V. MINOR VARIETIES OF PEARS (part 3 of 3)

V. MINOR VARIETIES OF PEARS (part 3 of 3)

A seedling of Bartlett originated by R. E. Burton, Vacaville, Cal., and introduced in 1916. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellow; flesh white, fine, sweet; good; Sept.

=Unterlaibacher Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig Mostbirnen 142, fig. 69. 1913.

This perry pear is a native of Carniola and probably gets its name from the city of Laibach in that region. Tree of moderate growth, upright, tall, with strong wood, a late and alternate bearer, long-lived. Fruit round, large, greenish-yellow, russeted about the calyx end, finely dotted; calyx open, wide; basin shallow; stem short, thick, brownish-yellow, set at an angle; flesh yellowish-green, granular; Oct.

=Upper Crust. 1.= Horticulturist =4=:276. 1849. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 870. 1869.

A seedling introduced by Col. Wm. Sumner, Pomaria, S. C., in 1849. Tree pyramidal, with "switchey" limbs and gray bark. Fruit below medium, roundish, green, covered with distinct, irregular, russet patches; stalk rather short, stout; cavity broad, shallow; calyx large, open; flesh granular, not juicy, rots at core; poor; Aug.

=Ursula. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:7. 1856. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 872. 1869.

Said to have originated in Belgium about 1826. Tree vigorous and very productive; twigs green, thickly dotted; buds small, long; leaves ovoid. Fruit below medium to above, oblong-acute-pyriform, yellowish mostly covered with golden-russet; stem long, curved; calyx open; basin shallow; flesh white, juicy, melting; good to very good; late Aug.

=Uwchlan. 1.= Horticulturist =6=:35, fig. 3. 1856. =2.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:714, fig. 1869.

Originated on the premises of Widow Dowlin, near the Brandywine, in Uwchlan Township, Pa. It fruited first in 1851. Tree of good growth, productive, pyramidal. Fruit below medium, roundish, inclining to obovate, pale whitish-yellow, shaded, mottled and dotted with crimson, and thickly covered with conspicuous brown dots; stem curved, inclined; cavity shallow, sometimes lipped; calyx partially closed; basin abrupt, large, deep; flesh white, very juicy, very sweet, melting, aromatic; good to very good; Sept.

=Valentine. 1.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 872. 1869.

Said to have originated on Long Island. Fruit above medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, pale yellowish-green, tinge of red in the sun; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good; Aug.

=Vallée Franche. 1.= Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. =2=:74. 1768. =2.= Hogg Fruit Man. 658. 1884.

Poire de Vallée. =3.= Mas Le Verger =2=:113, fig. 55. 1866-73.

A pear of ancient and unknown origin. It was grown in France in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Tree very large, exceedingly vigorous, very hardy, a regular bearer. Fruit medium or below, obovate or obtuse-pyriform, smooth, shining yellowish-green, sprinkled with small russet dots; flesh white, breaking, medium fine, very juicy, sweet, slightly musky; well reported from the Old World but as "unworthy of cultivation" from the New; last of Aug.

=Valley. 1.= Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. =2=:185, Pl. XCVII, fig. 2. 1823.

Possibly of English origin. Fruit oval or lemon-shape, yellow, strewn with fine dots; skin thick; flesh soft, buttery; flavor very pleasant; mid-Aug.

=Van Assche. 1.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1852. =2.= Horticulturist =3=:60, fig., front. 1853.

Van Assene. =3.= Mag. Hort. =8=:58. 1842. =4.= Ibid. =13=:60, fig. 4. 1847.

M. Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel., originated this pear about 1828. M. Manning received cions of the variety from Van Mons in 1835 under the name Van Assene, and this has led to incorrect statements in America that Van Assche is a seedling of Van Mons and should be called Van Assene. Tree productive, vigorous, erect, an early bearer. Fruit rather large, roundish-obovate-pyriform, pale yellow, covered with rather large russet specks; stem long, slender, curved; cavity medium deep; calyx closed; basin abrupt, deep flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; Sept.

=Van Buren. 1.= Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 5. 1843. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 873. 1869.

A cooking pear raised from seed by Governor Edwards of New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish-oblate, yellow, with a rich orange-red blush next the sun, regularly dotted with conspicuous brownish specks; flesh white, crisp, sweet; Oct.

=Van Deventer. 1.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 873. 1869.

Originated in New Jersey. Tree very vigorous, very productive, an early bearer. Fruit rather small, oblong-ovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, shaded with brownish-red in the sun, with many gray and green dots; stem inclined, inserted by a lip and sometimes rings; calyx partially closed; basin shallow; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, half-melting, sweet, pleasant, good; mid-Aug.

=Van Marum. 1.= Pom. France =3=:No. 125, Pl. 125. 1865. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 873. 1869.

Calebasse Grosse. =3.= Hogg Fruit Man. 541. 1884.

Originated by Van Mons in 1823. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit very large, sometimes measuring six inches long, oblong-pyriform, yellow; stem rather long, slender; cavity flattened; calyx large; basin shallow, regular; flesh white, apt to rot at the core, half-melting, not especially juicy, sweet, aromatic; fair to good; Oct.

=Van Mons frühe Pomeranzenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:159. 1856.

Originated by Van Mons about 1852. Fruit broadly turbinate, light green becoming yellow, thickly dotted, specked with russet; stem thick, one inch long; flesh half-melting; second-rate in quality; Aug.

=Van Mons Sommer Schmalzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:142. 1856.

Originated by Van Mons of Belgium about 1852, from seed. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium large, 2 inches wide, 3-1/2 inches high, with protuberances, light green becoming greenish-yellow, without red, spotted with russet; calyx open, star-shaped; stem curved, medium long; flesh fine, moderately melting; last of Aug.

=Van Mons späte Wirthschaftbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:187. 1856.

Said to be a seedling of Van Mons originated about 1854. Twigs long, red; leaves small. Fruit oval, 2-3/4 inches wide, 3-1/2 inches high, with the bulge in the middle, green becoming yellowish-green; dots black; calyx almost closed; segments erect; stem woody, 1 inch long; flesh breaking, sweet; last of Nov.

=Van Mons süsse Haushaltsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:182. 1856.

Said to have been originated by Van Mons about 1852. Fruit conic-pyriform, 2-1/2 inches wide, 3 inches tall, bright green becoming lemon-yellow, sometimes striped with red, more or less flecked with russet; dots not conspicuous; basin shallow; stem thick, 3/4 inch long, inclined; flesh yellowish-white, fine, smooth, sweet; Sept. and Oct.

=Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:89. 1856.

Sucré de Tertolen. =2.= Mas Le Verger =3=:Pt. 1, 129, fig. 63. 1868.

Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne. =3.= Mathieu Nom. Pom. 289. 1889.

Of Dutch origin. Tree light green; petioles long and very slender; leaves curved and sharply acuminate. Fruit nearly medium, globular-turbinate; skin rather thick, green, with large brown spots; flesh white, granular, buttery, rather gritty around the core, acidulous, perfumed; first; Nov.

=Van de Weyer Bates. 1.= Mag. Hort. =18=:417. 1852. =2.= Mas Pom. Gen. =5=:71, fig. 324. 1880.

Said to have been originated by Van Mons about 1823. Tree vigorous, large, rather tall, an early and good bearer. Fruit below medium; roundish-obovate, pale yellow, covered with small brown dots and a few brown veins; stem short, rather stout; calyx large, open; flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, rich, sugary, pleasantly aromatic; a fine late pear; Mar. to May.

=Vanderveer. 1.= Prince Pom. Man. =1=:156. 1831.

Originated from seed of White Doyenné with Dr. Adrian Vanderveer of Long Island, and was named after the originator by William Prince. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium, yellow, with a tinge of russet; flesh melting, buttery; Sept.

=Varuna. 1.= Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 44. 1866.

A seedling fruited by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., in 1862. Tree productive. Fruit turbinate, 3-1/2 inches wide, 4 inches long, greenish-yellow; core small; flesh white, juicy, slightly acid; Sept.

=Vauquelin. 1.= Mag. Hort. =14=:112. 1848. =2.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:723, fig. 889. 1869.

Saint-Germain Vauquelin. 3. Pom. France 2:No. 65, Pl. 65. 1864.

Raised by M. Vauquelin, Rouen, Fr., from seed sown about 1816. Tree vigorous, pyramidal. Fruit medium to above, obovate-pyriform to oblong-obovate-pyriform, undulating in outline, yellow, brownish next the sun, with patches and traces of russet and russet dots; stem inserted without depression; calyx large, open; flesh white, very juicy, brisk; good; Dec. and Jan.

=Venusbrust. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:178. 1856.

Said to have originated in Thuringia about 1796. Tree upright, leafy, very productive; leaves large, truncate. Fruit roundish-turbinate, rather large, beautiful bright yellow, usually red next the sun, dotted with fine brown dots, russeted at both ends; calyx segments short; flesh coarse-grained, granular, aromatic, sweet; Dec. to Apr.

=Vergoldete oder wahre graue Dechantsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:92. 1856.

Said to have originated in Austria about 1836. Tree an early bearer. Fruit small to above, roundish-turbinate, greenish-gray becoming golden, russeted and dotted with gray, very agreeable; Nov.

=Verguldete Herbstbergamotte. 1.= Christ Handb. 551. 1817.

A German variety. Fruit large, Bergamot-form; skin rough, yellow-brown and gray, golden-yellow when ripe; flesh tender, breaking and somewhat musky; end of Sept.

=Verlaine d'Été. 1.= Ann. Pom. Belge =7=:29, fig. 1859.

Verlain. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 874. 1869.

First reported in 1823 as a seedling of Van Mons. The name Verlaine d'Été has been applied to two other varieties, Flemish Beauty and Bergamotte Heems. The pear here described is distinct from the former but resembles the latter somewhat closely. Tree vigorous, productive, carrying its branches horizontal. Fruit medium, oblong, obovate-pyriform, pale yellow-orange in the sun, with patches and dots of brownish-red; stalk slender, inserted in a small cavity; calyx with short, stiff segments; flesh white, half-fine, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous; Sept.

=Vermillion d'en Haut. 1.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:726, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 874. 1869.

Originated by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, Fr., and first reported in 1858. Tree moderately vigorous, productive, pyramidal. Fruit medium, turbinate-pyriform, olive-yellow, shaded with red in the sun; stem short, stout, inserted without depression; calyx large, open; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet; Sept.

=Vermont. 1.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 874. 1869.

Supposed to be a seedling which is said to have been taken from Vermont to Oswego, N. Y., where it fruited. Tree upright. Fruit medium or below, obovate-pyriform, pale whitish-yellow, slight red in the sun, traced, netted and dotted with russet; stalk slender; cavity deep; calyx with erect segments; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; Oct.

=Vernusson. 1.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:727, fig. 1869.

In 1694 this variety was mentioned as having been named after the place Vernusson in Anjou, near Angers, Fr. Fruit medium in size, turbinate, pale yellow, shaded with rose on the side next the sun, covered at the base and apex with brown; calyx medium, open; flesh white, very fine, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; of first quality; Dec. to middle of Feb.

=Verte-longue panachée. 1.= Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. =2=:195, Pl. XXXVII. 1768. =2.= Ann. Pom. Belge =1=:65, fig. 1853.

Long Green Panache. =3.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 804. 1869.

A striped variety of Long Green of Autumn, differing from the original in having the wood and fruit striped with green and yellow bands, and in having the leaves occasionally striped with yellow.

=Verte-Longue de la Sarthe. 1.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:732, fig. 1869.

Grosse Verte-Longue Précoce de la Sarthe. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 5:79, fig. 1880.

A variety well known and esteemed for many years in the country around Mans in France. Fruit nearly medium, globular-conic, obtuse, bright green, speckled with grayish dots, often rather russeted toward the poles; at maturity the green changes to greenish-yellow; flesh whitish, fine, very melting, full of sugary juice, vinous and relieved with a refreshing savor; good; end of July.

=Verulam. 1.= Gard. Chron. 805, fig. 1855. =2.= Bunyard Handb. Hardy Fr. 202. 1920.

A very old pear the origin of which is uncertain. Tree hardy, forming a round, spreading head, productive. Fruit rather large, almost oval, rough, entirely covered with yellowish-brown russet appearing almost black; stem woody; calyx open; flesh crisp, coarse-grained, assuming a fine red when cooked; seldom better than cooking quality; Jan. to Mar.

=Vezouzière. 1.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 88. 1856. =2.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:734, fig. 1869.

Bergamotte von Vezouzière. =3.= Mathieu Nom. Pom. 177. 1889.

From information gathered by André Leroy from M. Hutin, manager of the nurseries of M. Léon Leclerc of Laval, it would seem that this variety was found by Léon Leclerc in a field near the Château de la Vezouzière, Mayenne, Fr. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium to below, roundish-turbinate, yellowish, sprinkled with minute gray and green dots; stalk long, curved, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; calyx open, persistent, in a wide, uneven basin; flesh very juicy, melting, sweet; agreeable; good to very good; Sept.

=Vicar Junior. 1.= Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 92. 1872.

Hon. M. P. Wilder notes: "A seedling of my own from the Vicar of Winkfield. Large, long, ovate-pyriform, color dull yellow, with a few traces of russet, and a brownish, red cheek; in shape and color resembling Louise Bonne de Jersey more than its parent. Flesh melting, very juicy and tender, flavor acidulous and rich. 'Very good.' Season the whole month of October."

=Vice-Président Coppiers. 1.= Gard. Chron. 3rd Ser. =37=:69. 1905.

A chance seedling raised by M. Coppiers of France. Fruit medium, regular-pyriform, brown, assuming an orange tint at maturity; stem moderately long; calyx slightly depressed; flesh delicate, with a slight almond flavor; Sept. and Oct.

=Vice-Président Decaye. 1.= Mathieu Nom. Pom. 294. 1889. =2.= Guide Prat. 101. 1895.

Tree of medium vigor, very productive. Fruit medium in size; flesh very fine, highly flavored, sweet; Sept. and Oct.

=Vice-Président Delbée. 1.= Mathieu Nom. Pom. 294. 1889. =2.= Guide Prat. 64. 1895.

Originated by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Tree productive, of good vigor. Fruit medium to large, resembling Passe Crassane, borne in clusters; flesh fine, melting, of a peculiar flavor; through the winter.

=Vice-Président Delehoye. 1.= Mas Pom. Gen. =1=:53, fig. 27. 1872.

Originated by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Tree of good vigor, an early bearer. Fruit medium, oval to oblong-turbinate, clear bright yellow; flesh melting, juicy, delicately aromatic; first; Oct. and Nov.

=Victor. 1.= Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 235. 1886.

Miller Victor. =2.= Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 235. 1886.

W. P. Stark of Missouri, one of the introducers of this variety, states that he received it from Judge S. Miller, who said that it originated in Chester County, Pa., about 1856. Tree said to be little affected by blight. Fruit large, pyriform, smooth, greenish-yellow, slightly blushed; dots numerous, small; flavor subacid to sweet; Sept.

=Victoria de Williams. 1.= Guide Prat. 112. 1876.

Of English origin. Tree hardy. Fruit large, turbinate, lemon-yellow, with patches of brownish-red; stem fleshy; flesh fine, very tender, melting, buttery, very juicy, richly flavored, finely perfumed; first; Oct.

=Victorina. 1.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 59, 60. 1887. =2.= Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 170. 1894.

A Russian sort received from Russia by the Iowa Station in 1879 and again in 1882. It is described as a hardy tree free from blight or sun scald and is given two stars for productiveness and quality by Dr. Fischer of Voronesh, a German pomologist. In this country it is said to be of no commercial importance.

=Vigne. 1.= Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. =2=:242, Pl. LVIII, fig. 2. 1768. =2.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:736, fig. 1869.

Vine Pear. =3.= Mawe-Abercrombie Univ. Gard. Bot. 1778.

Lady. =4.= Prince Pom. Man. 1:59. 1831.

Demoiselle. =5.= Mas Le Verger =3=:Pt. 2, 145, fig. 169. 1866-73.

Said to have originated in France, possibly near Anjou, prior to 1675. Tree large, vigorous, scraggly, very productive. Fruit small, turbinate, rough, dull red, covered with gray specks; calyx large, open; stem long, slender; flesh yellowish, slightly granular, juicy, well perfumed; Oct.

=Villain XIV. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:40. 1856.

Said to have originated in Belgium in 1825. Tree an early and heavy bearer. Fruit medium in size, variable, oblong-turbinate, unequal, greenish-yellow, strewn with fine russet dots; calyx small, open; stem thick, medium in length; flesh melting, gritty near the core, sweetly perfumed; Sept.

=Villéne de Saint-Florent. 1.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:739, fig. 1869.

It is said that this variety, which was known prior to 1846, may have been originated near and named after the village of Saint-Florent near Saumur, Fr. Tree of medium productiveness. Fruit large, variable in shape from ovoid to globular, unequal, green dotted with reddish-gray; flesh breaking; a cooking pear; Oct.

=Vin de Anglais. 1.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:740, fig. 899. 1869.

An old pear of uncertain origin. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit small, turbinate, greenish-yellow, largely washed with bright red; flesh juicy, very sweet, high in quality; Aug.

=Vineuse. 1.= Pom. France =4=:No. 148, Pl. 148. 1859.

Vineuse Esperen. =2.= Ann. Pom. Belge =7=:89, fig. 1859.

Raised by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel., and introduced about 1840. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, pyriform, pale yellowish-green, patched and netted with russet, dotted with many small, brown and green dots; calyx large, open; stem short, fleshy; flesh yellowish-white, half-fine, melting, very juicy, vinous, delicately perfumed; good; Oct.

=Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}. 1.= Ann. Pom. Belge =7=:17, fig. 1859. =2.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:742, fig. 901. 1869.

Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leopold I. =3.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 869. 1869.

Souvenir de Leopold I^{er}. =4.= Mas Pom. Gen. =7=:171, fig. 566. 1881.

Obtained by Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel., in 1855. Fruit medium, spherical; skin fine, thin, soft, very pale green sprinkled with small, faint grayish dots, few in number and unequally spaced, changing to jonquil-yellow; flesh very white, fine, semi-melting, only fairly juicy, but saccharine, with a flavor of sweet wine; first; Oct.

=Virginale du Mecklembourg. 1.= Mas Pom. Gen. =4=:43, fig. 214. 1879.

Originated, probably in Mecklenburg, previous to 1864. Tree pyramidal, vigorous, moderately productive. Fruit medium, regularly conic to conic-pyriform, bright yellow, sown with gray dots; calyx large, open; stem rather long, continuous with the base of the fruit; flesh white, half-fine, breaking, rather abundant in a rich sugary juice, agreeably high-flavored; Aug.

=Virginie Baltet. 1.= Rev. Hort. 546. 1903. =2.= Ibid. 92, fig. 1905.

Raised, and introduced in 1904, by Charles Baltet, Troyes, Fr. Tree vigorous, pyramidal, very productive. Fruit large to very large, club-shaped, oblique at the base, yellowish, blushed with red; stem short; flesh melting, juicy, sugary, delicately perfumed; very good; Nov. and Dec.

=Virgouleuse. 1.= Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. =2=:224, Pl. LI. 1768. =2.= Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. =1=:Pl. XLIX, fig. 1. 1823. =3.= Hogg Fruit Man. 661. 1884.

This variety originated at the village of Virgouleé, near Limoges, of which the Marquis Chambrette was the baron, and by whom it was first introduced about 1650. From this circumstance it has often been called Chambrette, after the marquis. The tree is strong and vigorous but is a late and indifferent bearer and is apt to drop its fruit before ripe. It is said that the fruit is very susceptible to absorbing odors and flavors and must be stored near materials which will improve rather than impair the flavor. In Europe it is regarded as an excellent dessert pear, but in this country it has not met with great success. Fruit medium to large, pyriform, rounded towards the eye and tapering thickly towards the stalk; skin smooth, delicate, lively green becoming a beautiful pale lemon-yellow, sprinkled with numerous gray and red dots; calyx small, open, set in a small shallow basin; stem an inch long, fleshy at the base, attached with no depression; flesh yellowish-white, delicate, buttery, melting, very juicy, with a sugary and perfumed flavor; Nov. to Jan.

=Vital. 1.= Rev. Hort. 271, 425, figs. 110, 111. 1891.

Beurré Vital. =2.= Mathieu Nom. Pom. 185. 1889.

Found near Pontoise, Fr., prior to 1890 by M. Vital. Tree vigorous, productive, an annual bearer. Fruit 3-1/4 in. long, 3 in. broad, resembling White Doyenné, unequal, sloping towards both top and bottom but more towards the stem end; skin beautiful golden-yellow in color; stem short; flesh whitish, melting, slightly granular, sweet, agreeably perfumed; sometimes keeping as late as May.

=Vitrier. 1.= Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. =2=:139, Pl. XLIV, fig. 4. 1768. =2.= Prince Pom. Man. =1=:106. 1831.

Valerius Cordus, a botanist, who died in 1544, mentions a Pyrum Vitreum common in Saxony, and it may be, then, that Vitrier is of this origin. Fruit large, oval, deep red speckled with brown points on the sunny side and light green dotted with deeper green on the shady side; stem moderately large, an inch long; flesh white but not very delicate, agreeable; Nov. and Dec.

=Volkmarserbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:13. 1856. =2.= Lauche Deut. Pom. =II=:No. 96. Pl. 96. 1883.

Volkmarsen. =3.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:750, fig. 1869.

It is thought that this pear may have originated near the town of Volkmarsen, Ger., prior to 1795. Tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive. Fruit small, oval, yellow, almost entirely covered with brown, sprinkled with numerous dots of a brighter color; calyx open; flesh half-melting, juicy, piquant, sweetish; Sept.

=Von Zugler. 1.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 877. 1869.

Said by Downing in 1869 to be a new Belgian variety. Tree slender, productive. Fruit medium, roundish-acute-pyriform, yellow, nearly covered with cinnamon-russet; stem rather short, inclined in a slight depression by a fleshy lip; calyx small, open; segments short, erect; basin small; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic; very good; Sept.

=Voscovoya. 1.= Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 320, 323. 1885. =2.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 60, 61. 1887.

Waxy. 3. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 323. 1885.

A Russian variety introduced by the Iowa Agricultural College from P. J. Tretjakoff, Orel, Russia, about 1883, and said to be "an extra fine pear." Professor Budd thought it identical with Vosovoya or Waxen.

=Vosschanka. 1.= Can. Hort. =17=:291. 1894.

A variety grown by M. Mitschurin, one of the most celebrated Russian horticulturists, in the Russian Province of Tambow, 53 north latitude. Fruit medium, yellow; "flavor excellent, ripens in the month of August, and keeps till October."

=Wade. 1.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 135. 1920.

Grown by I. C. Wade, Cornelia, Ga. Fruit rather large, roundish, short-pyriform, irregular, yellow; dots raised, russet, very prominent; stem short, very stout, fleshy, inserted in a round, very small, shallow, abrupt, russeted cavity; calyx small, closed, in shallow, abrupt basin; flesh white with yellow fibers, moderately juicy, tender, rather coarse, nearly sweet; good; mid-season.

=Wadleigh. 1.= Cole Am. Fr. Book 154. 1849.

Originated in New Hampshire. Tree rather hardy, moderately vigorous. Fruit medium, almost globular, yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet; stem short, stout, inserted in a slight cavity, sometimes by a fold or lip; basin slight; calyx with small short lobes; flesh white, fine, a little gritty, juicy, melting, pleasant; good; Sept.

=Wahre Canning. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:56. 1856.

Said by Dochnahl to have originated in England about 1842. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit medium large, obovate, bright green becoming greenish-yellow, often blushed with bright brown, sparsely dotted; stem thin, 1-3/4 inches long; flesh non-aromatic, not juicy, sweet, becoming mealy; Aug. and Sept.

=Wahre Faustbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:3. 1856.

According to Dochnahl this pear originated in Germany about 1801. Tree very large and productive. Fruit very large, pyriform, regular, even yellow, flecked and dotted with russet; calyx large, deep set; stem an inch long; Oct.

=Wahre Schneebirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:199. 1856

Probably a wild pear of Austria, first mentioned in 1810. Fruit round, green becoming yellow, somewhat blushed on the sunny side; dots yellowish; stem thick, flesh very sour becoming sweeter; Dec.

=Wallis Kieffer. 1.= Stark Bros. Year Book =5=:40. 1914.

The introducers of this pear, Stark Brothers Nurseries and Orchards Company, received it from Henry Wallis of St. Louis County, Missouri. It is reported as a strong-growing tree, blight resistant, and a heavy bearer, fruit of better quality than Kieffer and two weeks earlier.

=Warner. 1.= Ind. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 123. 1885.

Originated in Indiana in 1832. Tree said to be blight-resistant. Fruit medium, symmetrical, light yellow; flesh buttery, melting, mild; fair to good; last of Aug. and first of Sept.

=Washington. 1.= Kenrick Am. Orch. 187. 1832. =2.= Mag. Hort. =10=:296, fig. 1844.

Robertson. =3.= N. E. Farmer =7=:259. 1830.

Discovered in a thorn hedge at Naaman's Creek, Del., about 1801, by General Robertson or Robinson, the owner of the land, and said to have been named by him in honor of his friend and commander, George Washington. Tree vigorous, not large, an abundant bearer. Fruit medium, obovate, ending very obtusely at the stem, regular, smooth, clear yellow with a sprinkling of reddish dots on the sunny side; stem an inch and a half long, inserted in a slight depression; calyx small, partly closed, set in a shallow basin; flesh white, very juicy, melting, sweet, agreeable; very good; Sept.

=Waterloo. 1.= Hogg Fruit Man. 663. 1884.

Fruit medium, turbinate, broad at the apex, pale green becoming brownish-red, with a few streaks of brighter red next the sun, thickly covered with gray russety dots; stem rather short, inserted in a small round cavity; calyx open, in a deep, wide, even basin; flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, sugary, perfumed; second-rate; Sept.

=Watson. 1.= Mag. Hort. =10=:212. 1844. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 878. 1869.

Originated in Plymouth, Mass., on the farm of William Watson prior to 1843. Tree productive. Fruit below medium to above, roundish to obtusely obovate, yellowish, covered mostly with russet; flesh whitish, coarse, moderately juicy, sweet; of low quality; early Sept.

=Webster. 1.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 878. 1869.

Said to have originated at Hudson, N. Y. Tree a moderate grower, productive. Fruit medium, globular-obtuse-pyriform, yellow with traces and nettings of russet and many brown dots; stem long, slender, inclined, set in a small russeted cavity; calyx open, segments long, reflexed; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic; good to very good; Nov.

=Weeping Willow. 1.= Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 37. 1867.

A seedling by Asahel Foot "called Weeping Willow, from the remarkably pendulous habit of the tree, but the fruit is of third quality."

=Weidenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:189. 1856.

Said to have originated in Germany about 1807. Fruit medium large, pyriform, uneven, bright green becoming golden yellow, often blushed with red and strongly dotted with gray, flecked with dark spots; calyx large, open; stem crooked, an inch and a half long; flesh firm, fine-grained, sweet, aromatic; Sept.

=Weidenblättrige Herbstbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:15. 1856.

Said to have originated in Württemberg, Ger., about 1830. Tree of medium size. Fruit in clusters, medium large, pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, becoming somewhat striped with red or marked by reddish dots; Sept.

=Weihmier Sugar. 1.= Hopedale Nurs. Cat. 18. 1912.

It is said by the Hopedale Nursery Company, introducer of this variety, that it is not a new pear but an unknown old one renamed. Tree thrifty, blights somewhat. Fruit medium to large and regarded by some as of "highest possible flavor."

=Weiler'sche Mostbirn. 1.= Guide Prat. 107. 1876. =2.= Löschnig Mostbirnen 178, fig. 1913.

A native of Austria and valued highly for perry. Tree vigorous, an early and heavy bearer. Fruit small, globular, greenish-yellow, dotted, russet at the apex; stem medium in length, somewhat curved and set in a slight depression; calyx open; flesh yellowish-white, firm, with a sweet, aromatic flavor; Oct. and Nov.

=Weisse Fuchsbirne. 1.= Löschnig Mostbirnen 180, fig. 1913.

A perry pear probably of Austrian origin. Tree rather vigorous, pyramidal, becoming more spreading. Fruit medium, usually turbinate, light yellowish-green, covered with numerous fine dots, flaked with russet around stem and calyx; calyx small, open; stem long, same color as the fruit and continuous with it; flesh white, rather fine-grained, juicy, sweet; Oct.

=Weisse Hangelbirne. 1.= Löschnig Mostbirnen 70, fig. 1913.

A perry pear probably of Austrian origin. Tree vigorous, broadly pyramidal, large, a late but regular and heavy bearer. Fruit small, round, greenish-yellow, covered with numerous fine, brown-russet dots and small russet splotches; calyx small, open; stem short, inserted without depression; flesh pure white, granular, very juicy, slightly acid; Oct.

=Weisse Kochbirne. 1.= Löschnig Mostbirnen 102, fig. 1913.

A perry pear of unknown origin. Tree pyramidal, not a dependable bearer. Fruit medium to above, globular, light-yellow, covered with numerous russet dots; calyx open, set in a narrow, abrupt basin; stem medium, brown; flesh pure white, slightly granular, very juicy, pleasantly sweet; Oct.

=Weisse Pelzbirne. 1.= Löschnig Mostbirnen 144, fig. 1913.

A perry pear of Austria. Tree moderately vigorous, compact, an early and regular bearer. Fruit medium, variable, turbinate, greenish-yellow to yellowish-white, heavily dotted and splotched with russet, especially about stem and calyx, often marked with scab spots; calyx open; stem medium, strong, set with little or no depression; flesh yellowish-white, slightly granular, juicy, sweetish, sometimes slightly bitter; Sept. and Oct.

=Welbeck Bergamot. 1.= Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 89. 1845. =2.= Hogg Fruit Man. 663. 1884.

Bergamotte Welbeck. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 5:87, fig. 332. 1880.

Fruit above medium, roundish, uneven in outline, bossed about the stalk, smooth, shining, lemon-yellow, thickly sprinkled with large russet specks, blushed with light crimson on side next the sun; calyx small, open, set in a shallow depression; stem medium, inserted in an uneven cavity; flesh white, rather coarse-grained, half-melting, very juicy, sugary, without flavor; inferior; Oct. and Nov.

=Wellington. 1.= Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 43. 1864. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 879. 1869.

This, with other seedlings, was imported from France about 1854 by A. Wellington, Braintree, Mass. It was exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1864. It may be that there is a second Wellington pear, or even a third, for in 1852 there was exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society "Wellington, (two varieties)." A description of a Wellington pear is given in the Magazine of Horticulture of the following year, while in 1854 the American Pomological Society included a variety of similar name in its list of rejected fruits. At all events, the pear herein described is the one now known as Wellington. Fruit large, similar in shape to Beurré d'Anjou, but longer, yellow, clouded with green; calyx small, open, with short, stiff, slightly incurved lobes, basin shallow; stem very short, set in a slight cavity; flesh yellowish-white, somewhat coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, with a peculiar "confectionery" flavor or aroma; Nov.

=Welsche Bratbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:2. 1856. =2.= Löschnig Mostbirnen 26; fig. 1913.

A perry pear of first rank which is said to have originated in Württemberg about 1823. Tree a very late yet regular and productive bearer. Fruit medium, roundish-oval to turbinate, whitish, splotched with yellowish-green, covered with numerous fine russet dots; calyx large, open, star-shaped; stem medium, rather stout, set in a small cavity as though stuck into the fruit; flesh greenish-white, granular, slightly firm, juicy, sweet; last of Sept. and Oct.

=Weltz. 1.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 52. 1871.

A seedling introduced by Leo Weltz, Wilmington, Ohio. Fruit large, oblong-obovate-pyriform, good for cooking only.

=Wendell. 1.= Mag. Hort. =16=:460. 1850. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 879. 1869.

The name given, in honor of H. Wendell, Albany, N. Y., to one of Van Mons' seedlings which fruited in the Pomological Garden at Salem previous to 1850. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit rather small to medium, roundish-pyriform, yellow, having a somewhat russety skin, tinged with red on the sunny side, sprinkled with dots; calyx small, partially open; stem short, stout; flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, pleasant; good; Sept.

=Wesner. 1.= N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 32. 1886.

A pear from W. D. Wesner, Prairiesville, Ark., which is said to be a very productive early variety and one that may be valuable for shipping.

=Westcott. 1.= Mag. Hort. =13=:515. 1847. =2.= Mag. Hort. =17=:261, fig. 30. 1851.

Trescott. 3. Horticulturist 2:241, 287. 1847.

The Westcott, or Wescott, and the Trescott are the same. Through a typographical error in the description of Westcott, later corrected, the name Trescott first appeared. Westcott originated on the farm of Niles Westcott in Cranston, R. I., previous to 1847. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, productive. Fruit medium, roundish-obovate, occasionally slightly flattened laterally, greenish-yellow becoming a light orange-yellow, covered with numerous minute russet dots and with many conspicuous specks of the same color; calyx medium, open, set in a shallow basin; stem very long, rather slender, curved, inserted by a fleshy nob in a shallow cavity; flesh whitish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sweet, agreeable; good; last of Sept. and early Oct.

