Appendix

ON SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT MINERALS USED IN MEDICINE.

(Compiled chiefly from Royle’s Materia Medica.)

CARBONATE OF SODA is the neter of the Hebrews. It was known to the early Hindus, and is by them called Sajji noon (i.e. Sajji or Soda Salt); it is the Sagimen vitri of Geber. The Natron lakes of Egypt were known to the ancients, and it was early employed in glass making, etc. (Royle). On the shores of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean, plants of the order Chenopodeæ are burned to form the ash called Barilla, and from this ash soda is obtained. Carbonate of soda was also formerly prepared on the coasts of Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and Normandy, by burning algæ or sea-weeds, and the ash so obtained was called kelp. There is no doubt that the process is extremely ancient, and the discovery of the properties of these ashes accidental.

CHLORIDE OF SODIUM, or common salt, is so universally distributed that it must have been known and used in food from the earliest ages.

BORAX is thought to have been the Chrysocolla of Pliny. It is the Sohaga of the Hindus (Sanscrit, Tincana), and is called Booruk by the Arabs. It is abundant on the shores of some of the lakes in Thibet, and was brought into India across the Himalayas (Royle).

SULPHATE OF SODA, or Glauber’s Salt, is found on the soil in India and other countries, and exists in the ashes of many plants, in mineral springs, and in sea-water.

LIME was known to the Egyptians and Hindus.

MAGNESIA seems to have been known to the alchemists. Its name occurs in Geber and other writers of the period. The CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA was probably first used as a medicine by the Count de Palma at Rome. Hoffmann introduced it into the list of Materia Medica.

EPSOM SALTS (SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA) was first discovered by Dr. Grew in 1675 in a spring at Epsom. It is found in many countries.

ALUM is mentioned in Pliny, xxxv. chap. 15, and probably is referred to by Dioscorides (v. chap. 122). Shib was the generic term of alum of various kinds in Arab writings. Egyptians and Hindus must have known of its properties from the earliest ages of their civilization. It was introduced into Europe from Syria by the Genoese.

Green Vitriol or Sulphate of Iron was known to the ancients. It is mentioned, says Dr. Royle, in the Amera Cosha of the Hindus (Hind. Med., p. 44), and it is used by them as by the Romans in the time of Pliny in making ink.

ZINC seems to have been first made known as a metal in Europe by Paracelsus. The Hindus have imported it from China from remote times. The Oxide of Zinc was anciently called tutty, probably from the Tamil Tutanagum. In the East, says Royle, SULPHATE OF ZINC is called suffed tutia, or white tutia, the Sulphates of Iron and Copper being called green and blue tutia (Hindu Med., p. 100).

COPPER was one of the metals most anciently known. It was employed in medicine by the Hindus and Arabs in the form of the Sulphate or Blue-stone. VERDIGRIS, the DIACETATE OF COPPER, must have been known wherever copper vessels were used. It was employed by the Greeks as a medicine, by the Arabs, and probably also by the Egyptians.

LEAD was equally well known of old; the carbonate of the metal was one of the most anciently known of the metallic salts. The Middle Ages introduced the acetate of lead commonly known as SUGAR OF LEAD. EXTRACT OF LEAD, or EXTRACT OF SATURN, or Goulard’s Extract, have been known since the time of B. Valentine.

BISMUTH was first mentioned by Agricola in 1520.

SULPHUR was employed in medicine by the Greeks, Hindus, and Arabs. Geber knew of its solubility in an alkaline solution, and Albertus Magnus taught the method of procuring Sulphuret of Potassium by fusion.

PHOSPHORUS was discovered in 1669, when it was found in the Phosphate of Soda and Ammonia of Urine by Brandt, an alchemist of Hamburgh. Knuckel in Germany and Boyle in England had also the credit of discovering it (Royle, Mat. Med.).

NITRIC ACID was known to Geber, and probably also to the Hindus (Royle, Mat. Med.).

IODINE was obtained by M. Courtois in 1812 in the residual liquor of the process for obtaining soda from sea-weed.

IODIDE OF POTASSIUM was first employed in medicine by Coindet.

BROMINE was discovered in 1826 by M. Balard, in bittern, the uncrystallisable residue of sea-water. Bromide of Potassium was first introduced into the London Pharmacopœia in 1836.

SAL AMMONIAC was known to Geber. Avicenna and Serapion mention it by the name Noshadur. Persian writers give Armeena as its Greek synonym. The Sanskrit name is Nuosadur. In Egypt it is made from camel’s dung. It must have been known to the Romans, as Pliny says that one of the kinds of Nitrum gives out a strong smell when mixed with quicklime (Royle, Mat. Med.).

CARBONATE OF POTASH is obtained by the burning of vegetables. It must therefore have been known to primitive nations. “Dioscorides describes it by the name τεφρα κληματινης, or Cinis sarmentorum, ashes of vine twigs (‘cineris lixivium,’ Pliny, xxxviii. chap. 51). The Arabs are usually supposed to have been the first to make known this alkali (al-kali); but the Hindus, in works from which the Arabs copied, made use of the ashes of plants” (Royle, Mat. Med.).

TIN was the Bedel of Moses. It was used by the Egyptians, who probably procured it from India. The Greeks and Romans obtained it from the Phœnicians.

ANTIMONY was probably discovered by the Alchemists. The sulphuret of the metal, however, is the στιμμι and stibium of the ancients. In Asia it has been used from time immemorial for painting the eyebrows and eyelids. Several of the Sulphurets of Antimony have long been used in medicine. The Tartarate (TARTAR EMETIC) is supposed to have been discovered by Mynsicht (Thesaurus, etc., Hamburgh, 1631).

MERCURY or QUICKSILVER was known to the ancients. It was probably first prescribed internally by the Hindus. The Romans and Arabs used it externally. Pliny says that mercury is poisonous, “unless, indeed, it is to be administered in the form of an unction on the belly, when it will stay bloody fluxes.” The Arabs appear to have re-introduced it into the European practice (Royle). The red oxide was known to Geber. CALOMEL is the subchloride of mercury. It occurs native in Carniola and in Spain. The Hindus from very early times prepared it artificially and prescribed it internally. It was introduced into European practice in 1608. BICHLORIDE OF MERCURY, or CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE, is the ruskapoor of the Hindus, to whom, says Royle, it has long been known. It was known also by the Chinese, and was prepared by Geber in the eighth century. The, AMMONIO-CHLORIDE of mercury, or WHITE PRECIPITATE, was discovered by Raymond Lully in the thirteenth century. CINNABAR or VERMILION, the RED SULPHURET OF MERCURY, was known to the Greeks, and was one of the pigments employed by the Egyptians. It has been used by the Chinese and Hindus in medicine from very early times. The ointment of mercury killed with oil or fat was used by the Saracens for killing lice, just as it is used at the present time for the same purpose.

Preparations of ARSENIC have long been used in medicine. Dioscorides applies the name Arsenikon (αρσενικον) to the yellow Sulphuret of Arsenic.

The Arabs call it zurneekh, which is supposed by Sprengel to be a corruption of Arsenikon. They were familiar with the white oxide which they called sum-al-far, mouse poison or rat’s-bane. The Hindus are well acquainted with the form of arsenic known as orpiment, which they call hurtal; realgar, which is their mansil; and white arsenic, which they name sanchya. Royle thinks it was first prescribed internally by the Hindus, who used it for leprosy and intermittent fevers. It is a remedy of great value in many kinds of skin diseases, and is of great use in agues and in all periodic disorders, for which it is only inferior to quinine.

SILVER is supposed to have first been employed in medicine by the Arabs. GOLD was employed by the Greeks and Arabs in medicine, but it is not known which were the first to so use it. The Hindus used it long before the alchemists investigated its properties.

INDEX.

Abaris cured diseases by incantation, 203.

Abdominal surgery, 112, 197, 272, 296, 316, 361.

— surgery of Hindus, 113.

Abella (about 1059), 313.

Abercrombie, John (1780-1844), 454.

Abernethy, J. (1764-1831), 459.

Abipones, birth customs of, 52, 53.

Aborigines of Australia, their knowledge of medicine, 34.

— of South America, 35.

Abortion in Greece and Rome, 203.

Abracadabra, 263.

Abraxas, 263.

Abyssinians, the, 249.

Acacias, 35.

Accad, priests of, 27.

Accadian mythology, 15, 86.

Accadians, the, 86.

Achillini, A. (1463-1512), 337.

Aconite eaten by horses, 4.

Actual cautery, 183, 246.

Actuarius, John (c. 1283), 323.

Acupuncture invented by Chinese, 130.

Acute and chronic diseases first distinguished, 212.

Adamantius of Alexandria, 236.

Addenbrooke, J. (died 1719), 431.

Addison, T. (1793-1860), 454.

Ægidius Corbolensis, 314.

Ælfred, King, his services to medicine, 274, 275.

Æneas Sylvius, 336.

Æschryon (pharmacist), 209.

Æsculapius, 147, 148, 153.

Ætiology, 350.

Ætius (6th cent.), 237.

Affinity, doctrine of, 423, 449.

Afflacius, 311.

African disease theories, 22.

Agamede, a lady doctor, 155.

Agate, 257.

Agathinus of Sparta (1st cent. A.D.), 228.

Agni, 9.

Agricola, George (1494-1555), 351.

Agrippa, Cornelius (1486-1536), 337, 347.

Ague, 252.

Ahriman, 141, 142, 143.

Alaska, treatment of headache by natives of, 17.

Albertus Magnus (1193-1280), 321.

Albucasis (d. 1106), 243, 296.

Alchemy, 301, 350.

— of the Egyptians, 71.

Alcohol used everywhere, 46.

Alcuin, 300.

Aldabaran, 83.

Aldrovandi, 346.

Alexander of Tralles, 234.

Alexander Severus first established medical lectureships in Rome, 209.

Alexandria, her famous school, 194.

— Jews in, 83.

Alexandrian library, 287.

— philosophy, 83.

Alexis, diviners of North America, 26.

Algonquins, 32.

Ali Abbas, 296.

Aliptæ, 44, 171.

Alkinani, 289.

Alkins, Henry (born 1558), 363.

All, the, 450.

Allopathy, 447.

Almamon, 289.

Aloes, 275.

Alphanus Secundus (c. 1050), 310.

Althaus, J., 458.

Alum, 486.

Amaurosis, 211.

Amazon, aborigines of the, their medicine men, 26.

— — their intoxicating drink, 48.

Ambre or Embre, an Egyptian medical book, 58.

America, discovery of, 345.

American medical education, 435, 436.

Ammon, 150.

Ammonia, 487.

Ammoniacum, 275.

Ammonius of Alexandria (B.C. 283-247), 198.

Amputations, 42, 70, 216.

— in Egyptian surgery, 70.

Amulets, 23, 31, 48, 129, 247-265, 327, 398, 404.

— of the Jews, 75.

Amussat, 458.

Anæsthesia, how anciently produced, 310.

Anæsthetics, 449, 464-466, 480.

Anathemata, 157.

Anatomy, 105, 175, 231, 326, 336, 364, 365, 381, 390, 391, 436.

— of ancient Egyptians, 64.

— at Alexandria, 195.

— in England, 461.

— at Oxford, 381.

— in Rome, 209, 215.

— at Salerno, 313.

— well understood by Hippocrates, 174.

— human, its revival in Europe, 325, 326, 351, 365.

— comparative, 375.

— and physiology have made no progress in China, 128.

Anaxagoras (born about 499 B.C.), 159.

Anaximander (born 610 B.C.), 159.

Anaximenes, 159.

Ancestor-worship in connection with disease, 22, 23.

Ancient Medicine, treatise by Hippocrates, 175.

Andreæ, J. V. (1586-1654), 370.

Andromachus, 221.

Andry, N. (c. 1701), 471.

Anel (1741-1801), 433.

Anel, D. (1679-1730), 432.

Aneurism, 235, 389, 432, 434.

Angakoks, priest-physicians of the Inoits, 30.

Angelic presidents of medicine, 84.

Anger of gods as the cause of disease, 270.

— of demons a cause of disease, 12, 86.

Anglicanus, Gilbertus, 337.

Anglo-Saxon medicine, 273.

Animals and toxicology, 4, 35.

— experiments on, 216, 217, 378, 379, 436.

— their medicine and surgery, 3.

Animism, 7, 8, 24.

Anthropology, 450.

Antidotes, 416.

— for poisons, experiments with, 201.

Antidotarium, 313, 363.

Anti-fat, 285.

Antilles Indians, their exorcism of diseases, 29.

Antimony, 487.

Antioquia, Indians of, poisoners of wells, 35.

Antiseptic surgery, 477.

— treatment, 177.

Antonius Musa, 213.

Antyllus (c. 300 A.D.), 235.

Anubis, Egyptian god, 60.

Apaches consider drunkenness a religious duty, 48.

Apis, Egyptian god, 59, 60.

Apollo the healer, 147, 169.

Apollonius of Tyana, 224.

Apoplexy, Hippocrates on, 182.

— exorcised by rice, 16.

Apothecaries, laws relating to, 317.

Aquinas, Thomas (1225-1274), 321.

Arabian medicine, 288, 291, 311.

Aranzi, J. C. (1530-1589), 367.

Arawaks of Surinam, their birth customs, 50.

Arbuthnot, J. (1658-1735), 451.

Archagathus (B.C. 219), first regular practitioner in Rome, 208.

Archeus, 380.

Archiatri, the, 206, 210, 236.

Archigenes of Apamœa (circ. A.D. 98-117), 228.

Archimatthæus, 311.

Aretæus of Cappadocia (1st cent.), 228.

Aristotle (born B.C. 334), 192, 384, 421.

Armstrong, G., 439.

Arneman, J. (1763-1807), 435.

Arnica, 350.

Arnold of Villa Nova (1235-1312), 326.

Arnot, N., 478.

Arrack, “the Christian deity,” 47.

“Arrows” as warrants to disease-spirits in China, 127.

Arrow-poison of Indians, 35.

Arsenic, 488.

Artemis, goddess of health, 149.

Arteries, ligation of, 217, 232, 245, 368.

— twisting of bleeding, 224, 237, 368.

Aryans, the, 96.

Asclepiades of Prusa (1st cent. B.C.), 212.

— schools of the, 168, 170.

Asclepiadists, 213.

Asclepiads, the, 157, 168.

Ashwins, physicians of the Hindu gods, 100.

Asoka established hospitals in India, 117.

— royal patron of medicine, 111.

Assellius, C. (1581-1626), 390.

Assyrians, their medicine, 86, 92.

Asthma, remedies for, 37.

Astigmatism, 463.

Astringents, 43.

Astrology in medicine, 129, 139, 319, 334, 335, 351.

Astruc, J. (1684-1766), 429.

Athenæus of Cilicia (c. A.D. 69), 227.

Athens, plague of, 25.

Athletes rubbed with oil, 44.

Atomic philosophy, 164.

— theory, 159, 449.

Atoms, doctrine of the, 98.

Auenbrugger, L. (1722-1809), 453.

Auscultation, 170, 177, 453.

Australia, aborigines of, their superstitions, 17, 21, 23.

Australian tribes, their medical practice, 33.

Australian-Tasmanian district, 12.

Autmoins, diviners of North America, 26.

Automatism, 379.

Ava, drink made from, 49.

Avenzoar (12th cent.), 297.

Averroes (born A.D. 1126), 297.

Avicenna (born A.D. 980), 296.

Ayur Veda, the, Hindu medical classic, 98, 99, 102.

Aztecs, hospitals of the, 239.

Baas, J. H., 466.

Babhata on Hindu medicine, 114.

Babylon, captivity of Jews in, 81.

Babylonian religion, 27.

Babylonians, their medicine, 86.

Bacchic orgies, 32, 150.

Bacchus, 150.

Backtischwah, 290, 291.

Bacon, Francis (1561-1626), 377.

Bacon, Roger (1214-1298), 322.

Bacteria, 472, 473.

Bacteriologists, 480.

Bacteriology anticipated by Empedocles, 161.

Badaga folk, their treatment of pregnant women, 52.

— their insurance against disease, 29.

Baer, 481.

Bafiotes of South Guinea, their surgery, 45.

Baghdad, medical schools of, 291.

Baillie, M. (1761-1823), 454.

Baillou, G. (1536-1614), 363.

Bandages, waxed, 178.

Bandaging of mummies, 57.

Banishing disease-demons, 15, 86.

Bannister, John, 363.

Barbers and surgery, 317, 434, 435.

— and surgeons, their fellowship, 329, 354.

Barth, J. (1745-1818), 463.

Bartholin, T. (1619-1680), 376, 390.

Bartholomæus, 314.

Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, 359.

— Hospital medical school, 459.

Baschkirs expel devils of disease, 138.

Bassi, 473.

Bastian, H. C. (b. 1837), 458, 472.

Basutos, their theory of diseases, 22.

Baths, 400.

Bayle, G. L. (1774-1816), 453.

Bayle, P. (1647-1706), 380.

Beale, L. S. (b. 1828), 480.

Beans sacred to Pythagoreans, 164.

Beclard, J. (1818-1887), 458.

Beelzebub, god of medicine, 85.

— cast out by Beelzebub, 29.

Beer of the Himalayas, 48.

Beer, G. J. (1663-1821), 463.

Beetle, an emblem, 250.

Behaviour of doctors, 312.

Bell, B. (1763-1820), 459.

Belladonna eaten by birds and herbivora, 4.

Bellini, 420.

Bells, church, medicine drunk out of, 278.

Benares, a seat of Buddhist medicine, 111.

Benedict, St., 300, 308.

Benivieni, A. (c. 1500), 352.

Bennett, J. H. (1812-1875), 454.

Bentley, Prof., on new American remedies, 37.

