in Ass. pantheon, 219; first-born son of Bel, 76, 219; subordinate position in Ass. pantheon, 219-20; Sin and astronomy, resp. astrology, 219-20; temple at Babylon, 242; in incantations, 280; in hymn, 303-4; Sin and Shamash, 305, 647; first-born of Bel, 219, 462; Siwan, 3d month, sacred to Sin 462; chapel in E-Zida, 639; Sin cult under Nabonnedos, 77, 648; Sin's ship, 655; zagmuk of, 678; Si-gar, festival of, 684.

Sinai, a peninsula (metals and stone), 627, 652.

Sin-gamil, of Uruk, builds sanctuaries to Nergal at Cuthah, 66.

Sin-gashid, of Uruk, servitor of Lugal-banda and Nin-gul, 95-6.

Sin-iddina, of Larsa, builds sanctuary to Shamash in Larsa, 69; builds temple of Sin in Ur, 76.

Sippar, temple and archives, 10; ancient center, 35, 245; center of worship of Shamash, 69, 117, 143-4, 241, 628, 640, 646; temple of Nun-gal, 168; worship of Shamash, Malik, and Bunene, 176; temple of Nin-karrak, 294; temple of Malkalu or A, 640; zikkurat, "Threshold of Long Life," 641.

Sir, serpent god, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 170.

Sirius, observations of, 372.

Siwan, 3d month, sacred to Sin, 462, 687; sacred to the god of brick structures, 463; 25th day of Siwan sacred to Belit of Babylon, 684.

Slaves, standing of slaves a measure of social ethics, 695.

Smith, George, explorations, 9.

Sodom, destruction of, point of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495-6, 507.

Sokkaros, grandfather of Gilgamesh (Aelian), 524.

Solomonic temple and the sacred quarter in Nippur, 623-4; horns of altar compared with Bab. custom, 652; "sea" compared with Apsu, 653; ark compared with the Bab. ship, 655.

Sorcer, Sorceress, see also Witchcraft; relationship betw. s. and oracle-giver, 342.

Spirits, in proper names, 166, 180; Nun-gal-e-ne, a class of, 168 (cf. 184); their symbols, 174, 182; functions, 174; lists of, 180; classification of, 181 ff.; of disease, 181, 186, 246; of the field, 182; of the nether-world, 183; dividing line betw. gods and spirits, 181, 183, 231, 266, 274; of evil, 260, 264; activity of, 260-1; representations of, 263; habitations of, 260, 263; the seven spirits, 264; strength attribute of, 266; relationship betw. demons and witchcraft, 267; differentiation of demons, 262.

Spiritualization of mythology, 304, 306; characteristic of later times, 297; in penitential psalms, 313, 319.

Splendor of Heaven and Earth, name of temple, 641.

Stars, writing of heaven, 454; division of, 455.

Storm, symbols of storm (birds and bulls), 537 ff.

Subartu, name of country, 532.

Sugi, name of country, 675.

Sukhaul-ziku, name of mythical fountain, 572.

Sumer and Akkad, ethnological-geographical, 32-3; S.-A. language in incantations, 259.

Sumerian question, 21-4, 32-4.

Sun, see Shamash; gates of s., 435, 443; representation of sun in creation story, 461; sun and moon in astronomy and religion, 461.

Susian wedge writing, 19.

Syllabaries, 135.

Syncellus, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.

Systematized religion, see Theology.

Taboo, meaning of, 397.

Talisman, see Amulet, Teraphim.

Tammuz, agricultural deity, 58, 588; relations to Ishtar, 84, 482, 484, 547, 564, 574; T. and Gish-zida doorkeepers of heaven, 546; solar deity, 547; 4th month named for T., 547, 682; intercedes for Adapa with Anu, 548-9; brother of Belili, 575; T.'s day = All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682; identified with Nin-girsu, 58; associated with Nin-gish-zida, 546, 588.

Tammuz, 4th month, sacred to Ninib, 462; named for god Tammuz, 547, 682; sacred to the servant of Gibil, 463.

Tarbisu, city north of Nineveh; temple of Nergal, 219.

Tar-gul-le, names of some demons let loose by Dibbarra in the deluge story, 500.

Tashmitum, goddess in pantheon of Hammurabi, 130; a new creation, 131-2; consort of Nabu, 130-1, 228-9; meaning of name, 131; her quasi-artificial character, 131-2; called Nana, 132; shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241; in the subscript to Ashurbanabal's tablets, 229-30; shrine in E-Zida, 241.

Tashritu, see Tishri.

Taylor, J. E., excavations, 8.

Tebet, 10th month, sacred to Papsukal, Ishtar, and Anu, 463; festival of En-meshara, 588.

Tel-Id, mound near Warka, site of ancient capital of Mar, 100.

Tell-el-amarna, see El-amarna.