=Westphälische Melonenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:116. 1856.

First reported from Westphalia and Thuringia, Ger., about 1803. Tree very productive. Fruit oblong-obovate, pale green becoming pale yellow; dots grayish; skin thick; calyx open; stem rather short; flesh yellowish, deliciously melon-flavored; Jan. and Feb.

=Westrumb. 1.= Liebel Syst. Anleit. 132. 1825. =2.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:754, fig. 1869.

Raised by Van Mons about 1825. Tree very productive. Fruit medium, turbinate, greenish-yellow, overcast with bronze and netted with gray; heavily dotted; stem very short, thick, continuous with the fruit; flesh very juicy, of a very savory perfume; of highest quality; Sept.

=Wetmore. 1.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 879. 1869.

Raised by E. B. Wetmore, Westmoreland, N. Y. Tree upright, vigorous. Fruit small, roundish-oval, pale yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, slender, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip; calyx open; lobes short, erect; basin shallow, slightly corrugated; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; Oct.

=Wharton Early. 1.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 560. 1857.

Précoce de Wharton. =2.= Guide Prat. 113. 1876.

Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, pale yellow, with traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, curved, rather slender, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip; calyx open in a small basin; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly musky; good to very good; Aug.

=Wheeler. 1.= Mag. Hort. =24=:505, fig. 21. 1858. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 880. 1869.

About 1836 a maiden lady of Greenwich, R. I., planted the core of a Gardener pear, from which sprang a tree, fruit of which was brought to the attention of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society by Dr. Wheeler of Greenwich in 1851. The Society named the pear in honor of Dr. Wheeler. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, roundish-obovate, pale yellowish-green, mottled with greenish patches and dotted with numerous gray and green dots; stem medium, set in a small contracted cavity; calyx open, set in an uneven, abrupt basin; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good; Aug.

=Whieldon. 1.= U. S. D. A. Rpt. 127, fig., Pl. XI. 1863.

McLellan. =2.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 151. 1862.

Originated in the garden of Wm. W. Whieldon, Concord, Mass., and first brought to notice about 1862. Tree moderately vigorous, upright-spreading, a profuse bearer. Fruit medium or above, obtuse-obovate, yellowish-green, tinged with red in the sun, dotted and netted with russet, stem long, slender, slightly inclined, set in a shallow cavity; calyx open, set in a medium sized, uneven basin; segments recurved; flesh whitish, a little gritty near the core, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic; good to very good; Sept.

=White Genneting. 1.= Parkinson Par. Ter. 593. 1629.

"The White Genneting is a reasonable good peare, yet not equall to the other."

=White Longland. 1.= Hogg Fruit Man. 664. 1884.

Said to be a good stewing pear, cooking to a splendid red color, but coarse and rough in flavor; also used for perry. Fruit medium, turbinate, even, regular, yellowish-green, pale red next the sun, thickly sprinkled with large russet dots, with lines of russet and a patch round the stalk; calyx open, set in a shallow basin; stem rather short, straight, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; flesh yellowish, firm, coarse-grained, with a brisk, sweet juice.

=White Seedling. 1.= Mag. Hort. =19=:522. 1853. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 881. 1869.

Semis de White. =3.= Guide Prat. 75, 292. 1895.

A native of New Haven, Conn., exhibited in 1853. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium, roundish-obovate to oblong-obovate, greenish-yellow, sometimes with a brownish-blush in the sun, considerably netted and patched with russet, sprinkled with many russet dots; stem long, inclined, set in a shallow cavity, often by a fleshy lip; calyx open, with short, erect lobes, set in a small, uneven basin; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting; sweet, aromatic; good to very good; Oct. to Feb.

=White Squash. 1.= Hogg Fruit Man. 664. 1884.

A Herefordshire, Eng., perry pear. Fruit medium, roundish-turbinate, even and regular in outline, yellowish-green, strewn with small russety dots, with here and there a patch of russet, but always russety round the stalk and the calyx; calyx open, set in a saucer-like basin; stem medium, inserted without depression and with a fleshy swelling on one side; flesh coarse, crisp, very juicy, harshly astringent.

=White Star. 1.= Spring Hill Nurs. Cat. 10, fig. 1921.

Tree reported as hardy, productive and fruit as of the size of Bartlett, keeping until May and June, and good for dessert.

=Whitfield. 1.= Cultivator 66. 1839. =2.= Mag. Hort. =16=:296. 1850.

Placed on the list of Rejected Fruits by the second Congress of Fruit Growers in 1850. Tree a good bearer. Fruit medium, oblong-obovate, yellowish-brown, buttery, very good; Oct. and Nov.

=Wiest. 1.= Mag. Hort. =18=:492. 1852. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 882. 1869.

Reported from Pennsylvania in 1852. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, inclined to be alternate. Fruit medium or below, roundish-obovate, green, shaded with dull red and sprinkled with green and gray dots; stem rather stout, medium in length; calyx small, closed; lobes connivent; flesh whitish-green, juicy, melting, subacid; good; Sept.

=Wilbur. 1.= Mag. Hort. 10:211. 1844. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 882. 1869.

Early Wilbur. =3.= Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 4. 1843.

The original tree, which was found growing wild in a piece of mowing land on the farm of D. Wilbur, Jr., in Somerset, Mass., was said in 1844 to be 66 years old. Shoots slender, light olive-brown. Fruit below medium, roundish-obovate, dull green, becoming pale yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem small, set in a small cavity; calyx open; segments long; basin small; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, slightly astringent; good; Sept.

=Wilde Filzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:1. 1856.

A wild pear reported from Belgium about 1800. Fruit small, roundish, greenish, becoming yellowish, dotted with gray; stem long; flesh acid, becoming sweetish; poor; fall and winter. May be used for dwarfing.

=Wilde Herrnbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:188. 1856.

Reported from Germany about 1804. Tree very large. Fruit medium, broad, bright green becoming yellowish-green, often somewhat blushed on the sunny side, often flecked and patched with russet; dots light gray; stem rather long, inserted by a fleshy protuberance; flesh white, slightly musky, sweet; fair and below; Sept.

=Wilde Holzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:196. 1856.

Reported as wild and widely disseminated as early as 1641; its seedlings are said sometimes to be used for stocks. Tree very large and productive. Fruit small, round, green, dotted with light russet; seeds numerous, dark brown; flesh very acid; Oct.

=Wilder Sugar. 1.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 135. 1920.

Reported by Orange County Nursery Company, Anaheim, Cal., as "Medium large, greenish yellow shaded brown, excellent quality. Vigorous and productive. August."

=Wilding von Einsiedel. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:2. 1856. =2.= Löschnig Mostbirnen 182, fig. 1913.

This perry pear, which has also been recommended as a street tree, was reported from Württemberg about 1832. Tree very vigorous, pyramidal, not leafy, very productive. Fruit bluntly conic pyriform, small, greenish-yellow, brownish on side next the sun; covered with characteristic brown to reddish-brown dots, russeted about stem and calyx; calyx half open; stem short, thick; flesh juicy, firm, acid; Oct.

=Wilding von Gronau. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:96. 1856.

Reported from Hesse, Ger., about 1844. Fruit small, blunt, broad-conic-pyriform, yellow, blushed on the sunny side, flecked and dotted with gray, russeted about base and apex; calyx closed; stem short; flesh sweet-scented, sweet; end of Sept.

=Wilford. 1.= Parkinson Par. Ter. 592. 1629.

"A good and fair pear."

=Wilkinson. 1.= Kenrick Am. Orch. 187. 1832. =2.= Mag. Hort. =20=:470, fig. 25. 1854.

This pear, one of the oldest American kinds, was introduced by the exhibition of specimens before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in October, 1829, and given the name "Wilkinson," in compliment to the owner of the farm on which the tree originated and was then growing, Mr. Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I., brother of the noted Jemima Wilkinson. Tree thrifty, hardy, a regular bearer; shoots long, upright, stout, olive-yellow, with oblong white specks. Fruit medium, ovoid, obtuse at both ends, smooth, glossy, yellow dotted with brown points; stem rather long, rather stout, inserted obliquely in a rather wide and deep cavity; calyx medium, open, set in a shallow basin; flesh very white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, with a slight perfume; good; Oct. to Dec.

=Wilkinson Winter. 1.= Ill. Hort Soc. Rpt. 113. 1876. =2.= Ibid. 83. 1880.

A variety raised near Peoria, Ill., from seed planted by A. Wilkinson, and first reported before the Illinois State Horticultural Society about 1876. Tree said to be hardy, vigorous, productive, blight-resistant. Fruit said to be large, golden; very good; season until spring.

=Willermoz. 1.= Mag. Hort. =20=:86, 461. 1854. =2.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:756, fig. 1869.

Fruited with M. Bivort, Jodoigne, Bel., in 1848. Tree an extremely good grower, forming a fine pyramidal growth, with young shoots dark, dull, olive-brown, very productive. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, tinged with red, with nettings and some large patches of russet and with many small russet dots; stem medium, rather stout, inclined, set in a small cavity; calyx open or partially closed, set in an abrupt basin; flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, coarse at core, slightly vinous; good to very good; Nov. to Jan.

=William. 1.= Cultivator 175, fig. 8. 1845. =2.= Mag. Hort. =11=:252. 1845.

William Edwards. =3.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 420. 1845.

This seedling pear is said to be a "species of Virgoulouse," and was raised by Governor H. W. Edwards of New Haven, Conn., previous to 1845. Tree very productive. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, terminating rather abruptly at the stalk, yellow, becoming profusely dotted with red and russet points or dots on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, sweet, buttery, not juicy or melting enough for dessert purposes but good for baking; Sept.

=William Prince. 1.= Mag. Hort. =17=:472. 1851. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 883. 1869.

Other than that this variety was reported from the United States about 1848, nothing of its origin is known. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit medium, roundish-pyriform, greenish-yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, covered with many brown dots; stem medium to below; calyx open, set in a shallow basin; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet; good to very good; Sept. and Oct.

=Williams Double Bearing. 1.= Prince Pom. Man. =2=:215. 1832.

Raised from a seed of the Saint Germain, in the garden of Mrs. Williams, Salem, Mass. Tree said to bear two crops, the fruit of the first of the size herein mentioned and ripening in early October, that of the second much smaller and ripening from two to four weeks later. Fruit large, resembles its parent but greater in diameter; flesh of fine quality, melting, but not highly flavored.

=Williams Early. 1.= Mag. Hort. =3=:51. 1837. =2.= Ibid. =14=:344, fig. 37. 1848.

Originated with Aaron Davis Williams on his farm in Roxbury, Mass., probably about 1830. Tree a moderate grower, young shoots brownish red. Fruit medium to below, roundish-pyriform, ending obtusely at the stem, yellow, covered with bright crimson and thickly sprinkled with scarlet dots on the sunny side; stem rather long, stout, slightly fleshy at the base, inserted without any cavity; calyx open, slightly sunken in a furrowed basin; flesh yellowish-white, a little coarse-grained at first, becoming juicy, half buttery, with a slight musky flavor; good; middle of Sept.

=Williams d'Hiver. 1.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:760, figs. 1869. =2.= Am. Jour. Hort. =9=:219, fig. 1871.

Williams Winter. =3.= Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 380. 1902.

Raised by M. Leroy, Angers, Fr., and first fruited in 1862. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit blunt-pyriform, variable in shape, somewhat bossed, yellow, finely dotted and veined with yellow in basin, with lightish gray about stalk and on face next the sun; stem short, strong, thick, set rather obliquely and often to one side of the axis; calyx medium, half-closed, slightly sunken; flesh white, very fine, very melting, very juicy, sugary, acidulated, with a fine, fresh perfume, Dec. to Feb.

=Williams panachée. 1.= Guide Prat. 80, 312. 1876.

From the name, it is to be supposed that this is merely a striped-leaf variety of Bartlett.

=Williamson. 1.= Horticulturist =6=:494. 1851. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 883. 1869.

This seedling sprang up in a piece of woodland belonging to Nicholas Williamson on the south side of Long Island. Tree hardy, vigorous, a good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish-obovate to roundish-oblate, obtuse at stem, greenish-yellow, sprinkled with russet dots and considerably russeted at both ends; stem short, stout, set in a medium sized cavity; calyx open, often wanting, set in a deep, rather narrow basin; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse, half-melting, juicy, sugary, vinous; good to slightly above; Oct.

=Wilmington. 1.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 90. 1856. =2.= Horticulturist =12=:111, fig. 1857.

This is a seedling of Passe Colmar, raised in 1847 by Dr. Brincklé of Philadelphia, and first fruited in 1855. Tree a moderate grower, late bearer; young wood dull yellowish-brown. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform to roundish-ovate, greenish-yellow, netted and patched with russet, thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, curved, inserted obliquely in a small cavity, often by a lip; calyx medium, open, set in a wide, moderately deep basin; flesh whitish green, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic; good to very good; Sept.

=Windsor. 1.= Parkinson Par. Ter. 592, fig. 10. 1629. =2.= Bunyard Handb. Hardy Fr. 204. 1920.

Madame. =3.= Leroy Dict. Pom. 2:369, fig. 1869.

Summer Bell. =4.= Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 571. 1885.

According to Leroy this variety originated in Holland, and was published in 1771 under the name Hallemine Bonne by Knoop. In French gardens it received the name Madame. In England, Windsor is often called Cuisse Madame. A "Windsor," which appears to be identical with the Windsor of Knoop, is described by English writers as early as 1629. Hogg quotes an English writer as saying, "It was raised from seed of the Cuisse Madame, by a person of the name of Williamson ..." before 1750. Moreover, it is mentioned in 1592 as being cultivated about Naples, and 1563 in England. What the origin is appears undeterminable. Tree one of the strongest growers, upright, tall, a regular and abundant bearer; shoots remarkably stout, perfectly upright, dark brown. Fruit large, pyriform or bell-shaped, very smooth, greenish becoming pale yellow; stem long, fairly stout, inserted without depression; calyx open, set on level with prominent ribs around; flesh white, tender, buttery, rather coarse-grained, slightly acid, somewhat astringent; rots at the core; Aug.

=Winship. 1.= Mag. Hort. =10=:212. 1844. =2.= Ibid. =13=:485, fig. 41. 1847.

Originated in the nurseries of the Messrs. Winship, Brighton, Mass., about 1832. Tree vigorous, an early and productive bearer; young wood yellowish-reddish-brown. Fruit medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow with traces and patches of russet; stem long, rather slender, inserted with no cavity; calyx large, closed, set in a small, corrugated basin; flesh white, rather coarse, not juicy, not melting; poor to fair; Aug.

=Winslow. 1.= Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 45. 1866.

A seedling pear fruited by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., in 1865, and described by him as, "Diam. 2-1/2 inches; color, brown russet; flesh, sweet, juicy, buttery and high flavored; ripens well. Oct. 21. Roundish."

=Winter. 1.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 60. 1887. =2.= Ia. Sta. Bul. =3=:74. 1888.

Osimaya. =3.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 60. 1887.

Received by the Iowa Agricultural College in 1879 from R. Shroeder, Moscow, Russia. The tree is said to be hardy and free from blight and the fruit to be large than Bessemianka, quite as good in quality, and in season in central Russia the last days of September.

=Winter Jonah. 1.= N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 214. 1889. =2.= Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 422. 1903.

Tree a medium grower. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow with a faint blush on the sunny side, a few small, dark greenish-yellow spots, and many small, gray dots; stem medium, short, set in a very slight depression; calyx large, open, set in a narrow and shallow basin; winter.

=Winter Pear. 1.= Mag. Hort. =20=:75. 1854.

Sent to the Fruit Committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society in 1854 by Charles Kessler, Reading, Pa. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, scarcely "good" in quality.

=Winter Popperin. 1.= Parkinson Par. Ter. 592. 1629.

One of two "very good dry firme peares, somewhat spotted, and brownish on the outside."

=Winter Rousselet. 1.= Mawe-Abercrombie Univ. Gard. Bot. 1778.

Rousselet d'Hiver. =3.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:593, fig. 1869.

An ancient French pear of unknown origin, though it was described by Claude Saint-Étienne in 1670 and by Duhamel in the eighteenth century. Fruit small, turbinate, more or less obtuse, usually somewhat contracted toward the top, and often depressed on one side and mammillate on the other, yellow-green dotted with gray russet and blushed with reddish-brown on the face exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-breaking, watery, rather granular, juice abundant, saccharine, rarely having much aroma and sometimes acid; second; Feb. and Mar.

=Winter Seckel. 1.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 562. 1857.

Said to have originated near Fredericksburg, Va., and to have been introduced by H. R. Roby. Fruit small, obovate, yellow, with a brownish cheek in sun, patched and netted with russet, and covered with many large and brown dots; stem slender; calyx large, open; flesh white, a little coarse at core, juicy, half-melting.

=Winter Sweet Sugar. 1.= Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. =2=:151, Pl. 81. 1823.

Tree productive. Fruit turbinate, greenish, juicy, sweet, not very richly flavored; will keep till March.

=Winter Williams. 1.= Garden =67=:18. 1905.

A cross between Bartlett and Glou Morceau shown before the Royal Horticultural Society in 1905 by Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, England. Fruit said to resemble Glou Morceau in shape; skin yellow; flavor like Bartlett; later than Bartlett.

=Winterbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:70. 1856.

Reported from northern Germany about 1773. Fruit medium, turbinate, smooth, bright green, dotted with gray; stem long; flesh yellowish, half breaking, sweetish; Dec. to Apr.

=Winterliebesbirne. 1.= Mathieu Nom. Pom. 301. 1889.

Poire d'Amour d'Hiver. =2.= Mas Pom. Gen. =6=:15, fig. 392. 1880.

This pear is of German origin and bears also the name of Kirschbirnen or Church Pear. Fruit small or nearly medium, conic or globular-conic, sometimes short and sometimes long; skin thick, firm, rough, water-green with numerous and conspicuous brown dots; changing to pale yellow covered over a large area of the side next the sun with a vivid currant red on the central part and more brown on the borders; flesh white, coarse, breaking, a little gritty around the core, juice sufficient in quantity and sweet, vinous and musky; good for kitchen purposes and keeps a long time; Oct. and Nov.

=Winterrobine. 1.= Christ Handb. 500. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl Führ_. Obstkunde_ =2=:111. 1856.

Thuringia, Ger., 1799. Fruit fairly large, ventriculous-conic, obtuse; apex inclined, sides unequal, green turning yellow-green, often somewhat blushed, dotted with dark green, speckled with russet; flesh gritty near the center, whitish-yellow, sweet, musky, buttery, melting, aromatic; first for all purposes; Jan. to Mar.

=Witte Princesse. 1.= Knoop Pomologie 96, 139, fig. 1771.

An old pear, probably of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium to above, oblong-pyriform, drawn to a point at the stem; whitish-yellow or whitish-green, dotted with pale brown dots and occasionally patched here and there with brown; stem medium to above in length; flesh mellow, gritty, agreeably but not highly flavored; Aug. and Sept.

=Wolfsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:2. 1856. =2.= Löschnig Mostbirnen 104, fig. 1913.

A perry pear common to Württemberg from an early date. Tree medium vigorous, large, roundish, a late but good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, covered with russet dots, devoid of red; calyx large, open; stem very long, set obliquely without depression; flesh yellowish-white, firm, acid; Oct.

=Woodbridge Seckel. 1.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 121. 1860. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 885. 1869.

In 1860 a Mr. Woodbridge, Detroit, Mich., exhibited a seedling known as No. 2 before the Fruit Committee of the American Pomological Society. This seedling was subsequently named Woodbridge Seckel. Tree moderately vigorous. Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and marbled with crimson in the sun, thickly sprinkled with brown and crimson dots; stem long, slender; calyx open; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous; very good, but rapidly decays at the core; Sept.

=Woodstock. 1.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 201. 1856. =2.= Elliott Fr. Book 416. 1859.

Said to have originated at Woodstock, Vt., and first reported about 1856. Tree a moderate grower, very productive; young wood olive-brown. Fruit medium to below, roundish-obtuse to obovate-pyriform, pale yellow, netted and patched, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, rather slender, inserted in a small cavity, often by a lip; calyx large, open, placed in a rather deep, abrupt basin; lobes long, slender, persistent; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly musky; good to very good; Sept.

=Worden Meadow. 1.= Cultivator N. S. =2=:340. 1845.

Schuyler Worden, who originated the Worden grape, stated in 1845 that he had raised this pear in Oswego, N. Y., from grafts given him by an old countryman. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium to large, shape variable and surface uneven; skin yellow at maturity; flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, with a musky flavor; ripens about the middle of Sept.

=Wörlesbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:194. 1856.

A perry pear reported from Württemberg about 1830. Tree not vigorous, large, long-lived, very productive. Fruit small, oval or pyriform, solid bright green, turning lemon-yellow, numerously dotted with gray, somewhat flecked with russet; calyx in a slight depression; flesh juicy, acid, bitter.

=Wormsley Grange. 1.= Kenrick Am. Orch. 187. 1832.

This is a variety which is said to have been sent to the Hon. John Lowell by Mr. Knight with the remarks that it requires to be gathered before it is quite ripe and that it is a variety of first-rate excellence in Herefordshire, Eng. In 1842 it was listed as having been removed from the gardens of the London Horticultural Society because of inferior merit.

=Wurzer. 1.= Liegel Syst. Anleit. 114. 1825.

Wurzer d'Automne. =2.= Mag. Hort. =16=:296. 1850. =2.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 240. 1854.

Reported from Belgium about 1821. Tree vigorous, leafy, thorny. Fruit rather large, pyriform, solid green, becoming covered with russet, heavily dotted with reddish-brown; calyx small, set in a shallow basin; stem medium long, fleshy, set in a rather deep cavity; flesh pithy, sweet, vinous; Nov.

=Yat. 1.= Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 351. 1831. =2.= Leroy Dict. Pom. =2=:762, fig. 1869.

Gute Graue. =3.= Liegel Syst. Anleit. 124. 1825.

Beurré Gris d'Été de Hollande. =4.= Mas Le Verger =2=:85, fig. 41. 1866-73.

Beurré Gris d'Été. =5.= Guide Prat. 70, 245. 1876.

This pear is said to have been brought to England from Holland about 1770 by Thomas Harvey. It is not to be confused with the Grise-Bonne. Tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive. Fruit variable, small to above medium, obovate-pyriform to oblong-turbinate, green, thickly covered with russet, sprinkled with numerous gray specks, sometimes colored brownish-red when exposed to the sun; calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin; stem rather long, slender, obliquely inserted without depression and often by a fleshy protuberance; flesh white, tender, melting, juicy with a rich, sugary and highly perfumed flavor; rated as of little value by Downing, of first quality by Mas, as highly estimable by the Germans, and as an excellent early pear by Hogg; Aug. and Sept.

=Yellow Huff-cap. 1.= Hogg Fruit Man. 669. 1884.

A Herefordshire perry pear. Fruit quite small, obovate or turbinate, entirely covered with rough brown russet, and with only portions of the ground color showing through in specks; calyx small, open, with short horny segments, set even with the surface; stem rather long, inserted without depression; flesh yellowish, with a greenish tinge.

=Youngken Winter Seckel.=

According to correspondence this pear was raised from seed of Seckel by David Youngken, Richlandtown, Pa., about 1868. The tree is reported as being upright and prolific, and the fruit as keeping through the winter.

=Zache. 1.= Mich. Sta. Bul. =177=:39. 1899. =2.= Ibid. =187=:75. 1901.

A Chinese sand pear, of value only as a novelty, grown at the South Haven Substation of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station in 1894. Tree a fine, strong grower with large, thick, glossy leaves. Fruit roundish oblate, resembling an apple in appearance, orange with many light yellowish dots and specks; flesh coarse, crisp; poor; winter.

=Zapfenbirn. 1.= Christ Handb. 559. 1817.

Tree large, very productive. Fruit long-acute-pyriform, yellow, finely dotted; flesh breaking, not juicy, musky; used for drying and for cooking; early winter.

=Zarskaja. 1.= Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1880.

Reported by J. L. Budd to be a Russian variety which has gritty thorn-like wood and which therefore does not unite well when grafted upon apple stock.

=Zénon. 1.= Mathieu Nom. Pom. 302. 1884. =2.= Guide Prat. 62. 1895.

Of European origin, first reported in 1884. Tree moderately vigorous, producing excellent fruit upon quince stock. Fruit medium, of the form of White Doyenné; flesh very fine, juicy, sweet, agreeable, slightly aromatic, granular near the core; first; end of autumn.

=Zéphirin Grégoire. 1.= Horticulturist =9=:78, fig. 1854. =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =3=:79, fig. 1855. =3.= Bunyard Handb. Hardy Fr. 205. 1920.

M. Grégoire, pomologist, Jodoigne, Bel., raised this variety supposedly from seeds of Passe Colmar about 1831. Tree pyramidal, vigorous, very productive, succeeds best upon pear stock; young wood smooth, light olive-yellow-brown. Fruit medium to above, roundish-obovate, pale greenish-yellow, becoming uniform pale waxen-yellow, covered with patches of russet and many green and gray dots, often reddish in the sun; stem medium in length, fleshy, very fleshy at insertion, set obliquely without depression; calyx small, open, set in a slight depression; lobes long; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, vinous, highly aromatic; good to very good; Nov. to Feb.

=Zéphirin Louis. 1.= Ann. Pom. Belge =4=:95, fig. 1856. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 886. 1869.

This pear was raised by M. Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. It was first reported in 1849. Tree a moderately healthy grower, rather scraggly, moderately productive. Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly obovate, greenish-yellow, rusty-red becoming bright vermilion in the sun, thickly sprinkled with large dark brown-russet patches and dots; stem very short, inserted in a small round cavity; calyx small, open, set in a deep basin; flesh yellowish-white, tinged with green, coarse-grained, crisp, rather half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic; good; Dec. and Jan.

=Zieregger Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig Mostbirnen 146, fig. 1913.

A perry pear which is said to have sprung from seed in Styria. Tree medium, roundish, a rather late and rather light bearer. Fruit roundish-oblate, medium in size, similar to Rummelter Birne but smaller, greenish-yellow, finely dotted, russeted; stem short, thick, brown; calyx half open to open, with erect lobes; flesh granular, whitish-green, not especially juicy, rich in sugar; Oct.

=Zimmtfarbige Schmalzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:58. 1856.

Middle Germany; first published in 1826. Fruit rather large, pyramidal, often obtuse, slightly ribbed; skin rough, entirely covered with light cinnamon russet, without dots; flesh granular and pulpy, sweet; third for dessert, very good for household use; Oct.

=Zink Pfalzgrafenbirne. 1.= Mathieu Nom. Pom. 302. 1889.

Weisse Pfalzgrafenbirne. =2.= Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde =2=:49. 1856.

Reported from Germany about 1766. Tree a late but productive bearer. Fruit medium, bulging pyriform, irregular, greenish-yellow, becoming lemon yellow, often blushed, dotted with yellow, later dotted with brown and green; stem thick, fleshy, rather long; calyx open; lobes long; flesh sweet, perfumed; fair; early Sept.

=Zoar Beauty. 1.= Mag. Hort. =13=:110. 1847. =2.= Elliott Fr. Book 347, fig. 1854.

Belle de Zoar. 3. Guide Prat. 112, 234. 1876.

Originated at Zoar, Ohio. Tree vigorous, an early and abundant bearer; shoots dark brown. Fruit medium or below, acute-pyriform, light yellow, thickly dotted with minute green dots, beautiful crimson or carmine in the sun with deep red dots; stem long, curved, slender, fleshy at insertion, often by a ring or lip, in a small cavity; calyx large for size of fruit, open; lobes erect or recurved; flesh white, granular, half breaking, moderately juicy, sweet, aromatic; good; early Aug.

=Zoé. 1.= Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 72. 1883. =2.= Guide Prat. 101. 1895.

A foreign sort, probably French. Tree very vigorous, thrifty. Fruit very large, oblong, deep green; flesh tender, melting, sweet; Dec. and Jan.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES, WITH ABBREVIATIONS USED

The list of books which follows contains all American pomological works in which the pear is discussed at any length. Only such European books are listed, however, as were found useful in writing The Pears of New York. Only periodicals are listed to which references are made in the text of the book. The reports and bulletins of experiment stations and horticultural societies are not included since the abbreviations used for such publications will be recognized by all. The date of copyright has been preferred to that of publication, though sometimes it has been necessary to use the latter, as when there were several editions from the same copyright.

Aepfel u. Birnen

Aepfel und Birnen. Die wichtigsten deutschen Kernobstsorten. Herausgegeben im engen Anschlusse an die "Statistik der deutschen Kernobstsorten" von R. Goethe, H. Degenkolb und R. Mertens und unter der Leitung der Obstund Weinbau-Abteilung der Deutschen Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft. (Illustrirt.) Berlin: 1894.

Am. Gard

American Gardening. An Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Gardener's Chronicle. New York: 1892-1904. Copyright, 1903. (Before its union with Popular Gardening in 1892, the publication was known as The American Garden. Both Popular Gardening and The American Garden resulted from the union or absorption of several other horticultural periodicals.)

Am. Gard. Mag.

The American Gardener's Magazine, and Register of Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Horticulture and Rural Affairs. See Mag. Hort.

Am. Hort. An.

American Horticultural Annual. A Year-book of Horticultural Progress for the Professional and Amateur Gardener, Fruit-grower, and Florist. (Illustrated.) New York: 1867. Copyright, 1867. New edition. New York: 1870. Copyright, 1869.

Am. Jour. Hort.

The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist's Companion. (Illustrated.) Volumes 1-5. Boston: 1867-1869. Copyrights, 1867-1869. Continued as Tilton's Journal of Horticulture and Floral Magazine. (Illustrated.) Volumes 6-9. Boston: 1869-71. Copyrights, 1869-1871.

Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.

Proceedings of the American Pomological Society. Issued usually biennially from 1850 to date. First published as the Proceedings of the National Convention of Fruit Growers in 1848.

Ann. Hort.

Annal of Horticulture and yearbook of information on practical gardening. 5 Volumes. London: 1846-1850.

Ann. Pom. Belge

Annales de Pomologie Belge et Étrangère; publiées par la Commission royale de Pomologie Instituée par S. M. le Roi des Belges. (Illustré.) Huit Tomes. Bruxelles: 1853-1860.

Bailey, Ann. Hort.

Annals of Horticulture in North America for the Years 1889-1893. A Witness of Passing Events and a Record of Progress. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1890-1894. Copyrights, 1889, 1891-1894.

Baltet, Cult. Fr.

Traité de la Culture Fruitière Commerciale et Bourgeoise. Par Charles Baltet. (Illustré.) Quatrième Édition. Paris: 1908.

Barry, Fr. Garden

The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry. (Illustrated.) New York: 1852. Copyright, 1851. Revised Edition, 1896. Copyright, 1883.

Black, Cult. Peach & Pear

The Cultivation of the Peach and the Pear, on the Delaware And Chesapeake Peninsula; with a Chapter on Quince Culture and the Culture of Some of the Nut-Bearing Trees. By John S. Black, M. D. (Illustrated.) Wilmington: 1886. Copyright, 1886.

Bradley, Gard.

New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, both Philosophical and Practical. In three parts. By Richard Bradley. (Illustrated.) Seventh Edition with Appendix. London: 1739.

Bridgeman, Gard. Ass't.

The Young Gardener's Assistant, in three parts. By Thomas Bridgeman. New Edition, with an Appendix. New York: 1857. Copyright, 1847.

Brookshaw, Hort. Reposit.

The Horticultural Repository, containing Delineations of the best Varieties of the Different Species of English Fruits. By George Brookshaw. (Illustrated.) In Two Volumes. London: 1823.

Brookshaw, Pom. Brit.

Pomona Britannica, or A Collection of the Most Esteemed Fruits at present Cultivated In Great Britain; selected principally from the Royal Gardens At Hampton Court, and the remainder from The Most Celebrated Gardens Round London; Accurately Drawn and Colored from Nature, with Full Descriptions of their Various Qualities, Seasons, &c. By George Brookshaw. Volumes I and II. London: 1817. Vol. II. The Pear.

Budd-Hansen, Am. Hort. Man.

American Horticultural Manual. By J. L. Budd, assisted by N. E. Hansen. (Illustrated.) In Two Volumes. Volume 2, New York and London: 1903. Copyright, 1903.

Bunyard, Handb. Hardy Fr.

A Handbook of Hardy Fruits more commonly grown in Great Britain. Apples and Pears. By Edward A. Bunyard. London: 1920.

Bunyard-Thomas, Fr. Gard.

The Fruit Garden. By George Bunyard and Owen Thomas. (Illustrated.) London and New York: 1904.

Can. Hort.

The Canadian Horticulturist. (Illustrated.) Toronto and Peterboro: 1878 to date.

Cat. Cong. Pom. France

Société Pomologique de France Catalogue Descriptif des Fruits Adoptés par le Congrès Pomologique. Lyon: 1887. Ibid.: 1906.

Cecil, Hist. Gard. Eng.

A History Of Gardening In England. By the Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil. Third and enlarged edition. (Illustrated.) New York: 1910.

Christ, Handb.

Handbuch über die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre. Von J. L. Christ. Vierte, sehr verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Frankfurt: 1817.