Berberine, 37, 38.

Berenger of Carpi (died 1527), 361.

Bernard, C. (1813-1878), 456.

Bernard the Provincial, 315.

Bernouelli, J. and D., 420.

Bert, P. (1833-1886), 457, 474.

Bertharius (about 856), 310.

Berthollet, 448.

Bertrandi (1723-1797), 433.

Berzelius (1779-1848), 449.

Bethesda, pool of, 400.

Bezoar stone, 257.

Bible and demoniacal theory of epilepsy, 16, 79.

— diseases of, 79, 432.

— its superiority to other sacred books, 74.

Bichat, M. F. X. de (1771-1802), 429, 446.

Bile as the cause of sickness first suggested, 160.

Bint-resh, the princess, cured by the god Khonsu, 65.

Bird-surgery, 3.

Birds as evil spirits, 17.

— fond of toddy, 49.

Birth customs of the Caribs, 51.

— Arawaks, 52.

— Land Dyaks, 52.

— Abipones, 52.

— Basques, 52.

— Corsicans, 52.

— Chinese, 52.

— Iroquois, 53.

— Badaga folk, 53.

— Romans, 54.

Bismuth, 487.

Black death, the, 329.

— magic, 66, 410.

Blackmore, R. (1650-1729), 425.

Blaes, G. (died 1662), 390.

Blane, G. (b. 1747), 426.

Bleeding, 82, 134, 156, 217, 274, 280, 285.

— practised by savages, 33.

— arrest of, by savages, 40, 42.

Blizzard, W. (1743-1835), 459.

“Blood-bread” in consumption, 131.

Blood as food for invalids, 35, 396.

— circulation of the, 385, 389.

— in medicine, 396.

— pressure, 420.

— purifiers used by negroes, 38.

Bloodless amputations invented by Chrysippus, 195.

Blue cohosh plant, 37.

Blumenbach, J. F. (1752-1840), 450.

Bodo folk of India, their disease-demons, 22.

Boerhaave (1668-1738), 422, 423, 426.

Bonnet, 472.

Book of the Dead, 58, 60.

Bora initiations of Australia, 43.

Borax, 486.

Borde, Andrew (c. 1532), 358.

Borden, T. de (1722-1776), 430.

Borelli, G. A. (1608-1679), 381, 420.

Borneo, birth customs in, 52.

Botanic gardens established, 201.

Botany, 297, 336, 351, 363, 426, 427, 438.

Boulimia, a species of hunger, 197.

Bowls for medicine, 95.

Box-bark poultices, 33.

Boyer, A. (1757-1833), 461.

Boyl-Ya, 17.

Boyle, Robert (1626-1691), 378, 379, 381, 419.

Brahmanism, 110.

Brahmans forbidden by Menu to become doctors, 101.

— their knowledge of medicine, 101.

Braid, J., 457.

Brain, anatomy of, 365, 391.

— diseases, 228.

— surgery, 112, 177, 206, 456.

— — of the Society Islanders, 43.

Branca, 368.

Brandy in medicine, 326.

Briggs, W. (died 1704), 438.

Bright, R. (1789-1858), 454.

British Medical Journal, 467.

Britomartis, 150.

Brittan, 474.

Broca, P. (1824-1880), 458.

Brodie, B. (1783-1862), 459.

Bromfield, W. (1717-1792), 435.

Bromine, 487.

Bronchitis, remedies for, 34, 37, 49.

Bronchocele, 316.

Bronchotomy, 364.

— invented by Asclepiades, 213.

Broth of human flesh, a Chinese remedy, 131.

Broussais, F. J. W. (1772-1838), 446.

Brown, J. (1735-1788), 427.

Browne, Sir Thomas (1605-1682), 391.

Brown-Sequard (b. 1817), 456.

Browning’s Poem, “Saul,” 78.

Bruner, J. C. (1653-1727), 437.

Brunhilda, a doctress, 272.

Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600), 346, 351.

Brunonian theory, 427.

Bucknill, J. C. (b. 1817), 457.

Budd, 474.

Buddhism, 102, 109.

— had a gospel for all creatures, 110.

Buffon (1707-1788), 439, 448.

Buhitos of Hispaniola, 26.

Bulleyn, William (died 1576), 363.

Burial customs of Lower Congo, 24.

— of disease-demons, 15, 139.

Burking, 461.

Burma, disease-demons of, 21.

Burns, J. (1775-1850), 459.

Burrows, 476.

Butts, William (died 1545), 359.

Byzantine medicine, 243.

Cabalism, 84, 337.

Cabbage, 162.

Cactus juice an intoxicant, 48.

Cæsalpinus, A. (1519-1603), 351, 385.

Cæsarean operation in Central Africa, 45.

— in Europe, 361, 362.

Caius, John (1510-1573), 360.

Cajeput tree, 34.

Calculi, 177.

Calenda, 313.

Caliphs, their services to science, 288.

Callisen (1740-1824), 433.

Calumba root, 37.

Cambodians, their exorcism of small-pox, 30.

Cambridge University, 340.

Camomile, 285.

Camper (1722-1789), 435.

Cancer, 182, 183.

Canopic jars of Egypt, 63.

Capillary vessels, discovery of, 386, 389.

Carbonic acid, 380.

Cardan (1501-1576), 351.

Carib races, their use of cascarilla, 49.

Carmina (magic songs), 207.

Carpenter, W. B., 481.

Carter, R. B., 463.

Cascarilla, its introduction into medicine, 49.

Casdim and Mecasphim, 91, 92.

Cases, collections of interesting, 327.

Cassava bread, 36.

Casserius (1561-1616), 364.

Cassius Felix (1st cent.), 228.

Cassorius, 390.

Castor oil, its action on savages, 37.

Castration, 77, 169.

Cat, Le (1700-1768), 432.

Catalepsy, 390.

Catamenial women possessed by demons, 143.

— superstitions concerning, 54, 78.

Cataract, 211, 235, 297, 314.

Catheter invented, 197, 245, 297.

Cato as a family doctor, 207.

Cato’s hatred of doctors, 207.

Cats, their use of medicines, 3.

Caul of a child, 273.

— fat, superstitions concerning, 17.

Caulophyllin, 37.

Cauterising instruments, 245.

Cavendish, 448.

Caxiri, a drink of the Brazilian Indians, 48.

Celery, 285.

Cellular pathology, 455.

Celsus, A. C. (B.C. 50-A.D. 7), 215.

Ceylon, medicine in, 107.

Chadwick, E., 478.

Chaldæan doctors of three classes, 90.

Chaldæans, their medicine, 86.

Chamberlen, H. (1664-1728), 435.

Chambre, Dr., 358.

Characts as amulets, 262, 263, 327.

Charaka, the Hindu Hippocrates, 100, 103, 289.

Charas, M. (1618-1698), 394.

Charcot, J. M. (b. 1825), 456, 482.

Charlemagne, patron of medical education, 310.

Charles the First, his miraculous blood, 373.

Charlton, W. (1619-1707), 438.

Charms, 23, 27, 86, 129, 133, 247-265, 327, 334, 398, 404.

— largely used in Chinese practice, 129.

— swallowed as medicine, 134.

Chassaignac, 458.

Chaucer on domestic medicine, 328.

Cheiron, the centaur who instructed Æsculapius, 147, 148.

Chelius, Von (1794-1876), 462.

Chemistry, 301, 302, 336, 350, 368, 419.

— of Egyptians, 71.

— originated at Baghdad, 291, 293.

Cheselden, W. (1688-1752), 433.

Chevreuil, 472.

Cheyne, 420.

“Cheyne-Stokes respiration,” 454.

Child-bed described by St. Augustine, 54.

Children’s hospitals, 439.

Chinese medicine, 125.

Chloroform, 464-466

Christianity, influence of, on medicine, 237.

“Christian science healing,” 406.

Christison, Robert (1797-1882), 454.

Chronos, Egyptian god, 59.

Chrysippus (lived 4th cent. B.C.), 194.

Chthonic orgies, 32.

Chyliferous vessels, 390.

Cicuta (the poison), 220.

Cinchona bark, 38, 342, 382.

Circulation of the blood, 202, 236, 237, 325, 351, 361, 364, 365, 378.

Circumcision, its origin, 76.

— practised by many races, 76, 77, 342.

Clark, Andrew (b. 1826), 455, 484, 485.

Cleopatra, a specialist in women’s diseases, 201.

Climacteric years, a Chaldæan doctrine, 163.

Clinical instruction in ancient Rome, 209, 368.

— medicine, 312, 384.

— thermometry, 431.

Clive and vaccination, 440.

Cloacina, 206.

Club-foot, treatment of, by Hippocrates, 178.

— tenotomy in, 462.

Clysters in Egyptian medicine, 67, 156.

Cnidian sentences, 170.

Cnidos, school of, 170.

Coan prognostics, 170.

Cod-liver oil, 454.

Cœlius Aurelianus, 219.

Cohn, 473.

Coiter, V. (1534-1600), 364.

Colchicum used for gout, 218.

Cold-water dressings, 433.

— treatment of fever, 439.

Cole, 420.

Colic, curious remedy for, 251, 254.

College of Health in Rome (154 B.C.), 206.

Collége de Saint Côme, 323.

Colles, A. (1773-1843), 459.

Collins, S. (d. 1710), 393.

Colour-blindness, 449.

Colours in diseases, 251, 257, 258, 327.

Columbus (d. 1559), 367, 385.

Comma-bacillus, 474.

Comparative anatomy, 192, 391.

Compass, 294.

Condensed milk invented, 220.

Confucianism the chief religion of the Chinese, 126.

Congo tribes, their theories of disease, 22, 30.

Conjuring amongst savages, 26.

Conolly, J. (1796-1866), 457.

Conrad, Cardinal, 305.

Conservative surgery, 434, 464.

Constantine the Carthaginian, 310, 311.

“Constitutional irritation,” theory of, 459.

Consultations in ancient Rome, 211.

Consumption, contagiousness of, 363.

— treated with blood-bread, 131.

Contagion, living, 473.

Convalescent homes of ancient Rome, 240.

Convulsions, 184.

Coomboorah, good spirit of Australians, 24.

Cooper, Astley (1768-1841), 459.

Copaiba, 38.

Copho (12th cent.), 313, 314.

Copland, Robert (c. 1547), 359.

Copper, 487.

Coral as a charm, 410.

— islanders, sorcery of, 23.

Cordova famous for learning, 292, 293.

Cordus, E. (1486-1535), 352.

Cordus, V. (1515-1544), 352, 363.

Corpuscles of the blind discovered, 389.

Corsicans and the couvade, 52.

Corumba wizards, 29.

Corvisart, J. N. (1755-1821), 453.

Corybantes, the, 85.

Cos, school of, 170, 172.

Cosmas and Damian, SS., 234, 323.

Cosmo de Medici, 373.

“Couching” for cataract, 211.

Council of Tours (A.D. 1163) degraded surgery, 305.

Couvade, the, described, 50.

Cow-dung as a remedy, 285.

— -pox, 439.

— -religion of the Toda tribe, 48.

Cowper, W. (1666-1709), 437.

Cramp-rings, 371.

“Critical days,” 106, 202.

Crocodile’s dung used in medicine, 201, 211.

— incantation against, 65.

Croome, W. (d. 1684), 393.

Croonian lectures, 393.

Crotona, school of, 161.

Croup, remedies for, 37, 363, 369.

Cruikshank, W. (1745-1800), 436.

Crystals, healing by, 33.

Ctesias of Cnidus, 171.

Cullen, W. (1710-1790), 426.

Culpeper (c. 1653), 396.

Cupping, 45, 156, 246.

Currie, J. (1756-1805), 439.

Cuvier, 421.

Cyclamen, 251.

Cyon, E. (b. 1843), 457.

Cyrene, school of, 170.

Czermak, 459.

Dacotas, their theories of disease-demons, 22.

Daêvas, the causes of disease amongst Parsees, 143.

Dalton (1776-1844), 449.

Dancing mania, 331, 339.

Danish witchcraft, 18.

Darling river, medicine on the, 27, 35.

Darwin, Charles (1809-1882), 451.

Darwin, Erasmus (1701-1802), 428.

Darwinism in Hindu philosophy, 98.

Dasyus, 96.

Davaine, 473.

David exorcised Saul by incantations, 78.

Da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519), 336.

Davy (1788-1829), 449, 464.

Dead, the genii of, in Egypt, 63.

— offence to the, as cause of disease, 20, 21.

Death, superstitions connected with, 413.

— fiends, 144.

Decussation of optic nerves discovered, 209.

De Dondis, Jacob (1298-1359), 326.

Deities of Chinese medicine and surgery, 128.

Demetrius of Apamœa (B.C. 276), 198.

Democedes (6th cent. B.C.), 81, 164.

Democritus of Abdera (5th cent. B.C.), 164.

Demoniacal possession in Western Africa, 14.

Demoniacs and lunatics, 16.

Demonology precedes theology, 24.

Demon-theory of disease in China, 126, 127, 129.

Demons of disease, 10, 66, 77, 78, 86, 88, 89, 90, 99, 136, 143, 161, 327, 332, 346.

Demonstrations of anatomy, 326, 390.

Demosthenes Philalethes (c. A.D. 50), the oculist, 198, 211.

Dengen, the gout demon, 14.

Dental operations, 206, 217, 390.

Dentistry, 299, 390.

— of ancient Egyptians, 63.

Derivation and revulsion, 176.

Desault, P. J. (1744-1795). 433.

Descartes (1596-1650), 377, 420.

Desiderius (c. 1685), 310.

Development from egg, 377.

— understood by Pythagoras, 163.

Devil brought up by emetics, 30.

Dhanwantari, the Hindu Æsculapius, 104.

Dhimal people of India, their theories of disease, 22.

Diabetes first named and described, 198.

Diagnosis, 228.

— Egyptian, 68.

Diana, goddess of health, 149.

Diarrhœa, remedies for, 34.

Dictionary, medical, 327.

Dietetics, 176, 180, 181.

Dieting the sick in Homer, 153.

Digby, Sir Kenelm, 397.

Digestion, 419.

Diktynna, 150.

Dill, 162.

Dimsdale, J. (1711-1800), 439.

Diocles Carystius, 189.

Diogenes of Apollonia (460 B.C.), 160.

Dionis, P. (died 1718), 390.

Dionysus, 150, 151.

— festivals of, 50, 150.

— mysteries of, 32, 150.

Dioscorides, his materia medica, 225.

Diotima, the Athenian prophetess, 24.

Discovery of causes, 165.

Disease, a punishment for sin, 76, 87, 88, 89.

— -demons, 29, 30, 86, 99.

— — of Egypt, 64, 65.

— dispelled by drumming, 17.

— goddesses of the Romans, 206.

— -making in the New Hebrides, 17.

— personification of, 10.

— -spirits, 10, 86, 89, 90, 129, 136, 327.

— theory of, in Bible, 74.

— theories of the Greeks, 166.

— -winds, 90.

Diseases as personages, 15, 139.

— blown away, 29.

— caused by offended dead, 20, 139.

— — ghosts, 18, 31, 139.

— the consequences of sin in previous states of existence, 100.

— of the Bible, 79.

— treated by magic, 26, 27, 86, 90, 351.

Disgusting remedies, 131, 201, 211, 394-397.

Dislocations well treated by Hippocrates, 174.

Dissection, 218, 219, 325, 326, 379, 390.

— of the human body, 326, 361.

— — practised in time of Hippocrates, 174.

— — in India, 114, 115, 117.

Dittany eaten by wounded goats, 3, 150.

Diuretic medicines, 38.

Divination and physic, 26, 269.

— by teraphim, 75.

Dobbo, evil spirits of the Watje, 28.

Doctor, title of, 307.

Dodart, 420.

Dogmatic school, the, 187.

Dog-rose, why so called, 225.

Dogs, their use of natural medicines, 3.

Domestic medicine of middle ages, 324.

Donzellini, 420.

Douglas, J. (1675-1742), 426.

Drake, J. (1667-1707), 431.

Dran, Le (1685-1770), 432.

Dreams, the origin of belief in the soul and future life, 9.

Druggists of ancient Rome, 221.

Druids, medicine of the, 269.

Drum of the ear first described, 236.

Drums, use of, in scaring disease-demons, 17.

Drunkenness as a religious duty, 48.

Dualism in Accadian philosophy, 88.

Dubois, Jacques (1478-1555), 364.

Duchenne, G. B., 457.

Dumas (1800-1884), 449, 464.

Duncan, M., 465.

Dung in medicine, 396.

Dusch, Van, 472.

Dyaks of Borneo, 12, 13, 14.

Dyonisia, the, drunkenness at, 50.

Dysentery, remedies for, 34, 131.

Dyspepsia, remedies for, 37, 38.

Eagle stone, 257.

Ear, anatomy of, 361, 367.

— bones of, 337.

— diseases, 217.

Earth, edible, 36, 37.

Eastern Inoits, 6.

Ebers papyrus, 58, 64, 67, 69, 71.

Ebn Albiathar (died about 1197), 297.

Ecclesiasticus probably written by a physician, 82.

Eclectics, sect of the, 227.

Edinburgh College of Physicians, 373.

— Medical School, 425, 436.

Education of physicians, 103, 105, 178, 179, 305, 317, 426.

Edward the Confessor, St., 372.

Egypt, its great antiquity, 57.

Egyptian medicine, 57, 67, 68.

Ehrenberg, 473.

Eir, goddess of physicians, 272.

Elder, the, 256.

Electricity, 427, 449.

— first used in medicine, 215.

Electro-therapeutics, 457.

Elementary bodies, 83.

Elements as causes of disease, 16, 90.

— in Ovid’s metamorphoses, 166.