Tell-Ibrahim = Cuthah.

Telloh, excavations, 11; temple records and legal documents, 165.

Tell-Sifr, temple records and legal documents, 165.

Temple records, see also Literature; source of study of the deities, 167.

Temples, 612 ff.; names of t., 638 ff.; history of t., 642 ff.; as financial establishments, 650; minor part played by the temples in Assyria, 659.

Terah, Terahites, appearance in Palestine, 2; migrations, 2; home of, 9.

Teraphim, talismans parallel to Ass.-Bab. statuettes of gods, 674.

Teumman, king of Elam, 296.

Thamud, Arabic tribe destroyed, 496.

The Brilliant House, name of temple, 641.

"The Lesser Light," name of Ningal's ship, 655.

Theology and popular belief, 89, 114, 131, 180, 235, 249, 411, 414, 416, 458, 494, 527, 584, 614, 619, 629-30, 689; Gudea's system, 108; interaction betw. political fortunes and positions of divinities, 108, 110-11, 134-5, 201, 234, 235; genealogical arrangement according to Amiaud, 108; family theory according to Davis, 109; its value, 109; tendency towards recognition of certain great gods, 111, 147, 171, 190, 234-5, 696; organization of cult and ritual, establishment of dogmas, 115, 133, 247, 690; pedagogical activity, 135; formation of the great triad, 147; re-systematization of gods by Hammurabi, 171, 276; systematization of spirits, 184; attempts to systematize series of gods, 213, 216, 233; theology in cosmology, 412 ff., 418, 443; in the 12th tablet of the Gilgamesh epic, 512-3; in the Etana legend, 527; theology in the Zu epic, 542.

Thomas, Felix, excavations, 8.

Thousand and One Nights, 494.

Threshold of Long Life, name of zikkurat in Sippar, 641.

Tiamat, mythical monster, conquered by Marduk, 140, 197, 408; fought by Anu, Ea, 197; synonymous with Apsu, 411; female principle, 411; personified chaos, 411, 414; dominion of T. and Apsu precedes that of the gods, 412; gods product of the union of T. and Apsu, 413; mythical monsters product of the union of T. and Apsu, 414; associates of T., 419; Ummu-Khubur, epithet of T., 419; Kingu her consort, 420; Tiamat epic compared with Zu myth, 543; comparison with Nergal-Allat fight, 585.

Tiglathpileser I., king of Assyria, nomenclature of Bel, 146; dedicates temple to Anu and Ramman, 154, 159; as a hunter, 216; rebuilds temple of Bel at Ashur, 225; pantheon, 236; dedicates captured gods, 675.

Tiglathpileser II., sacrifices in Babylonia, 664.

Tigris, course of, 28-9; comparison with Euphrates, 30; in garden of Eden, 2 (cf. 506); one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506 (cf. 2).

Tishri, 7th month, sacred to Shamash, 462 (cf. 681, 685); 7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

Tombs, see Dead.

Triad, the great, Anu, Bel, Ea, 107; relationship of the members, 147; product of theology, 147, 149; development of, 148; extraneous position, 149; representative of the three kingdoms, 155; punish the violator of monuments, 207; fix the name of the months, 208, 236; general position in Ass. pantheon, 236; give victory, 236; grant rule, 236; associated with Ashur, Ishtar, and Igigi, and Anunnaki, 236; in incantations, 273; associated with fire-god, 279; in Gudea, 418; in the cosmology, 418; ancestors of the triad, 418; symbolizes the eternal laws of the universe, 432.

Triad, second, Sin, Shamash, Ramman, 163; in incantations, 273.

Tubal-cain, biblical father of metal workers, 178.

Tur-lil-en, in Nebuchadnezzar's II. pantheon, 242.

Tychsen, Gerhard, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

Ubshu-kenna, council chamber of the gods, 423, 629, 687.

Uddushu-Namir, a divine servant, created by Ea, 571.

Ud-zal = Nimib, 166.

Ukhat, in the Gilgamesh epic, 475, 476 ff.; parallelism betw. U. and Eve, 511.

Ukhati, sacred harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

Ul-mash-shi-tum, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 170.

Ululu, 6th month, sacred to Ishtar, 462, 684; sacred to Ashur, 463, 685; sacred to Ninib, 215, 684; 3d day of U. sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

Ululu 2d (intercalated), sacred to Anu and Bel, 463.

Umu, goddess, 51; priestess of Uruk, 102; in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110.

Umun-pa-uddu = Shul-pa-uddu, 99.

Ur, city, home of Terahites, 9; dynasties, 36-7; sacred to Sin or Nannar, 69-70, 75, 242, 640, 647; sanctuary of Shamash, 70; starting point of Hebrew migrations, 77; association with Harran, 77; temple of Nana, 81; temple of Nin-gal, 97; temple of Sin, 70, 242, 295, 640; literary center, 245; zikkurat at Ur, 617; temple E-kharsag, 638; temple E-gal-makh, 639.