Cole, Am. Fr. Book

The American Fruit Book; containing directions for Raising, Propagating, and Managing Fruit Trees, Shrubs and Plants; with a description of the Best Varieties of Fruit, including New and Valuable Kinds. By S. W. Cole. (Illustrated.) Boston: 1849. Copyright, 1849.

Country Gent.

The Country Gentleman. Albany: 1853-1865. The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. Albany: 1866-1897. The Country Gentleman. Albany and Philadelphia: 1898 to date.

Coxe, Cult. Fr. Trees

A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, and the Management of Orchards and Cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable varieties of Native and Foreign Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums and Cherries, cultivated in the middle states of America. By William Coxe. (Illustrated.) Philadelphia: 1817. Copyright, 1817.

Cultivator

The Cultivator. Albany: 1834-1865. In 1866 united with The Country Gentleman.

Cult. & Count. Gent.

The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. See Country Gent.

De Candolle, Or. Cult. Plants

Origin of Cultivated Plants. By Alphonse de Candolle. Geneva [Switzerland]: 1882. New York: 1885.

Decaisne & Naudin, Man. Amat. Jard

Manuel de L'Amateur Des Jardins Traité Général D'Horticulture. Par Jh. Decaisne et CH. Naudin. (Illustré.) Quatre Tomes. Paris. Vol. 4. Pears.

Deut. Obstsorten

Deutschland's Obstsorten bearbeitet von Müller-Diemitz, Grau-Körbelitz, Bissmann-Gotha unter Mitwirkung hervorragender Fachmänner. Sechs Bände; Hefte 1-18. Stuttgart: 1905-10.

Dochnahl, Führ. Obstkunde

Der sichere Führer in der Obstkunde auf botanisch-pomologischen Wege oder Systematische Breschreibung aller Obstsorten. Von F. J. Dochnahl. Vier Bände. Nürnberg: 1855-60. Vol. 2, 1856. Pears.

Downing, Fr. Trees Am.

The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America: or the culture, propagation, and management, in the garden and orchard, of fruit trees generally; with Descriptions Of All The Finest Varieties Of Fruit, Native and Foreign, Cultivated In This Country. By A. J. Downing. (Illustrated.) New York & London: 1845. Copyright, 1845. Second edition, same text, with colored plates, 1847. First revision, by Charles Downing. New York: 1857. Copyright, 1857. Second revision by Charles Downing. New York: 1869. First appendix, 1872. Second appendix, 1876. Third appendix, 1881.

Downing, Selected Fr.

Selected Fruits: from Downing's Fruits And Fruit-Trees of America. With Some New Varieties: including Their Culture, Propagation, and Management in the Garden and Orchard. By Charles Downing. (Illustrated.) New York: 1872. Copyright, 1871.

Duhamel, Trait. Arb. Fr.

Traité Des Arbes Fruitiers; Contenant Leur Figure, Leur Description, Leur Culture, &c. Par M. Duhamel Du Monceau. (Illustré.) Tomes I et II. Paris: 1768. Édition publié en 1872, en trois tomes. Nouvelle Édition en six tomes, 1807-1835.

Elliott, Fr. Book

Elliott's Fruit Book; or, the American Fruit-Grower's Guide in Orchard and Garden. By F. R. Elliott. (Illustrated.) New York: 1858. Copyright, 1854. Revised edition, 1859.

Field, Pear Cult.

Pear Culture. A Manual for the Propagation, Planting, Cultivation, and Management of The Pear Tree. By Thos. W. Field. (Illustrated.) New York: 1859. Copyright, 1858.

Flor. & Pom.

The Florist And Pomologist: A Pictorial Monthly Magazine of Flowers, Fruits, and General Horticulture. Conducted at first by Robert Hogg and John Spencer, later by Thomas Moore and William Paul. (Illustrated.) London: 1862-1884.

Forsyth, Treat. Fr. Trees.

A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By William Forsyth. London: 1802. Same with an Introduction and Notes, by William Corbett. Albany: 1803. Seventh edition [English] London: 1824.

Gard. Chron.

The Gardener's Chronicle. (Illustrated.) London: 1841 to date.

Gard. & For.

Garden And Forest. A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry. Conducted by Charles S. Sargent. (Illustrated.) Volumes I-X. New York: 1888-1897. Copyrights, 1888-1897.

Gard. Mon.

The Gardener's Monthly and Horticultural Advertiser. Edited by Thomas Meehan. (Illustrated.) Philadelphia: 1859-1887.

Garden

The Garden. (Illustrated.) London: 1872 to date.

Gaucher, Pom. Prak. Obst.

Pomologie des Praktischen Obstbaumzüchters. Von N. Gaucher. (Illustrirt.) Stuttgart: 1894.

Gen. Farmer

The Genesee Farmer. Edited by Luther Tucker, Rochester: 1831-1839. Then consolidated with the Cultivator. Another periodical of the same name was published in Rochester from 1845 to 1865. Also New Genesee Farmer and Monthly Genesee Farmer.

Gerarde, Herball

The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. By John Gerarde. Enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson. London: 1633. Reprinted without alteration, 1636.

Guide Prat.

Guide Pratique de L'Amateur De Fruits. Description Et Culture Des Variétés De Fruits classées par séries de mérite Composant Les Collections Pomologiques De L'Etablissement Horticole des Frères Simon-Louis. A Plantières-Les-Metz (Lorraine Annexée) Suivi D'Une Table Générale Alphabétique de Tous Les Synonymes Connus, Français et Étrangers, appartenent à chaque variété. Par O. Thomas. Nancy: 1876. Deuxième Édition. Paris et Nancy: 1895.

Hoffy, N. Am. Pom.

Hoffy's North American Pomologist, containing numerous Finely Colored Drawings, accompanied by letter press descriptions, &c., of Fruits of American Origin. Edited by William D. Brincklé. Book No. 1. Philadelphia: 1860. Copyright, 1860.

Hoffy, Orch. Com.

The Orchardist's Companion. Alfred Hoffy, Editor and Publisher. A quarterly journal. Vol. I, 1841-2; Vol. II, 1842-3. Philadelphia.

Hogg, Fruit Man.

The Fruit Manual: A Guide to the Fruits and Fruit Trees of Great Britain. By Robert Hogg. First edition, London: 1860. Second edition, 1861. Third edition, 1866. Fourth edition, 1873. Fifth edition, 1884.

Hort. Reg. (Am.)

Horticultural Register and Gardener's Magazine. Edited by T. G. Fessenden and J. E. Teschemacher. Volume I. Boston: 1835.

Hort. Reg. (Eng.)

The Horticultural Register and General Magazine. By Joseph Paxton and Joseph Harrison. Vol. I. London: 1833.

Horticulturist

The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste. Founded and first edited by A. J. Downing. (Illustrated.) Volumes 1 to 30. Albany, Philadelphia and New York: 1846-1875.

Hovey, Fr. Am.

The Fruits of America, containing Richly Colored Figures, and full Descriptions of all the choicest Varieties cultivated in the United States. By C. M. Hovey. Volume I. Boston and New York: 1852. Volume II. Boston: 1856. Copyright, 1851.

Jour. Hort.

The Journal of Horticulture: Began as The Cottage Gardener; or Amateur's and Cottager's Guide to out-door gardening and spade cultivation. 25 Volumes. London: 1849-1861. Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman. A Journal of Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany and Natural History. New Series. 38 Volumes. London: 1861-1880. Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Home Farmer. A Chronicle of Country Pursuits and Country Life, including Poultry, Pigeon, and Bee-keeping. Third Series. 59 Volumes. London: 1880-1909.

Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc.

The Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. London: 1846 to date. Vols. 1-9, 1846-55, bear the title of The Journal of the Horticultural Society of London.

Kenrick, Am. Orch.

The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston: 1833. Copyright, 1832. Second edition. Boston: 1835. Copyright, 1835. Seventh edition, enlarged and improved, with a supplement. Boston: 1845. Copyright, 1841.

Knoop, Fructologie

Part I. Pomologie, ou Description des meilleures sortes de Pommes et de Poires. Part II. Fructologie, ou Description des Arbres Fruitiers. Par Jean Herman Knoop. (Illustré.) Amsterdam: 1771.

Koch, Deut. Obst.

Die Deutschen Obstgehölze. Vorlesungen gehalten zu Berlin im Winterhalbjahr 1875-76. Von Karl Koch. Stuttgart: 1876.

Kraft, Pom. Aust.

Pomona austriaca, Abhandlung von den obstbäumen worinn ihre gestalt, erziehung und pflege angezeigt und beschrieben wird. Von Johann Kraft. Zwei Theile. Vienna: 1792.

Langley, Pomona

Pomona, or the Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley. London: 1729.

Lauche, Deut. Pom.

Deutsche Pomologie. Chromolithographische Abbildung, Beschreibung und Kulturanweisung der empfehlenswerthesten Sorten Aepfel, Birnen, Kirschen, Pflaumen, Aprikosen, Pfirsche und Weintrauben. Nach den Ermittelungen des Deutschen Pomologen-Vereins herausgegeben von W. Lauche. (Illustrirt.) Bände I-VII. Berlin: 1882-3. Vol. II. Pears.

Le Bon Jard.

Le Bon Jardinier. 126^e Édition Almanach Horticole, 1882 et 129^e Édition, 1884. Paris.

Leroy, Dict. Pom.

Dictionnaire de Pomologie. Par André Leroy. (Illustré.) Six Tomes. Paris: 1867-1879. Vols. 1 & 2. Pears.

Liegel, Syst. Anleit.

Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntniss der vorzüglichsten Sorten des Kern-, Stein-, Schalen- und Beerenobster. Von Georg Liegel. Passau: 1825.

Lindley, Guide Orch. Gard.

A Guide to the Orchard And Kitchen Garden; or, an account of the most valuable fruit and vegetables cultivated In Great Britain: with Kalendars of the Work Required in the Orchard and Kitchen Garden during every month in the year. By George Lindley. Edited by John Lindley. London: 1831.

Lindley, Pom. Brit.

Pomologia Britannica; or, Figures and Descriptions of the most important Varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. By John Lindley. Three Volumes. London: 1841. Vol. 2. Pears.

Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat.

A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of London. London: 1826. Second edition, 1831. Third edition, 1842. A supplement was published in 1853.

Loudon, Enc. Gard.

An Encyclopedia Of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. (Illustrated.) New edition. London: 1834.

Lucas, Handb. Obst.

Vollständiges Handbuch der Obstkultur. Von Ed. Lucas. (Illustrirt.) Stuttgart: First edition, 1880; second edition, 1886; third edition, 1893. Third edition edited by Fr. Lucas, 1894.

McIntosh, Bk. Gard.

The Book of the Garden. By Charles McIntosh. (Illustrated.) Two Volumes. London: 1853-5.

McMahon, Am. Gard. Cal.

The American Gardener's Calendar. By Bernard McMahon. Philadelphia: 1806.

Mag. Hort.

The Magazine of Horticulture. Boston: 1837-1868. First published as The American Gardener's Magazine, 1835-6. Edited by C. M. Hovey with P. B. Hovey, Jr., associate editor during 1835-6.

Manning, Book of Fruits

Book of Fruits. By Robert Manning. (Illustrated.) Salem: 1838. Copyright, 1838.

Mas, Le Verger

Le Verger ou Histoire, Culture Et Description avec planches coloriées Des Variétés De Fruits Les Plus Généralement Connues. Par M. Mas. Huit Tomes. Paris: 1866-73. Vols. 1-3. Pears.

Mas, Pom. Gen.

Pomologie Générale. Par M. Mas. (Illustré.) Douze Tomes. Paris: 1872-83. Vols. 1 & 3-7. Pears.

Mathieu, Nom. Pom.

Nomenclator Pomologicus. Von Carl Mathieu. Berlin: 1889.

Mawe-Abercrombie, Com. Gard.

The Complete Gardener. By Thomas Mawe and John Abercrombie. London: 1829.

Miller, Gard. Dict.

The Gardener's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. Sixth edition. London: 1752. Revised edition. By Thomas Martyn. London: 1807.

Nat. Nur.

The National Nurseryman. Published by The National Nurseryman Publishing Co. (Illustrated.) Rochester: 1893 to date.

Noisette, Man. Comp. Jard.

Manuel Complet du Jardinier; Maraicher, Pépiniériste, Botaniste, Fleuriste et Paysagiste. Par M. Louis Noisette. Quatre Tomes. Paris: 1860. Vol. 2. Pears.

Oberdieck, Obst-Sort.

Deutschlands beste Obst-Sorten. Von F. G. C. Oberdieck. Leipzig: 1881.

Parkinson, Par. Ter.

Paradisi in Sole. Paradisus Terrestris. By John Parkinson. (Illustrated.) London: 1629.

Phillips, Com. Orch.

The Companion for the Orchard. An Historical And Botanical Account of Fruits Known In Great Britain. By Henry Phillips. New Edition. London: 1831.

Pom. France

Pomologie De La France ou Histoire Et Description de tous Les Fruits Cultivés En France Et Admis Par Le Congrès Pomologique. (Illustré.) Tomes I-VIII. Lyon: 1863-1873. Vols. 1-4. Pears.

Pom. Mag.

The Pomological Magazine; or, Figures And Descriptions of the Most Important Varieties Of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. Three Volumes. London: 1828-30. This work has also been published under the title Pomona Brittanica.

Popular Gard.

Popular Gardening. An Illustrated periodical devoted to Horticulture in all its branches. Volume I. Buffalo: 1886. Continued as Popular Gardening and Fruit Growing. Volumes II-IV. Buffalo: 1887-1891. Consolidated with The American Garden and continued as American Gardening. New York: 1892-1904.

Prince, Cat. Fr. Trees

Catalogue of Fruit And Ornamental Trees & Plants, Bulbous Flower Roots, Green-House Plants, &c. &c. Cultivated at the Linnæan Botanic Garden, William Prince, Prop. Twenty-second edition. New York: 1823.

Prince, Pom. Man.

The Pomological Manual: or, A Treatise on Fruits. By William Robert Prince, aided by William Prince. Second Edition. Part I. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1831. Part II. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1832.

Prince, Treat. Hort.

A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York: 1828. Copyright, 1828.

Prince, Treat. Trees & Plants

A Treatise on Fruit and Ornamental Trees And Plants, cultivated at the Linnæan Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long Island, near New-York. By William Prince. New York: 1820.

Ragan, Nom. Pear. B. P. I. Bul.

Nomenclature of the Pear; A Catalogue-Index of the Known Varieties Referred to in American Publications from 1804 to 1907. Complied by W. H. Ragan. Issued as U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bul. 126: 1908.

Rea, Flora

Flora: Seu, De Florum Cultura; or A Complete Florilege. By John Rea. 3 Books. London: 1676. Book 3. Pears.

Rev. Hort.

Revue Horticole. Journal D'Horticulture Pratique (Illustré.) Paris: 1829 to date.

Rural N. Y.

The Rural New-Yorker. A Journal for the Suburban and Country Home. (Illustrated.) Rochester and New York: 1850 to date.

Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom.

Société Nationale D'Horticulture De France. Section Pomologique. Les Meilleurs Fruits au début du XX^e siècle. (Illustré.) Paris: 1904.

Thacher, Am. Orch.

The American Orchardist. By James Thacher. Boston: 1822. Copyright, 1822.

Thomas, Am. Fruit Cult.

The American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas. (Illustrated.) First Edition. Geneva and Auburn, N. Y.: 1846. Copyright, 1846. Revised Edition. Auburn, N. Y.: 1851. Copyright, 1849. Revised Edition. New York: 1869. Copyright, 1867. Revised Edition. New York: 1885. Copyright, 1875-1885. Twentieth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York: 1897. Copyright, 1897; Twenty-first Edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York: 1911. Copyright, 1903.

Thompson, Gard. Ass't.

The Gardener's Assistant; Practical and Scientific. By Robert Thompson. (Illustrated.) Two Volumes. London: 1859. Same, revised by William Watson. Six Volumes. London: 1901.

Tilton, Jour. Hort.

Tilton's Journal of Horticulture and Floral Magazine. See Am. Jour. Hort.

Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc.

Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Volume I. London: 1815. Volume II. London: 1817. Volume III. London: 1820. Volume IV. London: 1822. Volume V. London: 1824. Volume VI. London: 1826.

U. S. D. A. Rpt.

Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1862-1894.

U. S. D. A. Yearbook

Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1894 to date.

U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.

Reports of the Agricultural section of the United States Patent Office: 1837 to 1861.

Wickson, Cal. Fruits

The California Fruits and How To Grow Them. By Edward J. Wickson. (Illustrated.) Second Edition. San Francisco: 1891. Copyright, 1889. Fourth Edition. Los Angeles: 1909. Copyright, 1908. Seventh Edition. San Francisco: 1914. Copyright, 1914.

Willich, Dom. Enc.

Domestic Encyclopedia or a Dictionary of Facts. By A. F. M. Willich. First American edition with additions by James Mease. In five volumes. Volume 4. Philadelphia: 1803.

Wilson, Nat. W. China

A Naturalist In Western China with Vasculum, Camera, and Gun. Being some account of Eleven Years' Travel, Exploration, and Observation in the More Remote Parts of the Flowery Kingdom. By Ernest Henry Wilson. Two Volumes. New York: 1913.

INDEX

Á Gobert (syn. of Angobert), 248

A. J. Cook, 236

Aarer Pfundbirne, 236

Abbé Fétel, 236

Abbé Pérez, 236

Abbott, 236

Abbott, Mrs. T., orig. of Abbott, 236

Abdon Birne, 236

Abele de St. Denis, 236

Abercromby, 236

Achalzig, 237

Achan, 237

Acidaline, 237

Acme, 237

Adams, 237

Adams, Dr. H., orig. of Adams, 237

Adanson Apothekerbirne(syn. of Aglaë Adanson), 239

Adélaïde de Rèves, 237

Adèle (syn. of Adèle de Saint-Denis), 237

Adèle Lancelot, 237

Adèle de Saint-Denis, 237

Admirable, 238

Admiral Cécile (syn. of Amiral Cécile), 245

Admiral Farragut, 238

Admiral Foote, 238

Adolphe Cachet, 238

Adolphe Fouquet, 238

Adolphine Richard, 238

Aehrenthal, 238

Agathe de Lescours (syn. of Agathe de Lescourt), 238

Agathe de Lescourt, 238

Aglaë Adanson, 239

Aglaë Grégoire, 239

Agnès 239

Agricola, 239

Agua de Valence, 250

Ah-Mon-Dieu, 239

Aigue, 239

Aiken, 239

Aime Ogereau, 240

Aimée Adam, 240

Akatsupo, 240

Alamo, 240

Albertine, 240

Alcinöus, pear in garden of, 4

Alexander, 240

Alexander Lucas, 240

Alexandre Bivort, 240

Alexandre Chomer, 241

Alexandre de la Herche, 241

Alexandre Lambré, 241

Alexandre de Russie, 241

Alexandrina, 241

Alexandrine Douillard, 241

Alexandrine Hélie (syn. of Belle Julie), 265

Alexandrine Mas, 241

Alexiens Bros., orig. of Pius X, 500

Alfred de Madre, 242

Alice Payne, 242

Allerton, 242

Alliance franco-russe, 242

Alouette, 242

Alpha, 242

Alphonse Allegatière, 242

Alphonse Karr, 242

Amadotte, 243

Amande Double, 243

Amandine, 243

Ambrette, 243

Ambrette d'Été, 243

Ambrette d'Hiver (syn. of Ambrette), 243

Ambrosia, 244

Amédée Leclerc, 244

Amelanchier, relationship of, to pear, 57

Amélie Leclerc, 244

America, 244

America, arrival of pear in, 40; climate of, uncongenial to pears, 38; importation of European pear varieties into, 52; pear in, 37

American pear culture, influence of Oriental pears on, 55

American pear districts, 38

Amie Verdier, 244

Amiral, 244

Amiral Cécile, 245

Amiré Joannet, 245

Amlisberger Mostbirne, 245

Amoselle panachée (syn. of Bergamote de Hollande Panachée), 269

Amour, 245

Amstettner Mostbirne, 245

Ananas, 245

Ananas de Courtrai, 245

Ananas de Courtray (syn. of Ananas de Courtrai), 245

Ananas d'Été, 246

Andenken an den Congress (syn. of Souvenir du Congrès), 218

Andouille, 246

André Desportes, 122

Andrew Murray, 246

Andrews, 246

Ange, 246

Angel, 246

Angeline, 246

Angélique de Bordeaux, 247

Angélique Cuvier, 247

Angélique Leclerc, 247

Angélique de Rome, 247

Angers, Horticultural Society of, orig. of Cassante du Comice, 329; Colmar d'Automne Nouveau, 342; Dhommée, 359; Gros Lucas, 404; Sucrée du Comice, 555

Angleterre (syn. of Beurré d'Angleterre), 284

Angleterre d'Hiver, 247

Angleterre Nain, 247

Angobert, 248

Angoisse, 248

Angora, 248

Angoucha, 248

Angouleme (syn. of Duchesse d'Angoulême), 154

Anjou (syn. of Beurre d'Anjou), 127

Anna Audisson (syn. Anna Audusson), 249

Anna Audusson, 249

Anna Nelis, 249

Anne de Bretagne, 249

Anne of Brittany (syn. of Anne de Bretagne), 249

Ansault, 123

Anthoine, Dieudonné, orig. of Dieudonné Anthoine, 359

Anthony Thacher, 249

Antoine, 249

Antoine Delfosse, 249

Antoinette, 249

Anversoise, 250

Apfelblättrige Azerolbirne, 250

Apothekerbirne, 250

Apple, 250

Apple Pear, 250

Apples, relationship to pears, 58

Appoline, 250

Aqueuse d'Esclavonie, 250

Aqueuse de Meiningen, 251

Arabella, 251

Arbre Courbé, 251

Arcedeckene, Andrew, orig. of Suffolk Thorn, 556

Archduke of Austria, 251

Archiduc Charles, 251

Archiduc d'Été, 251

Archiduc Jean d'Autriche, 251

Archiduchesse d'Autriche, 251

Arendt Dechantsbirne, 252

Argent, 252

Argusbirne, 252

Arkansas, 252

Arkansas Mammoth (syn. of Arkansas), 252

Arlequin Musqué, 252

Arlingham Squash, 252

Armand Prévost, 253

Arménie, 253

Arnold, 253

Arnold & Frazier, orig. of Arnold, 253

Arthur Bivort, 253

Arthur Chevreau, 253

Arundell, 253

Aspasie Aucourt, 253

Aspidiotus perniciosus on pear, 117

Aston Town, 254

Audibert, 254

Audusson, Alexis, orig. of Lucie Audusson, 453

Audusson, Anne-Pierre, orig. of Beurré Audusson, 284

Augier, 254

Augustbirne, 254

Auguste de Boulogne, 254

Auguste Droche, 254

Auguste Jurie, 254

Auguste von Krause, 254

Auguste Miguard, 255

Auguste Royer, 255

Augustine, 255

Augustine Lelieur, 255

Augustus Dana, 255

Aurate, 255

Auray, 255

Autocrat, 256

Autumn Bergamot, parent of Gansel Bergamot, 391

Autumn Bergamot (English), 256

Autumn Colmar, 256

Autumn Joséphine, 256

Autumn Nelis, 256

Avocat Allard, 257

Avocat Nélis, 257

Avocat Tonnelier, 257

Ayer, 257

Ayer, O. H., orig. of Ayer, 257; Douglas, 150

Aylton Red, 257

Azerole, 257

B. S. Fox (syn. of Fox), 168

Bachelier, Louis-François, orig. of Beurré Bachelier, 285

Bacillus amylovorous, cause of pear blight, 112

Backhouse, James, orig. of Beurré Backhouse, 285

Bacterium tumefaciens, cause of crown-gall on pears, 116

Baguet, 257

Bailly, orig. of Beurré Bailly, 285

Bakholda, 258

Baking, 258

Baldschmiedler, 258

Balduinsteiner Kinderbirne, 258

Ballet, orig. of Madame Ballet, 456

Balosse, 258

Balsambirne, 258

Baltet, Charles, introd. of Roosevelt, 213; orig. of Virginie Baltet, 573

Baltet, Ernest, orig. of Beurré d'Avril, 285; Comte Lelieur, 346; Madame Lyé-Baltet, 458

Baltet Bros., orig. of Beurré Baltet Père, 286; Charles Ernest, 334; Docteur Joubert, 361; Guyot, 174; Ministre Viger, 473; Professeur Opoix, 514

Baltet Senior (syn. of Beurré Baltet Père), 286

Bankerbine, 258

Bankhead, Capt., orig. of Jewel, 430

Banks, 258

Baptiste Valette, 258

Bar Seckel (syn. of Barseck) 260

Barbancinet, 258

Barbe Nélis, 259

Barker, 259

Barland, 259

Barnadiston, 259

Baron Deman de Lennick, 259

Baron d'hiver (syn. of Baronsbirne), 260

Baron Leroy, 259

Baron Trauttenberg, 259

Baron Treyve, 259

Baronne de Mello, 260

Baronsbirne, 260

Barry, 260

Barry, Patrick, biography of, 203

Barry, William Crawford, biography of, 204

Barseck, 260

Barthélemy du Mortier, 260

Barthère, discov. of Duchesse d'Hiver, 372

Bartlett, 124

Bartlett, Enoch, dissem. of Bartlett, 125

Bartlett, parent of Barseck, 260; Big Productive, 309; Dempsey, 357; Eva Baltet, 379; Favorite Morel, 381; Félix Sahut, 381; Le Lecher, 444; Lucy Duke, 194; Lyerle, 454; Professeur Barral, 514; S. T. Wright, 533; Ulatis, 567; Winter Williams, 584

Bartlett and Kieffer leading commercial pears, 84

Bartram, 260

Bartram, Ann, orig. of Bartram, 260

Bartram, John, orig. of Petre, 497

Bartranne, 260

Baseler Sommer-Muskatellerbirne, 261

Basiner, 261

Bassin (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178

Baudry, 261

Baumann Brothers, orig. of Beurré Bollwiller, 288

Beacon, 261

Beadnell, 261

Beadnell, John, orig. of Beadnell, 261

Beau de la Cour, 261

Beau Présent d'Artois, 261

Beauchamp, orig. of Beurré de l'Assomption, 284; Beurré Beauchamp, 286; Souvenir de Gaëte, 550

Beaufort, 262

Beauvalot, 262

Beernaert, Reynaert, discov. of Fondante de Cuerne, 384

Beier Meissner Eierbirne, 262

Belgische Blutbirne (syn. of Sanguinole de Belgique), 540

Belgische Pomeranzenbirne (syn. of Fondante des Prés), 385

Belgische Zapfenbirne (syn. of Long Green), 449

Belgium, pear in, 16

Belle Angevine, 262; parent of Bon-Chrétien Vermont, 315

Belle Angevine (syn. of Pound), 208

Belle après Noël (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 164

Belle des Arbrés, 262

Belle Audibert (syn. of Audibert), 254

Belle de Beaufort, 262

Belle Bessa, 262

Belle de Bolbec, 263

Belle et Bonne de Hée, 263

Belle et Bonne de la Pierre, 263

Belle de Brissac, 263

Belle de Bruxelles sans Pepins, 263

Belle de Craonnais, 263

Belle de la Croix Morel, 263

Belle de Décembre, 264

Belle Epine Dumas (syn. of Épine du Mas), 377

Belle de Esquermes (syn. of Fontenay), 165

Belle de Féron, 264

Belle du Figuier, 264

Belle de Flanders (syn. of Flemish Beauty), 163

Belle-Fleurusienne, 264

Belle de Flushing (syn. of Harvard), 412

Belle Fondante, 264

Belle de Forêts, 264

Belle de Guasco, 264

Belle Guérandaise, 264

Belle Hugevine, 265

Belle Isle d'Angers, 265

Belle d'Ixelles, 265

Belle de Jarnac (syn. of Nouvelle Fulvie), 483

Belle de Juillet, 265

Belle Julie, 265

Belle de Kain, 265

Belle de Lorient, 265

Belle Lucrative, 125; parent of P. Barry, 203; President Clark, 509

Belle de Malines, 265

Belle de Martigny, 265

Belle-Moulinoise, 265

Belle de Noël (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 164

Belle de Noisette, 266

Belle de l'Orient (syn. of Belle de Lorient), 265

Belle Picarde, 266

Belle Rouennaise, 266

Belle de Septembre (syn. of Grosse September Birne), 406

Belle de Stresa, 266

Belle Sucrée, 266

Belle de Thouars, 266

Belle Williams, 267

Belle de Zoar (syn. of Zoar Beauty), 588

Bellissime d'Automne, 267

Bellissime d'Été (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178

Bellissime d'Hiver, 267

Belmont, 267

Beman, 267

Benadine, 267

Benoist, Auguste, orig. of Duchesse de Brissac, 372; Marie Benoist, 463; prop, of Beurré Benoist, 287

Benoist, Jean-Henri, orig. of Belle de Brissac, 263

Benoist Nouveau, 267

Benoit Caroli, 268

Bensell, 268

Bensell, orig. of Bensell, 268

Benvie, 268

Béquesne, 268

Berckmans, Louis, orig. of varieties, 240, 308, 373, 389, 540, 549, 563

Bergamot de Chantilly, 268

Bergamot Louvain, 268

Bergamot Seckel, 268

Bergamot Winter, 268

Bergamote Arsène Sannier, 268

Bergamote d'Automne Panachée, 269

Bergamote Balicq, 269

Bergamote Boussière, 269

Bergamote du Bugey (syn. of Bergamotte Bugi), 270

Bergamote Espéren, parent of Directeur Varenne, 360

Bergamote Gansel (syn. of Gansel Bergamot), 391

Bergamote Hamdens, 269

Bergamote d'Hildesheim (syn. of Hildesheimer Bergamotte), 418

Bergamote de Hollande Panachée, 269

Bergamote Lucrative (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126

Bergamote de Pâques (syn. of Easter Bergamot), 374

Bergamote de la Pentecôte (syn. of Easter Beurré), 159

Bergamote Philippot, 269

Bergamote Rose, 269

Bergamotte d'Anvers, 269

Bergamotte d'Automne, 270

Bergamotte Ballicq (syn. of Bergamote Balicq), 269

Bergamotte Bouvant, 270

Bergamotte Bufo, 270

Bergamotte Bugi, 270

Bergamotte de Coloma, 270

Bergamotte de la Cour, 271

Bergamotte Crassane (syn. of Crassane), 350

Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver (syn. of Beurré Bruneau), 289

Bergamotte de Darmstadt, 271

Bergamotte de Donauer, 271

Bergamotte Double, 271

Bergamotte Dussart, 271

Bergamotte Éliza Mathews (syn, of Groom Prince Royal), 403

Bergamotte Espéren, 271; parent of Beurré Henri Courcelle, 297; Bergamotte la Gantoise, 272; Président Barabé, 508

Bergamotte d'Espéren, parent of Frau Louise Goethe, 389

Bergamotte d'Espéren (syn. of Bergamotte Espéren), 271

Bergamotte Espéren Souvenir de Plantières, 271

Bergamotte d'Été, 271

Bergamotte d'été de Kraft (syn. of Kraft Sommer Bergamotte), 438

Bergamotte d'été de Lubeck, 272

Bergamotte Fertile, 272

Bergamotte Fortunée, parent of Le Lecher, 444

Bergamotte Fortunée (syn. of Fortunée), 387

Bergamotte la Gantoise, 272

Bergamotte Heimbourg, 272

Bergamotte Hérault, 272

Bergamotte Hertrich, 272

Bergamotte-d'Hiver de Furstenzell, 273

Bergamotte d'Hollande, 273

Bergamotte Jars, 273

Bergamotte de Jodoigne, 273

Bergamotte Klinkhardt, 273

Bergamotte Laffay, 273

Bergamotte Lesèble, 273

Bergamotte Liabaud, 274

Bergamotte Mico, 274

Bergamotte de Millepieds, 274

Bergamotte Nicolle, 274

Bergamotte Oeuf de Cygne, 274

Bergamotte d'Oisan, 274

Bergamotte de Parthenay, 274

Bergamotte Picquot, 275

Bergamotte Ploskui, 275

Bergamotte Poiteau, 275

Bergamotte Pomme, 275

Bergamotte du Quercy, 275

Bergamotte Reinette, 275

Bergamotte de Roe (syn. of Roe Bergamot), 522

Bergamotte de Rouen, 276

Bergamotte Rouge, 275

Bergamotte Rouge de Mayer, 276

Bergamotte Sageret, 276

Bergamotte Sanguine, 276

Bergamotte Sannier, 276

Bergamotte Sapieganka (syn. of Sapieganka), 541

Bergamotte Silvange, 276

Bergamotte de Souchait, 276

Bergamotte de Soulers, 277

Bergamotte de Stryker, 277

Bergamotte Suisse (syn. of Bergamote d'Automne Panachée), 269

Bergamotte Suisse Rond, 277

Bergamotte Tardive Collette, 277

Bergamotte Tardive de Gansel (syn. of Gansel Late Bergamot), 391

Bergamotte Thuerlinckx, 277

Bergamotte de Tournai, 277

Bergamotte de Tournay, 278

Bergamotte von Vezouzière (syn. of Vezouzière), 571

Bergamotte Volltragende, 278

Bergamotte Welbeck (syn. of Welbeck Bergamot), 577

Bergbirne, 278

Bergen, 278

Bergen, Cornelius, orig. of Island, 425

Berlaimont, 278

Bernard, 278

Berriays, 278

Bertrand Guinoisseau, 278

Berzelius, 279

Besi de Caen, 279

Besi de Caffoy, 279

Besi-Carême, 279

Besi de Chaumontel (syn. of Chaumontel), 335

Besi Dubost, 279

Besi de l'Echasserie (syn. of Echasserie), 374

Besi Espéren, 279

Besi Garnier (syn. of Garnier), 392

Besi Goubault, 279

Besi de Grieser de Böhmenkirsch, 279

Besi d'Héry, 280

Besi Incomparable (syn. of Besi Sans Pareil), 281

Besi Liboutton, 280

Besi de Mai, 280

Besi de Moncondroiceu, 280

Besi de Montigny, 280

Besi de la Motte, 280

Besi de Naghin, 281

Besi de la Pierre, 281

Besi de Quessoy, 281

Besi de Saint-Waast, 281

Besi Sans Pareil, 281

Besi Sanspareil (syn. of Besi Sans Pareil), 281

Besi Tardif, 281

Besi de Van Mons, 282

Besi des Vétérans, 282

Besi de Vindré, 282

Besi de Wutzum, 282

Bessard-Duparc, orig. of Madame Duparc, 457

Bessemianka, 282

Best Favorite, 282

Bettina, 282

Betzelsbirne, 283

Betzy, 283

Beurré Ad. Papeleu, 283

Beurré Adam, 283

Beurré d'Adenaw, 283

Beurré Alexandre Lucas, 283

Beurré Alexandre Lucas (syn. of Alexander Lucas), 240

Beurré Allard, 283

Beurré Amandé, 283

Beurré d'Amanlis, 283

Beurré Ananas, 284

Beurré d'Angleterre, 284

Beurré d'Anjou, 127; parent of Huggard, 421; place in commercial pear culture, 84