Elephantiasis, 228.

— first described, 213.

Elixir of life, 100, 396.

Elliotson, J., 430.

Embalmers of Egypt, 61, 63.

Embryotomy, 294.

Emetics, 43, 83, 156.

Empedocles (born about 490 B.C.), physiologist and philosopher, 160.

Empirics, school of the, 199.

Empiric tripod, the, 199, 201.

Empyema, how treated by Hippocrates, 182.

Enchanters, 91, 108.

Enemas used by Mongols, 135.

Engineering and physiology, 421.

Epidaurus, temple of Æsculapius at, 149.

Epidemics, theory of, 29.

— of middle ages, 329-332.

Epilepsy, 234.

— and demoniacal possession, 181.

— in the New Testament, 16.

Epimenedes, 158.

Epione (the Soother), 149.

Episynthetics, sect of the, 227.

Epsom salts, 438.

Erasistratus of Iulis (about B.C. 340-280), 196.

Erasmus, 357.

Erichsen, J. E. (b. 1818), 460.

Erysipelas, 183.

Esmarch, F. (b. 1823), 462.

Esmun, Phœnician god, 151.

Esquimaux, an intermediate type between past and present, 6.

Essenes, Jewish sect of, 82.

Esthonians, 9.

Ether, 352.

— as an anæsthetic, 464.

Ethics, medical, 169.

Etienne, Charles (1503-1564), 364.

Etiology, 446.

Etiquette of physicians, 106, 107, 169, 298, 329.

Etruscans, their science, 205.

Eucalyptus, a popular remedy of Australian tribes, 34, 36.

Eudemus (B.C. 15), 214.

Euphorbius, 213.

Euryphon of Cnidos, 170.

Eustachian tube, 367.

Eustachius, 367.

Evil eye, 16, 410, 411.

Examinations instituted at Montpellier, 305, 384.

Excitability, doctrine of, 427.

Excitement, theory of, 446.

Exorcising disease-demons, 15, 86, 87, 136, 144, 163, 327.

Exorcisms, 10, 13, 20, 21, 64, 72, 86, 90, 135, 136, 139, 142, 327, 411, 412.

Expectant treatment, 382, 424.

Experimental medicine, 369.

— physiology, 212, 378, 379, 436, 456, 457, 483-485.

Experiments, surgical, how practised by Hindus, 116.

— their prerogatives, 322.

Extension, surgical, 177.

Eye, construction of the, 337.

— diseases treated in Egypt with human brains, 69.

— doctors satirised by Martial, 210.

Fabricius (1557-1619), 364, 385.

Facies Hippocratica, 181.

Faith healing, its rationale, 320, 333, 481, 482.

Fallopian tubes, 366.

Fallopius, Gabriel (1523-1562), 366.

Faraday, M. (1791-1867), 449.

Farr, W., 478.

Faye, Le, 433.

Fees, 211, 323.

— of Chinese doctors, 130.

— the largest on record, 196.

— of Welsh court physicians, 282.

— — surgeons, 286.

— of Parsee doctors, 144.

Females, their marvellous influence, 53.

Fennel, 285.

Fermentation, 471, 473, 474.

Fermented liquors, how discovered, 46.

Fern (male), remedy for tape-worm, 36.

Ferrier, D. (b. 1843), 457.

Fetish worship, 249.

Fetishism of the Malagasy, 23.

Fever and stench goddesses, 206.

— -demons, 31, 87, 97, 136, 137.

— -puppets, 31.

— spirit, the, 87, 89, 136.

Fevers, treatment of, 383.

— and ague, remedies for, 34, 43, 136, 137, 181, 342.

Feverfew (the herb), 249.

Fiends as the cause of insanity, 22.

Fiend-sickness, 278.

Final causes believed in by Galen, 230.

Finnish mythology, 14.

— theories of disease, 15.

Finno-Tartarian magic, 125.

Fire, 165.

— -worship, 273.

Fish capturing by poisons, 35.

Fistula treated by the ligature, 177, 297.

Flap operation, 229, 389.

Flint instruments in surgery, 33, 43, 70.

Flogging as a remedy, 139, 278.

Flourens, P. (1794-1867), 456.

Fludd, Robert (b. 1574), 368.

Fœtus, anatomy of, 364, 367, 425.

Fomentations, 42.

Food remains in sorcery, 17.

Forbes, J. (1787-1861), 467.

Forceps, 244, 245.

— in obstetric surgery, 435.

Forensic medicine, 376, 454.

Foster, M., 483, 484.

Fothergill, J. (1712-1780), 436.

Fourcroy, 448.

Four doctors, the, 314.

— masters, the, 314.

Fractures, ancient treatment of, 178, 184, 216.

France, anatomy in, 364.

Franco, Pierre (c. 1560), 362.

Frank, J. P., 429.

Franklin, 450.

Frascatorius (1483-1553), 363, 388.

Frederic II., his services to medical education, 316, 317.

Freemasonry, 370.

Freind, J. (1675-1728), 432.

Fuh-Hi, the deity of Chinese doctors, 127.

Fuller, T. (d. 1734), 438.

Fumitory and exorcism, 256.

Funeral ceremonies, physicians not to be present at, 101.

— offerings of the Egyptian fellahs, 72.

— superstitions, 29, 72.

Furnivall, Dr., on the medicine of the Tudor reigns, 359.

Gaddesden, John of, 327.

Galbanum, 275.

Gale, Thomas (1507-1586), 354, 355, 363.

Galen (b. A.D. 170), 229, 385.

Gall, F. J. (1757-1828), 456.

Gall-stones, 363.

Galvani, 450.

Ganglion, 183.

Gariopontus (about 1056), 310.

Gastroraphy in the time of the Vikings, 372.

Gaunab, the Hottentot disease-demon, 16.

Gay-Lussac, 449.

Germ theory of disease, 432, 452, 471.

Gesner, Conrad (1516-1565), 346, 351, 359, 362, 363.

Geynes, Dr. (died 1563), 360.

Ghosts as causing diseases, 23, 31, 139.

Gilbert, William (died 1540), 361.

Giliani, Alassandra, a lady anatomist, 326.

Ginseng, 133.

Gippsland, natives of, 23.

Girdles, magic, 259.

Glacial period of the Inoits, 6.

Gladstone, Mr., on the origin of surgery, 41.

Glands, anatomy of the, 390, 437.

— of intestines discovered, 209.

Glisson, Francis, 389.

Gnosticism and amulets, 252.

Goddard, J. (died 1674), 389.

Gods, plants sacred to the, 46.

Goethe, 452.

Goitre, 459.

Gold, 488.

Gold Coast negroes trace diseases to ghosts, 13.

Gooch, B., 433.

Gordonius, 327.

Goulston, Thomas (d. 1632), 380.

Gout, 183, 280.

Graaf, De, 339.

Gräfe, Von, 459.

Gradibus, M., de, 337.

Graves, superstitions connected with, 413.

Graves, R. J. (1797-1853), 454.

Greatrakes, Valentine, 399.

Gredring, J. E. (1718-1775), 439.

Greek medicine, 147.

Greeks indebted to Egypt for philosophy, 98.

Gregory, J. (1758-1822), 426.

Grew, N. (b. 1641), 438.

Gross, S. (1805-1884), 462.

Guaiacum, 38, 342, 375.

Guanches of the stone and bone epoch, 6.

Guglielmini, 420.

Guinea, people of, attribute disease to enchantment, 29.

Gunpowder, 294.

Guthrie, G. (1785-1856), 460.

Guy, 478.

Guy de Chauliac (b. 1300), 330.

Gwyddoniaid, the, Welsh men of knowledge, 280.

Gymnasia, 171.

Gynæcology, 219, 242, 243, 294, 313, 361, 429.

Haeckel, Ernst (b. 1834), 452.

Hæmorrhoids operated on by Hippocrates, 177, 183.

Haen, De (1704-1776), 431.

Haeser, H. (1811-1885), 466.

Hahnemann (1755-1843), 446-448.

Hair, cuttings of, superstitions concerning, 17, 143.

— dye of Egyptians, 71.

— superstitions concerning, 16, 143, 408.

Hales, S. (1677-1761), 436.

Hall, M. (1790-1857), 457.

Haller (1708-1777), 437.

Hallucinations of vision first distinguished by Celsus, 217.

Hamey, B., 389.

Hantu disease-spirits, 12.

Haoma, the king of healing-plants, 142.

Hare-lip, ancient treatment of, 277, 297.

Hart, Ernest (b. 1836), 467.

Harvey, William (1578-1657), 377, 385-388.

Hastings, C. (1794-1866), 467.

Havers, C. (d. 1702), 425.

Hayti, poisoning in, 19.

Hea, an Accadian deity, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95.

Head, injuries to the, 184.

Headache, remedies for, 34, 37, 89, 251.

— cured by drum-beating, 17.

Healing art a religion, 446.

— craft of Australian tribes, 33.

Heberden, W. (1710-1801), 439.

Hebra (1816-1880), 455.

Hebrews had no magic of their own, 75.

Hecquet, 419.

Hegel, G. W. F. (1770-1831), 451.

Hegeton, 198.

Heidenhain, R., 457.

Heliodorus (c. A.D. 100), 228.

Hellebore, 220.

— first used by Melampus, 152.

— its uses discovered by the goat, 3.

Hells for Chinese physicians, 129.

Helmholtz, H. L. (b. 1821), 463.

Helmont, Van, 380, 419.

Hemlock, 220.

— eaten by goats, sheep, and horses, 4.

Hemp intoxication, 310.

Henbane eaten by sheep, cows, and pigs, 4.

Henle, F. G. (1809-1815), 452, 473.

Heracleitus of Ephesus (born about 556 B.C.), 159.

Herbalists, 359, 369.

Herb baths, 401.

Hermes, god of medicine, 150.

Hermes Trismegistus, 58, 60, 150.

Hermetic books, the, 58, 61, 151, 337.

Hernia, 192, 228, 316.

Herniotomy, 362.

Herodicus, 171, 172, 477.

Herodotus on Egyptian medicine, 62.

— found no doctors in Babylon and Assyria, 89, 90.

— (Roman physician), 228.

Herophilus of Chalcedon (about B.C. 335-280), 195.

Hesiod, 155.

Highmore, N. (1613-1685), 390.

Hildegard, St., famous physician, 307.

Himly, C. (1772-1837), 463.

Hinduism as a creed, 97.

Hindus, antiquity of, 96.

Hip-joint disease, 183.

Hippocrates (b. 460 B.C.), 172.

— first described trepanning, 44.

— works of, 178.

Hippopotamus fabled to have discovered the art of bleeding, 156.

Hispaniola, divination and physic in, 26.

Histories of Medicine, 432, 466, 467.

Hobbes (1588-1679), 379.

Hodgkin, T. (1797-1866), 454.

Hoffmann, F. (1660-1742), 421, 422, 424, 472.

Holy water, 272.

— — in Babylonian sorcery, 87.

— wells, 272, 401.

Home, Sir E., 434.

Homer, medicine of, 152.

— on Egyptian medicines, 66.

Homœopathy, 234, 446-448.

Honain (9th cent.), 295.

Hooping-cough, 285.

Horne, Van (1621-1670), 391.

Horsley, V., 458.

Horus, Egyptian divinity, 58, 60.

Hospitals, their origin, 239, 240, 241, 294, 341.

— in India, 120.

— and medical schools of ancient Hindus, 117.

— at Damascus, 294.

Hottentots, disease-demon of the, 16.

— practise inoculations, 45.

Houel, N. (1520-1585), 375.

Howard, John (1726-1790), 429.

Howell, Dda (A.D. 930), his medical laws, 282.

Huang-ti, an ancient Chinese writer on medicine, 126.

Hudibras on the couvade, 52.

Hufeland, C. W. von (1762-1836), 446.

Hukeems, native doctors of India, 121, 123.

Human flesh in Chinese medicine, 132.

— sacrifices and anatomy, 271.

— — commuted in circumcision, 77.

Humanism, 337.

Humboldt, 449.

Humoral pathology, 189, 426.

Hunter, J. (1728-1793), 433.

Hunter, W. (1718-1783), 438.

Husbands, treatment of, by Carib wives, 50.

Hutchinson, J. (b. 1828), 460.

Huxley, Thomas (b. 1825), 452.

Hydatids of liver understood by Hippocrates, 182.

Hydrocephalus, trephining for, 183.

Hydrodynamics, 379.

Hydrogen, 350.

Hydrophobia, remedies for, 83.

— superstitions, remedy for, 210.

“Hydrostatic test,” 376.

Hydro-therapeutics, 467.

Hygeia, goddess of health, 149.

Hygiene, 478.

Hymns to cure disease, 88.

Hypnotism, 457.

Iatro-chemical school, 419.

— -mathematical school, 419, 420.

Iatrosophists, 236.

Iberians, their birth customs, 52.

Ibis believed to have invented clysters, 67.

Ibn Ezra, 84.

Iccus of Tarentum, 171.

Ideas, the origin of, 9.

Idiots divinely inspired, 22.

Ignorant doctors of China have a special hell, 129.

I Kuang Tāi Wông, the god of Chinese surgery, 127.

Iliac passion, the, how treated, 214.

Images of demons as talismans, 88.

— of gods used to ward off disease-demons, 95.

—, wax, etc., their use in sorcery, 17, 66, 405, 406.

Imhotep, the Egyptian Æsculapius, 58.

Immortality of the soul taught by Pythagoras, 163.

Immunity, 457.

Incantations against diseases, 15, 86, 87, 91, 108, 247.

Income of Greek physicians, 203.

— of Roman physicians, 211, 212.

Incubatory sleep, 167.

Indian Archipelago, disease spirits of, 12.

— medicine and the Mahometans, 298.

— tribes, their medicine and surgery, 41, 42.

Indra taught mankind the healing art, 100.

Inductive method in science, 322, 377.

Inferior laryngeal nerve discovered, 209.

Influenza, 352.

Inhibitory nerves, 457.

Injection of drugs into veins, 391.

Inoculation for small-pox, 425, 439, 440.

— — practised by Chinese and other nations from the earliest times, 45.

Inoits, their magicians, 29.

Insane persons worshipped as divine, 22.

Insanity considered as divine, 21.

— diagnosis of, 439.

— treatment of, 363, 456, 467-470.

Insects, immortality of, 21.

Inspection of drug-shops, 317.

Instruments, surgical, 244, 433.

— of Hindu surgery, 115, 116.

Intoxicants, universal, 46.

Intoxication and the godhead, 47.

— rationale of, 49, 50.

Inunction used by ancient Greeks, 44.

Iodide of potassium, 487.

Iodine, 487.

Ionicus of Sardis, 225.

Ipecacuanha, 342.

Iris, contractility of the, 390.

Iritis, 463.

Iron, its first use in medicine, 151, 221, 486.

Iroquois, child-bearing amongst the, 52.

Irrigation of wounds, 237.

Irritability, doctrine of, 422, 426.

Ishak Ben Soleiman (830-940), 296.

Isis and Osiris, 58, 59, 60.

Italy, anatomy in, 365, 366.

Itch-goddess, 206.

— -mite, 429.

Jackson, J. H., 458.

Jacobus Psychristus, 236.

Jacques, Frère (c. 1697), 393.

Jains, the, 102.

Jalap, 38.

James, R. (1703-1776), 428.

Japanese medicine, 139.

Javanese believers in animism, 14.

Jaw, fracture of, 184.

Jenner, E. (1749-1823), 439.

Jenner, William (b. 1815), 454.

Jewish physicians at Salerno, 309, 310.

— religion, its comparative purity, 73.

Jews, the medicine of the, 73.

— the magic-mongers of Rome, 84.

— their “golden age,” 84.

Jíwaka, Buddha’s physician, 111.

John of Salisbury on doctors, 306.

Jones, 458.

Joyliffe, George (died 1658), 381.

Julian (A.D. 140), 219.

Jung-Stilling (1740-1817), 463.

Jurin, 420.

Kabeiri gods, 75, 85, 151.

Kaffirs, theories of disease amongst, 28.

Kalevala of the Finns, 15.

— the, 408.

Kalmucks, their exorcism of disease, 28.

Karens of Burmah trace diseases to the rainbow, 13.

Karma, 110.

Kava intoxication, 49.

Keill, 420.

Keith, 465.

Kern, Von (1769-1829), 462.

Kerner, 476.

Khonds of Orissa and the small-pox, 12, 13.

— all get royally drunk, 48.

Kidney, the, 389.

— fat of a bewitched man, 17.

King’s evil, 371.

Kircher, A. (1598-1680), 471.

Kirghis cure disease by sorcery, 139.

Knots (magic) as cures for disease, 89.

— as charms, 257.

— in magic, 408, 409.

Knox, 461.

Koch, R. (b. 1843), 474, 480.

Kolarians of Bengal, their cure for diseases, 48.

Kombinegherry tribe of Australia, 24.

Komil, an intoxicating drink, 48.

Koran, 293.

Kousso, remedy for tape-worm, 36.

Lacteals, the, 390.

Laënnec, R. T. H. (1781-1826), 453.

Lama doctors, 134, 135.

Lamarck, 428, 452.

Lancets, 245.

Lancisi (c. 1718), 472.

Langenbeck, 462.

Langrish, B., 436.

Larry, J. D. (1766-1842), 461.

Latum, 473.

Laudanum, 348, 382.

Lavoisier, 448.

Law, the, of Hippocrates, 178, 179.

Lawrence, W. (1783-1867), 460.

Lead, 487.

Learning, the revival of, 336.

Lectisternes at Rome, 208.

Lectures on medicine, 305, 426.

Leech Book, 276.

Leeches first used in Europe, 214.

— in Sanskrit works on surgery, 114.