Ur-Bau, patesi of Lagash, builds sanctuary of Belit, 56; builds sanctuary to Ea in Girsu, 61-3; builds temple of Ninni in Gishgalla, 80; builds temple to Nin-Mar in Mar, 100; builds temple to Ku(?)-anna in Girsu, 102; erects a zikkurat in Nippier, 645.

Ur-Gur, 2d dynasty of Ur, builds sanctuary to Shamash in Larsa, 69; preserves local cults in Larsa, Nippur, Uruk, 69; builds temple to Sin in Ur, 76; builds temple to Nana in Uruk, 81.

Ur-Kasdim = Ur.

Ur-Nin-Girsu, of Lagash, priest of Anu, 90.

Ur-Shul-pa-uddu, ruler of Kish, 99.

Uru-azagga, quarter of Lagash, 57; temple of Bau, 59, 103.

Uru-gal, "great city," designation of nether-world, 592; Nin-azu, god of U., 592.

Uruk, ancient center, 9, 35, 245, 445, 472; excavated, 9; rulers, 37; temple of Nin-shakh, 93; temple of Lugal-banda, 95; temple of Nin-gul, 96; origin of cult of Nisaba, 102; Nana, or Ishtar, the great goddess of Uruk, 81, 84, 103, 242, 311, 445, 473, 475, 645, 648; importance of Uruk in Nippur inscriptions, 103; worship of Nisaba, 111; temple of Nana or Ishtar, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639; Uruk supuri, 472; city of the Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati, 475, 531; conquered by Gilgamesh, 473, 513; attacked by Khumbaba, 430; Uruk under Cassites (?), 480; attacked by Dibbarra, 531; dwelling of Anu and Ishtar, 531; zikkurat at U., 619, 639.

Uru-kagina, patesi of Lagash, 53; king of Girsu, 56; erects temple of Bau at Uru-azagga, 103.

Utu, surname of Shamash, 72; etymology, 73.

Utukku, a class of spirits, 260 (cf. 511).

Vases, sacred objects, 652, 674-5 comparison with vases in the Solomonic temple, 653.

Venus = Ishtar, name of planet, 370.

Votive inscriptions, see Religious Texts.

Votive offerings, 51, 57, 660 ff.; lists of, 165; popular character, 668-9; statues of kings votive offerings, 669; occasions for, 670; offered by kings and laymen, 671, 675; various objects, 671, 675; captured gods as offerings, 675.

Warka, see Uruk.

Water, see Fire and Ea; means of purification, 276, 279, 282, 289.

Wedge writing, styles and varieties, 19, 20; origin, 21 ff., 454, 455.

Witchcraft, origin of belief in, 267; relationship betw. w. and demons, 267; the sex in w., 267, 342, 485; means of w., 268; protection against, 269; release from, 285, 657; causes of punishment by, 291.

Worship, tree worship compared with Hebrew-Phoenician Ashera cult, 689; symbolical in Bab., 689.

Xenophon, contemporary of Ctesias, 1.

Xisuthras, 505; see Adra-Khasis.

Yakhin, name of column in Solomon's temple, 624.

Zab, lower, tributary of Tigris, 192.

Zabu, king of Babylon, restores Shamash temple at Sippar, 117; restores Anunit temple at Agade, 117.

Zag-muk, festival of Bau, 59, 677; festival of Marduk, 127, 631, 678-9; festival of En-lil, 678; festival of Sin, 678; festival of Nana, 678; propitious time for asking oracles, 628-9; spring and fall the time of the z., 678; compared with Jewish New Year, 687.

Zakar, god, meaning of name, 172; place of worship, 172; "wall of Zakar," 172; relationship to Bel and Belit, 172.

Zamama, god of the 2d Bab. period, 168; sanctuary to Z. in Kish, 169; god of battle (identified with Ninib, 640), 169; Ninni his consort, 169; in incantations, 273; temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640.

Zarmu, son of Bau, 103.

Za-za-uru, son of Bau, 103.

Zikkurat, staged tower, 615; imitation of mountain, 615; house of oracle, 622; names of zikkurats, 638 ff.

Zodiac, z. system outcome of religious thought, 247, 434; zodiacal interpretation of the gods, 82, 310-1, 434, 462-3, 676; almost the entire zodiac known to the Babylonians, 456.

Zoroastrianism, 45.

Zu, personification of storm, 525, 537; myth of Zu, 537 ff.; compared with Tiamat epic, 543; explanation of name, 537; the chief worker of evil, 538; under the control of Shamash, 538; robs the tablets of fate, 540; conquered by Marduk, 542.

Zurghul, city in Babylonia, 578.

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