Beurré Antoine, 284

Beurré Antoinette, 284

Beurré d'Apremont (syn. of Beurré Bosc), 130

Beurré Aqualine, 284

Beurré d'Arenberg, 129; confusion of, with Glou Morceau, 129

Beurré d'Arenberg (syn. of Glou Morceau), 172

Beurré de l'Assomption, 284; parent of Souvenir de Gaëte, 550

Beurré Audusson, 284

Beurré des Augustins, 285

Beurré Aunénière, 285

Beurré d'Automne de Donauer, 285

Beurré d'Avoine, 285

Beurré d'Avril, 285

Beurré Bachelier, 285; parent of S. T. Wright, 533

Beurré Backhouse, 285

Beurré Bailly, 285

Beurré Baltet Père, 286

Beurré Baud, 286

Beurré Beauchamp, 286

Beurré Beaulieu, 286

Beurré Beaumont (syn. of Beurré de Mortefontaine), 301

Beurré Beek, 286

Beurré des Béguines, 286

Beurré Bennert, 286

Beurré Benoist, 287

Beurré Berckmans, 287

Beurré de Biseau, 287

Beurré Blanc Doré, 287

Beurré Blanc de Nantes, 287

Beurré Boisbunel, 287

Beurré Bollwiller, 288

Beurré de Bordeaux, 288

Beurré Bosc, 130; parent of Harris, 412; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84

Beurré Bourbon, 288

Beurré de Brême, 288

Beurré Bretonneau, 288

Beurré de Brigné, 288

Beurré Bronzé, 288

Beurré de Brou, 288

Beurré Brougham, 289

Beurré Bruneau, 289

Beurré de Bruxelles, 289

Beurré Burnicq, 289

Beurré du Bus, 289

Beurré Bymont, 289

Beurré de Caen, 289

Beurré Capiaumont, 289

Beurré Caty, 290

Beurré Caune, 290

Beurré du Cercle Pratique de Rouen, 290

Beurré du Champ Corbin, 290

Beurré Charron, 290

Beurré Chatenay, 290

Beurré Chaudy, 290

Beurré Christ, 290

Beurré Citron, 290

Beurré Clairgeau, 132; parent of Cardinal Georges d'Ambroise, 328; Huggard, 421; Louis Vilmorin, 451; Thérèse Appert, 562; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84

Beurré Clotaire, 290

Beurré de Coit, 291

Beurré Colmar, 291

Beurré Coloma, 291

Beurré du Comte Marcolini, 291

Beurré de Conitz, 291

Beurré Copretz, 291

Beurré Curtet (syn. of Lamy), 184

Beurré Dalbret, 291

Beurré Daras, 291

Beurré Daviss, 291

Beurré Defays, 292

Beurré Degalait, 292

Beurré Delannoy, 292

Beurré Delbecq, 292

Beurré Délicat, 292

Beurré Derouineau, 292

Beurré Diel, 133; parent of Jeanne d'Arc, 429; Pierre Corneille, 499

Beurré Dilly, 292

Beurré Docteur Pariset, 292

Beurré Doré de Bilboa (syn. of Golden Beurré of Bilboa), 398

Beurré Doux, 292

Beurré van Driessche, 293

Beurré Driessen, 293

Beurré Dubuisson, 293

Beurré Duhaume, 293

Beurré Dumont, 293

Beurré Dumortier, 293

Beurré Dupont, 293

Beurré Duquesne, 293

Beurré Durand, 293

Beurré Duval, 294

Beurre Duvivier (syn. of Général Duvivier), 395

Beurré d'Ellezelles, 294

Beurré d'Enghien (syn. of Beurré Colmar), 291

Beurré Épine, 294

Beurré Épine (syn. of Colmar Épine), 343

Beurré d'Espéren, 294

Beurré d'Esquelmes, 294

Beurré Eugène Furst, 294

Beurré Fauve de Printemps, 294

Beurré Favre, 294

Beurré Fenzl, 294

Beurré de Février, 294

Beurré Fidéline, 295

Beurré Flon, 295

Beurré Fouqueray, 295

Beurré Gambier, 295

Beurré Gaujard, 295

Beurré van Geert, 295

Beurré Gendron, 295

Beurré de Germiny, 295

Beurré de Ghélin, 296

Beurré Giffard, 134; parent of August Jurie, 254; Fin Juillet, 382

Beurré Gilles, 296

Beurré Goubault, 296; parent of Fertility, 381

Beurré Graue Herbst, 296

Beurré Grétry, 296

Beurré Gris, 296; parent of Cabot, 323

Beurré-Gris d'Enghien, 296

Beurré Gris d'Été (syn. of Yat), 586

Beurré Gris d'Été de Hollande (syn. of Yat), 586

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau (syn. of Beurré de Luçon), 300

Beurré de Grumkon, 296

Beurré Grumkower, 296

Beurré Haffner (syn. of Haffner Butterbirne), 410

Beurré Hamecher, 297

Beurré d'Hardenpont, parent of Directeur Tisserand, 360

Beurré d'Hardenpont (syn. of Glou Morceau), 172

Beurré d'Hardenpont d'Automne, 297

Beurré Hardy, 135

Beurré Hennau, 297

Beurré Henri Courcelle, 297; parent of Cardinal Georges d'Ambroise, 328; Pierre Curie, 499

Beurré Hillereau, 297

Beurré d'Hiver, 297

Beurré d'hiver de Dittrich, 297

Beurré d'Hiver de Kestner, 297

Beurré de Hochheim, 297

Beurré Hudellet, 297

Beurré Jalais, 298

Beurré Jean Van Geert, 298

Beurré de Jonghe, 136

Beurré Keele Hall (syn. of Styrian), 554

Beurré Kennes, 298

Beurré Kenrick, 298

Beurré Knight, 298

Beurré Knox, 298

Beurré de Koninck, 298

Beurré Kossuth, 299

Beurré de Ladé, 299

Beurré Lagasse, 299

Beurré Lamoyeau, 299

Beurré Langelier, 299

Beurré de Lederbogen, 299

Beurré Lefèvre, 299

Beurré de Lenzen, 299

Beurré Liebart, 299

Beurré de Lindauer, 300

Beurré Loisel, 300

Beurré de Longrée, 300

Beurré de Luçon, 300; parent of Casimir, 329

Beurré Luizet, 300

Beurré de Mans, 300

Beurré Mauxion, 300

Beurré Menand, 300

Beurré de Mérode (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152

Beurré Millet, 300

Beurré Moiré, 300

Beurré Mondelle, 301

Beurré de Mons, 301

Beurré de Montgeron, 301

Beurré Morisot, 301

Beurré de Mortefontaine, 301

Beurré de Mortillet, 301

Beurré Motte, 302

Beurré des Mouchouses, 302

Beurré de Naghin, 302

Beurré de Nantes, 302

Beurré de Nesselrode, 302

Beurré Obozinski, 302

Beurré Oudinot, 302

Beurré de Paimpol, 302

Beurré de Palandt, 303

Beurré Pauline, 303

Beurré Pauline Delzent, 303

Beurré Payen, 303

Beurré Perran, 303

Beurré Perrault (syn. of Duchesse de Bordeaux), 371

Beurré Philippe Delfosse, 303

Beurré Pointillé de Roux, 303

Beurré de Popuelles, 303

Beurré Preble, 303

Beurré Précoce, 304

Beurré Pringalle, 304

Beurré de Quenast, 304

Beurré de Ramegnies, 304

Beurré de Rance, 304

Beurré Reine, 304

Beurré Richelieu, 304

Beurré Robert (syn. of Doyenné du Comice), 153

Beurré Roland, 304

Beurré Romain, 304

Beurré Rome Gaujard, 305

Beurré Rose, 305

Beurré Rouge d'Automne, 305

Beurré Rouppé (syn. of Easter Beurré), 159

Beurré Royal de Turin, 305

Beurré de Saint-Amand, 305

Beurré de Saint Arnaud, 305

Beurré Saint-Aubert, 305

Beurré Saint-François, 305

Beurré Saint-Marc, 305

Beurré de Saint-Nicolas (syn. of Duchesse d'Orléans), 156

Beurré Samoyeau, 305

Beurré Scheidweiller, 306

Beurré Seutin, 306

Beurré de Silly, 306

Beurré Six, 306

Beurré Soulange, 306

Beurré Spence, 306

Beurré Stappaerts, 306

Beurré Steins, 306

Beurré Sterckmans, 306

Beurré de Stuttgardt, 307

Beurré Sucré, 307

Beurré Superfin, 137; parent of Comte de Lambertye, 346

Beurré Thoury, 307

Beurré Thuerlinckx (syn. of Thuerlinckx), 563

Beurré Triguer, 307

Beurré de Ulm, 307

Beurré Vanille, 307

Beurré Varenne de Fenille, 307

Beurré Vauban, 307

Beurré Vert d'Été, 307

Beurré Vert Tardif, 308

Beurré Vert de Tournai (syn. of Bergamotte de Tournai), 277

Beurré Vital (syn. of Vital), 574

Beurré Wamberchies, 308

Beurré de Wetteren, 308

Beurré Winter, 308

Beurré Witzhumb, 308

Beurré Woronson, 308

Beurré Zotman, 308

Beyer Martinsbirne, 308

Beymont, 308

Bezi Blanc, 309

Bezi de Naples, 309

Bezi Vaet (syn. of Besi de Saint-Waast), 281

Bezy de Caissoy (syn. of Besi de Quessoy), 281

Bidwell, General, orig. of Kennedy, 434

Bied-Charreton, 309

Bierbaumer Mostbirne, 309

Big Productive, 309

Bijou, 309

Bill Campbell, 309

Binsce, 309

Birn von Fontenay (syn. of Fontenay), 166

Birne von Turschud, 309

Biseau d'Hauteville, A. de, orig. of Beurré de Biseau, 287

Biseau d'Hauteville, Chevalier de, orig. of Président Watier, 511

Bishop Thumb, 309

Bivort, Alexandre, orig. of varieties, 237, 241, 264, 269, 284, 287, 303, 326, 340, 355, 431, 464, 465, 475, 490, 511, 520, 523, 528, 530, 531, 544, 581; work as pear breeder, 19

Bivort Zuckerbirne, 309

Black Hawk, 310

Black Huffcap, 310

Black mold of pear, 117

Black Pear of Worcester (syn. of Black Worcester), 310

Black Sorrel, 310

Black Worcester, 310

Blackeney Red, 310

Blanchet, Claude, orig. of Claude Blanchet, 340; La France, 440

Blanquet Anastère, 310

Blanquet Long, 311

Blanquet à Longue Queue, 311

Blanquet Précoce, 311

Blanquet de Saintonge, 311

Blanquette de Toulouse, 311

Bleeker Meadow, 311

Blessed, 311

Blickling, 311

Blight, pear, control of, 113; notes on, 111

Blight resistance of Pyrus ovoidea, 81; Pyrus ussuriensis,78

Blight resistant pear varieties, 112

Block, 311

Block, A., orig. of Acme, 237; Block, 311

Blodget, 312

Blodget, David, orig. of Blodget, 312

Bloodgood, 138

Bloodgood, James, introd. of Bloodgood, 139

Bloodgood's Sommerbirne (syn. of Bloodgood), 138

Blooming season of pear varieties, 88

Blooming time of pears, notes on, 87

Blumenbirne, 312

Blutbirne, 312

Bocksbirne, 312

Bödiker Dechantsbirne, 312

Bogenäkerin, 312

Böhmische frühe Jakobsbirne, 312

Boïeldien, 312

Boisbunel, orig. of varieties, 200, 243, 245, 266, 275, 278, 287, 290, 295, 324, 344, 347, 349, 361, 366, 370, 395, 427, 440, 451, 452, 462, 469, 470, 471, 472, 491, 493, 505, 509, 510, 512, 544, 555, 570

Boisselot, orig. of Fortunée Boisselot, 387; Président de la Bastie, 509; Professeur Barral, 514

Bolarmud, 312

Bollweiler, orig. of Bollweiler Butterbirne, 312

Bollweiler Butterbirne, 312

Bologna, 312

Bonamy, orig. of Paul Bonamy, 492

Bon-Chrétien d'Auch (syn. of Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver), 314

Bon-Chrétien d'Auch (Calvel), 312

Bon-Chrétien d'Automne, 313

Bon-Chrétien Bonnamour, 313

Bon-Chrétien de Bruxelles (syn. of Bon-Chrétien Fondant), 313

Bon-Chrétien d'Espagne, 313

Bon-Chrétien d'été, 313

Bon-Chrétien Fondant, 313

Bon-Chrétien Fred Baudry (syn. of Baudry), 261

Bon-Chrétien Frédéric Baudry, 313

Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver, 314

Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver Panaché, 314

Bon-Chrétien Mathieu Joseph Lamarche, 314

Bon-Chrétien de Nikita (syn. of Nikitaer Grüne Herbst-Apothekerbirne), 482

Bon-Chrétien Prevost, 314

Bon-Chrétien de Rance (syn. of Beurré de Rance), 304

Bon-Chrétien du Rhin d'Automne, 314

Bon-Chrétien Ricchiero, 314

Bon-Chrétien Vermont, 315

Bon-Chrétien de Vernois, 315

Bon-Chrétien de Vernois (syn. of Flemish Bon-Chrétien), 382

Bon-Chrétien Williams' (syn. of Bartlett), 124

Bon Gustave, 315

Bon Parent, 315

Bon-Roi-René, 315

Bon Vicaire, 315

Bonne d'Anjou, 315

Bonne-Antonine, 315

Bonne de Beugny, 316

Bonne Carmélite, 316

Bonne de la Chapelle, 316

Bonne Charlotte, 316

Bonne-Ente (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

Bonne d'Ezée, 316

Bonne de Jalais, 316

Bonne-Jeanne, 316

Bonne Louise d'Avranches (syn. of Louise Bonne de Jersey), 193

Bonne de Malines, parent of Léger, 444

Bonne de Malines (syn. of Winter Nelis), 232

Bonne Sophia, 316

Bonne de Soulers (syn. of Bergamotte de Soulers), 277

Bonne Thérèse, 317

Bonne des Zoes, 317

Bonnefond, orig. of Madame Bonnefond, 456

Bonnefoy, orig. of Doyenné Nérard, 368; Madame Élisa Dumas, 457

Bonners, 317

Bonneserre de Saint-Denis, 317

Bonnet, orig. of Beurré Hardy, 136; Lesbre, 447

Bonnet Zuckerbirne, 317

Bordeaux (syn. of Duchesse de Bordeaux), 371

Bordine Musk, 317

Borers on pear, 120

Bosc, introd. of Styrian, 554

Bosc (syn. of Beurré Bosc), 130

Bosc's Butterbirne (syn. of Beurré Bosc), 130

Bosc's Flaschenbirne (syn. of Beurré Bosc), 130

Boston (syn. of Pinneo), 499

Botany, structural, of pear, 58

Bouchamp, 317

Boucqueau, Albert, orig. of Fondante Albert, 383

Boucquia, 317

Bouet, Henri, orig. of Henri Bouet, 415

Bourdon de Roi, 317

Boussock (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152

Boutoc, 317

Bouvert Musqué (syn. of Parfum d'Hiver), 490

Bouvier, Simon, orig. of varieties, 184, 240, 241, 315, 318, 328, 343, 355, 356, 378, 416, 426, 446, 545, 546, 565, 568; work as pear breeder, 19

Bouvier d'Automne, 318

Bouvier Bourgmestre, 318

Bouviers Herbstbirne, 318

Bouzin, Norbert, orig. of Doyenné de Ramegnies, 369

Bowdoin, 318

Bowne Winter Russet, 318

Boyken June, 318

Braconot, 318

Brandes, 318

Brandywine, 140

Braunrote Speckbirne, 318

Braunrothe Frühlingsbirne, 319

Braunrothe Sommerrusselet, 319

Brederode, 319

Breeding pears, Van Mons' theory of, 18

Bremer Butterbirne, 319

Brewer, 319

Brewster, 319

Brialmont, 319

Brielsche Pomeranzenbirne, 319

Briffaut, 319

Briffaut, orig. of Président Payen, 510

Brincklé, Dr. W. D., orig. of Catherine Gardette, 330; Edward Seedling St. Germain, 375; President Felton, 509; Wilmington, 582

Brindamour, 320

Bringewood, 320

British Queen, 320

Brockworth Park (syn. of Bonne d'Ezée), 316

Broncirte Winterbirne, 320

Bronx, 320

Bronzée Boisselot, 320

Bronzée d'Enghien, 320

Brookline, 320

Broom Park, 320

Brough Bergamot, 320

Brown, Samuel, orig. of Sam Brown, 539

Brown Beurré (syn. of Beurré Gris), 296

Brown-Blotch of pear, 116

Bruant, introd. of Figueira, 382; orig. of Commandant Belaieff, 345

Bruce, A. L., orig. of Alamo, 240

Bruderbirne (syn. of Pound), 208

Brugmans, 321

Brumbirne, 321

Brune Minême, 321

Brunet, 321

Brüsseler Herbstbergamotte, 321

Brüssler Zuckerbirne (syn. of Sucrée Van Mons), 555

Brute Bonne, 321

Bryan, Edwards, 321

Bryant, mention of fruits in California by, 54; orig. of Cedarmere, 331

Brymer, Col., introd. of Santa Claus, 540

Buchanan, 321

Buchanan, Isaac, orig. of Buchanan, 321

Buckman, Benjamin, orig. of Timpling, 563

Bud-moth on pear, 120

Budd, J. L., introd. of Russian pears, 56; orig. of Gibb, 396

Buffalo, 321

Buffam (syn. of Buffum), 141

Buffum, 141

Bugiarda (syn. of Bon-Chrétien Fondant), 313; (Épine d'Été), 377

Buneau, Jules, orig. of Marie Jallais, 464

Bunte Mannabirne, 321

Buntebirne, 321

Burbank, Luther, orig. of Test, 560

Burchardt, Judge, orig. of Malvoisie de Landsberg, 461

Burchardt Butterbirne, 322

Buree Winter, 322

Burgoyne, 322

Burkett, 322

Burlingame, 322

Burlingame, Mrs., orig. of Burlingame, 322

Burnett, 322

Burnett, Joel, orig. of Burnett, 322

Burton, R. E., orig. of Ulatis, 567

Butt Pear, 322

Butterartige Bergamotte, 322

Butterbirne von Saint-Nicolas (syn. of Duchesse d'Orléans), 156

Büttner Sachsische Ritterbirne, 322

Cabot, 323

Cabot, J. S., orig. of Cabot, 323

Cadeau, 323

Cadet de Vaux, 323

Caen de France, 323

Caesar, 323

Caillot (syn. of Naquette), 480

Caillot Rosat (English), 323

Caillot Rosat (French), 323

Calbasbirn, 324

Calebasse, 324

Calebasse Abbé Fétel (syn. of Abbé Fétel), 236

Calebasse d'Anvers, 324

Calebasse de Bavay, 324

Calebasse Boisbunel, 324

Calebasse Bosc, 324

Calebasse Delvigne, 325

Calebasse d'Été, 325

Calebasse Fondante, 325

Calebasse Grosse (syn. of Van Marum), 569

Calebasse d'Hiver, 325

Calebasse Kickx, 325

Calebasse Leroy, 325

Calebasse Oberdieck, 325

Calebasse d'Octobre, 326

Calebasse princesse Marianne (syn. of Princesse Marianne), 513

Calebasse Rose, 326

Calebasse Tougard, 326

Calebasse Verte, 326

Calhoun, 326

California, first commercial pear orchard in, 54

Caliorosa, 326

Caliroa cerasi on pear, 119

Calixte Mignot, 326

Calliot (syn, of Caillot Rosat (French)), 324

Calvillebirne, 326

Calvin, 326

Camak, 326

Camak, J., orig. of Camak, 326

Cambacérès, 327

Camerling, 327

Camille de Rohan, 327

Camperveen (syn. of Kamper-Venus), 433

Canandaigua, 327; parent of Ontario, 202

Canners Japan (syn. of Japan Golden Russet), 428

Canning, 327

Canning pears, 109

Canourgues, 327

Cantelope, 327

Canton, 327

Capeinick, orig. of Duchesse de Brabant, 372

Capiaumont, orig. of Beurré Capiaumont, 289

Capsheaf, 328

Capucine Van Mons, 328

Carasi, 328

Carcas, orig. of Roux Carcas, 532

Cardinal Georges d'Ambroise, 328

Cardinale (syn. of Amiral), 244

Carleton, 328

Carmel, 328

Carminbirne, 328

Caroline Hogg, 328

Carpocapsa pomonella on pear, 118

Carrière, 329

Cartheurserbirne, 329

Case, William, orig. of Mary (Case), 467

Casimir, 329

Cassante du Comice, 329

Cassante de Mars, 329

Cassel, 329

Cassel Nurs. Co., introd. of Cassel, 329

Casser, orig. of Columbia, 344

Casserule (syn. of Poire de Casserole), 502

Cassolette, 329

Cassolette (Knoop), 329

Castelain, Florimond, orig. of Castelline, 330

Castelline, 330

Catch crops for pear orchards, 102

Caterpillars on pear, 120

Catherine Gardette, 330

Catherine Lambré, 330

Catherine Royal, 330

Catillac, 330

Catinka, 330

Cato, mention of pear by, 7

Cauwenberghe, Lievin Van, orig. of Henriette Van Cauwenberghe, 416

Cavaignac, 330

Cavelier de la Salle, 331

Cecil, Mrs. Evelyn, mention of pears by, 31

Cedarmere, 331

Cels Butterbirne, 331

Century, 331

Cephalothecium roseum, cause of pink-rot of pear, 117

Cerise Brune, 331

Cerise Double, 331

Cerruttis Durstlösche, 331

Certeau, 331

Certeau d'Automne, 331

Certeau d'Été, 331

Certeau d'Hiver, 332

Cesile, 332

Chænomeles, relationship of, to pear, 57

Chaigneau, 332

Chair-a-Dame, 332

Chalk (syn. of Crawford), 350

Chambers (syn. of Early Harvest), 158

Chambrette, Marquis, introd. of Virgouleuse, 573

Chamness, 332

Chamness, orig. of Chamness, 332

Champ Riche d'Italie, 332

Champagner Bratbirne, 333

Chancelier de Hollande, 333

Chancellor, 333

Chancellor, orig. of Chancellor, 333

Chantry, 333

Chaploux, 333

Chapman, 333

Chaptal, 333

Charlemagne, promotion of pear culture by, 12

Charles Bivort, 333

Charles Cognée, 334

Charles Ernest, 334

Charles Frederickx, 334

Charles de Guelin, 334

Charles Smet, 334

Charles van Hooghten, 334

Charles Van Mons, 334

Charli Basiner, 334

Charlotte de Brouwer, 334

Charlotte de Roucourt, 335

Charnock, 335

Charon, orig. of Beurré Charon, 290

Chat Brulé, 335

Chatenay, Pierre, orig, of Beurré Chatenay, 290

Chattanooga, 335

Chaudfontaine, 335

Chaudy, orig. of Madame Chaudy, 456

Chaumontel, 335; parent of Chaumontel Gras, 335

Chaumontel Gras, 335

Chaumontel Swan Egg, 336

Chaumontelle d'été, 336

Chelmsford, 336

Cher à Dames (Knoop), 336

Cherroise, 336

Chesill, 336

Chesneau, discov. of Fondante de la Roche, 385

Chevreau, Arthur, orig. of Arthur Chevreau, 253

Chilton, 336

China, 336

Chinese Pear. (See Pyrus serotina)

Chinese Sand (syn. of Sha Lea), 545

Chio, 337

Choak-pear, 337

Choisnard, 337

Cholwell, 337

Christmas, 337

Christmas Beurré, 337

Church, 337

Churchill, Mrs., orig. of Alexander, 240

Chypre, 337

Cincincis, 338

Cincincis Seedling, 338

Cinquantième anniversaire, 338

Cire, 338

Cité Gomand, 338

Citrina, 338

Citron, 338

Citron des Carmes (syn. of Madeleine), 195

Citron d'Hyver, 339

Citron de Saint Paul, 339

Citron de Sierentz, 339

Citronnée, 339

Clairgeau, Pierre, orig. of Beurré Clairgeau, 132

Clairgeau (syn. of Beurré Clairgeau), 132

Clairgeau's Butterbirne (syn. of Beurré Clairgeau), 132

Clap, 339

Clap, William, orig. of Clap, 339

Clapp, F. & L., orig. of Newhall, 481; Nicholas, 481

Clapp, Lemuel, orig. of Dorset, 149; Frederick Clapp, 169; Harris (Massachusetts), 412

Clapp, Thaddeus, orig. of Clapp Favorite, 143; Sarah, 541

Clapp Favorite, 142; parent of Tolstoy, 564; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84

Clapp No. 22 (syn. of Frederick Clapp), 169

Clapp's Favourite (syn. of Clapp Favorite), 142

Clapp's Liebling (syn. of Clapp Favorite), 142

Clara, 339

Clara Durieux, 339

Claretenbirne, 339

Clark, 339

Clarksville, 340

Claude Blanchet, 340

Claude Mollet, 340

Clay, 340

Clean culture versus sod for pear orchards, 102

Clémence de Lavours, 340

Clémence van Rumbeck, 340

Clément Bivort, 340

Clementine, 340

Climate adapted to pear culture, 85

Climate of America uncongenial to pears, 38

Clinton, 340

Clion (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 227

Cloche de Wittenberg, 340

Clot, orig. of Beurré Clotaire, 290

Cludius, orig. of Hildesheimer Späte Sommerbirne, 418

Codling moth on pear, 118

Coeur-de-Boeuf (syn. of Ochsenherz), 484

Coit, Colonel, orig. of Beurré de Coit, 291; Coit Beurré, 340

Coit Beurré, 340

Cold resistant pears, 86

Cold storage of pears, 109

Cole, 341

Cole Winter, 341

Colland, Jean, orig. of Triomphe de Vienne, 566

Collins, 341

Colmar, 341

Colmar d'Alost, 341

Colmar d'Arenberg, 341

Colmar Artoisenet, 341

Colmar d'Automne Nouveau, 342

Colmar Bretagne, 342

Colmar Charni, 342

Colmar Daras, 342

Colmar Delahaut, 342

Colmar Demeester, 342

Colmar Dewez, 342

Colmar Épine, 342

Colmar d'Été, 343

Colmar Flotow, 343

Colmar-Hirondelles, 343

Colmar des Invalides (syn. of Colmar Van Mons), 344

Colmar de Jonghe, 343

Colmar de Mars, 343

Colmar du Mortier, 343

Colmar Navez, 343

Colmar Neill, 344

Colmar Sirand, 344

Colmar Van Mons, 344

Colmart, 344

Coloma, Count de, orig. of Beurré Coloma, 291; Coloma Carmeliterbirne, 344; Reine des Poires, 519; Suprême Coloma, 557

Coloma Carmeliterbirne, 344

Coloma's Herbst Butterbirne (syn. of Urbaniste), 224

Colonel Wilder, 143

Colorado Seedless, 344

Colorée de Juillet, 344

Columbia, 144

Columbia (syn. of Barseck), 260

Comet (syn. of Lawson), 186

Cometbirne (syn. of Lawson), 186

Comice (syn. of Doyenné du Comice), 153

Comice Horticole, originator of Doyenné du Comice, 154

Commandant Belaieff, 345

Commercial varieties of pears, 84; in New York, 101

Commissaire Delmotte, 345

Commodore, 345

Compotbirne, 345

Compote d'Été, 345

Comprette, 345

Comstock, 345

Comte Canal de Malabaila, 345

Comte de Chambord, 345

Comte d'Egmont, 346

Comte de Flandres, 346

Comte de Lambertye, 346

Comte de Lamy (syn. of Lamy), 184

Comte Lelieur, 346

Comte de Meladore, 346

Comte de Morny, 346

Comte de Paris, 346

Comtesse d'Alost, 346

Comtesse de Chambord, 346

Comtesse Clara Frijs, 347

Comtesse de Grailly, 347

Comtesse de Paris, 347

Condorcet, 347

Conference, 347

Congrès de Gand, 347

Congrès Pomologique, 347

Conkleton, 348

Conklin, 348

Connecticut, 348

Conseiller de Hollande, 348

Conseiller Ranwez, 348

Constant, Thomas, orig. of Sudduth, 220

Constant Claes, 348

Constitutional characters of pear-trees, 59

Cooke, 348

Cooke, Elijah, orig. of Beurré Preble, 303

Coolidge, D. W., introd. of Winter Bartlett, 231

Copia, 348

Coppiers, orig. of Vice-Président Coppiers, 572

Cordus, discussion of pears by, 20

Cornélie Daras, 348

Cornemuse, 348

Cornewell, 349

Cost of growing pears, 110

Coter, 349

Coule-Soif de Cerutti, 349

Courte-queue d'Automne, 349

Courte-queue d'Hiver, 349

Cousin Blanc, 349

Couteau, 349

Coxe, experimental orchards of, 52; first American pomology by, 52

Craig, 349

Craig Favourite, 350

Crassane, 350; parent of Boïeldien, 312; Lydie Thiérard, 454

Crassane Libotton, 350

Crassane du Mortier, 350

Crawford, 350

Crawford, N. W., orig. of Carmel, 328

Crede kegelförmige Zuckerbirne, 350

Crede Sommerrusselet, 350

Crescenzi, discussion of pear by, 11

Crisco, 351

Crisco, Robert, orig. of Crisco, 351

[vC]rnivka, 351

Crocker, 351

Croft Castle, 351

Crosby, J. W., orig. of Redfield, 518

Cross, 351

Cross, orig. of Cross, 351

Crouch, 351

Crow, 351

Crown-gall on pear, 116

Cuissard and Barret, orig. of Madame Cuissard, 456

Cuisse Madame, parent of Windsor, 583

Cuisse Madame (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178

Cullem, 351

Culture, pear, notes on, 83

Cumberland, 351

Curé (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 227

Curé d'Oleghem, 352

Curtet's Butterbirne (syn. of Lamy), 184

Cushing, 352

Cushing, Col. Washington, orig. of Cushing, 352

Cydonia, relationship of, to pear, 57

Czernowes, 352

D'Amboise, 352

D'Ane (syn. of Langbirne), 441

D'Aout Allemande (syn. of Deutsche Augustbirne), 358

D'Arad, 352

D'Auch, 352

D'Oeuf, 352

Daimyo, 353

Dallas, 353

Dame, 353

Dame-verte, 353

Dana, Francis, orig. of varieties, 146, 238, 244, 255, 380, 388, 396, 455, 466, 509, 545

Dana Hovey, 146; parent of Luola, 454

Dana's Hovey (syn. of Dana Hovey), 146

Dana's No. 16 (syn. of Dana Hovey), 146

Danas Hovey (syn. of Dana Hovey), 146

Daras de Naghin, orig. of varieties, 242, 250, 260, 268, 269, 296, 324, 335, 342, 347, 348, 392, 396, 418, 424, 429, 444, 446, 458, 459, 463, 464, 492, 493, 517, 527, 550, 559, 565