Leek juice, 285.

Leeuwenhoeck (1632-1723), 389, 471.

Legal medicine, 376, 454.

— recognition of doctors in England, 353.

Lemery, 419.

Lemon juice in scurvy, 374.

Lenormant, Professor, on disease-demons, 15, 139.

Leonidas of Alexandria, 229.

Leprosy, 183, 219, 249, 432.

— Egyptian, cures for, 69.

— treated with human blood, 131.

Lettsom, J. C. (1744-1815), 428.

Levasseur (c. 1540), 367.

Lex Cornelia punished negligent doctors, 210.

Libavius, A. (1546-1616), 362, 419.

Libraries, public, of Moors in Spain, 292.

Licking as a fomentation, 3.

Liebig, J. (1803-1873), 449.

Life, indestructibility of, 21.

Ligature of arteries, 224, 232, 235, 237, 296, 368.

Light and heat, undulatory theory of, 337.

Lime, 486.

Linacre, Thomas (b. 1460), 346, 358.

Linnæus, 472.

Lisfranc, J. (1790-1847), 461.

Lister, 472.

Lister’s antiseptic surgery, 477.

Liston (1794-1847), 460.

Litany to fever, 87.

— to disease-demons, 91.

Literature, Greek medical, 204.

Lithotomy, 169, 215, 216, 237, 272, 294, 316, 393, 426, 432, 433.

Lithotrity, 459.

— first practised, 198, 244.

Littré, M., on miracles of healing, 320.

Liver, 364.

— eaten by demons, 12.

Lock Hospital, 435.

Locke, John (1632-1704), 388.

Logwood, 38, 342.

London Hospital medical school, 459.

Lotze, R. H. (1817-1884), 451.

Louhiatar, the Finnish disease-demon, 15.

Louis (1723-1792), 433.

Louis (1787-1872), 453.

Lower, R. (1631-1691), 393.

Lubbock, Sir John, on savages, 5.

— on the surgery of the Society Islanders, 43.

Lucius, 237.

Lucky and unlucky days in medicine, 66.

Ludford, Simon (c. 1563), 360.

Ludwig, D. (c. 1671), 394.

Lulli, Raymond (1235-1315), 322.

Lunatics and demoniacs, 16.

— treated by flogging, 278.

“Luz,” nucleus of the resurrection of the body, 83.

Lycanthropy, 236, 470.

Lycus (anatomist), 209.

Lymphatics, the, 381, 390.

Machaon, son of Æsculapius, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155.

Maclaurin, 459.

Madagascar, theories of disease in, 13.

Magendie, F. (1782-1855), 481.

Magical yarŭk, 23.

Magic in the treatment of diseases, 26, 27, 65, 86, 90, 129, 141, 144, 271, 327, 351, 375, 376, 405.

— Chaldæan, 87, 88.

— Egyptian, 64, 65, 66.

— of the Finns medicinal, 15.

— in the Talmud, 83.

Magnesia, 486.

Magnus of Alexandria, 225.

Maharncourt, Peter de, 323.

Mahomet’s skill in medicine, 293.

Maimonides (died 1198), 84, 298.

Malagasy and the future life, 23.

Malays have a special demon for each disease, 14.

— sorcery of, 22.

Malebranche (1638-1715), 379.

Malgaigne, J. (1806-1865), 461.

Malpighi, M. (1628-1694), 386, 389.

Mandingoes, their idea of intoxication, 47.

Mandiocca, fermentation of, 48.

Mandrake, 133.

Manioc plant, 36.

Manna, 34.

Manners and tone of good physicians, 312.

Manteas (B.C. 250) first made a book of recipes, 198.

Mantira people, their theory of disease, 12.

Mantras, 110.

Māra, a demon, 110.

Marasmus, 234.

Marcellus, Empiricus, 237, 395.

Marghi people, their intoxicating drink, 48.

Marinus (Roman anatomist), 209, 225.

Marro, a charm, 24.

Martialis (A.D. 150), 198.

Maruts or Smashers, 9.

Masks to frighten small-pox deity, 129.

Massage, 167, 212, 399.

— practised by savages, 43, 44.

Mata, small-pox goddess of India, 119, 120.

Materialism, 451.

Materia Medica, 220, 222, 225, 232, 307, 315, 323. 391, 392, 394.

— of Egyptians, 69.

— of India, 118.

Mathematical school of medicine, 381, 419.

Matico, 41.

Matter, eternity of, 99, 159.

Maudsley, H. (b. 1835), 457.

Maxims of Welsh physicians, 283-285.

Max Müller on the Esthonians, 9.

Maykeeka, doctor of New South Wales, 27.

Mayow, 423.

“Me,” “the essential part of,” 23.

Mead, R. (1673-1754), 431.

Measles, goddesses of, in China, 128.

Mecasphim and Casdim, 91.

Mechanical school of medicine, 420.

Meckel, J. F. (1724-1774), 437.

Medical education in Egypt, 69.

— in India, 103.

— in Rome, 209.

— guild in Rome, 210.

— literature as studied in Chaucer’s time, 329.

— police, 429.

Medicinal plants tenanted by good spirits, 14.

Medicine and civilization, 8.

— its origin, mysterious, 41.

— and philosophy of Pythagoras, 162.

— as the propitiation of evil spirits, 22.

— as a totem, 32.

— “the great,” 128.

— dance, 32.

— men, 17, 18, 22, 27, 30, 31, 33, 248, 404.

— — their secret language, 30.

Medicines, who discovered them? 7, 85.

Medico-Chemical sect, the, 380, 419.

Mediums, 10, 21, 30, 128.

— as Chinese doctors, 128.

Meges (B.C. 20), 214.

Megrims, 286.

Meibom, H. (1638-1700), 438.

Melampus, the first physician, 151, 221.

Melancholia, 236.

Meletius (4th cent.), 236.

Menders of souls, 30.

Mental diseases, 209.

Mentik, the cause of rice disease, 14.

Menu, code of, 100.

Mercury, 150, 350, 487.

— in syphilis, 431.

“Merry Andrew,” 358.

Mesmer, F. A. (1733-1815), 430.

Mesmerism, 235, 430, 457.

Mesue the younger (about 1015), 296.

Metallurgy, 323.

Metempsychosis, 163.

Methodists, school of the, 212, 214.

Metschnikoff, 475.

Mexicans, their beer, 46.

Mexico, 341.

Mezûza wards off demons, 75.

Microbes, 472.

Microscope in anatomy, 389, 390, 471.

Midwifery, 295, 313, 361.

Midwives, 219, 272, 362.

Millet-seed beer, 48.

Millington, T. (c. 1676), 391.

Mind cures, 481.

Mineral medicines, 350, 486-488.

— medicines used by Rhazes, 296.

— waters, 400.

Mineralogy, 293, 351.

Minerva invoked by physicians, 149.

Miracles of healing, 481.

— at the tomb of St. Louis, 320.

— of Tartar surgery, 138.

Mistletoe in medicine, 34, 270.

Mithridates the Great, 201.

“Mithridaticum,” 201, 375.

Mivart, George (b. 1827), 452.

Mohammedan medicine, 287.

Molee charms, 27.

Moly, the, of Homer, 249.

Monasteries, rise of the, 300.

Monastic botany, 369.

Mondino, the father of modern anatomy (c. 1315), 325, 385.

Mongolian peoples, 125.

— Shamanism, 27.

Mongols, their knowledge of anatomy, 135.

Mongoose, its use of antidote to snake-poison, 3.

Monotheism of the Bible, 74.

Monro, A. (1697-1767), 436.

Montagu, Lady W. (1690-1762), 439.

Montaigne, Michel de (1533-1592), 351.

Monte Cassino, 308, 309.

Montpellier, its services to education, 305, 384.

— school of, 303, 304, 384.

Moonlight, injurious effects of, 81.

Morand (1697-1773), 432.

Morbus sacer, 181.

Morgagni, G. B. (1682-1772), 437.

Morgan, J. (1736-1789), 427.

Moschion Diorthortes (c. 6th cent.), 242.

Moses (B.C. 1490), 477.

Mosques as universities, 292.

Moss from a dead man’s skull, 397.

Mott, V. (1785-1865), 462.

Mountain peaks invoked, 16.

Mouse-dung as a remedy, 285, 395.

Muffet, Thomas (died 1604), 361.

Müller (c. 1786), 472.

Murchison, C. (1830-1879), 454.

Mūrŭp, a disembodied spirit, 23.

Musandinus, 315.

Music in the treatment of disease, 165.

Mussel shells as surgical instruments, 33.

Mustard, 285.

Myddvai, physicians of, 281, 283.

Myrepsus, Nicholas (c. 1250), 323.

Mystical school, 419.

Mystic sign in Hindu medicine, 109.

Myxoedema, 458.

Naboth, M. (1675-1721), 437.

Naegeli, 473.

Nail-parings, superstitions concerning, 16, 143, 407.

Namtar and Idpa, 89.

Nasal polypus, a punishment for sin, 82.

Nasty physic first disguised by St. Hildegard, 307.

Natural explanations the result of science, 24.

— history, 225, 351, 361.

— — studied by Aristotle, 192.

— philosophy, 336, 377, 378, 379.

— sciences, 448.

Nature the physician of diseases, 176.

Neatness of Indian surgery, 42.

Necromancers, 335.

— and tombs, 413.

Needfire, 273.

Needham, W. (died 1691), 425.

Negro priest-physicians, 28.

— religion is fetishism, 65.

Negroes, their theories of disease, 28.

Nelaton, A. (1807-1874), 461.

Nemesius (4th cent.), 236.

Neoplatonism, its influence on medicine, 235.

Nepenthe, 70, 154.

Nerves, 231, 232, 325, 364, 378, 389, 391, 436.

— of sensation and motion recognised, 196, 224.

Nervous disorders, 220, 236, 391.

— system, structure of, 364, 367, 379.

Nestorians, 288, 290, 291.

Neuralgia, remedies for, 34.

Newman, Cardinal, on the world’s benefactors, 7.

Newton, Isaac (1642-1727), 378, 379, 420.

New Zealand, theories of disease in, 13.

Nganga, a medicine man of the Congo, 30.

Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464), 336.

Nicholas Præpositus (c. 1140), 313.

Nicholas V. (1389-1455), Pope, 336.

Nicholls, F. (1699-1778), 436.

Nightingale, Florence (b. 1820), 467.

Nigritian character of Egyptian religion, 65.

Nine secrets of the Brahmans, 101.

Nineveh, excavations at, 91.

Nirvana, 111.

Nitrous oxide gas, 449, 464, 466.

Noijat, sorcerers of Finland, 14.

Nonnus (10th cent.), 302.

“No Restraint” system, 457.

Nosology, 104, 204.

Novum Organon, the, 377, 378, 380.

Nuck, A. (1650-1692), 390.

Nukahivans, their use of kava, 49.

Numa Pompilius, 205.

Numbers, magic in, 258, 259.

— the philosophy of, 162-164.

— Pythagorean doctrine of, 162, 163, 216.

Nursing reform, 467.

Nux Vomica, 129.

Oath of the Asclepiades, 169.

Ob, an ancient Egyptian demon, 19.

Obeah witchcraft of West Indies, 18, 19.

Obi-men, 19.

Obsession, 10.

Obstetricians, 435, 479.

Obstetrics, 218, 242, 243, 294, 296, 313, 361, 362, 429, 435.

Occult philosophy, 337, 347, 368.

Oculists in Rome, 210, 217.

Odd and even days in diseases, 164.

— days, the, 202.

Odin a doctor, 272.

Odyl, 430.

Œons, 252.

Offences against dead a cause of disease, 12, 20, 139.

Ointment for sorcerers, 413.

Old age described in Ecclesiastes, 80.

— women, experiments on, 35.

Olfactory nerves discovered, 337.

Operations invented by ancient Hindus, 117.

Ophthalmic surgery, 210, 211, 217, 296, 464.

Ophthalmology, 463.

Ophthalmoscope, 463.

Opium-eaters, 47.

Opium known to the ancients, 70, 154.

— used to procure sleep, 201.

Optic nerves, 364.

— decussation of, 209.

Oracle-spirits, 10.

Orfila (1787-1853), 449.

Orgies of Dionysus, 32, 150.

Oribasius (A.D. 326-403), 235.

“Original People” of Malay Peninsula, 22.

Ormuzd, 141, 142, 143.

Orphic mysteries, 163.

Osteology, 216.

Oüycou, a Carib liquor, 51.

Ovariotomy of savages, 43, 45.

— of civilized people, 361, 460.

Owen, George (died 1558), 359.

— Richard (1804-1892), 451.

Oxford University, 339, 382, 383.

Pacchioni, A. (1665-1726), 437.

Pæon the healer, 66, 147.

Pagés, priests of the Amazon, 26.

Paget, J. (b. 1814), 460.

Pakht, Egyptian god, 58.

Palal, the supreme pontiff of the cow-religion, 48.

Palfyn, J. (1649-1730), 435.

Pallas Athene, goddess of health, 149.

Palletta (1747-1823), 433.

Palmer, Mr. E., on the medicine of Australian tribes, 33.

Pancreas, duct of the, 391.

Pander, 481.

Pantheism, 97.

Panum, 476.

Paper invented by the Arabs, 294.

Papuan Islanders and arrack, 47.

Papyrus of Ebers, 58, 64, 67, 69, 71.

— Harris, 65.

— Lee and Rollin, 65.

— Berlin, 68.

Parabolani, an order of clerical nurses for sick, 241.

Paracelsus (1493-1541), 331, 346, 347, 380, 419.

Paracentesis in ascites, 177, 182.

Paraschistes, Egyptian dissectors, 64.

Parasites of skin diseases, 457.

Paré, Ambroise (1509-1590), 368-376.

Parker, 478, 479.

Parsees, medicine of, 141.

Parturition, medicines in, 37.

Pascal (1623-1662), 379, 410.

Pasteur, L. (b. 1820), 472, 474, 477, 480.

Pastophori, 62.

Patagonian wizards, 21, 22.

Pathology, 227, 313, 437.

— amongst Egyptians, 63.

— of faith-healing, 320.

Pathological school of medicine, 446.

Patron saints of the Javanese, 14.

Paulus Ægineta (c. 7th cent.), 211, 242.

Pecquet, J. (1622-1674), 390.

Peiresc, F. de (1580-1637), 390.

Pelletier, 449.

Pelops (anatomist), 209.

Pemberton, H., 420.

Penance as a remedy for disease, 101.

Penny, Thomas (c. 1570), 361.

Percussion of thorax, 177, 453.

Percy (1754-1825), 433.

Periapts, 254, 255.

Periodeutes, the, 242.

Perkuna, the thunder-god, 9.

Perrault, 420.

Persians employed Egyptian physicians, 71.

Peru, 341, 383.

Petit, J. L. (1674-1750), 432.

Petrocellus (about 1035), 310.

Petroleum, 275.

Petrus Apono (1250-1315), 326.

Peyer, J. C. (1653-1712), 437.

Phagocyte theory, 475.

Phallic worship, 76, 85.

Pharmacopœias, 313, 363, 364, 392, 394.

Pharmacy, 220, 236, 237, 296, 299, 315, 332, 350, 375, 391, 392, 419.

— and medicine separated, 315, 317.

— elegant, 307.

— in ancient Egypt, 69.

— in China, 133.

— of Hindus, 115.

Pherecydes (c. 609 B.C.), 158.

Philinus of Cos (B.C. 280), 199, 200.

Philip of Cæsarea, 234.

Philonides, 213.

Philosophy, modern, 377.

— of the Greeks, 158.

— of the Hindus, 97, 98.

Philosophical Society of Oxford, 378.

— transactions, the, 378.

Philoxenos (about B.C. 260), 198.

Philoxenus the oculist, 210.

Philtres, 222, 413.

Philumenus (c. A.D. 60), 218.

Phlebitis, 434.

Phlogiston, 423.

Phœnicia, oculists of, 58.

Phœnicians devoted to phallic worship, 85.

Phosphorus, 487.

Phrenology, 456.

Phthisis, Hippocrates on, 182.

Phylacteries of the Jews were amulets, 75, 86.

Physical science, 160, 322.

Physic-god represented by doctor, 109.

Physicians always originally wizards, 26, 86.

— and surgeons of primitive man, 40.

— behaviour, 103, 312.

— College of, 357.

Physics, 351.

Physiological medicine, 446.

Physiology, 212, 228, 336, 367, 381, 384, 390, 420, 436.

Piayas, diviners of North America, 26.

Pig, anatomy of the, 313.

Pigeons’ dung in pregnancy, 131.

Pills of precious stones, 130.

— in Egyptian pharmacy, 69.

Pincers, 244, 245.

Pinel, P. (1745-1826), 456.

Pitard, Jean (1228-1315), 323.

Pitcairn, A. (1652-1713), 419, 425.

Pitcairn, W. (1711-1791), 438.

Pius II., see Æneas Sylvius.

Plain cooking, 15.

Plants, the food of ghosts, 23.

— the homes of the departed, 14, 46.

— medicinal, well understood by Australian tribes, 33.

Plant-worship, 32, 46, 142, 269, 270.

Plastic operations, 216, 462.

Platearius, Johannes, 314.

Platearius, Matthæus, 314.

Plato (B.C. 427-347), 185.

Platter, Felix (1536-1614), 363.

Plenciz, M. A. (c. 1762), 472.

Pliny the elder (A.D. 23-79), his natural history, 225.

Plotinus (A.D. 205-270), 235.

Pneumatists, sect of the, 227.

Podalirius, son of Æsculapius, 149, 152, 153, 155.

Poisons, action of, 431.

— and poisoning, 439.

— of a spiritual kind, 23.

— science of, 449, 454.

Poisoning, art of, 323, 324, 404, 439.

— by Obeah-men, 19.

— secret, 222, 223.

Poisonous plants the homes of demons, 14, 46.

— used as food when boiled, 34.

Polynesian disease spirits, 12.

Polypus of nose, 182, 316.

Pomegranate, 237.

Possession, demoniacal, 10, 20, 86, 99, 138, 143, 403.

Potash, 487.

Potassium, 487.

Pott, P. (1713-1788), 433.

Poultices, use of, by savages, 33.

“Powder of sympathy,” 397.

Prairie Indians trace all diseases to one demon, 13.

Praxagoras of Cos (4th cent. B.C.), 192.

Precious stones as charms, 75.

Pre-existence believed by Empedocles, 161.

Pregnancy, ceremonies in, 144.

— changes induced by, 219.

Prescriptions of Egyptian physicians, 66, 67.

Preventive medicine, 100.

Priest and medicine-man formerly one, 8, 86.

Priest-magicians of Egypt, 62.

— physicians, 27, 30, 86, 270, 271.

Priests of the Jews, no monopoly of medicine, 75.

Priestley, J., 448, 464.

Primitive man as seen in Australian aborigines, 24.

Primrose, James, 389.

Principia, 379.

Probe, the, 245.

Prognosis, 107.

— in Hippocratic teaching, 176.

Prometheus, 151.

Prophetical intoxication, 31.

Propitiation of disease-demons, 16, 136.

— of gods for cure of diseases, 270.

Protestantism in science, 346.

Proteus signifies matter, 165.

Prussic acid, 222, 436.

Psychical school, 419, 421.

Ptah, Egyptian god, 58.

Ptolemy Soter patron of the arts and sciences, 194.

Ptomaines, 476.

Public sanitary service of Rome, 210.

Pulque, 46.

Pulse, doctrine of the, 196.

— the, in Hindu medicine, 115.

— Galen’s description of, 113, 232.

Purgatives, 43, 156, 314.

Purging discovered by Melampus, 156.

Purkinje, 481.

Puschmann, T., 467.

Putrefaction, 471, 472.

Puyung of the Malay forest tribes, 22.

Pythagoras (born 582 B.C.), 162.

— learned his doctrine from Oriental philosophers, 99.

Pythagorean school at Crotona, 161.

Quain, R., 467.

Quarantine, 339.

Quassia-wood, 38.

“Quid pro quo,” origin of the expression, 314.

Quinine, 342, 449.

Quintus (Roman anatomist), 209, 225.

Rabbits do not vomit with ipecacuanha, 4.

Rabelais, François (c. 1490-1553), 352.

Radcliffe, John (1650-1714), 425.

Radishes to prevent hydrophobia, 285.

Rain, prayers to, 9.

Rainy season and the gods, 29.

Ramus (c. 1562), 368.

Rasori, G. (1762-1837), 445.

Rats amputate their own legs, 3.

Recipe books, 313, 323.

Recurrent nerves, when discovered, 209.

Reflex action, 457.

Reform of medicine, 345, 391.

Reformation, its effect on medicine, 369.

Reichenbach, Von, 430.

Reimarus, J. A. H. (1729-1814), 463.

Re-incarnation believed by Empedocles, 161.

Remak, R. (1815-1865), 457.

Remedies used by animals, 3.

Repentance as a cure of disease, 88.

Resection of jaw, 316.

— of joints, 460, 461.

Reuchlin, Johann (1455-1522), 337.

Revival of learning, 337.

Rhazes (9th cent.), 295, 296.

Rheumatism first described, 214.

— remedies in, 37, 38, 43.

— miraculous cures of, 481.

Rhinoplastic surgery, 367.

Rhiwallon (Welsh physician, 13th cent.), 283.

Rhubarb first introduced, 243.

Richard Fitz-Nigel, 307.

Richardson, B. W. (b. 1828), 480.

Richter (1742-1812), 433.

Rickets, 389.

Rig Veda, 47, 96, 97.

Rishis or Hindu sages, 100.

Robert of Gloucester on Anglo-Norman surgery, 306.

Robertson, Dr., on the progress of man, 6.

Roeschlaub, J. A. (1768-1835), 446.

Roger of Parma (c. 1210), 316.

Rokitansky, K. von (1804-1878), 454.

Rolando, 316.

Romanes, G. F., 452.

Roman medicine, 205.

Rose water, 302.

Rosenkreuz, Christian, 370.

Rosicrucians, 370.

Rosy Cross, Society of, 370.

Rousset, François (about 1581), 362.

Roux, P. J. (1780-1854), 461.

Royal Society, the, 380.

Rudbeck, O. (1630-1702), 390.

Rufus of Ephesus (A.D. 98-117), 209, 223.

Ruini, C. (c. 1598), 375.

Rune lays, 252.

Sabatier (1723-1811), 433.

Sabbath, origin of, was Accadian, 95.

Sabines, the, 205.

Sacred plants, 46, 48, 142.

Sacrifices of tobacco to the sun, 48.

Sacrificial medicine, 14, 48.

Saffron, 285.

Sage, 286.

Saint Vitus’s dance, 331.

Saints as healers, 333.

Sal-ammoniac, 487.

Sala, 419.

Salaries of court physicians, 164, 211.

Salerno, school of, 308, 349.

— in decay, 318.

Saliva, magic properties of, 259.

— superstitions of South Sea Islanders concerning, 17.

Salivary glands first described, 236.

Salt used as medicine by animals, 3.

Salve against goblins and temptations, 278.

Samoans, their theory of diseases, 21.

Samoyed tribes, 86.

Samulus, 270.

Sanderson, J. B. (b. 1828), 480.

Sanitary precautions in the East, 77.

— reform, 357.

— science, 477.

Santals of Bengal think good spirits enter fruit trees, 14.

Santorini, G. (1681-1737), 436.

Saracens, medicine of the, 291.

— their sympathy with Jews, 84.

Sarpi, P. (1552-1623), 390.

Sarsaparilla, 342, 375.

Sassafras, 342, 374.

Sauvages, De (1706-1767), 422, 424.

Savages are like primitive man, 5.

— require large doses, 37.

— their theory of evil spirits, 20, 139.

— their voracity, 38.

— weak as compared with civilised man, 38.

Sawan, the cause of convulsions, 14.

Saws, 244.

Saxon leechdoms, 252.

Scammony, 275.

Scapegoat of the Jews, 15.

Scapulars of Catholics, 75.

Scarabs, 250.

Scarification practised by savages, 33.

Scarpa, A. (1748-1832), 433.

Schelling (1775-1854), 450.

Schizomycetes, 473.

Schmidt, J. A., 463.

Schmucker (1712-1786), 433.

Scholasticism, the parent of modern science, 239.

Schools of medical theory, 418.

Schroeder, 472.

Schuk, F. (1804-1865), 462.

Schulze, F., 472.

Schwann, 472, 473.

Science, age of, 441.

Scientific medicine, 393.

Scourges and plagues, incantations against, 15, 86.

Scribonius Largus (A.D. 45), 214.

Scripts as medicine, 260, 261.

Scrofula, 183, 370.

Scudamore, C. (1779-1849), 467.

Scurvy, 374.

— banished the fleets, 427.

Scythian remedy for hunger, 197.

Scythians, the, 203.

Seamen, diseases of, 427.

Seat of the soul, 196, 379.

“Security” offered for sick persons in China, 127.

Seer, the evolution of, 9.

Seidlitz waters, 424.

Selago, a sacred plant, 270.

Selmi, 476.

Semitic and Aryan intellects compared, 292.

Semmelweis, L. J. P. (1818-1865), 479.

Seneca on doctors, 224.

Seneka, 342.

Senna introduced, 296.

Separation of medicine from surgery, 305.

Septenary theory, 164.

Septine, 480.

Serapion of Alexandria (B.C. 270), 199, 201.

Serapion the elder, 295.

— the younger (about 1070), 296.

Serapis, Egyptian god, 59, 60.

Serpentaria, 342.

Serpent on the rod of Æsculapius, 149.

— the cause of diseases, 142.

Servetus (1511-1553), 367, 385.

Set, representative of physical evil amongst Egyptians, 58.

Setons, 237, 316.

Sex of bees, 391.

Sexual organs of plants, 391.

Shadows on souls, 9.

Shaitan, the cause of disease, 138.

Shamans of Northern Asia, 27, 86, 125, 139.

Shampooing, 44.

Sharp, S. (1700-1778), 433.

Shastres, 100.

Siam, its religion and theory of disease, 14.

Siberians, 86.

Sickness, remedies for, 34, 37.

Siebold (1736-1807), 433.

Sieveking, E. H. (b. 1816), 455.

Signatures, doctrine of, 133, 257, 416, 417.

Silk-worm disease, 473, 474.

Silver, 488.

Similia similibus theory, 234.

Simon, 478, 479.

Simpson, J. Y., 465.

Sioux Indian medicine, 32.

Siva afflicts Hindu children with epilepsy, 120.

Skatological medicine, 394-397.

Skeleton made by a Rabbi, 83.

— of ivory, 114.

Skin diseases, 455.

Skoda, J. (1803-1881), 455.

Slaves in Roman world, 239.

Slavonic rustics exorcise spirits with urine, 30.

Sleeping and dreams, 20, 22.

Sloane, Hans (1660-1753), 425.

Small-pox, 295, 297, 432.

— in Timor-laut, 28.

— caused by demons, 12, 129.

— exorcised by urine, 30.

— goddess, 12, 13, 119, 120, 128, 129.

Smellie, W. (1608-1763), 435.

Smith, S., 478.

Snake-bite, treatment of, by savages, 33.

— remedies for, 108.

— wine, 131.

Snellen, H., 463.

Snipe, the, as a surgeon, 3.

Society Islanders and disease-demons, 21.

— their skill in surgery, 43.

Socrates on invalidism, 185.

Soda, 486.

Sodium, 486.

Softening of the brain, 456.

Solomon composed incantations to cure diseases, 78.

Soma as a drink and a deity, 47.

Sonnenschein, 476.

Soranus of Ephesus, 218.

Sorcery in Accadia, 86.

— in Australia, 12.

— a cover for ignorance, 26.

— laws against, 405.

Soul, immortality of, 8.

— origin of, 339.

— the seat of, 196, 232, 379.

Souls as shadows, 9.

— theory of, 20-23.

Spallanzani, 472.

Spears spiritually poisoned, 23.

Specialism of Egyptian medicine, 63.

Speculum, the, 177.

— anciently used, 219, 244.

Speech, faculty of, its seat, 458.

Spells, 90, 237.

Spencer, Herbert (b. 1820), 452.

— on plant-worship, 47.

Spermatozoa discovered, 389.

Spiders as amulets, 256.

— as disease-demons, 30.

Spigel (1578-1625), 364.

Spinoza (1632-1677), 379.

Spirits, belief in, universal, 20, 139.

— of material objects, 24.

— of weapons, 23.

— their influence in healing, 33.

— distilled, invented, 326.

Spiritual spears, 23.

Spleen, the, 389.

— removed by the Rabbis, 83.

Splenic fever, 474.

Splints, 244.

— use of, in the surgery of savages, 33, 41.

Spontaneous generation theory, 472, 473.

Sprengel, Kurt (1766-1833), 466.

Springs, medicinal, 272.

Spry, E., 428.

Spurzheim, C. (1776-1832), 456.

Squill as a diuretic, 222.

Stahl (1660-1734), 421, 423.

Stammering, treatment of, 235.

Stark, W. (1742-1770), 429.

State medical service in Rome, 210.

Steam power, 337.

Sterility, 242.

Sternum trepanned, 316.

Stethoscope, invention of, 453.

Stieglitz (1767-1840), 446.

Stolen property as a charm, 265.

Stone, cutting for the, 44, 45, 393.

Stones as charms, 257, 394.

— healing by, 33.

Storm gods of India, 9.

Strictus et laxus, 214.

Stromeyer, G. F. L. (1804-1876), 462.

Strumous glands, 229, 235.

Styptics, discovery of, 41.

Subordination of surgery to medicine, 305.

Sucking diseases out of patients, 22, 27, 28, 33.

Sulphur, 273, 487.

— as a disinfectant in the Odyssey, 154.

— first used for skin diseases, 201.

Suonetar, the healer, 15.

Supernatural invoked when natural means fail, 26.

Superstition, absence of, from the Psalms of David, 74.

— origin of, 24.

— originally engrafted on medicine, 26, 351, 403, 405.

Superstitions, medical, 327.

— their universality, 18.

— in Chinese medicine, 132.

Suppositories, 177.

Surgeons to be propitiated, 103.

Surgery, 228, 235.

— French, 368, 433.

— a scientific profession, 434.

— savage, 40, 41.

— of the Brahmans, 103.

— of the Hindus, 114, 117, 118.

— of Egyptians, 70.

— older than medicine, 41, 104.

— subordinated to medicine, 305.

Surgical instruments of the Bible, 79.

Susruta, 103, 289.

Sutherland, 478.

Sutras, commentaries on the Vedas, 100.

Sutton, Thomas (d. 1835), 456.

Svastika, the mystic, 134.

Swaine, 474.

Swammerdam, J. (1637-1686), 391.

Sweating Sickness, 338, 356, 357, 360.

Swieten, Van (1700-1772), 430, 437.

Sydenham Society, 467.

Sydenham, Thomas (1624-1689), 381, 383.

Sylvanus, a demon of the lying-in chamber, 54.

Sylvaticus, 327.

Sylvius (De la Boë) (1614-1672), 380.

Syme, J. (1799-1870), 460.

Sympathetical cures, 397.

Sympathetic nerve, 389.

Syphilis, 340.

— less frequent amongst Jews than Christians, 76.

Systems of modern medicine, 445.

Tablets on which were recorded cures in temples, 167.

Tagliacozzi, G. (1546-1599), 367, 368.

Tahiti people, their fermented liquor, 49.

Tait, Lawson, 460.

Taliacotian operation, 367.

Talismans, 29, 32, 86, 247, 260.

Talmud, surgery of, 82.

— pathology of, 82.

Talmudists, medicine of the, 82.

Tamils of Ceylon, sorcery of the, 408.

Tapeworm, treatment for, 228, 237.

Tapping for dropsy, 245.

Tarantism, 339.

Tarawan folk, sorcery of, 22.

Tarsus, bones of, 337.

Tartars, their theory of fevers, 31.

Tar water, 177.

Tasmanians think diseases caused by devils, 13, 21.

Tauut, Egyptian god same as Thoth, q.v., 58.

Taylor, A. S. (1806-1880), 454.

Tchutgours, Tartar disease-demons, 135, 136.

Tea intoxication, 50.

Teeth-worms, 414, 415.

Telescopes, 389.

Temples of Æsculapius, 149, 157, 168.

Teraphim of Laban, 75.

Teutons, medicine of the, 272.

Thales of Miletus (circ. 609 B.C.), 158.

Tharragarry, evil spirits of Australians, 24.

Themison of Laodicea (B.C. 50), 213, 214.

Theon of Alexandria, 226.

Theophrastus (born 371 B.C.), the originator of the science of plants, 193.

Theories of disease, 12, 86, 270.

Theosophy, 337.

Theosophists of Chaldæa, 90.

Therapeutics, 392.

— Galen on, 232.

Therapeutists, or Healers, 82.

Theriaca (a famous cure all), 218, 220, 221.

Thermometry, clinical, 439, 455.

Thessalus of Tralles (A.D. 60), 218.

Theurgic healing, 66.

Theurgy of Egypt, 61, 66.

Thibet, physicians of, 134.

Thibetans, their theory of disease, 16, 249.

Thilenius, G. M., 435.

Thimmool, a magical weapon, 24.

Thompson, H. (b. 1820), 460.

Thorbern, 391.

Thor’s hammer, 134.

Thoth, Egyptian god of letters and medicine, 58, 60, 65, 150.

Thrax (A.D. 457-474), 236.

Thrita, the first physician of Zoroastrians, 142.

Thunder, prayer to, 9.

Thymus gland, 361.

Thyroid gland, functions of, 458.

Tietajat, the learned men of Finland, 14.

Timor-laut, fish poisoning in, 35.

— prophylactic against small-pox in, 28.

Timor tribes, their theories of disease, 31.

Titans, discoverers of medicinal herbs, 85.

Tla-guill-augh, a medicine man, 17.

Toad and the plantain, 3.

Tobacco, 369.

— the “sacred herb” of Peru, 48.

Toddy of the cocoa-nut palm, 49.

Tomahawk, the spirit of, 23.

Toogi-toogi, 43.

Toothache, charm for, 286.

“Toothache shrub,” 38.

Totemism, 32.

Touching for the evil, 371, 372.

“Touching pieces,” 373.

Tourniquet, the, 431, 432.

Toynbee, 478.

Toxicology, 105, 449, 454.

Tracheotomy, 213, 228, 235, 244.

Transference of disease, 414.

Transfusion of blood, 350.

Travers, B. (1783-1858), 459.

Trepan, the, 244, 316.

Trepanning the skull, 44, 45, 206, 285.

Trephine, the, 244.

Trephining the skull, 113, 184, 216.

“Triacle,” 275.

Triads, the Welsh, 280, 281.

Tribal magic, 24.

Trithemius (c. 1500), 346, 347.

Troja (1747-1827), 433.

Trotula (about 1059), 313.

Trousseau, A. (1801-1866), 456.

Tuberculosis, 429, 453, 454.

Tude plant, a sacred shrub, 48.

Tumours, malignant, 316.

Turanian priests of magic, 138.

Turkish bath, 43.

Turner, D. (1667-1741), 431.

Turpentine in hæmorrhage, 431.