Darimont, 353

Darlington, 353

Dathis, 353

Dauvesse, orig. of Esther Comte, 378

David, 353

David d'Angers, 353

Davis, 354

Davis, orig. of Davis, 354; Gold Nugget, 399

De Bavay (syn. of Autumn Colmar), 256

De Cerciaux, 354

De Chasseur, 354

De Croixmare, 354

De Duvergnies, 354

De la Farge, A., orig. of Belle et Bonne de la Pierre, 263; Besi de la Pierre, 281; Citron de Saint Paul, 339

De Fer, 354

De Fosse, 354

De Jonghe, J., introd. of varieties, 450; orig. of varieties, 261, 280, 292, 334, 343, 348, 370, 447, 522; work of, as pear breeder, 19

De Jonghe's Butterbirne (syn. of Beurré de Jonghe), 136

De Lamartine, 355

De Longueval, orig. of Louise Bonne de Jersey, 193

De Louvain, 355

De Nelis, work of, as pear breeder, 19

De Prêtre, 355

De Quentin (syn. of Rousselet Saint-Quentin), 530

De Rachinquin, 355

De Serres, discussion of the pear by, 14

De Tongres (syn. of Durandeau), 373

Dearborn, 147

Dearborn, Gen. H. A. S., biography of, 147; orig. of Dearborn, 147

Dearborn's Seedling (syn. of Dearborn), 147

Dechantsbirne von Alençon (syn. of Doyenné d'Alençon), 150

Defays, François, orig. of Beurré Defays, 292; Doyenné Defays, 366

Degaud, Isidore, orig. of Délices de Froyennes, 356

Dehove, François, orig. of Rondelet, 523

Delannoy, Alexandre, orig. of Beurré Delannoy, 292

Delcange, 355

Délices d'Angers (syn. of Fondante du Panisel), 385

Délices de la Cacaudière, 355

Délices de Charles, 355

Délices de Chaumont, 356

Délices Everard, 356

Délices de Froyennes, 356

Délices d'Hardenpont, 356

Délices d'Hardenpont d'Angers (syn. of Fondante du Panisel), 385

Délices d'Hiver, 356

Délices de Huy, 356

Délices de Jodoigne, 356

Délices de Ligaudières, 356

Délices de Lovenjoul, 356

Délices de la Meuse, 357

Délices de Naghin, 357

Délices de Saint-Médard, 357

Délices de Tirlemont, 357

Délicieuse de Grammont, 357

Délicieuse de Swijan, 357

Délisse, 357

Delpierre, 357

Delporte Bourgmestre, 357

Democrat, 357

Demoiselle (syn. of Vigne), 572

Demorest, 357

Dempsey, 357

Denis Dauvesse, 358

Derouineau, orig. of Beurré Derouineau, 292

Dervaes Bros., orig. of Bergamotte la Gantoise, 272

Des Chartreux, 358

Des Chasseurs (syn. of Poire des Chasseurs), 502

Des Chevriers de Stuttgardt (syn. of Rousselet de Stuttgardt), 531

Des Deux Soeurs, 358

Deschamps, Monseigneur, orig. of Beurré d'Arenberg, 129

Description blank for pear, opposite 68

Désiré Cornélis, 358

Desportes, François, orig. of Doyenné Downing, 366

Dessauer Weissbirne, 358

Deutsche Augustbirne, 358

Deutsche Glasbirne, 358

Deutsche Kümmelbirne, 358

Deutsche Muskateller, 358

Deux Fois l'An (syn. of Honey), 420

Deux Têtes, 359

Devergnies, 359

Devergnies, orig. of Devergnies, 359

Dewey, 359

Dhommée, 359

Diamant-peer (syn. of Gansel Bergamot), 391

Dickerman, 359

Dickinson, orig. of Eureka, 379

Diego, 359

Diel (syn. of Beurré Diel), 133

Diel's Butterbirne (syn. of Beurré Diel), 133

Dienstbotenbirne, 359

Dieudonné Anthoine, 359

Dikeman (syn. of Dickerman), 359

Diller, 360

Dilly, V., orig. of Beurré Dilly, 292

Diman, 360

Dion, orig. of Belle Guérandaise, 264

Directeur Alphand, 360

Directeur Hardy, 360

Directeur Tisserand, 360

Directeur Varenne, 360

Dirkjes Peer, 360

Diseases of the pear, 110

Dix, 360

Dix, Madame, orig. of Dix, 360

Dixie, 360

Doat, 361

Doat, orig. of Doat, 361

Docteur Andry, 361

Docteur Bénit, 361

Docteur Bourgeois, 361

Docteur Bouvier, 361

Docteur Capron, 361

Docteur Chaineau, 361

Docteur Delatosse, 361

Docteur Gromier, 361

Docteur Joubert, 361

Docteur Jules Guyot (syn. of Guyot), 173

Docteur Koch, 361

Docteur Lentier, 362

Docteur Lindley, 362

Docteur Meniere, 362

Docteur Nélis, 362

Docteur P. Bruzon, 362

Docteur Pariset, 362

Docteur Pigeaux, 362

Docteur Rhéder (syn. of Reeder), 211

Docteur Trousseau, 362

Doctor Bachmann, 362

Doctor Engelbrecht, 363

Doctor Hogg Bergamot, 363

Doctor Hoskins, 363

Doctor Howe, 363

Dr. Jules Guyot, 173

Doctor Reeder (syn. of Reeder), 211

Doctor Turner, 363

Dodge, 363

Dodoens, mention of pear varieties by, 16

Doktorsbirne, 363

Donatienne Bureau, 363

Dones, 363

Donville, 363

Doppelte Philippsbirne (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152

Doppelttragende gelbe Muskatellerbirne, 364

Dörell Herbst Muskateller, 364

Dorlain, orig. of Saint Ghislain, 536

Dorothée Nouvelle, 364

Dorothée Royale Nouvelle, 364

Dorr, 364

Dorschbirne, 364

Dorset, 149

Dosoris, 364

Double d'Automne, 364

Double Blossom (syn. of Double-Fleur), 364

Double-Fleur, 364

Double de Guerre, 365

Double-Plouvier, 365

Double Rousselet, 365

Douglas, 150

Douillard, orig. of Alexandrine Douillard, 241

Dow, 365

Downer, Samuel, introd. of Andrews, 246

Dowler, 365

Downton, 365

Doyen Dillen, 365

Doyenné (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

Doyenné d'Alençon, 150; parent of Bergamotte Tardive Collette, 277; Pierre Curie, 499

Doyenné Bizet, 365

Doyenné Blanc (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

Doyenné Blanc Long, 366

Doyenné Boisnard, 366

Doyenné Boisselot, 366

Doyenné de Bordeaux, 366.

Doyenné Boussoch (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152

Doyenné Boussock, 152; parent of Fondante des Emmurées, 384

Doyenné Boussock Nouvelle (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152

Doyenné Bouyron, 366

Doyenné du Cercle, 366

Doyenné à Cinq Pans, 366

Doyenné du Comice, 153; parent of Directeur Tisserand, 360; Doyenné Georges Boucher, 367; Jeanne d'Arc, 429; Pierre Corneille, 499

Doyenné Defays, 366

Doyenné Downing, 366

Doyenné d'Effay (syn. of Doyenné Defays), 366

Doyenné d'Été, parent of Eliot Early, 375

Doyenné d'Été (syn. of Summer Doyenné), 221

Doyenné Flon Ainé, 367

Doyenné Fradin, 367

Doyenné Georges Boucher, 367

Doyenné Goubault, 367

Doyenné Gray (syn. of Doyenné Gris), 367

Doyenné de la Grifferaye, 367

Doyenné Gris, 367

Doyenné Gris, parent of Avocat Allard, 257

Doyenné Guillard, 367

Doyenné des Haies, 367

Doyenné d'Hiver (syn. of Easter Beurré), 159

Doyenné Hudellet, 368

Doyenné Jamin, 368

Doyenné de Juillet (syn. of Summer Doyenné), 221

Doyenné de Lorraine, 368

Doyenné Louis, 368

Doyenné de Mérode (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152

Doyenné de Montjean, 368

Doyenné Nérard, 368

Doyenné Nouveau, 368

Doyenné Perrault, 368

Doyenné Picard, 368

Doyenné Rahard, 369

Doyenné de Ramegnies, 369

Doyenné Robin, 369

Doyenné Rose, 369

Doyenné Saint-Roch, 369

Doyenné de Saumur, 369

Doyenné Sentelet, 369

Doyenné Sieulle, 369

Doyenné Sterckmans (syn. of Beurré Sterckmans), 306

Drapiez, 369

Driessche, orig. of Beurré van Driessche, 293

Driessen's Pomeranzenbirne (syn. of Beurré Driessen), 293

Drone, 370

Drouard (syn. of Président Drouard), 210

Du Breuil, Alphonse, orig. of Du Breuil Père, 370; Souvenir de du Breuil Père, 549

Du Breuil Père, 370

Du Mirror, 370

Du Mortier, orig. of Bergamotte de Tournai, 278

Du Roeulx, 370

Dubreuil, orig. of Professeur Dubreuil, 514

Dubrulle, 370

Dubuisson, Isidore, orig. of Beurré Dubuisson, 293

Duc Alfred de Croy, 370

Duc d'Aumale, 370

Duc de Brabant, 370

Duc de Morny, 370

Duc de Nemours, 370

Duchess of Angoulême (syn. of Duchesse d'Angoulême), 154

Duchess Bronze (syn. of Duchesse d'Angoulême Bronzée), 371

Duchess of Orleans (syn. of Duchesse d'Orléans), 156

Duchesse d'Angoulême, 154; parent of Bill Campbell, 309; Cassel, 329; Dempsey, 357; Douglas, 150; Duchesse Précoce, 372; General Wauchope, 395; Henri Bouet, 415; place of, in New York pear culture, 85

Duchesse d'Angoulême Bronzée, 371

Duchesse d'Angoulême Panachée, 371

Duchesse Anne, 371

Duchesse d'Arenberg, 371

Duchesse de Berry d'Été, 371

Duchesse de Bordeaux, 371; parent of Doyenné à Cinq Pans, 366

Duchesse de Brabant, 372

Duchess de Brabant (De Capeinick), 372

Duchesse de Brissac, 372

Duchesse Grousset, 372

Duchesse Hélène d'Orléans, 372

Duchesse d'Hiver, 372

Duchesse Hybrid, 372

Duchesse de Mars, 372

Duchesse de Mouchy, 372

Duchesse d'Orléans, 156

Duchesse Précoce, 372

Duchovaya, 373

Dudley, 373

Dudley, mention of pears by, 45; orig. of Dudley, 373

Duhamel (syn. of Duhamel du Monceau), 157

Duhamel du Monceau, 157

Duhamel's Butterbirne (syn. of Duhamel du Monceau), 157

Duke, Lucy, orig. of Beaufort, 262; Lucy Duke, 194

Dumas (syn. of Épine du Mas), 377

Dumon-Dumortier, 373

Dumont, Joseph, orig. of Bergamotte de Tournai, 277; Beurré Dumont, 293; Beurré d'Esquelmes, 294

Dundas, 373

Dunmore, 373

Dupuy Charles, 373

Duquesne, Abbé, orig. of Colmar Van Mons, 344; Marie Louise, 198

Durand-Gasselin, orig. of Poire Brune de Gasselin, 501

Durandeau, 373

Durandeau, Charles Louis, orig. of Durandeau, 373

Durée, 374

Durst-Lösche, 374

Dussart, orig. of Bergamotte Dussart, 271

"Dutch Jacob", discoverer of Seckel, 215

Duval, orig. of Archiduc Charles, 251; Beurré Duval, 294

Dwarfing, best pear varieties for, 95; of pears, 94

Earl, S., orig. of Herkimer, 417

Early Ely, 374

Early Green Sugar, 374

Early Harvest, 158

Early Butter of Indiana (syn. of Craig), 349

Early Rousselet (syn. of Rousselet Hâtif), 528

Early Wilbur (syn. of Wilbur), 580

Early Wilder (syn. of Wilder Early), 230

Easter Bergamot, 374

Easter Beurré, 159; parent of Directeur Varenne, 360; Louis Cappe, 451; Souvenir de Renault Père, 550

Eastern Belle, 374

Echasserie, 374

Eckard, W. C., orig. of Luola, 454

Economic considerations in pear culture, 94

Edle Sommerbirne, 375

Edward Seedling St. Germain, 375

Edwards, Bryan, orig. of Bryan Edwards, 321

Edwards, Henry W., biography of, 375; orig. of varieties, 326, 327, 338, 340, 353, 375, 388, 416, 567, 568, 581

Effie Holt, 375

Eliot, Judge Charles, orig. of Eliot Early, 375

Eliot Early, 375

Élisa d'Heyst, 375

Elizabeth, 161

Elizabeth (Edwards), 375

Élizabeth de Manning (syn. of Elizabeth), 161

Elizabeth Maury, 376

Ellis, 376

Ellis, Annie E., orig. of Ellis, 376

Ellis (New York), 376

Ellison, M. P., orig. of Ford, 386

Ellwanger, George, biography of, 205

Ellwanger & Barry, introd. into America of Alexander Lucas, 240

Ely, Silas, orig. of Early Ely, 374

Emerald, 376

Émile d'Heyst, 376

Endicott pear tree, 41

Enfant Nantais, 376

Enfant Prodigue, 376

England, pear in, 29

English and American pear-growing compared, 37

Épargne (syn. of Jargonelle), 177

Épine d'Été, 377

Épine d'Été Rouge, 377

Épine d'Hiver, 377

Épine de Jernages, 377

Épine du Mas, 377

Épine Royale, 377

Épine-Royale de Courtray, 378

Eriophyes pyri on pear, 119

Ermsinde, 378

Ernestine Auzolle, 378

Ernst, A. H., introd. of Prairie du Pond, 506

Eseme, 378

Espéren, Major, orig. of varieties, 165, 180, 219, 242, 271, 279, 288, 289, 315, 325, 329, 330, 334, 338, 362, 365, 375, 376, 384, 400, 430, 457, 462, 477, 478, 491, 492, 494, 513, 531, 542, 548, 558, 563, 573; work of, as a pear breeder, 19

Esperen Waldbirne (syn. of Belle de Forêts), 264

Esperen's Herrenbirne (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126

Esperine, 378

Esperione, 378

Essex, 378

Essington, W. E., orig. of Autumn Joséphine, 256

Esther Comte, 378

Estienne, list of pears given by, 13

Estranguillon, 378

Esturion, 378

Eugène Appert, 379

Eugène Furst, 379

Eugène Maisin, 379

Eugène des Nouhes, 379

Eugène Thirriot, 379

Euratsfelder Mostbirne, 379

Eureka, 379

Europe, eastern and central, pear in, 19

European pear varieties imported into America, 52

Eva Baltet, 379

Everard, Gabriel, orig. of Délices Everard, 356

Excellente de Moine, 380

Excelsior, 380

Eyewood, 380

Fabræa maculata, cause of leaf-blight, 115

Fall, 380

Fall Beurré d'Arenburg, 380

Famenga, 380

Farragut (syn. of Admiral Farragut), 238

Fassbirne (syn. of Tonneau), 564

Faurite, 380

Fauvanelle, 380

Favorite de Clapp (syn. of Clapp Favorite), 142

Favorite Joanon, 380

Favorite Morel, 381

Favre, orig. of Madame Favre, 458; Souvenir Favre, 550

Feast, 381

Feast, Samuel, orig. of Feast, 381

Feaster, Aaron, orig. of Bleeker Meadow, 311

Félix de Liem, 381

Félix Sahut, 381

Feraut, orig. of Augier, 254

Ferdinand Gaillard, 381

Ferdinand de Lesseps, 381

Fertility, 381

Fertility of pear, 99

Fertilizers for pears, 98

Feuille de chêne (syn. of Naples), 479

Figue, 381

Figue d'Alençon, 382

Figue de Naples, 382

Figueira, 382

Fin Juillet, 382

Fin-Or d'Orleans, 382

Fin-Or de Septembre, 382

Fine Gold of Summer (syn. of Fin-Or d'Orléans), 382

Fitzwater, 382

Flack, W., orig. of Essex, 378

Fleming, Mrs. Maria, orig. of Lincoln, 191

Flemish Beauty, 163; parent of Bergamotte Nicolle, 274; Doctor Hoskins, 363; Eva Baltet, 379; Max, 469

Flemish Bon Chrêtien, 382

Flon, orig. of Bertrand Guinoisseau, 278; Beurré Flon, 295; Doyenné Flon Ainé, 367; Fortunée supérieure, 387; Maréchal Pelissier, 462

Flon-Grolleau, orig. of Général Bosquet, 394; Lieutenant Poidevin, 448; Saint Vincent de Paul, 538

Florelle (syn. of Forelle), 167

Florent Schouman, 383

Florida Bartlett, 383

Florimond Parent, 390

Flower-buds of pear, characteristics of, 62

Flowers of pear, characteristics of, 62

Fluke, 383

Fluke, N. K., introd. of Fluke, 383

Fondante Agréable, 383

Fondante Albert, 383

Fondante d'Angers, 383

Fondante d'Automne (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126

Fondante de Bihorel, 383

Fondante des Bois (syn. of Flemish Beauty), 163

Fondante de Brest, 383

Fondante de Charleville, 384

Fondante de Charneau, 384

Fondante de Cuerne, 384

Fondante des Emmurées, 384

Fondante d'Ingendal, 384

Fondante de Ledeberg, 384

Fondante de la Maitre-École, 384

Fondante de Malines, 384

Fondante de Mars, 384

Fondante de Moulins-Lille, 385

Fondante de Nees, 385

Fondante de Noël, 164

Fondante du Panisel, 385

Fondante des Prés, 385

Fondante de la Roche, 385

Fondante de Rome ou Sucré Romain, 385

Fondante de Saint-Amand, 385

Fondante de Schönert (syn. of Schönerts Omsewitzer Schmalzbirne), 542

Fondante-de-Septembre, 385

Fondante Sickler, 386

Fondante de Thines, 386

Fondante Thirriot, 386

Fondante Van Mons, 386

Fondante de Wollmet, 386

Fontaine de Ghélin, orig. of Général Totleben, 395

Fontarabie, 386

Fontenay, 165

Foote, Asahel, orig. of Fall Beurré d'Arenburg, 380; Foote Seckel, 386; Homestead, 420; Hoosic, 420; Weeping Willow, 576

Foote Seckel, 386

Ford, 386

Forelle, 167

Forellenbirne (syn. of Forelle), 167

Forme de Bergamotte Crassane, 387

Forme de Curtet, 387

Forme de Délices, 387

Fortune, 387

Fortunée, 387; parent of Bergamotte Hertrich, 272; Fortunée Boisselot, 387; Fortunée supérieure, 387; Olivier de Serres, 200

Fortunée Boisselot, 387

Fortunée de Printemps (syn. of Fortunée), 387

Fortunée supérieure, 387

Foster, Suel, orig. of Snow, 547

Fouqueray, orig. of Beurré Fouqueray, 295

Fourcine, W., orig. of Comtesse de Paris, 347

Fourcroy, 387

Fouron, 387

Fowler, Dr., orig. of Muscadine, 476

Fox, 168

Fox, Bernard S., biography of, 168; orig. of Colonel Wilder, 144; Fox, 168; P. Barry, 203

Franc-Réal, 388

Franc Réal d'Hiver (syn. of Franc-Réal), 388

France, pear in, 12; rapid increase in pear varieties in, 15

Frances, 388

Franchimont, 388

Franchipanne, 388

Francis, 388

Francis Dana, 388

François Hutin, 388

Frangipane (syn. of Franchipanne), 388

Frangipane d'Hiver, 388

Frankenbirne, 389

Frankfurter Birne, 389

Französische Gute Graue Sommerbirne (syn. of Grise-Bonne), 403

Französische Zapfenbirne (syn. of Brute Bonne), 321

Frau Louise Goethe, 389

Frederic Leclerc, 389

Frédéric de Wurtemberg, 389

Frederica Bremer, 389

Frederick Clapp, 169

Fremion, 390

French, connection of the, with history of pear in America, 46

French pear stocks, notes on, 95

Frensdorff Rothe Flaschenbirne, 390

Frühe Backhausbirne, 390

Frühe Schweizer Bergamotte, 390

Fruit characters of pomes, 63

Fruit setting of pears, discussion of, 99

Fuller, 390

Fullero, 390

Fulton, 390; parent of Tudor, 567

Fulton, orig. of Fulton, 390

Fumago vagans, cause of black mold of pear, 117

Fusée d'Automne, 390

Fusée d'Hiver, 391

Gabourell Seedling, 391

Gakovsky, 391

Gallo, mention of pears by, 12

Galopin, orig. of Chaudfontaine, 335

Galston Muirfowl Egg, 391

Gambier, orig. of Beurré Gambier, 295; Fondante d'Ingendal, 384; Marie Louise d'Uccle, 464

Gans, 391

Gans, Joseph, discoverer of Gans, 391

Gänsekopf, 391

Gansel, Lieutenant-General, orig. of Gansel Bergamot, 391

Gansel Bergamot, 391; parent of Gansel Seckel, 170

Gansel Late Bergamot, 391; parent of Doctor Hogg Bergamot, 363

Gansel Seckel, 170

Gansel-Seckle (syn. of Gansel Seckel), 170

Garber, 171; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84

Garber, J. B., orig. of Garber, 171

Garber's Hybrid (syn. of Garber), 171

Garden, pomological, of Robert Manning, 53

Garden, T. J., introd. of Cole Winter, 341

Garden Pear (syn. of Poirer de Jardin), 505

Garnier, 392

Garnier, orig. of Garnier, 392; Maria de Nantes, 463

Garnons, 392

Gassenbirne, 392

Gaston du Puys, 392

Gaudry, 392

Gaujard, orig. of Mademoiselle Marguerite Gaujard, 460

Géant, 392

Gefleckte Pomeranzenbirne, 392

Gefleckte Sommerrusselet, 392

Gefundene, 392

Geigenschnabel, 392

Geishirtle, 392

Gelbe Frühbirne (syn. of Jaune Hâtive), 428

Gelbe frühe Sommerapothekerbirne, 392

Gelbe Fürsten-Tafelbirne, 393

Gelbe Heckenbirne, 393

Gelbe Holzbirne, 393

Gelbe Landlbirne, 393

Gelbe langstielige Alantbirne, 393

Gelbe Laurentiusbirne, 393

Gelbe Leutsbirne, 393

Gelbe Scheibelbirne, 393

Gelbe Sommerrusselet (syn. of Rousselet Jaune d'Été), 529

Gelbe Wasserbirne, 393

Gelbmostler, 394

Gellert's Butterbirne (syn. of Beurré Hardy), 135

Gemeine Kochbirne, 394

Gemeine Pfundbirne, 394

Gendron, orig. of Beurré Gendron, 295

Général de Bonchamp, 394

Général Bosquet, 394

Général Canrobert, 394

Général Delage, 394

Général Dutilleul, 394

Général Duvivier, 395

General Kearney, 395

General Lamoricière, 395

General Sherman, 395

General Taylor, 395

Général Thouvenin, 395

Général Totleben, 395

General Wauchope, 395

Gensbirne, 395

George Augustus, 396

Georges Delebecque, 396

Gerando, 396

Gerarde, mention of pears by, 32

Gérardine, 396

Gerdessen, 396

Gerdessen, Pastor, orig. of Gerdessen, 396

Gergonell(syn. of Jargonelle), 177

Gerippte Pomeranzenbirne, 396

German Muscat (syn. of Deutsche Muskateller), 358

Germany, pomological literature of, 20

Gernröder Pomeranzenbirne, 396

Gestreiffe Winter-Apothekerbirne, 396

Ghélin, Fontaine de, orig. of Beurré de Ghélin, 296

Ghellinck de Walle, 396

Ghellinck de Walle, orig. of Ghellinck de Walle, 396

Gibb, 396

Gibb, introd. of Russian pears by, 56

Gibey-Lorne, orig. of Monseigneur des Hons, 474

Giffard (syn. of Beurré Giffard), 134

Giffard's Butterbirne (syn. of Beurré Giffard), 134

Gilain, 397

Gilles ô Gilles, 397

Giram, 397

Girandoux, orig. of Girardon, 397

Girardon, 397

Girogile (syn. of Gilles ô Gilles), 397

Glace d'hiver, 397

Glastonbury, 397

Gleck, 398

Gliva, 398

Gloire de Cambron, 398

Glou Morceau, 172; confusion with Beurre d'Arenberg, 129; parent of Bergamotte de Toumai, 277; Beurré Ad. Papeleu, 283; Souvenir Favre, 550; Winter Williams, 584

Glout Morceau (syn. of Glou Morceau), 172

Gloux Morceau (syn. of Glou Morceau), 172

Gloward, 398

Gnoico, 398

Goat-herd, 398

Goemans Gelbe Sommerbirne (syn. of Passe-Goemans), 491

Gogal, 398

Gold Dust, 399

Gold Nugget, 399

Goldbirne, 399

Goldbordirte Holzbirne, 399

Golden Bell, 399

Golden Beurré of Bilboa, 398

Golden June, 399

Golden Knap, 399

Golden Queen, 399

Golden Russet, 399

Golden Russet (syn. of Japan Golden Russet), 428

Goldwörther Lederbirne, 399

Gönnersche Birne, 399

Goodale, 400

Goodale, E., orig. of Goodale, 400

Goodrich, Chauncey, orig. of Paddock, 489

Gore, Gov., orig. of Heathcot, 413

Got, 400

Goubault, Maurice, orig. of varieties, 138, 274, 279, 281, 293, 296, 304, 310, 367, 465, 471

Governor Carver, 400

Grabel, Jacob, orig. of Posey, 506

Grabenbirne, 400

Grading of pears, 108

Graf Moltke, 400

Grafting pears, 106

Graham, F. J., orig. of Autumn Nelis, 256

Graham Autumn Nelis (syn. of Autumn Nelis), 256

Grand Bretagne, 400

Grand Isle, 400

Grand Monarque (syn. of Catallac), 330

Grand-Soliel, 400

Grant, 401

Graslin, 401

Grasshoff Leckerbissen, 401

Gratiola, 401

Graue Flaschenbirne (syn. of Calbasbirn), 324

Graue Herbstrusselet, 401

Graue Holzbirne, 401

Graue Honigbirn, 401

Graue Pelzbirne, 401

Graue Speckbirne, 401

Graue Zuckerbirne, 402

Grazbirne, 402

Great Cassolette, 402

Great Citron of Bohemia, 402

Great Mammoth, 402

Greece, ancient, pear in, 3

Greeks, monographs on husbandry by, 7

Green, Charles A., introd. into America of Président Drouard, 210

Green Chisel, 402

Green Mountain Boy, 402

Green Pear of Yair, 402

Green Yair (syn. of Green Pear of Yair), 402

Gregoire, Xavier, orig. of varieties, 238, 239, 249, 255, 257, 259, 273, 302, 303, 304, 338, 342, 345, 362, 396, 397, 414, 415, 425, 429, 432, 440, 445, 446, 451, 457, 458, 467, 473, 474, 483, 507, 510, 511, 512, 514, 529, 531, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 572, 573, 587; work as pear breeder, 19

Grégoire Bordillon, 403

Grey Good-Wife, 403

Gris, M. le, orig. of Doyenné de la Grifferaye, 367

Grise-Bonne, 403

Grolez-Duriez, orig. of Belle-Moulinoise, 265; Fondante de Moulins-Lille, 385

Groom, introd. of Groom Prince Royal, 403

Groom Prince Royal, 403

Gros Blanquet Long, 403

Gros Blanquet Rond, 403

Gros-Hativeau, 404

Gros Loijart, 404

Gros Lucas, 404

Gros Muscat Rond, 404

Gros Rousselet, 404

Gros Rousselet d'Aout, 405

Gros Trouvé, 405

Grosse Angleterre de Noisette (syn. of Grosse Poire d'Amande), 406

Grosse Eisbirne, 405

Grosse Figue, 405

Grosse gelbe Weinbirne, 405

Grosse-Herbst-Bergamotte, 405

Grosse Landlbirne, 405

Grosse Leutsbirne, 405

Grosse-Louise, 405

Grosse Mostputzer, 405

Grosse Petersbirne, 406

Grosse Poire d'Amande, 406

Grosse Poire de Vitrier, 406

Grosse Queue, 406

Grosse Rommelter, 406

Grosse schöne Jungfernbirne, 406

Grosse September Birne, 406

Grosse Sommer-Zitronenbirne, 407

Grosse Sommersirene, 406

Grosse späte Weinbirne, 407

Grosse Verte-Longue Précoce de la Sarthe (syn. of Verte-Longue de la Sarthe), 571

Grosser Roland, 407

Grousset, orig. of Enfant Nantais, 376

Groveland, 407

Grubbirne, 407

Grumkow, 407

Grunbirne, 407

Grüne Confesselsbirne, 407

Grüne frühe Gewurzbirne, 407

Grüne fürstliche Tafelbirne, 407

Grüne gesegnete Winterbirne, 408

Grüne Lange Herbstbirne (syn. of Long Green), 449

Grüne langstielige Winterhirtenbirne, 408

Grüne Magdalene(syn. of Madeleine), 195

Grüne Pfundbirne, 408

Grüne Pichelbirne, 408

Grüne Sommer-Bergamote, 408

Grüne Sommer-Citronenbirne, 408

Grüne Sommer-Magdalene (syn. of Madeleine), 195

Grüne Wiedenbirne, 408

Grüne Winawitz, 408

Grünmostler, 408

Guenette (syn. of Green Chisel), 402

Gueniot, orig. of Le Brun, 443

Guéraud, orig. of Adèle de Saint-Denis, 237

Guillot, orig. of Bon-Chrétien Bonnamour, 313

Gulabi, 409

Guntershauser Holzbirne, 409

Gustave Bivort, 409

Gustave Bourgogne, 409

Gustin Summer, 409

Gute Graue (syn. of Yat), 586

Gute Grüne, 409

Gute Louise von Avranches(syn. of Louise Bonne de Jersey), 193

Guyot, 173

Habichtsbirne, 409

Habit of growth of pear-trees, 59

Habitat of Pyrus auricularis, 73; Pyrus betulaefolia, 79; Pyrus calleryana, 80; Pyrus communis, 70; Pyrus nivalis, 72; Pyrus serotina, 75; Pyrus serotina culta, 76; Pyrus serrulata, 78; Pyrus ussuriensis, 77

Hacon Incomparable, 409; parent of Hoosic, 420

Haddington, 409

Haffner Bros., orig. of Haffner Butterbirne, 410

Haffner Butterbirne, 410

Hagar, 410

Hagerman (syn. of Hegeman), 414

Haight, 410

Hallische gelbe Honigbirne, 410

Hamburg, 410

Hamburger Birne, 410

Hamilton, 410

Hammelsbirne, 410

Hamon, 410

Hampden Bergamot, 410

Hampton, W. C., orig. of Hampton Bergamot, 411; Hampton Cluster, 411

Hampton Bergamot, 411

Hampton Cluster, 411

Hampton Virgalieu, 411

Hancock, 411

Hancock, Thomas, orig. of Tatnall Harvest, 559

Hangelbirne, 411

Hannover'sche Jakobsbirne, 411

Hannover'sche Margarethenbirne, 411

Hanover, 411

Hansen, N. E., orig. of Pushkin, 515; Tolstoy, 564

Hardenpont, Abbé, efforts in breeding pears by, 16; orig. of varieties, 172, 206, 304, 356, 385

Hardenpont frühe Colmar, 411

Hardenpont's Winter Butterbirne (syn. of Glou Morceau), 172

Hardy (syn. of Beurré Hardy), 135

Harigelsbirne, 412

Harnard, 412

Harnard, John, orig. of Harnard, 412

Harris (Georgia), 412

Harris (Massachusetts), 412

Harrison Large Fall, 412

Hartberger Mostbirne, 412

Harte Neapolitanerin, 412

Hartwiss, M. De, orig. of Beurré Woronson, 308

Harvard, 412

Harvest, 412

Harvesting pears, 106

Harvey, Eli, owner of original tree of Brandywine, 140

Hassler, 413

Hassler, J. E., orig. of A. J. Cook, 236; Hassler, 413

Hastings, J. C., introd. of Frederica Bremer, 389

Hausemerbirne, 413

Hautmonté, 413

Hawaii, 413

Hawes Winter, 413

Hawkesbill, 413

Hays, 413

Heat resistant pears, 86

Heathcot, 413

Hebe, 413

Hebron (syn. of Pinneo), 499

Hedwig von der Osten, 413

Hedwige d'Osten (syn. of Hedwig von der Osten), 413

Hegeman, 414

Hegeman, Andrew, orig. of Hegeman, 414

Heilige Angelika-Birne, 414

Hélène Grégoire, 414

Hélin, Dr., orig. of Beurré Caty, 290

Hellinckx, orig. of Colmar d'Alost, 341

Hellmann, orig. of Melon de Hellmann, 470

Hellmann, Melonenbirn, 414

Hemminway, 414

Henkel, 414

Henkel d'Automne (syn. of Henkel), 414

Henrard, Denis, orig. of Beurré Fenzl, 294; Bon-Chrétien de Vernois, 315

Henri Bivort, 414

Henri Bouet, 415

Henri de Bourbon, 415

Henri Capron, 415

Henri Decaisne, 415

Henri Desportes, 415

Henri Grégoire, 415

Henri Ledocte, 415

Henri Quatre, 415

Henri Van Mons (syn. of Fleur de Neige), 382

Henrietta, 416

Henriette, 416

Henriette Van Cauwenberghe, 416

Henry, Henry C., orig. of Henry (Illinois), 416

Henry (Connecticut), 416

Henry (Illinois), 416

Henry the Fourth (syn. of Henri Quatre), 415

Hérault, A., orig. of Bergamotte Hérault, 272; Fin Juillet, 382; Joyau de Septembre, 432