Tylor, Dr. E. B., on animism, 8, 10.

— on primitive man, 6.

Tyndall, J. (b. 1820), 472, 480.

Typhus fever, 363.

Tyson, E. (d. 1708), 438.

Unburied men as vampires, 16.

Uncleanness of women, 143, 144.

Universal medicine, the, 100.

Universities, rise of the, 300, 303.

Upanishads, the, 97.

Urea, 436.

Urethra, operations on, by savages, 43, 77.

Urethrotomy, 216, 228.

Urine, use of, in medicine, 67, 396.

— its use in exorcism, 30, 78.

Uroscopy, 294, 323.

Uterus, dissection of the, 219.

Uvula, amputation of, 391.

Vaccination, 439.

Valingen, F. de (1725-1805), 428.

Valsalva, A. (1666-1723), 436.

Valves of the heart, 361.

— of the veins, 364, 386.

Vambery on opium-eating, 47.

Vampires, 16.

Vapour baths in dropsy introduced by Chrysippus, 195.

Varicose veins, 183.

Varolius, C. (1545-1575), 364.

Vascular system understood by Diogenes of Apollonia, 160.

Vaso-motor nerves, 436, 457.

Vazimbas inflict diseases in Madagascar, 13.

Vectius Vallens (circ. A.D. 37), 214.

Vedas, the, 98, 99.

Vedic hymns, 47, 97.

Veins, anatomy of, 160.

Velpeau, A. (1795-1867), 461.

Vervain, 270.

Vesalius, Andrew (1514-1564), 365, 366.

Veterinary medicine of Hindus, 102, 117.

— of the Mongols, 135.

Vicary, Thomas (c. 1530), 358.

Vicq d’Azyr, F. (1748-1794), 391.

Vidus Vidius, 374.

Vienna school, 431, 454, 455.

Vieussens, R. (c. 1684), 389, 419.

Vinario, 330.

Virchow, R. (b. 1821), 455.

Virgil, sorcery in, 405.

Viridet, 419.

Vision, discovery of the laws of, 337.

Vis Medicatrix Naturæ, 176.

Vital-fluid school, 419, 421.

Vivisection of animals, 379, 483, 485.

— in magic, 251, 254, 279, 286.

— of human beings, 195, 197, 200, 218, 373, 374.

Vocal organs, anatomy of, 364, 391.

Volta, 450.

Vomiting the devil, 30.

Votive tablets in Greek temples, 157, 168.

Wagner, 481.

Wäinämöinen, conqueror of disease-demons, 15.

Wallace, Alfred R. (b. 1822), 452.

Walther, Von (1782-1849), 462.

Wardrop, J. (1782-1869), 459.

Wardroper, Mrs. (d. 1892), 467.

Warts, superstitions concerning, 415, 416.

Water of baptism, its magical properties, 272.

Waters, mineral, 400.

Watje, their theories of disease, 28.

Watson, Thomas (1792-1882), 454.

Watson, W. (1715-1787), 427.

Wax-figures in sorcery, 66.

“Weapon salve,” 398.

Wells, poisoning of, 35.

Wells, Spencer (b. 1818), 460.

Welsh medicine, 280.

West Indies, sorcery in, 22.

Wharton, J. (died 1673), 389.

Whewell on medical theories, 418-420.

Whistler, D. (died 1684), 389.

White, C. (c. 1768), 434.

White magic, 66, 409.

Whooping cough, 363.

Wichmann, J. E. (1740-1802), 429.

Wilks, S. (b. 1824), 455.

Willan, R. (1757-1812), 427.

Willis, Thomas (1621-1675), 391.

Wilson, E. (1809-1884), 460.

Wine, 150.

Wingo, an Australian superstition, 17.

Winslow, Forbes, 457.

Winston, Thomas (b. 1575), 381.

Wirsung, G. (died 1643), 391.

Wiseman, Richard (1625-1686), 389.

Witchcraft as cause of disease, 12, 16, 403, 405.

— and medicine, 403.

Wizards of Australia, 23.

— of Patagonia, 21.

Wizard-priests, 27, 29, 30.

Woi-worŭng, an Australian tribe, 23.

Women as poisoners, 324, 404.

— diseases of, 219, 242, 243, 294, 313, 361, 429.

— doctors, 271, 307, 313, 326.

— forbidden by Athenians to practise medicine, 202.

—, Jewish laws concerning, 77.

Woolaston, W. H. (1766-1828), 449.

Worm, Olaus, 394.

Wormian bones, the, 364.

Worms, remedies for, 36, 237.

Worm-seed, 36.

Worship of plants arose from their intoxicating influence, 47.

Wotton, Edward, 360.

Wren, Sir C. (1632-1723), 391.

Wunderlich (1815-1877), 455.

Xenocrates of Aphrodisias (c. 70 A.D.), 395.

Xenophon of Cos (A.D. 53), 198.

Xirac, a fermented liquor of the Rio Negro, 48.

Yambo, the spirit of man, 23.

Yeast-plant, 452, 473.

Yonge, J. (1646-1721), 431.

Young, Thomas (1773-1829), 463.

Yountoo charms, 27.

Youths, savage, initiations of, 43.

Zacchia, P. (c. 1621), 376.

Zamolxis, 164.

Zedekiah, a Jewish physician, 84.

Zend Avesta, 47, 141, 143.

Zenon, 225.

Zerbis, G., de, 337.

Zinc, 350.

Zoology, 391.

Zoroaster, 141, 143.

— and his teaching emanated from India, 99.

Zuelza, 476.

Zulus, their theory of diseases, 21, 22.

— trace diseases to the rainbow and evil spirits, 13.

Zwelfer, J. (c. 1651), 394.

Zymotic diseases, 480.

Butler & Tanner. The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Provincial Medical Journal, March, 1892.

[2] Histoire de Medicine depuis son Origine, etc.

[3] Pratt’s British Grasses, pp. 69, 125.

[4] Vol. ii. p. 384.

[5] Miss Gordon Cumming.

[6] Science Gossip.

[7] Morley’s Life of Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 129.

[8] Ringer, Materia Medica, Fifth Edition, p. 454.

[9] Berdoe, The Healing Art, p. 18.

[10] Prehistoric Times, Fifth Edition, p. 430.

[11] Primitive Culture, vol. i. p. 32.

[12] Hist. America, Book IV. chap. ii.

[13] Primitive Folk, p. 10.

[14] Nordenskiöld, Voyage of the Vega.

[15] India’s Teaching, p. 192.

[16] Tr. Eth. Soc., vol. iii. p. 235. Grey, Australia, vol. ii. p. 337. Boniveh, Tasmanians, pp. 183, 195.

[17] Journ. Ind. Archip., vol. i. p. 307.

[18] Journ. Ind. Archip., vol. iii. p. 110, vol. iv. p. 194.

[19] Taylor, New Zealand, pp. 48, 137.

[20] Folk Medicine, p. 3.

[21] Ibid., p. 7.

[22] Hodgson, Abor. of India, p. 170; cited in Folk Med., p. 10.

[23] Folk Med., p. 11.

[24] Ibid., p. 11.

[25] Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 114.

[26] Hunter, Rural Bengal, p. 210.

[27] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” Ency. Brit.

[28] Ency. Brit., vol. iv. p. 58.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Ibid., vol. xiii. p. 607.

[31] Ibid., vol. xxi. p. 853.

[32] Western Africa, p. 217.

[33] Lenormant, Chaldean Magic and Sorcery, pp. 258-262.

[34] Kalevala, 15th runa.

[35] Sir Joseph Hooker, Himalayan Journals, Ed. 1891, p. 416.

[36] Lang, Custom and Myth, p. 208.

[37] Folk Medicine, pp. 17, 18.

[38] E. Palmer, Notes on Australian Tribes.

[39] The Medical Profession in Ancient Times (New York, 1856).

[40] Denmark, its Hygiene and Demography, 1891, p. 57.

[41] The Races of Man, p. 292.

[42] Proc. Roy. Soc., xxvii. 309, 1878.

[43] Tylor’s Anthropology, p. 344.

[44] Tylor’s Anthropology, p. 354.

[45] Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 103.

[46] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” Ency. Brit.

[47] Ellis, Polyn. Res., vol. i. pp. 363, 395; vol. ii. pp. 193, 274. Schoolcraft, part iv. p. 49.

[48] Roman Paul, xix., in Life of Colon.

[49] D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, vol. ii. pp. 207, 231 (Caribs).

[50] Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 131.

[51] Races of Man, p. 61.

[52] Dr. G. W. Parker, on “The People of Madagascar,” Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1883, p. 478.

[53] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 187.

[54] A. H. Keane, On the Botocudos.

[55] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 293.

[56] Ibid., p. 475.

[57] Principles of Sociology, vol. i. p. 222.

[58] Clem. Alex., Miscellanies, book vi.

[59] Ibid.

[60] History of America, book iv. 7.

[61] Wallace, Travels on the Amazon, chap. xvii.

[62] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 10.

[63] Forrest, Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. iii. p. 319.

[64] Origin of Civilization, p. 26.

[65] Nat. His. Man., p. 535.

[66] Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 232.

[67] Primitive Folk, p. 237.

[68] Ibid., p. 80.

[69] Th. Halm, Globus, xviii.

[70] Landas, Superstitions Annamites.

[71] Primitive Folk, pp. 83, 84.

[72] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 473.

[73] Prof. Monier Williams, and Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 234.

[74] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 427.

[75] Starcke, Primitive Family, p. 32.

[76] Primitive Folk, p. 234.

[77] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 299.

[78] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 310.

[79] National Dispensatory, p. 986.

[80] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 251.

[81] Ibid., p. 251.

[82] Ibid., p. 11.

[83] Ibid., p. 132.

[84] Wh. Jour., vol. iv., 2nd sec., p. 519.

[85] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 132.

[86] Herbert Spencer’s Principles of Sociology, vol. i. p. 50.

[87] Sydenham’s Works, vol. i. Preface to Medical Observations.

[88] See British Medical Journal, July 30th, 1892, p. 238.

[89] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 295.

[90] Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, p. 483. Ellis, vol. ii. p. 277.

[91] Massage, by W. E. Green, M.R.C.S. (Prov. Med. Jour., May 2nd, 1892, p. 242).

[92] Hist. de la Méd., vol. vii. p. 1.

[93] See also Surgeon Fletcher’s report in the U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, vol. v. 1882.

[94] Hist. de la Méd., tome vii. p. 208.

[95] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 70.

[96] Ibid.

[97] Ibid., p. 76.

[98] Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, tom. xxi. p. 5. Hottentots and negroes in Central Africa, according to Livingstone, have from remote times practised inoculation in a similar manner.

[99] Hist. de la Méd., vol. vii. p. 34.

[100] Pettigrew’s Medical Superstition, p. 24.

[101] Principles of Sociology, Herbert Spencer, vol. i. p. 374.

[102] Ibid.

[103] Meliosma simplicifolia, or Millingtonia.

[104] Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 222.

[105] Wallace, Travels on the Amazon, chap. xvii.

[106] Barth, Travels in Africa, Ed. 1890, p. 416.

[107] Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 136.

[108] Ibid., p. 251.

[109] Hooker, Himalayan Journals, Ed. 1891, p. 204.

[110] Blavatsky, Caves and Jungles of Hindostan, p. 13.

[111] Quoted in the article on “Drunkenness” in Ency. Brit.

[112] See Third Annual Report of the Massachusetts Board of Health.

[113] Early Hist. Mankind, p. 288.

[114] Hist. Gén. des Antilles habiteés par les Français: Paris, 1667, vol. ii. p. 371, etc.

[115] Early Hist. Mankind, p. 294.

[116] iii. 4, 17.

[117] Pt. iii., Canto i.

[118] Notes to his edition of Hudibras, 1744, loc. cit.

[119] Starcke, The Primitive Family, p. 52.

[120] Ibid.

[121] Vol. ii. p. 275.

[122] Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 202.

[123] Ibid., p. 192.

[124] Natural History, Book xxviii., ch. 23.

[125] De Civ., Lib. vi. 9.

[126] Hist. Med., Eng. Trans., p. 16.

[127] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Médicine.

[128] Lib. de Iside et Osiride.

[129] Official Guide Brit. Mus., “Egyptian Antiquities,” pp. 107-8.

[130] Clem. Alex., Strom., lib. vi. p. 196.

[131] vii. 56.

[132] Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii. p. 358.

[133] Ammianus Marcellinus, i. 16, says, for a doctor to recommend his skill, it was sufficient to say that he had studied at Alexandria.

[134] Clem. Alex., Strom.

[135] Hist. Med. Education, p. 24.

[136] Book ii. 84.

[137] Ancient Egyptians, vol. iii. p. 477.

[138] Plin. xix. 5.

[139] Official Guide, p. 111.

[140] Chabas, Mélanges Égyptologiques, p. 64.

[141] Ebers, Egypt, vol. ii. p. 62.

[142] Contra Celsum, lib. 8.

[143] Chaldæan Magic, p. 96.

[144] Ibid., pp. 96, 97.

[145] Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs, vol. ii. p. 184.

[146] Hist. Egypt, by Brugsch-Bey, vol. ii. p. 163-4.

[147] Odyssey, iv. 229-232.

[148] Chap. xlvi., v. 11.

[149] Pliny, Nat. Hist., viii. 27.

[150] Chabas, loc. cit., p. 66.

[151] Pharaohs and Fellahs, Amelia B. Edwards, p. 219.

[152] Uarda, vol. i. p. 32.

[153] Ibid.

[154] Baas’ Hist. Med. (Eng. Trans.), p. 19.

[155] History of Egypt, vol. i. p. 58.

[156] Mélanges Égyptologiques, Paris, 1862, p. 117.

[157] Priests and physicians were educated in high schools, the highest degree in which was that of the “scribes,” who were maintained at the cost of the king. Ebers, Uarda, vol. i. p. 20.

[158] Lefébure has treated the subject in Le Mythe Osirien.

[159] See Cooper’s Surgical Dict., art. “Surgery.”

[160] Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt, p. 146.

[161] Pharaohs and Fellahs, Amelia B. Edwards, p. 254.

[162] Superstitions of Medicine, etc., p. 7.

[163] Uarda, Ebers.

[164] Brugsch, Hist. Egypt, vol. ii. p. 296.

[165] Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt, p. 153.

[166] Ibid., p. 172.

[167] Ebers, Egypt, vol. ii. p. 61.

[168] Gen. xxxi. 19, 30.

[169] Chap. iii. 4.

[170] Isis Unveiled, vol. i. p. 570.

[171] Judges xvii.-xviii.

[172] Ezekiel xxi. 19-22.

[173] Primitive Culture, vol. i. p. 267. 2 Samuel xxiv. 16; 2 Kings xix. 35.

[174] 3tes Heft, p. 25.

[175] Ibid., p. 27.

[176] Races of Man, p. 153.

[177] Ibid., p. 293.

[178] Antiquities of Israel, p. 90.

[179] “Finditur usque ad urethram à parte inferâ penis.”—Eyre, vol. ii. p. 332.

[180] Arabian Nights, vol. ii. p. 160, note 3.

[181] Antiquities of Israel, p. 156.

[182] Wars, vii. 6, 3.

[183] Book VIII. chap. iii. 5.

[184] Antiq., Book VI. chap. viii. 2.

[185] Note to Whiston’s Josephus, loc. cit.

[186] 1 Sam. xvi. 15.

[187] Religious Encyclopædia, vol. ii. p. 1454.

[188] Medica Sacra, p. 40 et seq.

[189] Arabian Nights, vol. ii. p. 4.

[190] Ecclesiasticus xxxviii. 1, 3, 4, 12. From the many references to disease in this book, it has been supposed by some commentators that the author was a physician. The writer of the article on “Medicine,” in Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, remarks that “if he was so, the power of mind and wide range of observation shown in this work, would give a favourable impression of the standard of practitioners; if he was not, the great general popularity of the study and practice may be inferred from its thus becoming a common topic of general advice offered by a non-professional writer.”

[191] Wars of the Jews, Book II. chap, viii; Antiq., xviii. 1, 5.

[192] See Lightfoot on the Colossians.

[193] Works, vol. i. p. 10.

[194] Ibid., vol. vii. p. 7.

[195] History of Medicine, p. 36.

[196] “‘How doth a man revive again in the world to come?’ asked Hadrian; and Joshua Ben Hananiah made answer, ‘From luz in the backbone.’ He then went on to demonstrate this to him. He took the bone luz, and put it into water, but the water had no action on it; he put it in the fire, but the fire consumed it not; he placed it in a mill, but could not grind it; and laid it on an anvil, but the hammer crushed it not.”—Lightfoot.

[197] Alexandria and her Schools, p. 74.

[198] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I. 2, 4.

[199] A History of the Jews, Book xxiii.

[200] Ibid.

[201] G. S. Faber, The Cabiri, vol. i.

[202] Art. on “Babylon,” by Rev. A. H. Sayce, in Ency. Brit.

[203] Hist. Babylonia, Geo. Smith, pp. 21, 22.

[204] Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, pp. 139, 140.

[205] See on this the chapter on “The Religious Systems of the Accadian Magic Books,” Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, chap. xi.

[206] Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 42.

[207] Ibid., p. 179.

[208] Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 181.

[209] Ibid., pp. 204-209.

[210] Ibid., p. 35.

[211] Ibid., p. 36.

[212] Ibid., p. 36.

[213] Ibid., p. 41.

[214] See E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” Ency. Brit.; Records of the Past, vols. i., iii.; Birch’s trans. Book of the Dead; Lenormant, Maspero, and others.

[215] Herodotus, Book I. 197, tr. Rawlinson.

[216] Records of the Past, vol. i. p. 135.

[217] Hist. Babylon, p. 22.

[218] Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 6.