Herbelin, 416

Herbin, 416

Herborner Schmalzbirne, 416

Herbst-Citronenbirne, 417

Herbst-Klöppelbirne, 417

Herbstbirne ohne Schale (syn. of Lansac), 443

Herbsteierbirne, 417

Herbstlanger, 417

Herbstsylvester (syn. of Frédéric de Wurtemberg), 389

Héricart, 417

Héricart de Thury, 417

Herkimer, 417

Herr, A. G., orig. of Herr Late Winter, 417

Herr Late Winter, 417

Hert, 417

Hertrich, orig. of Bergamotte Hertrich, 272

Hervy, Michel-Christophe, orig. of Chaptal, 333

Herzogin von Angoulême (syn. of Duchesse d'Angoulême), 154

Hessenbirne, 418

Hessle, 418

Hewes, 418

Heyer Zuckerbirne, 418

Hicks, Isaac, orig. of Durée, 374

Higginson, mention of pears by, 45

Hilda, 418

Hildegard, 418

Hildesheimer Bergamotte, 418

Hildesheimer späte Sommerbirne, 418

Hildesheimer Winterbirn, 418

Hingham, 419

Hirschbirne, 419

Hirsenbirne, 419

History of pear, long lapse in, 11

Hitzendorfer Mostbirne, 419

Hochfeine Butterbirne (syn. of Beurré Superfin), 137

Hoe Langer Hoe Liever, 419

Hofsta, 419

Holland Green, 419

Holländische Butterbirne, 419

Holländische Gewürzbirne, 419

Holländische Zuckerbirne, 419

Holmer, 420

Holt, L. W., orig. of Effie Holt, 375

Holzfarbige Butterbirne (syn. of Flemish Beauty), 163

Home ripening of pears, 109

Homer, mention of pear by, 4

Homestead, 420

Honey, 420

Honey (Russia), 420

Honey Dew, 420

Honigbergamotte, 420

Honnelbirne, 420

Hood, George, orig. of Lycurgus, 454

Hoosic, 420

Hopedale Nurs. Co., introd. of Weihmier Sugar, 576

Hopfenbirne, 421

Hosenschenk, 421

Houdin, orig. of Belle des Arbrés, 262

Houghlin, Joe, orig. of Golden June, 399

Housatonic, 421

Houser, 421

Hovey, 421

Howard, 421

Howe, Dr. John P., orig. of Doctor Howe, 363

Howe, John J., orig. of Housatonic, 421

Howe Winter, 421

Howell, 174; place in commercial pear culture, 84

Howell, Thomas, orig. of Howell, 175

Howell's Seedling (syn. of Howell), 174

Hubert Grégoire, 421

Hudellet, Jules, orig. of Doyenné Hudellet, 368

Huffcap, 421

Hüffel Bratbirne, 421

Huggard, 421

Huguenot, 422

Huhle de Printemps, 422

Hull, 422

Hungerford Oswego, 422

Hunt Connecticut, 422

Huntington, 422

Hurbain d'Hiver, 422

Hussein Armudi, 422

Hutcherson, 422

Huyshe, Rev. John, orig. of "Royal Pears," 423

Huyshe Bergamot (syn. of Huyshe Prince of Wales), 423

Huyshe Prince Consort, 423

Huyshe Prince of Wales, 423

Huyshe Princess of Wales, 423

Huyshe Victoria, 423

Hyacinthe du Puis, 423

Ickworth, 423

Ida, 423

Idaho, 175

Ilinka, 424

Impériale à Feuilles de Chêne, 424

Incommunicable, 424

Incomparable de Beuraing, 424

Inconstant, 424

Indian Queen, 424

Infortunée, 424

Ingénieur Wolters, 424

Ingram, Thomas, orig. of British Queen, 320

Innominée, 424

Insects affecting pear, 117

International, 425

Iris Grégoire, 425

Iron Pear (syn. of Black Worcester), 310

Isabella, 425

Isabelle de Malèves, 425

Island, 425

Italienische Winterbergamotte, 425

Ives, 425

Ives, Dr. Eli, orig. of Dow, 365; Ives, 425; Ives August, 425; New Haven, 481

Ives August, 425

Ives Bergamotte, 426

Ives Seedling, 426

Ives Virgalieu, 426

Ives Winter, 426

Ives Yale, 426

Jablousky, 426

Jackson, 426

Jackson, S. S., orig. of Jackson Elizabeth, 426

Jackson Elizabeth, 426

Jacqmain, 426

Jacques Chamaret, 426

Jacques Mollet, 427

Jakobsbirne, 427

Jalais, Jacques, orig. of Beurré du Champ Corbin, 290; Beurré Jalais, 298; Bonne de Jalais, 316; Chaigneau, 332; Duchesse Anne, 371

Jalousie, 427

Jalousie de Fontenay (syn. of Fontenay), 166

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendée (syn. of Fontenay), 165

Jalousie de la Réole, 427

Jalousie Tardive, 427

Jalvy, 427

Jamin & Durand, origs. of Doyenné Jamin, 368

Jaminette, 427

Jansemine, 427

Japan, 428

Japan Golden Russet, 428

Japan Wonder, 428

Japanese Pear. (See Pyrus serotina)

Japanese Sand, 428

Jargonelle, 177; ancient names of, 177

Jargonelle (French), 178; parent of Henri Bouet, 415

Jargonelle d'Automne, 428

Jaune Hâtive, 428

Jaune de Merveillon, 428

Jean Baptist, 428

Jean-Baptiste Bivort, 428

Jean-Baptiste Dediest, 429

Jean Cottineau, 429

Jean Laurent, 429

Jean Sano, 429

Jean de Witte, 429

Jeanne, 429

Jeanne d'Arc, 429

Jefferson, 429

Jersey Gratioli, 430

Jerusalem, 430

Jeschil Armudi, 430

Jewel, 430

Jewess, 430

Joanon, orig. of Favorite Joanon, 380; Professeur Willermoz, 514; Sainte Anne, 538

John Cotton, 430

John Griffith, 430

John Monteith, 430

John Williams, 430

Johonnot, 431

Johonnot, G. S., orig. of Huguenot, 422; Johonnot, 431; Naumkeag, 480

Joie du Semeur, 431

Jolie Lille de Gust, 431

Joly de Bonneau, 431

Jonah, 431; parent of Howell, 175

Jones, 431

Joseph Lebeau, 431

Joseph Staquet, 431

Joséphine de Binche, 431

Joséphine de Malines, 179; parent of Autumn Joséphine, 256; Georges Delebecque, 396; Joie du Semeur, 431

Joséphine de Maubrai, 431

Joséphine von Mecheln (syn. of Joséphine de Malines), 179

Josephsbirne, 432

Josselyn, mention of pears by, 45

Joyau de Septembre, 432; parent of Fin Juillet, 382

Judge Andrews, 432

Jules d'Airoles (Grégoire), 432

Jules d'Airolles (Leclerc), 432

Jules Bivort (syn. of Délices de Lovenjoul), 356

Jules Blaise, 432

Jules Delloy, 432

Juli Dechantsbirne (syn. of Summer Doyenné), 221

Julie Duquet, 432

Julienne, 432

Juneberry, relationship of, to pear, 57

Juvardeil, 432

Kaestner, 433

Kalchbirne, 433

Kalmerbirne, 433

Kamper-Venus, 433

Kathelenbirne, 433

Katy, 433

Keiffer (syn. of Kieffer), 180

Keiser, 433

Kelsey, 434

Kelsey, William, orig. of Kelsey, 434

Kennedy, 434

Kenrick, William, introd. into America of Beurré Bosc, 131; Doyenné Boussock, 152

Kentucky, 434

Kenyon, 434

Kermes, 434

Kessler, Charles, introd. of Reading, 517

Kieffer, 180; parent of Cassel, 329; Douglas, 150; Eureka, 379; Theodore Williams, 561

Kieffer, Peter, orig. of Kieffer, 181

Kieffer and Bartlett leading commercial pears, 84

Kieffer's Hybrid (syn. of Kieffer), 180

Kilwinning, 434

King, 434

King Catherine (syn. of Catherine Royal), 330

King Edward, 434

King Seedling, 434

King Sobieski, 435

Kingsessing, 182

Kirtland, 435

Kirtland, Prof., orig. of Kirtland, 435

Klein Landlbirne, 435

Kleine Fuchselbirne, 435

Kleine gelbe Bratbirne, 435

Kleine gelbe Hessenbirne, 435

Kleine gelbe Maukelbirne, 435

Kleine gelbe Sommer-Zuckerbirne, 435

Kleine gelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne, 435

Kleine grüne Backbirne, 435

Kleine Lange Sommer-Muskatellerbirne, 436

Kleine Leutsbirne, 436

Kleine Petersbirne (syn. of Petersbirne), 495

Kleine Pfalzgrafin, 436

Kleine Pfundbirne, 436

Kleine runde Haferbirne, 436

Kleine schlesische Zimmbirne, 436

Kleine Schmalzbirne (syn. of Petite Fondante), 497

Kleine Sommer-Zuckerratenbirne, 436

Kleine Zwiebelbirne, 437

Kleiner Katzenkopf (syn. of Petit Catallac, 496)

Kloppelbirne, 437

Knabenbirne, 437

Knausbirne, 437

Knechtchensbirne, 437

Knight, 437

Knight, Thomas Andrew, orig. of varieties, 289, 320, 351, 365, 373, 380, 423, 462, 473, 474, 484, 494, 524, 527, 546, 563

Knight, William, orig. of Knight, 437

Knight Monarch (syn. of Monarch), 474

Knollbirne, 437

Knoop, Herman, orig. of Calebasse, 324

Knoop, Misses, orig. of Des Deux Soeurs, 358

Knoops Simmtbirne, 437

Kolmasbirne, 438

Kolstuck, 438

König Karl von Württemberg, 438

Königliche Weissbirne, 438

Königsbirne, 438

Konstanzer Langler, 438

Koolstock, 438

Koonce, 183

Kopertscher (syn. of Suprême Coloma), 557

Köstliche Van Mons (syn. of De Duvergnies), 354

Kraft Sommer Bergamotte, 438

Krauelbirne, 438

Kreiselförmige Blankette (syn. of Gros Blanquet Long), 403

Kreiselförmige Flegelbirne, 438

Kriegebirne, 439

Krivonogof, 439

Krockhals, 439

Kröten Bergamotte (syn. of Bergamotte Bufo), 270

Krull, 439

Krull, orig. of Krull, 439

Krull Winter (syn. of Krull), 439

Krummgestielte Feigenbirne, 439

Krummholzige Schmalzbirne (syn. of Arbre Courbé), 251

Kuhfuss, 439

Kümmelbirne (syn. of Besi d'Héry), 280

Kurskaya, 439

L'Inconnue Van Mons, 439

L'Inconstante, 439

La Béarnaise, 440

La Bonne Malinoise (syn. of Winter Nelis), 232

La Cité Gomand, 440

La France, 440

La Grosse Oignonette (syn. of Onion), 486

La Moulinoise, 440

La Quintinye, 440

La Savoureuse, 440

La Solsticiale, 440

La Vanstalle, 440

Lachambre, Octave, orig. of Octave Lachambre, 484

Lacroix, 441

Lady (syn. of Vigne), 572

Lady Clapp, 441

Lafayette, 441

Lagrange, orig. of Sénateur Vaisse, 544

Lahérard, 441

Lamartine (syn. of De Lamartine), 355

Lammas, 441

Lämmerbirne, 441

Lampe, orig. of Belle de Juillet, 265

Lamy, 184

Lancaster, 441

Lancaster, T. S., orig. of Lancaster, 441

Landsberger Malvasier, 441

Langbirne, 441

Lange gelbe Bischofsbirne, 442

Lange Gelbe Muscatellerbirne, 442

Lange grüne Herbstbirne (syn. of Long Green of Autumn), 449

Lange grüne Winterbirne, 442

Lange Mundnetzbirne, 442

Lange Sommer-Bergamotte, 442

Lange Wasserbirne, 442

Langelier, Réné, orig. of Beurré Langelier, 299

Langstieler, 442

Langstielige Pfaffenbirne, 442

Langstielige Zuckerbirne, 442

Lansac, 443

Large Blanquet (syn. of Gros Blanquet Long), 403

Large Duchess, 443

Larissa, 443

Laure Gilbert, 443

Laure de Glymes, 443

Lawrence, 185; place of, in New York pear culture, 85

Lawson, 186

Lawson, owner of original tree of, 186

Laxton, orig. of Laxton Bergamot, 443

Laxton, Bergamot, 443

Le Breton, 443

Le Brun, 443

Le Congo, 444

Le Conte, 187; parent of Big Productive, 309; Conkleton, 348

Le Curé (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 227

Le Lecher, 444

Le Lectier, 188

Le Lectier, improvement of pears by, 14

Leaf-blight of pear, notes on, 115

Leaf-buds of pear, characteristics of, 61

Leaf-spot of pear, notes on, 115

Leaves of pear, characteristics of, 61

Leclerc, Léon, orig. of varieties, 190, 244, 247, 318, 426, 432, 510

Leclerc-Thouin, 444

Lederbirne, 444

Lederbogen, orig. of Beurré de Lederbogen, 299

Lee, 444

Lee Seckel, 444

Leech, Isaac, owner of original tree of Kingsessing, 182

Lefèvre, orig. of Beurré de Mortefontaine, 301

Lefèvre-Boitelle, orig. of Beurré Pauline Delzent, 303

Léger, 444

Lehoferbirne, 444

Leipsic Radish (syn. of Leipziger Rettigbirn), 444

Leipziger Rettigbirn, 444

Lemon (Massachusetts), 445

Lemon (Russia), 445

Lenawee, 445

Leochine de Printemps, 445

Léon Dejardin, 445

Léon Grégoire, 445

Léon Leclerc (Van Mons), 189; parent of Rutter, 214

Léon Leclerc Épineux, 445

Lèon Leclerc de Laval, 446

Lèon Recq, 446

Léon Rey, 446

Léonce de Vaubernier, 446

Léonie, 446

Léonie Bouvier, 446

Léonie Pinchart, 446

Léontine Van Exem, 446

Leopold I., 446

Leopold Riche, 447

Lepine, 447

Leptothyrium pomi, cause of brown-blotch of pear, 116

Leroy, André, discussion of increase in pear varieties by, 15; introd. of varieties, 258, 260, 262; orig. of varieties, 122, 123, 157, 238, 240, 242, 299, 300, 304, 315, 325, 349, 354, 362, 372, 379, 381, 403, 415, 421, 447, 450, 451, 455, 456, 458, 459, 466, 468, 472, 479, 486, 495, 497, 499, 501, 506, 508, 515, 521, 523, 528, 539, 562, 582

Lesbre, 447

Lesèble, Narcisse, orig. of Bergamotte Lesèble, 273

Lesuer, A., orig. of Le Lecher, 444; Le Lectier, 188

Levard, 447

Levester Zuckerbirne, 447

Lewes, 447

Lewis, 447

Lewis, John, orig. of Lewis, 447

Lexington, 447

Liabaud, orig. of Alexandre Chomer, 241; Bergamotte Liabaud, 274

Liard, orig. of Napoleon, 479

Liberale, 448

Libotton, orig. of Crassane Libotton, 350

Liegel Honigbirne, 448

Lieutenant Poidevin, 448

Limbertwig (syn. of Tonkovietka), 564

Limon, 448

Lincoln, 190

Lincoln Coreless, 192

Linzer Mostbirne, 448

Little Blanquet (syn. of Petit-Blanquet), 495

Little Muscat (syn. of Petit-Muscat), 496

Livingston, Judge, orig. of Nonpareil, 482

Livingston Virgalieu, 448

Livre (syn. of Black Worcester), 310

Locations and soils for pears, 91

Locke, 448

Locke, James, orig. of Locke, 448

Lodge, 448

Loire, orig. of Loire-de-Mons, 449

Loire-de-Mons, 449

Loisel, orig. of Beurré Loisel, 300

London Sugar, 449

Long Green, 449

Long Green of Autumn, 449

Long Green of Esperin, 449

Long Green Panache (syn. of Verte-longue panachée), 571

Longland, 449

Longue du Bosquet, 450

Longue-garde, 450

Longue-Sucrée, 450

Longue-Verte (syn. of Long Green), 449

Longue Verte d'Hiver (syn. of Lange Grüne Winterbirne), 442; (Sächsische Lange Grüne Winterbirne), 534

Longueville, 450

Longworth, 450

Loose, Henry, orig. of Tiffin, 563

Lorenzbirne, 450

Loriol de Barny, 450

Lothrop, 450

Loubiat, 450

Louis Cappe, 451

Louis Grégoire, 451

Louis Noisette, 451

Louis Pasteur, 451

Louis-Philippe, 451

Louis Van Houte, 451

Louis Vilmorin, 451

Louise (syn. of Louise Bonne de Jersey), 193

Louise-Bonne, 451

Louise Bonne d'Avanches Panachée, 452

Louise Bonne de Jersey, 193; parent of Du Breuil Père, 370; Magnate, 460; Princess, 512; Professeur Dubreuil, 514; Souvenir de du Breuil Père, 549

Louise Bonne of Jersey (Syn. of Louise Bonne de Jersey), 193

Louise-Bonne de Printemps, 452; parent of Baron Leroy, 259

Louise Bonne Sannier, 452; parent of Boieldien, 312

Louise de Boulogne, 452

Louise Dupont, 452

Louise d'Orléans, 452

Louise de Prusse, 452

Louison, 453

Lovaux, 453

Lovell, W. G. L., orig. of Glastonbury, 397

Lowell, John, introd. into America of Forelle, 167; Marie Louise, 198; Winter Nelis, 233

Lübecker Prinzessin Birne, 453

Lubin, 453

Lucie Audusson, 453

Lucien Chauré, 453

Lucien Leclercq, 453

Lucné Hative, 454

Lucrative (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126

Lucy Duke, 194

Lucy Grieve, 454

Luizet, orig. of Prémices d'Écully, 508

Luola, 454

Lutovka, 454

Lutzbirne, 454

Luxemburger Mostbirne, 454

Lycurgus, 454

Lydie Thiérard, 454

Lyerle, 454

Lyerle, orig. of Lyerle, 454

Lyon, 454

Mace, 455

Machländer Mostbirne, 455

Mackleroy, 455

Mackleroy, Davis, orig. of Mackleroy, 455

McLaughlin, 455; parent of Goodale, 400

McLaughlin, Henry, orig. of Eastern Belle, 374; Indian Queen, 424

McLellan (syn. of Whieldon), 579

Macomber, 455

Macomber, Benjamin, orig. of Grand Isle, 400; Refreshing, 518; prop. of Vermont Beauty, 226

Macomber, J. T., orig. of Macomber, 455

McVean, 455

Madame (syn. of Windsor), 583

Madame Adélaïde de Rêves (syn. of Adélaïde de Rèves), 237

Madame Alfred Conin, 455

Madame André Leroy, 455

Madame Antoine Lormier, 455

Madame Appert, 456

Madame Arsène Sannier, 456

Madame Ballet, 456

Madame Baptiste Desportes, 456

Madame Blanchet, 456

Madame Bonnefond, 456

Madame Charles Gilbert, 456

Madame Chaudy, 456

Madame Cuissard, 456

Madame Delmotte, 457

Madame Ducar, 457

Madame Duparc, 457

Madame Durieux, 457

Madame Élisa, 457

Madame Élisa Dumas, 457

Madame Ernest Baltet, 458

Madame Favre, 458

Madame Flon, 458

Madame Grégoire, 458

Madame Hemminway (syn. of Hemminway), 414

Madame Henri Desportes, 458

Madame Loriol de Barny, 458

Madame Lyé-Baltet, 458

Madame de Madre, 458

Madame Millet, 459

Madame Morel, 459

Madame Planchon, 459

Madame Du Puis, 459

Madame de Roucourt, 459

Madame Stoff, 459

Madame Torfs, 459

Madame Treyve, 459

Madame Vazille, 459

Madame Verté, 460

Madame Von Siebold, 460

Madeleine, 195; parent of Eliot Early, 375

Madeleine d'Angers, 460

Mademoiselle Blanche Sannier, 460

Mademoiselle Marguerite Gaujard, 460

Mademoiselle Solange, 460

Magherman, 460

Magnate, 460

Magnolia, 461

Maine-et-Loire, Horticultural Society of, orig. of Plantagenet, 500

Maisonneuve, François, orig. of Beurré Favre, 294

Malassis, Abbé, orig. of Doyenné d'Alençon, 151

Malconnaître d'Haspin, 461

Malines (syn. of Joséphine de Malines), 179

Malus, relationship to pear, 58

Malvoisie de Landsberg, 461

Manchester, 461

Mandelblättrige Schneebirne, 461

Manning, 461

Manning, Robert, biography of, 162; introd. into America of varieties, 131, 162; orig. of varieties, 264; pomological garden of, 53

Manning's Elizabeth (syn. of Elizabeth), 161

Mannington, John, orig. of Caroline Hogg, 328; Maud Hogg, 468; Meresia Nevill, 470

Mannsbirne, 461

Mansfield, 461

Mansuette, 461

Mansuette Double, 462

Mapes, Prof., orig. of Quinn, 516

Marasquine, 462

March Bergamot, 462

Maréchal de Cour, 462

Maréchal Dillen, 462

Maréchal Pelissier, 462

Maréchal Vaillant, 462

Margaret, 196

Margarethenbirne, 463

Marguerite-Acidule (syn. of Säuerliche Margarethenbirne), 541

Marguerite d'Anjou, 463

Marguerite Chevalier, 463

Marguerite Marillat, 463

Maria, 463

Maria de Nantes, 463

Maria Stuart, 463

Marianne de Nancy, 463

Marie Benoist, 463

Marie Guisse, 464

Marie Henriette, 464

Marie Jallais, 464

Marie Louise, 197; parent of British Queen, 320; Marie Louise d'Uccle, 464; Pierre Paternotte, 499

Marie-Louise Delcourt (syn. of Marie Louise), 197

Marie Louise Nova, 464

Marie Louise d'Uccle, 464

Marie Mottin, 464

Marie Parent, 464

Marietta, 464

Mariette de Millepieds, 465

Marillat, orig. of Marguerite Marillat, 463

Markbirne, 465

Marketing pears, 106

Markets, local, pears for, 101

Marksbirne, 465

Marmion, 465

Marmorirte Schmalzbirne (syn. of Doyenné d'Alençon), 150

Marquise, 465 Marquise de Bedman, 465

Marsaneix, 465

Marshall, 466

Marshall, William, orig. of Marshall, 466

Marshall Wilder, 466

Martha Ann, 466

Martin, 466

Martin-Sec, 466

Martin-Sire, 466

Marulis, 467

Mary (Case), 467

Mary (Van Mons), 467

Mary (syn. of Margaret), 196

Mas, orig. of varieties, 241

Mascon Colmar, 467

Masselbacher Mostbirne, 467

Masuret, 467

Mather, 467

Mather, John, orig. of Mather, 467

Mathilde, 467

Mathilde Gomand, 467

Mathilde Recq, 467

Mathilde de Rochefort, 467

Matou, 468

Matthews, 468

Maud Hogg, 468

Maude, 468

Maurice Desportes, 468

Maurier, discov. of Duchesse d'Orléans, 156

Maury, Reuben, orig. of Elizabeth Maury, 376

Mausebirne, 468

Max, 469

Mayflower, 468

Maynard, 468

Mayr frühzeitige Butterbirne, 469

Mecham, 469

Medaille d'été, 469

Medaille d'Or (syn. of Frédéric de Wurtemberg), 389

Medicine, pears used for, 10

Medlar, relationship of, to pear, 57

Medofka, 469

Meissner Grossvatersbirne, 469

Meissner Hirschbirne, 469

Meissner langstielige Feigenbirne, 469

Meissner Liebchensbirne, 469

Meissner Zwiebelbirne, 469

Mélanie Michelin, 469

Mellish, 470

Melon, 470

Melon de Hellmann, 470

Ménagère Sucrée de Van Mons, 470

Mendenhall, 470

Merchant, Mrs. Ezra, orig. of Tea, 560

Meresia Nevill, 470

Merlet, 470

Merriam, 470

Merriweather, orig. of Taylor, 560

Méruault, 471

Merveille d'Hiver (syn. of Petit-Oin), 496

Merveille de Moringen, 471

Mespilus, relationship of, to the pear, 57

Messire Jean, 471

Messire Jean Goubault, 471

Meuris, discov. of Beurré Diel, 133

Michaelmas Nelis, 471

Michaux, 471

Mignonne d'été, 471

Mignonne d'Hiver, 472

Mikado, 472

Milan d'hiver, 472

Milan de Rouen, 472

Miller, 472

Miller, Judge S., introd. of Victor, 572

Miller Victor (syn. of Victor), 572

Millet, orig. of Jules Blaise, 432

Millet, Charles, orig. of Madame Millet, 459

Millot de Nancy, 472

Milner, 472

Mima Wilder, 472

Ministre Bara, 473

Ministre Pirmez, 473

Ministre Viger, 473

Minot, orig. of Sebastopol, 543

Minot Jean Marie, 473

Missile d'Hiver, 473

Mission, 473

Mitchell Russet, 473

Mite on pear, 119

Mitschurin, 473

Mitschurin, orig. of Roulef, 527; Vosschanka, 575

Moccas, 473

Mollet, Charles, orig. of Mollet Guernsey Beurré, 473

Mollet Guernsey Beurré, 473

Monarch, 474

Monchallard, 474

Monchallard, discov. of Monchallard, 474

Mongolian, 474

Monseigneur Affre, 474

Monseigneur des Hons, 474

Monseigneur Sibour, 474

Moon, 475

Moorcroft, 475

Moore, Jacob, orig. of Barseck, 260

Moorfowl Egg, 475

Morel, 475

Morel, François, orig. of Favorite Morel, 381; Perrier, 495; Professeur Hortolès, 514; Morgan, 475; Souvenir du Congrès, 218

Morgan, orig. of Morgan, 475

Morley, 475

Morosovskaja, 475

Mortier, M. du, orig. of Beurré Daras, 291

Mortillet, M. de, orig. of Agricola, 239; Bijou, 309; Bon-Chrétien Ricchiero, 314

Moskovka, 475

Mostbirne, 475

Mount Vernon, 199; value of for local market in New York, 101

Moyamensing, 475

Mr. Hill's Pear, 473

Mrs. Seden, 476

Muddy Brook, 476

Muir, Hal, orig. of Muir Everbearing, 476

Muir Everbearing, 476

Muirfowl Egg (syn. of Moorfowl Egg), 475

Mulkey, Mrs., orig. of Idaho, 176

Müller, orig. of König Karl von Württemberg, 438

Mungo Park, 476

Munz Apothekerbirne, 476

Muscadine, 476

Muscat Allemand d'Automne, 476

Muscat Allemand d'Hiver (syn. of Deutsche Muskateller), 358

Muscat Fleuri d'Été, 476

Muscat Robert, 477

Muscat Royal, 477

Muscat Royal de Mayer, 477

Muscat Roye, 477

Muscatelle, 477

Musette d'Anjou, 477

Musette de Nancy, 478

Muskateller-Bergamotte, 478

Müskierte Pomeranzenbirne (syn. of Orange Musquée), 487

Muskingum, 478

Müskirte Schmeerbirne (syn. of Petit-Oin), 496

Muskirte Wintereirbirne, 478

Musquée d'Espéren, 478

Mussette, 478

Mützchensbirne, 478

Mycosphærella sentina, cause of pear leaf-spot, 115

Naegelgesbirn, 479

Nain Vert, 479

Napa, 479

Naples, 479

Napoleon, 479; parent of Fondante de Moulins-Lille, 385

Napoleon I. (syn. of Napoleon), 479

Napoleon III., 479

Napoleon Butterbirne (syn. of Napoleon), 479

Napoléon Savinien, 479

Naquette, 480

Nassau Ehre, 480

Naudin, 480

Naumkeag, 480

Navez Peintre, 480

Neapolitan, 480

Nec Plus Meuris, 480; parent of General Wauchope, 395

Nec plus Meuris (syn. of Beurré d'Anjou), 127

Nectarine, 480

Negley, 481

Negley, J. S., orig. of Negley, 481

Nelis, Jean Charles, orig. of Joseph Lebeau, 431; Winter Nelis, 233

Nélis d'Hiver (syn. of Winter Nelis), 232

Nérard, orig. of Bergamotte Jars, 273; Beurré Antoine, 284; Colmar de Mars, 343; Hamon, 410; Seringe, 545

Nerbonne, M. de, orig. of Nain Vert, 479

Neuburg, orig. of Bremer Butterbirne, 319

New Bridge, 481

New England, introduction of pear in, 45

New Haven, 481

New Meadow, 481

Newhall, 481

Newtown, 481

Nicholas, 481

Nickerson, 481

Nicolas Eischen, 481

Nicolle, orig. of Bergamotte Nicolle, 274

Niell d'Hiver, 481

Nikitaer grüne Herbst-Apothekerbirne, 482

Niles, 482

Niles, J. M., orig. of Niles, 482

Nina (syn. of Elizabeth), 161

Niochi de Parma, 482

Noir Grain, 482

Noire d'Alagier, 482

Noisette, Louis, introd. of Beurré d'Hiver, 297; Summer Saint Germain, 556; orig. of Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver Panaché, 314; De Rachinquin, 355

Nonpareil, 482

Nordhäuser Winter-Forellenbirne, 482

Norfolk County, 482

Normännische Ciderbirne, 482

Northford Seckel (syn. of Talmadge), 559

Notaire Lepin, 483

Notaire Minot, 483

Nouhes, orig. of Délices de la Cacaudière, 355; Président Parigot, 510; Royale Vendée, 532

Nouveau Doyenne d'Hiver, 483

Nouveau Poiteau, 483

Nouvelle Aglaé, 483

Nouvelle Fulvie, 483

Nussbirne, 483

Nypse, 484

Oak-Leaved Imperial (syn. of Impériale à Feuilles de Chêne), 424

Oakley Park Bergamotte, 484

Occidental pears, description of species of, 69

Ochsenherz, 484

Ockletree, 484

Ockletree, orig. of Ockletree, 484

Ockletree pear tree, 49

Octave Lachambre, 484

Oesterreichische Muskatellerbirne, 484

Oeuf de Woltmann, 484

Ogereau, 484

Ognon, 485

Ognonet (syn. of Archiduc d'Été), 251

Ognonnet, 485

Oignon, 485

Oignonet de Provence, 485

Oken, 485

Oldfield, 485

Olivenbirne, 485

Oliver, G. W., orig. of Oliver Russet, 485

Oliver Russet, 485

Oliver, discov. of Président Drouard, 210

Olivier de Serres, 200; parent of Cavelier de la Salle, 331

Omer-Pacha (syn. of Saint Menin), 537

One-third, 486

Oneida, 486

Onion, 486

Onondaga, 201

Ontario, 202

Orange, 486

Orange-Bergamot, 486

_Orange de Briel _(syn. of Brielsche Pomeranzenbirne), 319

Orange County Nurs. Co., introd. of Wilder Sugar, 580

Orange d'Hiver, 486

Orange Mandarine, 486

Orange Musquée, 487

Orange pear tree, old, 42

Orange Rouge, 487

Orange Tulipée, 487

Orange de Vienne, 487

Orchards, pear, care of, 97; catch crops for, 102

Orchards of mixed varieties of pears, 100

Ordensbirne, 487

Orel 15, 487

Oriental pears, descriptions of species of, 74; influence of, on American pear culture, 55

Orpheline Colmar, 488

Orpheline d'Enghien (syn. of Beurré d'Arenberg), 129

Osband Summer, 488

Osborne, 488

Osborne, John, orig. of Osborne, 488

Osimaya (syn. of Winter), 583

Oswego Beurré, 488

Oswego Incomparable, 488

Ott, 488

Ott, Samuel, orig. of Ott, 488

Owen, 488

Owen, John, orig. of Owen, 488

Owener Birne, 489

Oyster-shell scale on pear, 120

Ozark, 489

P. Barry, 203

Pacific states, introduction of pear-growing in, 53

Paddock, 489

Padres, early growers of pears, 54

Pailleau, 489

Pain-et-Vin, 489

Palmischbirne, 489

Papeleu, Adrien, orig. of Beurré Payen, 303; Navez Peintre, 480

Paquency (syn. of Payenche), 493

Paradiesbirne, 489

Pardee, 489

Pardee, S. D., orig. of Dickerman, 359; Pardee, 489

Parfum d'Aout, 490

Parfum d'Hiver, 490

Parfum de Rose, 490

Parfumé, 490

Parfumée, 490

Parigot, orig. of Appoline, 250; Beurré Bourbon, 288; Comptesse de Chambord, 347; Doyenné Fradin, 367; Eugène des Nouhes, 379