[219] Nineveh and its Palaces, Joseph Bonomi, p. 164.

[220] Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 140.

[221] Assyrian Talismans and Exorcisms, trans. by H. F. Talbot. Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 143.

[222] Folk Medicine, p. 165.

[223] From Baas’ Hist. Med., p. 28.

[224] See Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, chap. i.

[225] Indian Wisdom, p. xxvi.

[226] Indian Wisdom, p. 84.

[227] Ibid., p. 89.

[228] Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct., 1892, p. 287.

[229] Hist. India, 4th ed., p. 48.

[230] Hist. India, 4th ed., p. 123.

[231] Hist. Philos., vol. i. p. 394.

[232] School of Philos., p. 547.

[233] Max Müller: Zend-Avesta, 83.

[234] Ordinances of Menu, Trübner’s Oriental Series. Lect. xi. 48-54.

[235] The first fine is the lowest, i.e. two hundred and fifty panas. In the Atharvaveda also physicians are spoken of in disrespectful terms. “Various are the desires of men; the wagoner longs for wood, the doctor for diseases.” A Brahman by the code of Menu was forbidden to follow the profession of a physician, as it was classed amongst those which were most impure.[236] At certain funeral ceremonies the same Code excluded such persons as “physicians, atheists, thieves, spirit drinkers, men with diseased nails or teeth, dancers, etc.”[237]

[236] Elphinstone, Hist. of India, 4th edition, p. 41.

[237] Ordinances of Menu, iii. 150-168.

[238] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 41.

[239] Hunter’s Indian Empire, p. 109.

[240] Asiatic Quarterly Rev., Oct. 1892, p. 290.

[241] Ibid.

[242] Tract vi. p. 125.

[243] Weber, Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 270.

[244] Ibid.

[245] Wise’s Hindu Medicine, p. 184.

[246] Hindu Medicine, p. 8.

[247] Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 268.

[248] Wise’s Hindu Medicine, p. 213.

[249] There would seem to be an artful idea under these signs. Most of them have no relation whatever to the patient’s condition, but are of great importance to the doctor’s convenience, and are evidently arranged to suit his own purposes.

[250] Ainslie’s Materia Indica, vol. ii. p. 525.

[251] Arrian’s Indian History, vol. ii. p. 232 (ed. 1729).

[252] Strabo, Geography, Book xv. c. 1.

[253] Indian History, vol. ii. p. 219.

[254] Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 150.

[255] Weber, Sanskrit Literature, p. 265.

[256] Tracts on India, p. 139.

[257] Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 134.

[258] Monier Williams, Indian Wisdom, p. 56.

[259] Ibid., p. 57.

[260] Indian Wisdom, p. 66.

[261] John ix. 2.

[262] Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct. 1892, p. 288.

[263] Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct. 1892, p. 288.

[264] A Manual of Budhism, pp. 238.

[265] Probably the Taxila of the Greeks. See Strabo, Book xv. c. 1, § 61.

[266] A doctrine re-discovered by our bacteriologists.

[267] Haeser.

[268] Materia Indica, vol. ii. p. vii.

[269] Ibid.

[270] Ibid., p. viii.

[271] Oriental Magazine, March, 1823.

[272] Wise, Hist. Hind. Med., vol. i. pp. 131, 132.

[273] Indian Empire, p. 106.

[274] Oriental Magazine, vol. i. (1823), pp. 349-356.

[275] Indian Empire, p. 108.

[276] Ibid.

[277] Ibid., p. 146.

[278] Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus.

[279] Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 153.

[280] Prof. H. H. Wilson’s Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus.

[281] Brit. Med. Journ., June 25, 1892, p. 1382.

[282] Mocre, History of the Small-pox, p. 33, quoted in Pettigrew’s Medical Superstitions, p. 81.

[283] Paris’s Pharmacologia, p. 26.

[284] Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 150.

[285] Asiatic Quarterly Rev., Oct. 1892, p. 291.

[286] Selections from the Records of the Government of India. Foreign Department. No. CVIII. Rajputana Dispensary, Vaccination, Jail, and Sanitary Report for 1872-73. By Surgeon-Major (now Surgeon-General Sir W.) Moore, C.I.E., Honorary Surgeon to the Viceroy of India.

[287] See an article entitled “A New Light on the Chinese,” in Harper’s Magazine, December, 1892.

[288] Prof. Teile, in art. “Religions,” Ency. Brit.

[289] Cummings, Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 188.

[290] Baas, Hist. Med.

[291] “Doctoring in China,” National Review, May, 1889.

[292] Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 145.

[293] Folk Medicine, p. 4; Dennys, Folklore of China, p. 96.

[294] Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 153.

[295] Ibid., vol. i. p. 275.

[296] Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 265.

[297] Ibid., vol. i. p. 275.

[298] Ibid., vol. i. p. 154.

[299] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 116.

[300] Sacred Books of the East, vol. xi. p. 272.

[301] Travels in Tartary, vol. i. chap. vii.

[302] National Dispensatory, p. 754.

[303] Gordon Cumming’s Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 174.

[304] “Doctoring in China,” National Review, May, 1889.

[305] Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. ii. p. 321.

[306] Southey, Common Place Book, ser. iv. p. 547.

[307] Ency. Brit., art. “Surgery.”

[308] Chambers’ Journal, Dec. 29, 1888, p. 831.

[309] Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 173.

[310] Ibid., vol. i. p. 173.

[311] Folk Lore of China, p. 49.

[312] Ibid.

[313] Travels in Tartary.

[314] Travels in Tartary.

[315] Travels in Tartary, vol. i. chap. ix.

[316] La Magie et l’Astrologie, p. 13.

[317] Vorlesungen über die Finnische Mythologie, p. 173.

[318] La Magie et l’Astrologie, p. 283, and foll.; also Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 212.

[319] National Druggist.

[320] Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta.

[321] Zend-Avesta; Vendîdâd. Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 219.

[322] Ibid.

[323] Rig-Veda, x. 97, 17.

[324] Vendîdâd, Fargard xx. 7.

[325] Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 83.

[326] Herod., i. 138.

[327] Zend-Avesta. Translated by J. Darmesteter in Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 187. This throws a curious light on a custom which has been observed in operation all over the world, of taking care not to throw about hair or nail-cuttings, lest the devil should get hold of them.

[328] Zend-Avesta, Introduction, v. xciii. § 13.

[329] Our word Peony derives its Latin name (Pæonia) from the name of Apollo the Healer. He cured the gods of their diseases, and healed their wounds by means of this root.

[330] vii. 23.

[331] Wheelwright’s translation of Pindar. Third Pythian Ode, 80-95.

[332] Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 219 note.

[333] Il., V. 447.

[334] Sophoc., Ajax.

[335] Cicero, De Nat. Deor., iii. 22.

[336] Prometheus. Plays of Æschylus, Morley’s Ed.

[337] Book XIX.

[338] Hist. de la Médicine, Pt. I., liv. i., ch. xiv.

[339] Ibid.

[340] I am indebted to an article on “The Medicine of Homer” in The British Medical Journal for much of the information in this section.

[341] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., liv. ii., ch. ix.

[342] Arctinus, Ethiopis. Translated in Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Education, p. 35.

[343] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., bk. i., ch. xviii.

[344] Lib. VIII., cap. 26.

[345] Cic., Tusc. Dis., III. 1.

[346] Hippocr., De Prisca Medic.

[347] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., liv. ii., c. iv.

[348] Laertius, Lib. I., c. 113.

[349] Hist. Med., p. 88.

[350] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 46.

[351] See on this Dr. Greenhill’s remarks in Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biography, loc. cit.

[352] Aristotle, Hist. Animal., iii. 2.

[353] Ency. Brit., Ninth Ed., vol. iii. p. 178.

[354] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 88.

[355] Ibid., p. 89.

[356] Laertius, c. 77, c. 59.

[357] Ibid., c. 62.

[358] Diodor., i. 69, 98.

[359] Grote, vol. iv. p. 529.

[360] Book xx. 73.

[361] See “Pythagorean Philosophy,” Ency. Brit.

[362] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 89. Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 14. Dr. Adams, Introd. Hippoc., vol. i. p. 134.

[363] Histoire de la Médicine, Pt. I., liv. i., c. iv.

[364] Lib. 3, cap. 4.

[365] Sprengel, Hist. Méd., p. 36.

[366] Pratt, Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 57.

[367] Herod., iii. 137.

[368] Hist. Nat., xxviii. c. 29.

[369] De Carnibus.

[370] Vol. i. p. 151.

[371] Ovid’s Metamorph., Dryden’s translation, Book XV.

[372] The following are translations of some of the tablets suspended in the temples, as given in Hieron Mercurialis (De Art. Gymnast., Amstel., 4to, 1672, pp. 2, 3):—

“Some days back a certain Caius, who was blind, learned from an oracle that he should repair to the temple, put up his fervent prayers, cross the sanctuary from right to left, place his five fingers on the altar, then raise his hand and cover his eyes. He obeyed, and instantly his sight was restored, amidst the loud acclamations of the multitude. These signs of the omnipotence of the gods were shown in the reign of Antoninus.”

“A blind soldier, named Valerius Apes, having consulted the oracle, was informed that he should mix the blood of a white cock with honey, to make up an ointment to be applied to his eyes for three consecutive days. He received his sight, and returned public thanks to the gods.”

“Julian appeared lost beyond all hope from a spitting of blood. The gods ordered him to take from the altar some seeds of the pine, and to mix them with honey, of which mixture he was to eat for three days. He was saved, and came to thank the gods in presence of the people.”—(Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Medicina.”)

[373] The multitude of “Eau de Cologne” makers calling themselves “Farina” is a case in point.

[374] Adams, Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 7.

[375] Galen, De Sanitate tuenda.

[376] Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 11.

[377] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 91.

[378] All-heal.

[379] Dr. Puschmann, in his History of Medical Education, p. 42, translates this passage: “Castration will I not carry out even on those who suffer from stone, but leave this to those people who make a business of it.” The words in the Greek are οὐ τεμέω δὲ οὐδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, and much controversy has been excited by them. Some commentators of great authority think the passage forbids castration, as disgraceful things are being spoken of, such as giving poisons and procuring abortion. Certainly there is no reason for supposing that the doctors of the period would object to perform lithotomy though it is the fact that there was a class of operators who were a sort of unscientific specialists in the practice.

[380] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 93.

[381] Plut., Symp., viii. 4, § 4.

[382] Plato, De Leg., xi.

[383] Ibid., iv.

[384] Cos gave birth to Ptolemy Philadelphus, the second of the Greek kings of Egypt, to Ariston the philosopher, and to Apelles the painter.

[385] Vol. ii. p. 569.

[386] Vol. vi. p. 1152.

[387] Works of Hippocrates, Syd. Soc., vol. ii. p. 565.

[388] Œuvres Complètes d’Hippocrate, Tom. I., Introd., ch. i. p. 3.

[389] Adams, Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 18.

[390] Epidem., vi.

[391] Ibid., i.

[392] Derivation is the drawing of humours from one part of the body to another, as from the eye by a blister on the neck; revulsion differs from this only by the force of the medicine and the distance of the disorder from the part to which it is applied. He treated fevers by preparations which increase the amount of fluid in the blood, as by water, buttermilk, whey, etc. This was called the diluent system. At the same time he used mild aperients and sometimes venesection.

[393] Νοὐσων φύσιες ἰητροἰ. Epid., vi. 5, l.t. iii. p. 606.

[394] See for all this surgical information Ashurst’s International Encyclopædia of Surgery, vol. vi.

[395] Genuine Works of Hippocrates, vol. i. pp. 20, 21.

[396] Adams, Genuine Works of Hippocrates, vol. i. pp. 129, 130.

[397] Probably masks or inanimate figures (Adams).

[398] Baas, Hist. Med., Eng. Trans., pp. 111, 112.

[399] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., bk. iv.

[400] Celsus, De Medic., Prælat, in lib. i.

[401] Hist. Nat., xxvi. 6.

[402] On the question of the authenticity of this epistle see Dr. Adams’ commentary in his Paulus Ægineta, vol. i. p. 186.

[403] Hist. de la Méd., vol. i. pp. 422-3.

[404] Œuvres d’Hippocr., vol. i. p. 202, etc.

[405] Cæl. Aurel., De Morb. Acut., iii. 17.

[406] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd. Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 35.

[407] Études Biographiques par Paul-Antoine, Cap. p. 26. The Treatise on Stones by Theophrastus is one of the first works we possess on the study of minerals.

[408] Alexandria and her Schools, p. 6.

[409] Galen, De Uteri Dissect., c. 5, vol. ii. p. 895.

[410] De Anima, c. 10, p. 757.

[411] De Medic., i. Præf., p. 6.

[412] Baas, Hist. of Med., pp. 121-123.

[413] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 76.

[414] Plutarch’s Life of Demetrius.

[415] He modified his opinions on the nerves by careful dissections, and greatly improved his physiology.

[416] Baas, Hist. of Med., pp. 121-123.

[417] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. II. c. iii.

[418] Dr. W. A. Greenhill, art. “Dogmatici,” Smith’s Dict. Class. Ant. Briefly, this was as much as to say that a man could not be an educated doctor who had not practised, or at least seen, human vivisection. As these have not been performed since the fifteenth century, when, as we shall learn, they were practised by Italian anatomists, it follows, according to the argument, that the Alexandrian physicians were better educated than our own!

[419] De Med., vii. 26. See also Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 220.

[420] Plin., Hist. Nat., xxvi. 6.

[421] De Med., Præfat.

[422] Celsus, Of Medicine.

[423] Life of Demetrius.

[424] Hist. Med., p. 129.

[425] Hist. de la Méd.; Pt. II., bk. iii., ch. xiii.

[426] Celsus, Of Medicine, chap. iv. Futvoye’s Trans.

[427] Dr. Francis Adams. Preface to Works of Paulus Ægineta, p. xii.

[428] iii. 131.

[429] Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 611.

[430] Herodotus, iv. 68.

[431] Hist. de la Méd., vol. vi. p. 28.

[432] Smith’s Dict. Ant., art. “Therapeutica.”

[433] Titus Livius, lib. i., cap. xxxi. Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xxviii., c. ii.

[434] De Civ. Dei., lib. iv. cap. xxi.

[435] Ibid., cap. xxiii.

[436] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 131.

[437] Puschmann, Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 86.

[438] Ibid., p. 97. Baas, Hist. Med., p. 152.

[439] Hist. Nat., xxix. 8.

[440] Life of Cato the Censor.

[441] Hist. Nat., xxix. cap. 8.

[442] Epist. 93.

[443] See Baas, Hist. of Med., and Dr. Habershon’s note on this subject, p. 133.

[444] Bostock, Hist. of Med.

[445] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 98.

[446] Epigrams, x. 56.

[447] Hist. Med. Educ., p. 131.

[448] Cels., lib. vii. p. 337, ed. Targ. Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., tom. vii. p. 38.

[449] Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 117.

[450] Galen, x. 987. Plin., Nat. Hist., xxix. 8.

[451] Nat. Hist., xxix. 5.

[452] Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 611.

[453] Puschmann’s Med. Educ., 126.

[454] Cæl. Aurel., De Morb. Chron., iii. 8.

[455] Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., vol. vi. p. 138.

[456] Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 137.

[457] Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., vol. ii. p. 24.

[458] Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 140.

[459] Cæl. Aurel., De Morb. Chron., i. l. p. 286.

[460] Sat., x. 221.

[461] Galen, Introd., c. l., tom. xiv., pp. 663, 684. Ed. Kühn.

[462] De Medic., lib. i., Præf.

[463] Le Clerc, Hist. Méd., Part II., liv. iv., sec. i., ch. 1.

[464] Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 143.

[465] Prof. W. Turner, art. “Anatomy,” Ency. Brit.

[466] Dr. Ch. Creighton, art. “Surgery,” Ency. Brit.

[467] Grundriss der Geschichte der Medicin.

[468] A. C. Celsi Med. Præf., ad lib. 7.

[469] De re Med., lib. 1.

[470] Hist. de la Méd., vol. ii. p. 50.

[471] Sprengel, Hist. Méd., vol. ii. p. 37.

[472] Baas, Grund. der Ges. der Med., p. 144.

[473] Mechanical Account of Poisons.

[474] Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., ix. 17.

[475] National Dispensatory, p. 1515.

[476] Conf. Gal. Comment. in Hippocr., lib. vi.; De Morb. Vulgar., vi., § 5, tom. xvii. p. ii. p. 337.

[477] History of Inventions, art. “Apothecaries.”

[478] Plin., lib. xxxiv. cap. 11.

[479] C. Steph., 1133.

[480] Peloponnesian War, ii. 48.

[481] Annal., xiii. c. 15, 16.

[482] Nero, 33.

[483] The Instructor, Book II.

[484] Seneca, De Benefic., vi. 15, 16, 17.

[485] John Henry Newman’s Life of Apollonius Tyanæus.

[486] By Lord Herbert and Mr. Blount.

[487] Newman’s Life of Apollonius.

[488] Galen, De Temperamentis.

[489] Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Pneumatici.” See also Sprengel and Le Clerc.

[490] Smith’s Dict. Ant., art. “Eclectici.”

[491] Nat. Hist., xx. 40; xxiv. 120.

[492] vi. 236; xiii. 98; xiv. 252.

[493] See Baas, Hist. Med., p. 167.

[494] De Causis Diuturnorum Morborum, etc., lib. ii. cap. xiii.

[495] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 167.

[496] Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., Introd. vol. i. p. 15.

[497] Bostock, Hist. of Med.

[498] Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 389.

[499] De Usu, Part iii. 10.

[500] Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 386. Sprengel, ii. p. 150.

[501] De Motu Musc.

[502] Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 388.