Pariset, orig. of varieties, 239, 249, 279, 292, 307, 329, 344, 453, 471, 490, 536, 543, 544, 562

Parkinson, discussion of pears by, 32

Parkinson's pears known at present, 36

Parmentier, Andrew, introd. of Surpasse Virgalieu, 557; orig. of Bergamotte de Stryker, 277

Parrot, 490

Parry, William, orig. of Cincincis Seedling, 338

Parsonage, 490

Passa-tutti, 490

Passans du Portugal, 491

Passe Colmar, 205; parent of Alexandrine Mas, 241; Félix Sahut, 381; Wilmington, 582; Zéphirin Grégoire, 587

Passe-Colmar des Belges, 491

Passe Colmar d'été, 491

Passe Colmar François (syn. of Jean de Witte), 429

Passe Colmar Musqué, 491

Passe Crassane, 491; parent of Prince Napoléon, 512

Passe-Goemans, 491

Passe Madeleine, 491

Passe-Tardive, 492

Pastor, 492

Pastorale, 492

Pastorenbirne (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 227

Pater Noster, 492

Patemotte, Pierre, orig. of Pierre Patemotte, 499

Patten, Charles G., orig. of Seckel Seedling No. 1, 543

Paul Ambre, 492

Paul Bonamy, 492

Paul Coppieters, 492

Paul d'Hoop, 493

Paul Thielens, 493

Pauls Birne, 493

Payen, 493

Payenche, 493

Payne, James, discov. of Seneca, 544

Payton, 493

Payton, orig. of Payton, 493

Peach, 494

Pear, adaptability of the, to soils and locations, 92; black mold of the, 117; brown-blotch of the, 116; codling moth on the, 118; crown-gall on the, 116; descriptive blank of the, opposite 68; fertility of the, 99; history of the, 1; leaf-blight of the, 115; leaf-spots of the, notes on, 115; oyster-shell scale on the, 120; pink-rot of the, 117; San Jose scale on the, 117; structural botany of the, 58

Pear-blight, control of, 113; early occurrence of, in America, 51; notes on, 111

-borers, 120

-breeding, Van Mons' theory of, 18

-characteristics of the, unchanged since time of Pliny, 9

-culture, climate adapted to, 85; economic considerations important to, 94; importance of stocks in, 94; notes on, 83; statistics of, 83

-diseases, 110

-districts in America, minor, 51

-growing, a comparison of English and American, 37

-insects, 117

-mites, 119

-orchards, care of, 97; catch crops for, 102; sod versus clean culture for, 102; tillage of, 102

-psylla, 118

-scab, 114; treatment of, 114

-slug, 119

-stocks, notes on, 95

-thrips, 121

-trees, characters of, 59; description of leaf-buds and leaves of, 61; description of trunk and branches of, 60; flower-buds and flowers of, 62; age of, 40; setting of, notes on, 101

-varieties, adaptability of, for dwarfing, 95; blight resistant, 112; blooming season of, 88; ripening season of, 88

Pears, canning of, 109; cold storage of, 109; commercial, leading varieties of, 84; cost of growing, 110; descriptions of species of, 69; discussion of the setting of fruit of, 99; fertilizers for, 98; grading of, 108; grafting of, 106; hardy, notes on, 86; harvesting and marketing of, 106; home ripening of, 109; local market for, 101; methods of planting of, 99; mixed varieties of, in orchards, 100; occidental, description of species of, 69; oriental, description of species of, 74; pruning of, 103; self-fertile varieties of, 100; self-sterile varieties of, 100; soils and locations for, 91; wild, 1; wild, species of, 2

Pêche (syn. of Peach), 494

Peck, Thomas R., orig. of Royal, 532

Pei-li, 494

Pemberton, 494

Penderson, 494

Penderson, Samuel, orig. of Penderson, 494

Pendleton Early York, 494

Pengethley, 494

Penn, 494

Pennsylvania, 494

Pepin, 495

Perpetual, 495

Perrier, 495

Perry, William, introd. of Lincoln Coreless, 192

Pertusati, 495

Pests, damage to American pears by, 38

Petersbirne, 495

Petit-Blanquet, 495

Petit Catillac, 496

Petit-Chaumontel, 496

Petit-Hativeau, 496

Petit-Muscat, 496

Petit-Oin, 496

Petite Bergamotte Jaune d'Été (syn. of Kleine gelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne), 435

Petite Charlotte, 497

Petite Comtesse Palatine (syn. of Kleine Pfalzgrafin), 436

Petite Fondante, 497

Petite Marguerite, 497

Petite Muscat Long d'Été (syn. of Kleine Lange Sommer-Muskatellerbirne), 436

Petite Poire de Pierre (syn. of Petersbirne), 495

Petite Tournaisienne, 497

Petite Victorine, 497

Petre, 497; first variety to originate in America, 51

Pfaffenbirne, 497

Pfingstbirne, 498

Philiberte, 498

Philipp der Gute (syn. of Philippe-Le-Bon), 498

Philippe-Le-Bon, 498

Philippe Couvreur, 498

Philippe Goes, 498

Philippot, 498

Philippot, orig. of Philippot, 498

Philopena, 498

Picciola, 498

Pickering, or Warden pear tree, 44

Pickering (syn. of Pound), 208

Pie IX, 498

Pied-de-Vache (syn. of Kuhfuss), 439

Pierre Corneille, 499

Pierre Curie, 499

Pierre Macé, 499

Pierre Paternotte, 499

Pierre Pépin, 499

Pierre Tourasse, 499

Pimpe, 499

Pink-rot of pear, 117

Pinneo, 499

Pitmaston, 207

Pitmaston, William, orig. of Bergamot Seckel, 268

Pitmaston Duchess (syn. of Pitmaston), 207

Pitmaston Duchesse d'Angoulême (syn. of Pitmaston), 207

Piton, 500

Piton, discov. of Piton, 500

Pitson, 500

Pius IX (syn. of Pie IX), 498

Pius X, 500

Plantagenet, 500

Planting methods for pears, 99

Plascart, 500

Platt, 500

Platte Honigbirne, 500

Pliny, medicinal qualities ascribed to pears by, 10; mention of pear varieties by, 8; pear characteristics given by, 9

Plutarch, discussion of the pear in Greece by, 4

Pocahontas, 500

Pöckelbirne, 501

Poëte Béranger, 501

Poire d'Abbeville, 501

Poire d'Amour d'Hiver (syn. of Winterliebesbirne), 584

Poire d'Ange de Meiningen, 501

Poire d'Aunée d'Été (syn. of Sommeralantbirne), 548

Poire d'Avril, 501

Poire Baronne Leroy (syn. of Baron Leroy), 259

Poire du Breuil Père (syn. of Souvenir de du Breuil Père), 549

Poire Brune de Gasselin, 501

Poire Canelle (syn. of Knoops Simmtbirne), 437

Poire de Casserole, 502

Poire des Chartriers, 502

Poire des Chasseurs, 502

Poire de Chevalier de Buttner (syn. of Buttner Sachsische Ritterbirne), 322

Poire de Coq, 502

Poire Dingler (syn. of Lamy), 184

Poire de Graisse, 502

Poire de gros queue, 502

Poire Henri (syn. of Henri Bivort), 414

Poire de Hert, 502

Poire de Houblon, 502

Poire de Klevenow, 503

Poire de Lard Brune (syn. of Braunrote Speckbirne), 318

Poire Livre Verte (syn. of Grüne Pfundbirne), 408

Poire de Miel de Liegel (syn. of Liegel Honigbirne), 448

Poire Noire à Longue Queue, 503

Poire des Nonnes (syn. of Beurré de Brigné), 288

Poire de Paul (syn. of Pauls Birne), 493

Poire du Pauvre, 503

Poire des Peintres, 503

Poire de Pendant, 503

Poire-Pomme (syn. of Apple Pear), 250

Poire de Preuilly, 503

Poire de Rateau, 503

Poire Rigoleau, 504

Poire du Roeulx, 504

Poire de Saint Père (syn. of Saint Père), 538

Poire Seutin (syn. of Seutin), 545

Poire Souvenir d'Hortolès Père, 504

Poire Thouin, 504

Poire de Torpes, 504

Poire des Trois Fréres, 504

Poire des Trois Jours, 504

Poire Trompette (syn. of Trompetenbirne), 566

Poire des Urbanistes (syn. of Urbaniste), 224

Poire de Vallée (syn. of Vallée Franche), 568

Poire de Vitrier, 504

Poire du Voyageur, 505

Poirer de Jardin, 505

Poirier sauger. (See Pyrus nivalis)

Poiteau, 505

Poiteau, orig. of Bergamotte Poiteau, 275

Poiteau (des Français) (syn. of Bergamotte Poiteau), 275

Polish Lemon, 505

Polk, 505

Pollan, 505

Pollvaskaja, 505

Polnische grüne Krautbirne, 505

Polnische Seidenbirne, 505

Pome, definition of, 58; fruit characters of, 63

Pomeranzenbirn von Zabergäu, 506

Pomme d'Été, 506

Pomological garden of Robert Manning, 53

Pomology, first American by Coxe, 52

Pope Quaker, 506

Pope Scarlet Major, 506

Portail, 506

Porter, 506

Portingall, 506

Posey, 506

Pound, 208

Pradel Bros., orig. of Rousselet de Pomponne, 529

Prager Schaferbirne, 506

Prairie du Pond, 506

Präsident Drouard (syn. of Président Drouard), 210

Pratt, 507

Pratt Junior, 507

Pratt Seedling, 507

Precilly, 507

Précoce de Celles, 507

Précoce de Jodoigne, 507

Précoce de Tivoli, 507

Précoce de Trévoux, 507

Précoce Trottier, 507

Précoce de Wharton (syn. of Wharton Early), 579

Premature, 508

Prémices d'Écully, 508

Prémices de Wagelwater, 508

Premier, 508

Premier Président Métivier, 508

Present Royal of Naples (syn. of Beau Présent d'Artois), 261

Présent de Van Mons, 508

President, 508

Président Barabé, 508

Président de la Bastie, 509

Président Boncenne, 509

Président Campy, 509

President Clark, 509

Président Couprie, 509

Président Deboutteville, 509

President Dr. Ward, 509

Président Drouard, 210

Président d'Estaintot, 509

President Felton, 509

Président Fortier, 509

Président Héron, 510

Président Mas, 510

Président Muller, 510

Président Olivier, 510

Président d'Osmonville, 510

Président Parigot, 510

Président Payen, 510

President Pouyer-Quertier, 510

Président Royer, 510

Président le Sant, 511

Président Watier, 511

Présidente Senente, 511

Preul's Colmar (syn. of Passe Colmar), 205

Prévost, 511

Pricke, 511

Primating, 511

Prince, William, introd. of Sha Lea, 545; orig. of Prince Harvest, 511; Saint-Germain, 512

Prince Albert, 511

Prince Harvest, 511

Prince Impérial, 511

Prince Impérial de France, 512

Prince de Joinville, 512

Prince Napoléon, 512

Prince d'Orange, 512

Prince de Printemps, 512

Prince Saint-Germain, 512

Prince Seed Virgalieu, 512

Princess, 512

Princess Maria, 513

Princesse Charlotte, 513

Princesse de Lubeck (syn. of Lübecker Prinzessin Birne), 453

Princesse Marianne, 513

Princesse d'Orange, 513

Princesse-Royale (syn. of Groom Prince Royal,) 403

Princière, 513

Pringalle, Célestin, orig, of Beurré Pringalle, 304

Priou, 513

Priou, discov. of Priou, 513

Professeur Barral, 514

Professeur Bazin, 514

Professeur Dubreuil, 514

Professeur Grosdemange, 514

Professeur Hennau, 514

Professeur Hortolès, 514

Professeur Opoix, 514

Professeur Willermoz, 514

Prud'homme, 515

Pruning pears, 103

Psylla, pear, 118

Pudsey, 515

Puebla, 515

Pulsifer, 515

Pulsifer, Dr. John, orig. of Pulsifer, 515

Pushkin, 515

Pyrolle, orig. of Jaminette, 427

Pyrus, characters of, 57

Pyrus amygdaliformis, note on, 73

Pyrus auricularis, habitat of, 73; specific description of, 73

Pyrus betulaefolia, habitat of, 79; specific description of, 79

Pyrus calleryana, habitat of, 80; specific notes on, 80

Pyrus communis, behavior of, as a wild pear, 2; habitat of, 70; specific description of, 69

Pyrus communis cordata, specific notes on, 72

Pyrus communis longipes, specific notes on, 72

Pyrus communis mariana, specific notes on, 72

Pyrus communis pyraster, specific notes on, 71

Pyrus communis sativa, specific notes on, 72

Pyrus elæagrifolia, relationship of, to Pyrus nivalis, 73

Pyrus heterophylla, note on, 73

Pyrus kotschyana, relationship of, to Pyrus nivalis, 73

Pyrus lindleyi, relationship of, to Pyrus serotina, 75

Pyrus nivalis, behavior of, as a wild pear, 2; habitat of, 2, 72; specific description of, 72

Pyrus ovoidea, blight resistance of, 81; parent of Tolstoy, 564; specific description of, 80

Pyrus pashia, distinction of, from Pyrus variolosa, 82

Pyrus salicifolia, note on, 74

Pyrus salvifolia, relationship of, to Pyrus nivalis, 73

Pyrus serotina, behavior of, as a wild pear, 2; habitat of 3, 75; specific description of, 74; value of, as a pear stock, 96

Pyrus serotina culta, habitat of, 76; specific description of, 75

Pyrus serotina stapfiana, note on, 75

Pyrus serrulata, habitat of, 78; specific notes on, 78

Pyrus sinensis, relationship of, to Pyrus serotina, 74

Pyrus syriaca, note on, 74

Pyrus ussuriensis, blight resistance of, 78; habitat of, 77; specific description of, 77

Pyrus variolosa, notes on, 81

Queen Jargonelle, 515

Queen Victoria, 515

Quiletette, 515

Quince, 515

Quince, Japanese, relationship of, to the pear, 57

Quince stocks for pear, 96

Quinn, 515

Quintinye, La. (See La Quintinye)

Raabe, orig. of Honey Dew, 420

Radis de Leipsick (syn. of Leipziger Rettigbirn), 444

Ragan, Reuben, discov. of Philopena, 498

Rahm, Rev. W. L., introd. into England of Vicar of Winkfield, 227

Rainbirne, 516

Rallay, 516

Rameau, 516

Ramilies, 516

Rankin, 516

Rankin, W. H., discov. of Rankin, 516

Rannaja, 516

Rapelje, 516

Rastlerbirne, 516

Rateau Blanc, 516

Ravenswood, 517

Ravu (syn. of Ravut), 517

Ravut, 517

Raymond, 517

Raymond de Montlaur, 517

Raymould, 517

Rayner, Mrs., orig. of Hacon Incomparable, 409

Re Umberto primo, 517

Read, Walter, orig. of Oswego Beurré, 488

Reading, 517

Recq de Pambroye, 517

Red Doyenné (syn. of Doyenné Gris), 367

Red Garden, 518

Red Muscadel (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178

Red Orange (syn. of Orange Rouge), 487

Red Pear, 518

Redfield, 518

Reeder, 211

Reeder, Dr. Henry, orig. of Reeder, 211

Reeder's Seedling (syn. of Reeder), 211

Refreshing, 518

Regentin (syn. of Passe Colmar), 205

Regina Margherita, 518

Régine, 518

Regnier, 518

Regnier, Madame, orig. of Regnier, 518

Reichenäckerin, 518

Reine des Belges, 518

Reine d'Hiver, 519

Reine des Poires, 519

Reine des Précoces, 519

Reine des Tardives, 519

Reine Victoria, 519

Reliance, 519

Remy Chatenay, 519

René Dunan, 519

Rettigbirne, 519

Reuterbirne, 520

Rewell, 520

Rey, orig. of Léon Rey, 446

Reymenans, 520

Reynaert Beernaert, 520

Rheinische Birne, 520

Rheinische Herbstapothekerbirne, 520

Rheinische Paradiesbirne, 520

Rhenser Schmalzbirne, 520

Richards, 520

Richardson, 521

Riche Dépouille, 521

Ridelle, 521

Riehl, Edwin H., discov. of Riehl Best, 212

Riehl Best, 212

Riocreux, 521

Ripening of pears in the home, 109

Ripening season of pear varieties, 88

Ritson, 521

Ritson, Mrs. John, orig. of Ritson, 521

Ritter, 521

Ritter, Louis, discov. of Ritter, 521

Rival Dumont, 521

Rivers, 521

Rivers, Thomas, orig. of varieties, 308, 345, 347, 363, 381, 417, 460, 502, 512, 537, 538, 556

Robert, orig. of Belle du Figuier, 264; Général Canrobert, 394

Robert & Moreau, orig. of Beurré Fidéline, 295; Fondante de la Maitre-École, 384

Robert Hogg, 521

Robert Treel, 522

Robertson (syn. of Washington), 575

Robin, orig. of Doyenné Robin, 369

Robine, 522

Robitaillié, orig. of Robitaillié père, 522

Robitaillié père, 522

Roby, H. R., introd. of Winter Seckel, 584; orig. of Cooke, 348

Rockeneirbirne, 522

Roe, William, orig. of Roe Bergamot, 522

Roe Bergamot, 522

Rogers, 522

Roggenhoferbirne, 522

Roi Charles de Wurtemberg (syn. of König Karl von Württemberg), 438

Roi d'Été (syn. of Gros Rousselet), 404

Roi-Guillaume, 522

Roi de Rome, 523

Roitelet, 523

Rokeby, 523

Roland, orig. of Beurré Roland, 304

Rollet, orig. of Notaire Lepin, 483

Rolmaston Duchess, 523

Rome, ancient, pear in, 7

Ronde du Bosquet, 523

Rondelet, 523

Rongiéras, orig. of Beurré des Mouchouses, 302

Rooks, orig. of Ozark, 489

Roosevelt, 213

Ropes, 523

Ropes, orig. of Ropes, 523

Rorreger Mostbirne, 523

Rosabirne, 523

Rosalie Wolters, 524

Rosanne, 524

Rose Doyenné, 524

Rose Water, 524

Rosenhofbirne, 524

Rosenwasserbirne, 524

Rosinenbirne, 524

Roslyn, 524

Ross, 524

Ross, Charles, orig. of General Wauchope, 395

Ross, Gideon, orig. of Japan, 428

Rossney, 524

Rostiezer, 525

Rote Bergamotte (syn. of Bergamotte d'Automne), 270

Rote Hanglbirne, 525

Rote Holzbirne, 525

Rote Kochbirne, 525

Rote Pilchelbirne, 525

Rote Scheibelbirne, 525

Rote Winawitz, 525

Rotfleischige Mostbirne, 525

Rothbackige Sommerzuckerbirne, 525

Rothe Confesselsbirne, 526

Rothe Jakobsbirne, 526

Rothe langstielige Honigbirne, 526

Rothe oder grosse Pfalzgrafinbirne, 526

Rothe Rettigbirne, 526

Rothe Winterkappesbirne, 526

Rothe Winterkochbirne, 526

Rothe Zucherlachsbirne, 526

Rother Sommerdorn (syn. of Épine d'Été Rouge), 377

Rother Winterhasenkopf, 526

Rothgraue Kirchmessbirne, 527

Rougeaude, 527

Rouget, 527

Roulef, 527

Rouse Lench, 527

Rousselet Aelens, 527

Rousselet d'Anvers, 527

Rousselet d'Aout (syn. of Gros Rousselet d'Aout), 405

Rousselet Baud, 527

Rousselet Bivort, 527

Rousselet Blanc, 528

Rousselet de la Cour, 528

Rousselet Decoster, 528

Rousselet Doré d'Hiver, 528

Rousselet Enfant Prodigue (syn. of Enfant Prodigue), 377

Rousselet d'été Brun Rouge (syn. of Braunrothe Sommerrusselet), 319

Rousselet Hâtif, 528

Rousselet d'Hiver (syn. of Winter Rousselet), 584

Rousselet de Janvier, 528

Rousselet Jaune d'Été, 529

Rousselet de Jodoigne, 529

Rousselet de Jonghe, 529

Rousselet de Meestre, 529

Rousselet Panaché, 529

Rousselet de Pomponne, 529

Rousselet Précoce, 529

Rousselet de Reims, parent of Bon Chrétien Vermont, 315

Rousselet de Rheims, 530

Rousselet de Rheims Panaché, 530

Rousselet Royal, 530

Rousselet Saint Nicolas, 530

Rousselet Saint-Quentin, 530

Rousselet Saint Vincent, 530

Rousselet de Stuttgardt, 531

Rousselet Thaon, 531

Rousselet Theuss, 531

Rousselet Vanderwecken, 531

Rousseline, 531

Rousselon, 531

Roux Carcas, 532

Rové, 532

Rowling, 532

Royal, 532

Royal d'Hiver, 532

Royale Vendée, 532

Ruhschiebler, 532

Rummelter Birne, 533

Runde gelbe Honigbirne, 533

Runde Sommerpomeranzenbirne, 533

Rushmore (syn. of Harrison Large Fall), 412

Russbirne, 533

Russelet Petit, 533

Russet Bartlett, 533

Russet Catherine, 533

Russian pears, introduction into America, 56

Rutter, 214

Rutter, John, orig. of Rutter, 214

Rylsk, 533

S. T. Wright, 533

Sabine, 533

Sabine d'Été, 534

Sacandaga, 534

Sächsische Glockenbirne, 534

Sächsische Lange Grüne Winterbirne, 534

Safran, 534

Sage-leaved Pear. (See Pyrus nivalis)

Sageret, orig. of Angleterre Nain, 247; Beauvalot, 262; Bergamotte Sageret, 276; Doyenné Rose, 369

Saint André, 534

Saint Andrew, 534

Saint Aubin sur Riga, 534

Saint-Augustin, 535

Saint Denis, 535

Saint Dorothée, 535

Saint François, 535

Saint Gallus Weinbirne, 535

Saint George, 535

Saint Germain, 535; parent of Marie Guisse, 464; Williams Double Bearing, 582

Saint Germain Gris, 536

Saint Germain Panaché, 536

Saint Germain de Pepins, 536

Saint Germain Puvis, 536

Saint Germain du Tilloy, 536

Saint Germain Van Mons, 536

Saint-Germain Vauquelin (syn. of Vauquelin), 570

Saint Ghislain, 536

Saint Herblain d'Hiver, 537

Saint-Laurent Jaune (syn. of Gelbe Laurentiusbirne), 393

Saint Lézin, 537

Saint Louis, 537

Saint Luc, 537

Saint Luke, 537

St. Martial (syn. of Angélique de Bordeaux), 247

Saint Menin, 537

Saint-Michael (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

St. Michel Archange, 538

Saint-Nicolas (syn. of Duchesse d'Orléans), 156

Saint Patrick, 538

Saint Père, 538

St. Swithin, 538

Saint Vincent de Paul, 538

Sainte Anne, 538

Sainte Germain d'Été (syn. of Summer Saint Germain), 556

Sainte Madelaine (syn. of Madeleine), 195

Sainte Thérèse, 539

Salisbury, 539

Salviati, 539

Salzburger von Adlitz, 539

Sam Brown, 539

Samenlose, 539

San Jose scale on pear, 117

Sand Pear. (See Pyrus serotina)

Sand pear, Chinese, parent of Garber, 171; Kieffer, 181; Le Conte, 187

Sanguine de France (syn. of Sanguinole), 539

Sanguine d'Italie, 539

Sanguinole, 539

Sanguinole de Belgique, 540

Sannier, Arséne, orig. of varieties, 241, 276, 283, 297, 315, 360, 361, 381, 429, 451, 452, 453, 455, 456, 499, 508, 509, 510, 511, 519, 543, 549, 550, 551, 572

Sans-Pareille du Nord, 540

Sans Peau, 540

Santa Anna, 540

Santa Claus, 540

Santa Rosa, 541

Sapieganka, 541

Sarah, 541

Sarrasin, 541

Sary-Birne, 541

Säuerliche Margarethenbirne, 541

Scab, pear, 114; treatment of, 114

Scale insects on pear, 120

Scented (syn. of Duchovaya), 573

Schellesbirne, 541

Schenk, John, orig. of Hosenschenk, 421

Schmalblättrige Schneebirne, 542

Schmotzbirne, 542

Schnackenburger Winterbirne, 542

Schöberlbirne, 542

Schöne Angevine (syn. of Pound), 208

Schöne Müllerin, 542

Schöne Zuckerbirne (syn. of Belle Sucrée), 266

Schönebeck Tafelbirne, 542

Schönerts Omsewitzer Schmalzbirne, 542

Schönlin Stuttgarter späte Winterbutterbirne, 542

Schönste Sommerbirne (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178

Schuman, 542

Schwarze Birne, 542

Schweizer Wasserbirne, 543

Sdegnata, 543

Seal, 543

Sébastien, 543

Sebastopol, 543

Secher, orig. of Duchesse de Bordeaux, 371

Seckel, 215; parent of Adams, 237; Barseck, 260; Eureka, 379; Feast, 381; Gansel Seckel, 170; Luola, 454; President Clark, 509; Worden Seckel, 234; Youngken Winter Seckel, 586; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84

Seckel Seedling No. 1, 543

Seckle (syn. of Seckel), 215

Secrétaire Maréschal, 543

Secrétaire Rodin, 543

Seigneur (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126

Seigneur Daras, 544

Seigneur d'Espéren (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126

Seigneur d'Été, 544

Self-fertile and self-sterile pears, 100

Selleck, 544

Semis d'Echasserie, 544

Semis Léon Leclerc, 544

Semis de White (syn. of White Seedling), 579

Sénateur Préfet, 544

Sénateur Vaisse, 544

Seneca, 545

Senfbirne, 545

Seringe, 545

Serrurier, 545

Seutin, 545

Sha Lea, 545

Shawmut, 545

Sheldon, 217; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84

Sheldon, Major, owner of original tree of Sheldon, 217

Shenandoah, 545

Sheppard, 546

Sheppard, James, orig. of Sheppard, 546

Sheridan, 546

Shindel, 546

Shobden Court, 546

Shroeder, R., introd. of Winter, 583

Shurtleff, 546

Shurtleff, Dr. S. A., orig. of varieties, 238, 242, 258, 319, 320, 328, 335, 336, 338, 360, 387, 388, 395, 399, 400, 401, 411, 425, 430, 445, 450, 461, 468, 476, 482, 486, 494, 506, 508, 515, 538, 545, 546, 552, 570, 583

Sieboldii, 546

Sieulle, Jean, orig. of Doyenné Sieulle, 369

Sievenicher Mostbirne, 546

Silberästige Gewürzbirne (syn. of Rameau), 516

Silvange (syn. of Bergamotte Silvange), 276

Sikaya, 546

Simon Bouvier, 546; parent of Rousselet Bivort, 527

Sinai'sche Buschelbirne, 547

Sinclair, 547

Sirningers Mostbirne, 547

Six, orig. of Beurré Six, 306

Size and habit of pear-trees, 59

Skinless (syn. of Sans Peau), 540

Slavonische Wasserbirne, 547

Slug on pear, 19

Slutsk, 547

Small Blanquet (syn. of Petit-Blanquet), 495

Smet Fils Unique, 547

Smith, 547

Smith, J. B., orig. of Haddington, 409; Moyamensing, 475; Pennsylvania, 494

Smith, S. F., orig. of seedling pears, 338

Smith, W. & T., orig. of Ontario, 202

Smith Beauty, 547

Smith Duchess, 547

Snow, 547

Snow Pear. (See Pyrus nivalis)

Society Van Mons, distrib. of varieties, 264, 320, 500; orig. of varieties, 259, 316, 479, 527

Sod versus clean culture for pear orchards, 102

Soeur Grégoire, 547

Soils and locations for pears, 91

Soldat Bouvier, 548

Soldat Laboureur, 548; parent of Président d'Estaintot, 509

Solitaire (syn. of Mansuette), 461

Sommeralantbirne, 548

Sommerdechantsbirne(syn. of Summer Doyenné), 221

Sommerkönigin, 548

Sommer-Russelet, 548

Sommerwachsbirne, 548

Sommer-Zuckerbirne, 548

Sophie de l'Ukraine, 548

Sotschnaja, 549

Soueraigne, 549

Soutmann, 549

Souvenir (syn. of Souvenir du Congrès), 218

Souvenir de l'Abbé Lefebvre, 549

Souvenir de du Breuil Père, 549

Souvenir du Congrès, 218

Souvenir Deschamps, 549

Souvenir Désiré Gilain, 549

Souvenir d'Espéren, 219

Souvenir d'Espéren (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 165

Souvenir d'Espéren de Berckmans, 549

Souvenir Favre, 550

Souvenir de Gaëte, 550

Souvenir de Julia, 550

Souvenir de Leopold I^{er} (syn. of Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}), 573

Souvenir de Leroux-Durand, 550

Souvenir de Lydie, 550

Souvenir de Madame Charles, 550

Souvenir de Madame Treyve (syn. of Madame Treyve), 459

Souvenir de la Reine des Belges, 550

Souvenir de Renault Père, 551

Souvenir de Sannier père, 551

Souvenir de Simon Bouvier, 551

Souvenir de Simon Bouvier (syn. of Simon Bouvier), 546

Souvenir du Vénérable de la Salle, 551

Souveraine de Printemps, 551

Spae, 551

Spae, orig. of Spae, 551

Spanish Warden (syn. of Bon-Chrétien d'Espagne), 313

Sparbirne (syn. of Jargonelle), 177

Späte Rotbirne, 551

Späte Sommerbirne ohne Schale, 551

Späte Todemannsbirne, 552

Späte Wasserbirne, 552

Spätes Graumänchen, 552

Species of oriental pears, descriptions of, 74

Species of pears, 57; characters of, 57; descriptions of, 69

Speckbirne, 552

Speedwell, 552

Spillingsbirne, 552

Spindelförmige Honigbirne, 552

Spindelförmige Rehbirne, 552

Spinka, 552

Spreeuw, 553

Squash (syn. of Taynton Squash), 560

Stair, discoverer of Bartlett, 125

Star of Bethlehem, 553

Stark, W. P., introd. of Victor, 572

Stark Bros., introd. of Florida Bartlett, 383

Statistics of pear culture, 83

Steinbirne, 553

Steinmitz Catharine, 553

Stephens, Prof., discov. of Rapelje, 516

Sterckmans, orig. of Beurré Sterckmans, 307

Sterility of pear, 99

Sterling, 553

Sterling, orig. of Sterling, 553

Stevens, M. F., orig. of Stevens Genesee, 553

Stevens Genesee, 553

Stocks for pears, importance of, 94; notes on, 95

Stoff, orig. of Madame Stoff, 459

Stoffels, orig. of Sabine d'Été, 534

Stone, 553

Stone, orig. of Stone, 553

Stone & Wellington, orig. of Pitson, 500

Stout, 553

Strassburger Sommerbergamotte, 553

Stribling, 554

Stribling, J. C., introd. of Stribling, 554

Striped Bon Chrétien (syn. of Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver Panaché), 314

Structural botany of pear, 58

Stümplerbirne, 554

Sturges, 554

Sturges, Mrs, Mary S., orig. of Sturges, 554

Stuttgarter Geisshirtel (syn. of Rousselet de Stuttgardt), 531

Stuyvesant, pear tree in garden of, 49

Styer, 554

Styer, Charles, orig. of Styer, 554

Styrian, 554

Sucré de Tertolen (syn. of Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne), 569

Sucré-Vert, 554

Sucré-Vert d'Hoyerswerda (syn. of Sucrée de Hoyerswerda), 555

Sucrée Blanche, 555

Sucrée du Comice, 555

Sucrée d'Heyer (syn. of Heyer Zuckerbirne), 418

Sucrée de Hoyerswerda, 555

Sucrée de Montluçon, 555

Sucrée Van Mons, 555

Sucrée de Zurich, 555

Sudduth, 220

Sudduth, Titus, dissem. of Sudduth, 220

Suet Lea, 556

Suffolk Thorn, 556

Sugar Top, 556

Sülibirne, 556

Sullivan, 556

Summer Bell (syn. of Windsor), 583

Summer Beurré d'Arenberg, 556

Summer Franc Réal (syn. of Bergamotte d'Été), 271

Summer Hasting, 556

Summer Popperin, 556

Summer Portugal, 556

Summer Saint Germain, 556

Summer Virgalieu, 557

Summer, Col. William, introd. of Upper Crust, 567; orig. of Hebe, 413

Superfin (syn. of Beurré Superfin), 137

Superfondanta, 557

Superstitions based on pears, 10

Suprême Coloma, 557

Surpasse Crassane, 557

Surpasse Meuris, 557

Surpasse St, Germain, 557

Surpasse Virgalieu, 557

Surprise, 558

Süsse Margarethenbirne, 558

Süsse Sommerlahnbirne, 558

Suwanee, 558

Suzanne, 558

Suzette de Bavay, 558

Swain, James R., orig. of Bronx, 320

Swan Egg, 558

Swan's Orange (syn. of Onondaga), 201

Sweater, 558

Sylvie de Malzine, 559

Taglioretti, 559

Takasaki, 559

Talmadge, 559

Talmadge, Levi, orig. of Talmadge, 559

Tardive d'Ellezelles, 559

Tardive Garin, 559

Tardive de Mons, 559

Tardive de Montauban, 559

Tardive de Solesne, 559

Tardive de Toulouse (syn. of Duchesse d'Hiver), 372

Tatnall Harvest, 559

Tavernier de Boulogne, 559

Taylor, 560

Taynton Squash, 560

Tea, 560

Templiers, 560

Tepka, 560

Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne (syn. of Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne), 569

Test, 560

Tettenhall, 560

Teutsche Augustbirne, 561

Texas, 561

Thacher, Anthony, pear tree, 43

The Dean, 561

Theilersbirne, 561

Theodor Körner, 561

Theodore, 561

Theodore Van Mons, 561

Theodore Williams, 561

Théophile Lacroix, 561

Theophrastus, mention of pear by, 5

Thérèse, 562

Thérèse Appert, 562

Theveriner Butterbirne, 562

Thibaut Butterbirne, 562

Thick Stalked Pear, 562

Thiérard, Jules, orig. of Lydie Thiérard, 454

Thimothée, 562

Thintwig (syn. of Tonkovietka), 564

Thirriot, orig. of Fondante Thirriot, 386

Thirriot Bros., orig. of Eugène Thirriot, 379

Thompson, Judge, orig. of Thompson, 562

Thompson (Eng.), 562

Thompson (N. H.), 562

Thooris, 562

Thorp (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

Thouin (syn. of Winter Nelis), 232

Thrips on pear, 121

Throop, Calvin, orig. of Calvin, 326

Thuerlinckx, 563

Thurston Red, 563

Thury Schmalzbirne (syn. of Héricart de Thury), 417

Tiffin, 563

Tigrée de Janvier, 563

Tillage of pear orchards, 102

Tillington, 563

Timpling, 563

Tindall, George & William, orig. of Tindall Swan Egg, 563

Tindall Swan Egg, 563

Tollbirne, 564

Tolstoy, 564

Tom Strange, 564

Tonkovietka, 564

Tonneau, 564

Toronto Belle, 564

Totten, Col., orig. of Totten Seedling, 564

Totten Seedling, 564

Tougard (syn. of Calebasse Tougard), 326

Tourasse, orig, of Comte de Lambertye, 346; Directeur Hardy, 360; La Béarnaise, 440; Pierre Tourasse, 499; Professeur Bazin, 514

Tournay d'hiver, 565

Tout-il-faut, 565

Träublesbirne, 565

Tredwell, Thomas, orig. of Platt, 500

Trees, pear, characters of, 59

Trescott (syn. of Westcott), 578

Trésor (syn. of Amour), 245

Tressorier Lesacher, 565

Treyve, orig. of Madame Treyve, 459; Précoce de Trévoux, 507

Trinkebirne, 565

Triomphe de Jodoigne, 565

Triomphe de Louvain, 565

Triomphe de Touraine, 565

Triomphe de Tournai, 565

Triomphe de Vienne, 566

Triumph (syn. of Triomphe de Vienne), 566

Trockener Martin (syn. of Martin-Sec), 466

Trompetenbirne, 566

Troppauer Goldgelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne, 566

Troppauer Muskateller (syn. of Troppauer Goldgelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne), 566

Trottier, orig. of Doyenné de Montjean, 368

Trois Jours (syn. of Poire des Trois Jours), 504

Trout Pear (syn. of Forelle), 167

Truchsess, 566

Truckhill Bergamot, 566

Tsar, 566

Tudor, 567

Turban, 567

Türkische müskirte Sommerbirne, 567

Turnep, 567

Turner, mention of pears by, 32

Tusser, mention of pears by, 32

Tussock moth caterpillars on pear, 120

Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leopold I (syn. of Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}), 573

Twice flowering Pear-tree, 567

Tyler, 567

Tyson, 222; value of, for local market in New York, 101

Tyson, Jonathan, owner of original tree of Tyson, 223

Ulatis, 567

Unbekannte Von Mons (syn. of L'Inconnue Van Mons), 439

Union (syn. of Pound), 208

Unterlaibacher Mostbirne, 567

Unvergleichliche (syn. of Sans-Pareille du Nord), 540

Upper Crust, 567

Urbaniste, 224; parent of Harris, 412; Poire du Pauvre, 503

Urbanister Sämling (syn. of Urbaniste), 224

Ursula, 567

Uvedale, Dr., orig. of Pound, 209

Uvedale's St. Germain (syn. of Pound), 208

Uwchlan, 568

Valentine, 568

Vallée Franche, 568

Valley, 568

Van Assche, 568

Van Assene (syn. of Van Assche), 568

Van Buren, 568

Van Deventer, 568

Van Dooren, orig. of Rousselet Saint-Quentin, 530

Van Geert, Jean, orig. of Beurré Jean van Geert 298; Beurré Van Geert, 295

Van Lindley, J., introd. of Alice Payne, 242

Van Marum, 569

Van Mons, Dr., discov. of var., 533; orig. of varieties, 131, 152, 161, 221, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 260, 265, 269, 272, 273, 278, 279, 282, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 293, 297, 298, 299, 305, 307, 308, 312, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330, 331, 333, 334, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351, 353, 354, 355, 356, 358, 361, 362, 365, 368, 369, 370, 372, 373, 377, 378, 379, 381, 383, 385, 386, 387, 390, 392, 394, 405, 409, 413, 414, 415, 417, 418, 433, 434, 441, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448, 452, 457, 462, 463, 464, 467, 470, 472, 474, 476, 483, 485, 487, 488, 489, 491, 492, 493, 498, 502, 505, 508, 511, 512, 513, 515, 516, 518, 519, 520, 522, 527, 528, 531, 536, 545, 547, 553, 555, 556, 557, 558, 561, 562, 565, 569, 570, 578; prop. of var., 160; theory of, in pear breeding, 18; work of, in pear breeding, 17

Van Mons Butterbirne (syn. of Léon Leclerc (Van Mons)), 189

Van Mons frühe Pomeranzenbirne, 569

Van Mons Hermannsbirne (syn. of Saint Germain Van Mons), 536

Van Mons Sommer Schmalzbirne, 569

Van Mons späte Wirthschaftbirne, 569

Van Mons süsse Haushaltsbirne, 569

Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne, 569

Van Vranken, William, discov. of Sacandaga, 534

Van de Weyer Bates, 569

Vancouver, mention of fruits in California by, 54

Vanderveer, 570

Vanderveer, Dr. Adrian, orig. of Vanderveer, 570

Varet, A., orig. of Beurré Vauban, 307

Varro, fifty monographs of husbandry by Greeks named by, 7; forerunner of modern pear management, 7

Varuna, 570

Vauquelin, 570

Vauquelin, orig. of Vauquelin, 570

Veitch, Messrs., orig. of S. T. Wright, 533

Venturia pyrina, cause of pear scab, 114

Venusbrust, 570

Vereins Dechantsbirne (syn. of Doyenné du Comice), 153

Vergoldete oder wahre graue Dechantsbirne, 570

Verguldete Herbstbergamotte, 570

Verlain (syn. of Verlaine d'Été), 570

Verlaine d'Été, 570

Vermillion d'en Haut, 570

Vermont, 571

Vermont Beauty, 225; place of, in New York pear culture, 85; possibility of, being identical with Forelle, 167

Vernusson, 571

Verschwenderin (syn. of Enfant Prodigue), 377

Verte-Longue d'Automne (syn. of Long Green of Autumn), 449

Verte-longue panachée, 571

Verte-Longue de la Sarthe, 571

Verulam, 571

Veterans (syn. of Besi des Vétérans), 282

Vezouzière, 571

Vicar (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 226

Vicar Junior, 571

Vicar of Winkfield, 226

Vice-Président Coppiers, 572

Vice-Président Decaye, 572

Vice-Président Delbée, 572

Vice-Président Delehoye, 572

Vice-Président Delbée, parent of Cavelier de la Salle, 331

Victor, 572

Victoria (syn. of Huyshe Victoria), 423

Victoria d'Huyse (syn. of Huyshe Victoria), 423

Victoria de Williams, 572

Victorina, 572

Vigne, 572

Villain XIV, 572

Villéne de Saint-Florent, 573

Vin de Anglais, 573

Vine Pear (syn. of Vigne), 572

Vineuse, 573

Vineuse Esperen (syn. of Vineuse), 573

Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}, 573

Virgalieu (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

Virgalieu d'été (syn. of Summer Virgalieu), 557

Virginale du Mecklembourg, 573

Virginie Baltet, 573

Virgouleuse, 573

Vital, 574

Vital, discov. of Vital, 574

Vitrier, 574

Volkmarsen (syn. of Volkmarserbirne), 574

Volkmarserbirne, 574

Von Muckenheim, orig. of Argusbirne, 252

Von Zugler, 574

Voscovoya, 574

Vosschanka, 575

Wachsbirne (syn. of Cire), 338

Wade, 575

Wade, I. C., orig. of Wade, 575

Wadleigh, 575

Wahre Canning, 575

Wahre Faustbirne, 575

Wahre Schneebirne, 575

Walker, Samuel, owner of original tree of Mount Vernon, 199

Walker (syn. of Amande Double), 243

Wallis, Henry, orig. of Wallis Kieffer, 575

Wallis Kieffer, 575

Walnut (syn. of Echasserie), 374

Wälsche Birne (syn. of Jargonelle), 177

Warden pear tree, 44

Warner, 575

Warwicke (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

Washington, 575

Waterloo, 576

Watson, 576

Watson, William, orig. of Watson, 576

Waxy (syn. of Voscovoya), 574

Weber, orig. of Duchesse d'Angoulême Bronzée, 371

Webster, 576

Weeping Willow, 576

Weidenbirne, 576

Weidenblättrige Herbstbirne, 576

Weihmier Sugar, 576

Weihnachtsbirne (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 164

Weiler'sche Mostbirn, 576

Weingifterin (syn. of Schweizer Wasserbirne), 543

Weisse Fuchsbirne, 576

Weisse Hangelbirne, 577

Weisse Herbst Butterbirne (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

Weisse Kochbirne, 577

Weisse Pelzbirne, 577

Weisse Pfalzgrafenbirne (syn. of Zink Pfalzgrafenbirne), 587

Welbeck Bergamot, 577

Wellington, 577

Wellington, A., introd. of Wellington, 577

Welsche Bratbirne, 577

Weltz, 578

Weltz, Leo, introd. of Weltz, 578

Wendell, 578

Wesner, 578

Westcott, 578

Westphälische Melonenbirne, 578

Westrumb, 578

Wetmore, 578

Wetmore, E. B., orig. of Wetmore, 578

Wharton Early, 579

Wheeler, 579

Wheeler, Dr., discov. of Wheeler, 579

Whieldon, 579

Whieldon, Wm. W., orig. of Whieldon, 579

White Beurré (syn. of White Doyenné), 228

White Doyenné, 228; parent of Beurré Antoine, 284; Christmas Beurré, 337; Collins, 341; Hewes, 418; Homestead, 420; Vanderveer, 570

White Genneting, 579

White Longland, 579

White Seedling, 579

White Squash, 580

White Star, 580

Whitfield, 580

Wiegel, Christopher, orig. of Margaret, 197

Wiener Pomeranzenbirne (syn. of Orange de Vienne), 487

Wiest, 580

Wight, Joseph, orig. of Raymond, 517

Wilbur, 580

Wilbur, Jr., D., orig. of Wilbur, 580

Wilcomb and King, introd. of Lawrence, 185

Wild Pears. (See Pears, Wild)

Wilde Filzbirne, 580

Wilde Herrnbirne, 580

Wilde Holzbirne, 580

Wilder, Col. Marshall P., biography of, 128; introd. into America of varieties, 127, 472, 571

Wilder (syn. of Wilder Early), 230

Wilder Early, 230

Wilder Sugar, 580

Wilding von Einsiedel, 581

Wilding von Gronau, 581

Wilding aus Suffolk (syn. of Suffolk Thorn), 556

Wilford, 581

Wilkinson, 581

Wilkinson, A., orig. of Wilkinson Winter, 581

Wilkinson, Jeremiah, orig. of Wilkinson, 581

Wilkinson Winter, 581

Willamette Valley, introduction of pear culture in, 54

Willermoz, 581

William, 581

William Edwards (syn. of William), 581

William Prince, 582

Williams, orig. of Gansel Late Bergamot, 391; Gansel Seckel, 170; prop. of Bartlett, 125

Williams, Aaron Davis, orig. of Williams Early, 582

Williams, John, orig. of Chaumontel Swan Egg, 336; Pitmaston, 207

Williams, Mrs., orig. of Williams Double Bearing, 582

Williams, Theodore, orig. of Theodore Williams, 561

Williams (syn. of Bartlett), 124

Williams' Apothekerbirne (syn. of Bartlett), 124

Williams' Bon Chrétien (syn. of Bartlett), 124

Williams Christbirne (syn. of Bartlett), 124

Williams Double Bearing, 582

Williams Early, 582

Williams d'hiver, 582

Williams panachée, 582

Williams Winter (syn. of Williams d'hiver), 582

Williamson, 582

Williamson, Nicholas, orig. of Williamson, 582

Willison, W., orig. of Queen Victoria, 515

Wilmington, 582

Windsor, 583

Winship, 583

Winship, Messrs., orig. of Winship, 583

Winslow, 583

Winter, 583

Winter Bartlett, 231

Winter Bell (syn. of Pound), 208

Winter Bon Chrétien (syn. of Angoisse), 248

Winter Dechantsbirne (syn. of Easter Beurré), 159

Winter Doyenné, parent of Doyenné à Cinq Pans, 366

Winter Eisbirne (syn. of Glace d'hiver), 397

Winter Jonah, 583

Winter Meuris (syn. of Beurré d'Anjou), 127

Winter Nelis, 232; parent of Colmar Sirand, 344; Comptesse de Chambord, 347; Lycurgus, 454; Michaelmas Nelis, 471; Reeder, 211; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84

Winter Oken (syn. of Oken), 485

Winter Orange (syn. of Orange d'Hiver), 486

Winter Pear, 583

Winter Pomeranzenbirne (syn. of Orange d'Hiver), 486

Winter Popperin, 584

Winter Rousselet, 584

Winter Seckel, 584

Winter Sweet Sugar, 584

Winter Thorn (syn. of Épine d'Hiver), 377

Winter Williams, 584

Winterbirne, 584

Winterliebesbirne, 584

Winterrobine, 584

Winterwunder (syn. of Petit-Oin), 496

Witte Princesse, 585

Witzthumb, orig. of Jean de Witte, 429

Wolfsbirne, 585

Woodberry, William, orig. of Rossney, 524

Woodbridge, orig. of Woodbridge Seckel, 585

Woodbridge Seckel, 585

Woodstock, 585

Worden, Schuyler, orig. of Worden Meadow, 585

Worden, Sylvester, orig. of Worden Seckel, 234

Worden (syn. of Worden Seckel), 234

Worden Meadow, 585

Worden Seckel, 234

Wörlesbirne, 585

Wormsley Grange, 585

Wormy pear, cause of, 118

Worster (syn. of Black Worcester), 310

Wredow (syn. of Délices de Charles), 355

Wright, Zaccheus, orig. of Chelmsford, 336

Wurzer, 586

Wurzer d'Automne (syn. of Wurzer), 586

Yat, 586

Yellow Huff-cap, 586

York, Mrs. Jeremiah, orig. of Pendleton Early York, 494

York-précoce de Pendleton (syn. of Pendleton Early York), 494

Youngken, David, orig. of Youngken Winter Seckel, 586

Youngken, Josiah, orig. of Red Garden, 518

Youngken Winter Seckel, 586

Zache, 586

Zapfenbirn, 586

Zarskaja, 587

Zénon, 587

Zéphirin Grégoire, 587

Zéphirin Louis, 587

Zieregger Mostbirne, 587

Zimmtfarbige Schmalzbirne, 587

Zink Pfalzgrafenbirne, 587

Zoar Beauty, 588

Zoé, 588

Züricher Zuckerbirne (syn. of Sucrée de Zurich), 555

Zwibotzenbirne (syn. of Deux Têtes), 359

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The Odyssey, Book VII. Translated by S. H. Butcher and A. Lang.

[2] Pliny Nat. Hist. =XV=: 15. From a translation made for the writer by Professor H. H. Yeames; Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y.

[3] Goderonne: From godron, a sculptural ornament having the shape of an elongated egg.

[4] Cordus, Valerius Hist. Pl. =3=:176-182. 1561.

The writer is indebted to Professor H. H. Yeames, Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., for the translation of this chapter from the original text.

[5] A Hist. of Gard. in Eng. 35-37. 1910.

[6] Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections 1st Ser. =1=:118.

[7] Mass. Records =1=:24.

[8] Mass. Hist. Collections 3d Ser. =23=:337.

[9] Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. p. 16. 1829-1878.

[10] Report of Me. Pom. Soc. =7=:1873.

[11] Prince, William Cat. 1771.

[12] For a brief account of the life and work of John Bartram, see The Grapes of New York, page 97.

[13] For an account of the life and work of Coxe, see The Peaches of New York, page 254.

[14] For an account of the life and work of Budd, see The Plums of New York, page 145.

[15] Rehder, Alfred Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. =50=:228. 1915.

[16] Wilson, E. H. Jour. Inter. Gar. Club 598. 1918.

[17] Galloway, B. T. Jour. Her. 11:29. 1920.

[18] Rehder, Alfred Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. =50=:237. 1915.

[19] Reimer, F. C. Bull. Com. Hort. Calif. =5=:167-172. 1916.

[20] Galloway, B. T. Jour. Her. =11=:32. 1920.

[21] Reimer, F. C. Reprint from 1916 annual report of Pacific Coast Association of Nurserymen, 7. 1916.

[22] Some very good preliminary work on harvesting and storing pears has been done by the Oregon Experiment Station, and is reported in Bulletin 154, June, 1918, from that Station.

[23] For costs and profits in growing apples see Bulletin 376, New York Agricultural Experiment Station.

[24] Hesler and Whetzel. Manual of Fruit Diseases 330-331. 1917.

[25] Marshall P. Wilder contributed to all fields of American horticulture as an ardent amateur grower and as a most generous patron. But it was as a pomologist and especially as a grower of grapes and pears that he established a permanent place for himself in the horticulture of the country. He was born in New Hampshire in 1798 and died in Boston in 1886, having lived in Dorchester, a suburb of Boston, for upwards of a half century. By vocation a merchant, he was a captain of industry in his day, yet most of his life, especially after the prime had been passed, was devoted to the avocation of horticulture. He was one of the founders of the American Pomological Society and had the great honor of being its president, excepting a single two-year term, from the first meeting in 1850 until his death. During the last years of his presidency, Wilder actively engaged in the reform of pomological nomenclature which the Society was then carrying on. He was an active member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for fifty-six years and its president from 1841 to 1848. He was also one of the founders of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, of the United States Agricultural Society, and was a trustee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Besides membership and activity in these agricultural organizations, he served as colonel and commander in a military company and as president of the New England Historic and Genealogical Society from 1868 until his death. Wilder was a zealous collector and introducer of flowers. He specialized in camellias, azaleas, orchids, and roses. A rose bearing his name is still a garden favorite. Many floral novelties of his day owe their origin or introduction to Marshall P. Wilder. He was ever enthusiastic over American grapes and tested all of the many new varieties introduced about the middle of the last century. But the pear was even more to his fancy than the grape, and he endeavored to grow every native variety of any promise whatsoever. All told, he tested over 1200 varieties, and in 1873 exhibited more than 400 varieties. He originated several new pears and to him is due the honor of having introduced the Beurre d'Anjou in 1844. At his death he left the American Pomological Society $1000 for Wilder medals for new fruits and $4000 for general purposes. To the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, he left $1000 to encourage the introduction of new American pears and grapes. Among many distinguished American pomologists who sought to improve the pear, Marshall P. Wilder deserves most of any recognition for his services and a place is therefore accorded him for his likeness in the frontispiece of The Pears of New York and the book is thereby dedicated to him.

[26] The name is spelled by many writers Beurré d'Aremberg.

[27] General Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, who followed the vocation of a soldier, statesman, and author, chose as his avocation horticulture and in several of its fields became eminent. A native of New England (1783-1851), son of General Henry Dearborn of Revolutionary fame, he was early educated to the profession of law and pursued that vocation until the war with Great Britain in 1812. Services in this war brought him the rank and title of general. After the war he served as Collector of the Port of Boston, in Congress, and as Mayor of Roxbury, Massachusetts, which office he held at the time of his death. But it is as a patron, friend, and lover of horticulture that the life and work of General Dearborn interest pomologists. He was one of the charter members in the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and a prime mover in its organization. He was elected its first president March 17, 1829. In the history of the Society published in 1880, of all the famous members of this truly remarkable organization, General Dearborn's portrait was chosen for the frontispiece. He was early interested in experimental gardens and rural cemeteries. The plans for experimental gardens advocated by him were never fully carried out, but no doubt his enthusiasm for such gardens, with his own garden as a model, did much to stimulate the planting in America in the early half of the nineteenth century of the many famous gardens which adorned and enriched every center of culture along the Atlantic seaboard. He helped to establish the Mount Auburn and Forest Hills cemeteries, famous among Boston cemeteries, and the first of rural cemeteries in this country. His life-long devotion to rural art as exemplified in gardens and cemeteries knew no bounds. On these subjects and on pomology he contributed many articles to the agricultural and horticultural papers of his time. Few men, it can be said, could better concentrate their thoughts and feelings on paper than he seems to have done. Besides the many papers from his own pen he published several translated treatises from the French, chief of which was a monograph on the Camellia in 1838 and another on Morus multicaulis in 1830, the "Mulberry Craze" being in full swing at this time. General Dearborn was an ardent pear-grower and helped to test the hundreds of seedlings then being brought from Belgium and France and grew as well considerable numbers from his own seed-beds. Of all his seedlings, however, only Dearborn survives.

[28] The fame of Robert Manning as an accurate and discriminating American pomologist will long endure. Few Americans, one conceives, as his life is reviewed, have rendered greater service in any field of the nation's agriculture. The quantity of his work was not remarkably large, but the quality was superfine. Systematic pomology in particular owes him much for his painstaking descriptions of fruits, and his corrections in nomenclature. Born in Salem, Mass., July 18, 1784, he made the town of his birth famous as a pomological center in America, where, at the time of his death, October 10, 1842, his garden probably contained a larger collection of fruits than had ever before been brought together in America. Manning began collecting fruits in 1823 when he established his "Pomological Garden" at Salem for the purpose of introducing and testing new varieties of fruits. He attempted to bring together all of the varieties of fruits that would thrive in eastern Massachusetts, and when his garden was fullest had about 2000 fruits, of which 1000 kinds were pears, to which fruit he gave most attention. He had many English, French, and Belgian correspondents from whom he received the most notable fruits grown in their countries. He is said to have had a most remarkable memory and could carry in mind the names, tree-habits, and qualities of any fruit he had ever seen and could identify it at sight. In whatever group of pomologists he chanced to be, his identifications and decisions on nomenclature were accepted as correct. Small wonder, therefore, that the Book of Fruits, published by Manning in 1838, at once took the place of authority for descriptions of tree-fruits and for such small-fruits, trees, and shrubs as the author described. It was the first, and is almost the only, American pomology in which the descriptions were all made with fruit in hand. The author intended this book to be the first of a series, but the books to follow never appeared. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Pear-growers are indebted to Manning for the work he did in testing the seedlings sent out by Van Mons, the famous Belgian breeder, most of whose pears came to American orchards through the agency of the Salem Pomological Garden. He also received and introduced valuable pears from the London Horticultural Society. His achievements mark Manning among the most notable American pomologists, of whom no other labored as devotedly for the attainment of better pears.

[29] Bernard S. Fox was a pioneer nurseryman and fruit-grower in California who gave much time to improving the pear through seedlings. During his stay of thirty years in the state of his adoption he was noted for his energy and enterprise in every industry that had to do with fruit-growing. Fox was an Irishman who came to America in 1848 and began work in the garden and nurseries of Hovey and Company of Boston. A few years later he emigrated with the gold-seekers to California where, shortly, he settled at San Jose as a nurseryman and fruit-grower. Eventually he became possessed of a considerable amount of land the increasing value of which made him a very wealthy man, and he took pleasure in being a patron of horticulture as well as a worker in its several fields. Early in his career at San Jose his interest was aroused in the production of new pears from seed. He was a most conscientious selecter and only the best survived in his orchards. He was at all times extremely anxious not to cumber the list of pears with worthless varieties. Out of a great number of seedlings, only three finally received his approval, P. Barry, Fox, and Colonel Wilder. All have high places in the pear lists of California and the United States, and do honor to an enthusiastic and painstaking breeder of pears. For many years before his death in July, 1880, he was the Vice President of the American Pomological Society for California. Bernard S. Fox was one of the first fruit-growers to bring fame to California, and Californians are justly proud of him.

[30] Peter Kieffer, a nurseryman of good reputation in his state, deserves pomological honors because of his keenness of vision in selecting for distribution the pear which bears his name. Few men would have recognized merit in the seedling from which the Kieffer pear came. Peter Kieffer was born in Alsace in 1812, whence he emigrated to America in 1834. In Europe he had worked for twelve years in the garden of the King of France and upon his arrival in America sought employment as a gardener which he found on the estate of James Gowen at Mt. Airy, near Philadelphia. In 1853 he started a small nursery at Roxborough, a short distance from Philadelphia. Much of his stock was imported from Europe, most of which came from Van Houtte, the famous Belgian nurseryman. From Van Houtte, Kieffer obtained seeds of the Chinese Sand pear from which came the Kieffer pear as described in the history of the variety. As a token of his faith in his new variety, Kieffer planted an orchard of this pear, some of the trees of which still live and bear. Peter Kieffer died in 1890, having made an important contribution to horticulture even though the variety sent out by him is far from perfect and has been much over-praised and over-planted.

[31] Patrick Barry, one of the founders of the firm of Ellwanger and Barry, whose Mount Hope Nurseries at Rochester, New York, were long of national and international reputation, was born in Belfast, Ireland, in 1816 and died in Rochester, N. Y., in 1890. Besides contributing to the fame of the nursery company he helped to found, Barry was for many years one of the leading pomological editors and authors of the country. New York, especially western New York, is greatly indebted to George Ellwanger and Patrick Barry for the horticultural services of their firm. It is not an exaggeration to say that they introduced fruit-growing in western New York, a region now famous for its fruits. So, also, the parks and home grounds of the many beautiful cities, towns, and villages in western New York are adorned and enriched by ornamental trees, shrubs and vines from the nurseries of Ellwanger and Barry. Patrick Barry came to America in 1836 and with George Ellwanger founded the Mount Hope Nurseries in 1840. Here for a half century he devoted himself to the introduction and distribution of fruit and out-of-door ornamental plants. In the early life of the nursery company many importations were made from Europe and at a time when there were no railroads, telegraph wires, nor ocean steamboats. It was during this early period that the Mount Hope Nurseries began the importation of pears and soon built up one of the largest collections in the country and one which was maintained long after the famous collections farther east had disappeared. At one time or another over 1000 varieties of pears were tested on the grounds of this nursery. For a half century, fruit-growers have studied with pleasure and profit the exhibits of pears made by Ellwanger and Barry at the State and National exhibitions of note. From 1844 to 1852, Patrick Barry edited The Genesee Farmer, one of the best agricultural papers of its day and succeeded A. J. Downing in the editorship of The Horticulturist which he brought to Rochester in 1855 where it was published until 1887. Barry's Treatise on the Fruit-Garden appeared in 1851 and at once became one of the most popular books on pomology. In 1872 the "Treatise" was rewritten and published as Barry's Fruit Garden. Another notable work of which he was author was The Catalogue of Fruits of the American Pomological Society which was compiled by him. Patrick Barry was one of the founders of the Western New York Horticultural Society, for many years the leading horticultural organization of the continent, and of which he was president for more than thirty years. Patrick Barry ranks with Coxe, Kenrick, the Downings, Warder, Eliot, and Thomas as a great leader in pomology of the time in which he lived.

William Crawford Barry, son of Patrick Barry of the preceding sketch, was born in Rochester, New York, in 1847. As a boy he attended parochial schools at Rochester and at Seton Hall, South Orange, New Jersey. As a young man he studied in Berlin, Heidelberg, and the University of Louvain in Belgium. Upon returning to America he took a position in a seed house in New York that he might have practical knowledge of the seed business to bring to the firm of Ellwanger and Barry of which he was soon to become a member. After serving an apprenticeship in the seed business he returned to Rochester to enter the firm which his father and George Ellwanger had founded. From the time of entrance in this company he took a prominent part in its affairs, and for many years before his death, December 12, 1916, he was president of the corporation. Of his horticultural activities, he may be said to have been an organizer and promotor--one of the captains in the industry. For twenty-six years he was president of the Western New York Horticultural Society, having succeeded his father to this office. He was the first president of the American Rose Society, and in 1882 was president of the Eastern Nurserymen's Association. For three years he was president of the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. He helped to establish and took a leader's part in developing the parks of Rochester which have made that city famous among lovers of landscapes. Highland Park was almost a creation of the firm of Ellwanger and Barry. In 1888 the firm gave the city twenty acres of land adjoining the Highland reservoir as the first step in establishing a park system for Rochester. Mr. Barry was chairman of the committee of the park board having in charge Highland Park from the creation of the board until the year before his death when it passed out of existence. Besides these horticultural activities, Mr. Barry was either president or an officer in six banks and trust companies in Rochester. His was a commanding figure in the horticulture of New York. No one attending the meetings of the Western New York Horticultural Society during the twenty-six years he was president can forget Mr. Barry. His knowledge in every division of horticulture, his devotion to grape and pear culture, his genial manner and pleasant greeting to all members, and his force and tact as a presiding officer fitted him so preëminently well for the place that he was unopposed for the presidency during twenty-six terms following the death of his father and until his death.

George Ellwanger, one of the founders and thereafter until his death one of the partners in the Mount Hope Nurseries, Rochester, New York, was born in Germany in 1816 and died in Rochester, New York, in 1906. He came to the United States in 1835, having been educated as a horticulturist in Stuttgart, although possibly the training he received throughout his youth from his father, a grower of grapes and fruits, taught him most, for Ellwanger often said that it was from his father that he acquired his love of horticulture and was by him persuaded to devote his life to the vocation of nurseryman. Ellwanger settled in Rochester in 1839, and the next year joined with Patrick Barry in forming the nursery and seed firm of Ellwanger and Barry, calling their place of business "Mount Hope Nurseries." Ellwanger was one of the founders of the American Pomological Society, and of the Western New York Horticultural Society and throughout his life took an active interest in both organizations. Mr. Ellwanger had large business interests in Rochester and western New York and helped most materially to develop the city and the country about. His chief contributions to horticulture were made through the Mount Hope Nurseries, the influence of which is briefly set forth in the sketch of the life of Patrick Barry.

[32] Henry Waggoman Edwards, at one time Governor of Connecticut, was a pioneer American pear breeder credited with making the first systematic attempt to grow new pears in this country. He was a grandson of the eminent theologian, Jonathan Edwards, was born at New Haven, Conn., in 1779, graduated at Princeton College in 1797, studied law at the Litchfield School and almost immediately entered into public life shortly to become prominent and famous in state and nation. He served Connecticut with honors as its Governor, and in the nation he distinguished himself as Representative in the House from Connecticut, Speaker of the House and as Senator. But it is as a pomologist that his career is of concern to the reader. Always interested in pomology, and no doubt especially interested in pears through the spectacular work of Van Mons, he planted pear seeds in the fall of 1817 with the aim of obtaining new and superior varieties of this fruit. Great success did not attend his attempts at pear breeding, but Governor Edwards made a start in work which Manning, Wilder and a score of others were to carry forward with more striking results. Out of many seedlings, at least five were named and were grown for a longer or shorter time by the pear-growers of a century ago. These are Elizabeth, Calhoun, Dallas, Henrietta and Citron, all described among the minor varieties of this text. While hardly to be considered among the foremost pomologists of the country, Governor Edwards is in the front rank of the lesser men whose combined work has done so much to give weight and impulse to American pomology.

Transcriber's Notes:

Words surrounded by = are bold.

In this e-text, [vC] represents a capital letter C with a diacritical mark caron (v-shaped symbol) above it.

Illustrations were relocated to correspond to their references in the text.

Obvious printer errors corrected and inconsistent spellings have been kept, including inconsistent use of hyphen (e.g. "after-flavor" and "after flavor"), accents (e.g. "Müskirte" and "Muskirte"), capitalisation (e.g. "Nec plus Meuris" and "Nec Plus Meuris"), and proper names (e.g. "Luxemburg" and "Luxembourg").

Index entries that do not match their referenced text corrected (except where the text is an obvious printer error) and if necessary moved to the correct position according to alphabetical order, e.g. "Langstielege Zuckerbirne" corrected to be "Langstielige Zuckerbirne". Index entries that refer to non-existent text have been deleted.

Page 247, word "it" removed from sentence "...though it it seems...."

Page 284, word "it" removed from sentence "...where it it is...."

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us