[503] See for a full account of Galen’s doctrine of the pulse, Dr. Adams’ Commentary on Paulus Ægineta, vol. ii. p. 12.

[504] De Dignosc. Puls., iii. 3, vol. viii. p. 902.

[505] Dr. Greenhill in Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog.

[506] Galen’s Art of Physic.

[507] Ency. Brit., art. “Surgery.”

[508] Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog., art. “Galen.”

[509] Cardan, De Subtil.

[510] Hist. of Med., vol. i. p. 115.

[511] Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog., vol. i. p. 126.

[512] Alexandria and her Schools, p. 113.

[513] Freind, Historia Medicinæ, p. 383.

[514] Ibid., p. 380.

[515] Smith’s Dict. Ant.

[516] Hist. Med.

[517] Freind, Hist. Med.

[518] Ibid.

[519] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 201.

[520] Ibid.

[521] North Brit. Rev., vol. 47.

[522] Browning’s Parleyings, p. 44.

[523] Cato, De re Rustica, c. 2.

[524] Sat. vi.

[525] Prescott says, Conquest of Mexico, chap, ii., that among the Aztecs, “Hospitals were established in the principal cities for the cure of the sick, and the permanent refuge of the disabled soldier; and the surgeons were placed over them, ‘who were so far better than those in Europe,’ says an old chronicler, ‘that they did not protract the cure, in order to increase the pay.’”

[526] Ecclesiastical History, lib. vi. ch. xlii.

[527] Butler’s Lives of the Saints. St. Basil the Great.

[528] Ibid., loc. cit.

[529] p. 153.

[530] Eccl. Hist., lib. vii. c. xxi.

[531] See Balmez, European Civilization, p. 436.

[532] Can. 10. Concil. iv. (Mans. vii.).

[533] Fleury’s Eccl. Hist., Book xxi. 3, note e.

[534] Ibid., xxiii. 24.

[535] Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., p. 56.

[536] Ency. Brit., vol. i. p. 181.

[537] Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 189.

[538] Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., Amelia B. Edwards, p. 243.

[539] Preface to Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. p. xxi.

[540] Ibid., vol. i. p. xxiii.

[541] Vulpes, Illustrazione di tutti gli Strumenti chirurgici scavati in Ercolano e in Pompei, Napoli, 1847.

[542] Ibid.

[543] Vulpes, ut supra.

[544] Medical Superstitions, p. 56

[545] Marsden, Hist. Sumatra, p. 189.

[546] Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, p. 61.

[547] Custom and Myth, p. 148.

[548] Custom and Myth., p. 150.

[549] Rivers of Life, J. G. R. Forlong.

[550] Anthropological Journal, vol. xii. p. 572.

[551] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 68.

[552] Hooker, Himalayan Journ., Ed. 1891, p. 141.

[553] Travels in Africa, Ed. 1890, p. 488.

[554] Plin., xxi. 104.

[555] Plin., xxii. 24.

[556] Plin., xxx. 30.

[557] Official Guide, Brit. Museum Galleries, 1892, pp. 122-3.

[558] From Ritual of the Dead. Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 90.

[559] Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt, p. 94.

[560] Pratt’s Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 50.

[561] Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. 20.

[562] Ibid., Book. xxx. chap. 24.

[563] Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., Smith’s art. “Amulets.”

[564] H. N. xxv. 9.

[565] Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Therapeutica.” See also “Amulets,” p. 45.

[566] Hist. Med., p. 772.

[567] Vol. ii. p. 139.

[568] Heathen charm.

[569] A blackberry.

[570] Nightmare was considered to be the work of an evil spirit.

[571] Plin., xxx. 30.

[572] See the twenty-second and twenty-fourth books of Pliny’s Natural History.

[573] Lib. ix. cap. 4, p. 538, Ed. 1556.

[574] Galen de Facult. Simpl., lib. vi. p. 792, Ed. Kühn.

[575] “A Gnostic device. See Montfauçon, plates 159, 161, 163.”

[576] This also is Gnostic.

[577] Mr. Cockayne considers this to be probably Gnostic; some of the words are pure nonsense.

[578] Quoted by Mr. Cockayne in his Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i., Preface, pp. xviii., xix., xx.

[579] Anatomy of Melancholy, Part 2, sec. 5.

[580] Rev. C. A. John’s Flowers of the Field.

[581] Brand’s Observations, vol. ii. p. 67.

[582] Hist. Nat., xxxvii. 10.

[583] Brand’s Observations, etc., vol. ii. p. 63.

[584] Burton’s Anatomy, p. 454.

[585] Saxon Leech Book, II. ch. lxvi.

[586] See Curious Myths of Middle Ages, S. B. Gould, Appendix C, p. 273.

[587] Morley’s Life of Corn. Agrippa, vol. i. p. 165.

[588] History of Medicine, p. 107.

[589] Secret Miracles of Nature, Eng. trans. fol., Lond. 1658, p. 164.

[590] Vulgar Errors.

[591] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i., Pref., p. xxxii.

[592] Brand’s Popular Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 139.

[593] Encylopædia of Antiquities, vol. i. p. 336.

[594] Medical Superstitions, p. 45.

[595] Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 5th Ed., p. 23.

[596] Park’s Travels, vol. i. p. 357.

[597] Astley’s Voyages, vol. ii. p. 35.

[598] Siberia, p. 310.

[599] Vambery’s Travels in Central Asia, p. 50.

[600] Masson’s Travels in Belochistan, etc., vol. i. pp. 74, 90, 312, vol. ii. pp. 127, 302.

[601] The Thoughts of Blaise Pascal, Bell’s Ed. 1890, p. 2.

[602] L’Amulette de Pascal. Médecine et Médecins. Par E. Littré. Paris, 1872.

[603] Arnot’s Hist. Edin.

[604] Vol. i. p. 192.

[605] Præcepta de Medicina of Serenus Samonicus.

[606] Lardner, Works, vol. ix. pp. 290-364.

[607] Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, p. 52.

[608] Vol. iii. p. 29.

[609] Morley’s Life of Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 80.

[610] Ibid., p. 81.

[611] Henry’s Hist. of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 147.

[612] Meryon, Hist. Med., pp. 113, 114; Strutt’s Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 279.

[613] Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 279.

[614] Ibid., p. 281.

[615] Plin., Hist. Nat., lib. xxx. c. i.

[616] Diod. Sicul., lib. v. cap. 35.

[617] The Chronicles of England, vol. i. pp. 278, 279.

[618] The Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 278.

[619] Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. iv.

[620] See note on Pliny’s passage, “Ut dedisse Persis videri possit,” in Bohn’s Pliny’s Nat. Hist., vol. v. p. 426.

[621] Holinshed, Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 506.

[622] Hist. Med., p. 249.

[623] Hist. Med. Education, p. 187.

[624] Ibid., p. 186.

[625] Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology, translated by Stallybrass, vol. i. p. 133.

[626] Ibid., vol. i. p. 42.

[627] See Tennyson’s poem, The Victim.

[628] Grimm.

[629] Ibid.

[630] Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. ii. p. 586.

[631] Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology, p. 588.

[632] Ibid., p. 602.

[633] Ibid., p. 604.

[634] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 874.

[635] Eccl. Hist., lib. iii. cap. 18.

[636] Strutt’s Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 345.

[637] Chronicles of England, vol. ii. p. 248.

[638] Bede, Eccles. Hist., lib. v. cap. 3.

[639] Chronicles of England, vol. ii. p. 248.

[640] Strutt’s Horda Angel Cynnan, vol. i. p. 70.

[641] Strutt, The Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 344. Bede, Eccl. Hist., iii. 18.

[642] Leech Book, ii. p. 289.

[643] Ibid., p. xxv.

[644] A valuable expectorant which is largely used at the present time.

[645] Recherches critiques sur l’âge et origine des traductions Latines d’Aristote. Paris, 1819.

[646] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii., Preface, p. xxix.

[647] Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England, vol. ii. Edited by Rev. O. Cockayne. (Rolls Series.)

[648] MS. Reg., 12. D. xvii.

[649] Leech Book, I. xiii. p. 57.

[650] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 117.

[651] The doctor and the patient.

[652] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 137.

[653] Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 137-8.

[654] Church bells were anciently used more to frighten the fiends away than for calling together the worshippers.

[655] Psalms cxix., lxviii., and lxix.

[656] A formula of Benediction.

[657] Polypodium vulgare.

[658] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. pp. 138-9.

[659] Leech Book, III. vol. ii. p. 343.

[660] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 335.

[661] Ibid., p. 335.

[662] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 307.

[663] Ibid., vol. i. Preface, p. xxvii.

[664] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. Preface, pp. xxvi., xxvii.

[665] Leech Book, iii. p. 307.

[666] Myv. Arch., iii. p. 129.

[667] Meddygon Myddfai, Preface, p. ix.

[668] Llanover MS.

[669] Ancient Laws and Institutions of Wales, vol. ii. p. 515.

[670] Meddygon Myddfai, p. xi.

[671] Ibid., p. xiii.

[672] Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, vol. i. p. 41 etc.

[673] Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, vol. i. p. 315.

[674] Ibid., p. 507.

[675] The Physicians of Myddvai, Llandovery, 1861.

[676] Leges Wallica, l. 4. Henry’s Hist. of Eng., vol. i. p. 320.

[677] Ancient Laws, etc., of Wales, v. i. p. 313.

[678] See on this Balmez, European Civilization, p. 214.

[679] Pococke, Hist. Dynast., p. 128; Freind, Hist. Med., Lat. Ed., p. 472.

[680] Puschmann, Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 156.

[681] L. Leclerc, Hist. de la Méd. Arabe, i. p. 38.

[682] Freind, Hist. Med., p. 473, Ed. 1733.

[683] Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.

[684] Weber, Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 266.

[685] Royle, Antiquity of Hindu Medicine.

[686] Weber, p. 266.

[687] Puschmann, p. 160.

[688] Leo Afric., De viris Illust. ap. Arab. Bib.

[689] The Saracens, p. 191.

[690] Ibid.

[691] Ibid., pp. 191, 192.

[692] Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.

[693] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 158.

[694] Freeman’s Saracens, p. 54.

[695] Kingsley’s Alexandria, p. 148.

[696] Sismondi, Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 51.

[697] Hist. Med., p. 123.

[698] See Thompson’s Hist. Chem., vol. i. p. 112.

[699] Berington’s Lit. Hist. Middle Ages, p. 415.

[700] Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.

[701] Imp. Dict. Biog., art. “Averrhoès.”

[702] Puschmann, p. 162.

[703] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 220.

[704] Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 66.

[705] Ibid.

[706] Decline and Fall, etc., chap. lii.

[707] Dictionary of Islam, art. “Da’wah.”

[708] Baas, History of Medicine, p. 224.

[709] Sismondi, Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 68.

[710] Ibid.

[711] Dr. W. A. Greenhill, in Smith’s Dict. Classical Biog.

[712] Ibid., in life of Rhazes, in Imp. Dict. Biog.

[713] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 231.

[714] Berington, Lit. Hist. Middle Ages, p. 428.

[715] Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. vi. pp. 105-119.

[716] Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. vi. p. 119.

[717] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 233.

[718] Arabic writer, quoted by Baas, Hist. Med., p. 221.

[719] Freeman’s Saracens, p. 4.

[720] Ibid., p. 6.

[721] Philosophy of History, p. 342.

[722] Chateaubriand, Analyse de l’Histoire de France, Seconde Race.

[723] Goodwin, Lives of the Necromancers, pp. 29, 30.

[724] Cap, Études Biographiques, Ser. ii. p. 326.

[725] See Whewell’s Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. i. p. 305.

[726] Decline and Fall.

[727] Mullinger’s University of Cambridge, p. 334.

[728] As Haydn gives them.

[729] Ency. Brit., art. “Anatomy.”

[730] Rise and Constitution of Universities, p. 157.

[731] Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 214.

[732] Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 216.

[733] Ibid., p. 217.

[734] Ibid. See also Dubouchet, “Documents pour servir à l’histoire de l’université de médicine de Montpellier,” in the Gaz. hebd. des sciences med. de Montpellier, 1887, No. 4.

[735] Ibid., p. 218.

[736] Surgical Dict., art. “Surgery.”

[737] Cooper’s Surgical Dictionary, art. “Surgery.”

[738] In vit. Ric. pri., p. 490.

[739] Strutt’s Horda Angel-Cynnan, vol. ii. p. 26.

[740] Wood, Hist. Univ. of Oxford, vol. i. p. 62.

[741] Henry, Hist. Great Britain, vol. vi. p. 114.

[742] Jessen.

[743] L’École de Salerne.

[744] Laurie, Rise, etc., of Universities, p. 112.

[745] European Civilization, p. 216.

[746] Storia docum. della scuola med. di Salerno, p. 157, et seq.

[747] S. de Renzi, Collectio Salernitana, iii. 325.

[748] Laurie’s Rise, etc., of Universities, p. 112.

[749] See Puschmann’s Hist. Med., p. 199.

[750] Ibid.

[751] Ibid., p. 113.

[752] Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.

[753] Hist. Med., p. 262.

[754] IV. 75.

[755] Laurie, Rise, etc., of Universities, p. 113.

[756] Laurie’s Rise, etc., of the Universities, pp. 113, 114.

[757] Daremberg, L’École de Salerne, p. 146.

[758] Collect. Salern., t. ii. pp. 737-768.

[759] Anomymi Salernitani de adventu medici ad ægrotum. Ed. A. G. E. Th. Henschel, Vratisl., 1850. De Renzi, Collect. Salern., ii. 74-81, v. 333-349. Puschmann, Hist. Med., p. 203. Daremberg, L’École de Salerne, p. 148.

[760] The whole coast between Salerno and Amalfi and the surrounding parts are some of the loveliest places in Italy.

[761] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 201.

[762] Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.

[763] See Dr. Haeser’s Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin, p. 290.

[764] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 203.

[765] Meryon, History of Medicine, p. 162. See also Beckmann’s Hist. of Inventions, art. “Apothecaries.”

[766] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 263.

[767] Note in Baas’ Hist. Med., p. 263.

[768] Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.

[769] To be precise, “M. Baudry de Balzac computes from 1474 to 1846, 240 editions of The School of Salerno. It was translated into French, German, English, Breton, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Provençal, Bohemian, Hebrew, and Persian. The number of manuscripts which contain this poem is more than 150.” (Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.)

[770] Iodine was not known at this time; and the virtue of the sponge, if any, was doubtless due to the iodine it contained.

[771] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 299.

[772] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 206. De Renzi, Collect. Salernit., ii. 445, 513, 628, 650, etc.

[773] Hist. diplom. Frid. II. imperat. Paris, 1854. T. iv., pars. 1, p. 149, tit. 44, quoted in Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Education, p. 207.

[774] Hist. diplom. Frid. II., op. cit. p. 235, lib. 3, tit. 46, etc., quoted in Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 208.

[775] A gold tarenus weighed twenty grains.

[776] Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 210.

[777] Aubrey, Hist. England, vol. i. p. 487.

[778] Art. “Astrology,” Ency. Brit., vol. ii. p. 741.

[779] Médecine et Médecins, p. 125.

[780] Tom. iii. p. 9.

[781] Principles of Sociology, vol. i. p. 53.

[782] Ency. Brit., art. “Bacon, Roger.”

[783] History of Inductive Sciences, vol. i. p. 341.

[784] Ibid., p. 342.

[785] Mullinger’s Hist. Cambridge Univ., p. 170 note.

[786] Hist. Univ. Oxford.

[787] Or College of SS. Cosmas and Damian. See p. 234 of this work.

[788] Wood’s University of Oxford, vol. i. p. 293.

[789] Aubrey, Hist. England, vol. i. p. 426.

[790] Aubrey, Hist. England, vol. i. p. 682.

[791] Baas, Hist. Med.

[792] Ency. Brit., art. “Anatomy.”

[793] Ibid.

[794] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 246.

[795] Ency. Brit., art. “Medicine.”

[796] Hist. of Univ. of Oxford, vol. i. p. 444.

[797] Ibid., p. 446.

[798] Ibid., p. 447.

[799] Epidemics of the Middle Ages, p. 13.

[800] Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 96.

[801] Ibid., p. 100.

[802] History of Inventions, loc. cit.

[803] Hist. Med. Superstit., pp. 37, 38.

[804] Loseley MSS., p. 263.

[805] The Loseley MSS., p. 264.

[806] Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, B. v. c. 3.

[807] English Chronicle, p. 1,038.

[808] Stow’s Chron., p 381.

[809] Horda Angel-Cynnan, vol. ii. p. 71.

[810] Ibid.

[811] Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. ii. p. 23.

[812] History of the Papacy, etc., vol. ii.

[813] Ency. Brit., art. “Leonardo.”

[814] Hist. Epidemics, p. 181.

[815] Chronicles, vol. iii. p. 482.

[816] Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 186.

[817] Ibid.

[818] Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 118.

[819] See Beckmann’s Hist. Inv., art. “Quarantine.”

[820] Meryon, Hist. Med., vol. i. p. 339.

[821] University of Oxford, vol. i. pp. 564, 565.

[822] Chronicles of England, etc., vol. i. p. 273.

[823] Mullinger’s Univ. Cambridge, p. 168.

[824] Art. “Pathology,” Ency. Brit., xviii. p. 404.

[825] Vickers’ Martyrdoms of Literature, p. 169.

[826] Aglio’s Antiquities of Mexico, vol. viii. p. 234.

[827] Ibid., vol. vi. p. 526.

[828] Aglio’s Antiquities of Mexico, vol. vi. p. 272.

[829] Morley, Life of Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 213.

[830] H. C. Agripp., ep. 23, lib. i. p. 702. Prefixed also to all editions of the De Occ. Phil. (Note by Mr. Morley.)

[831] Whewell, Hist. of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. p. 177.

[832] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 386.

[833] De abditis rerum causis, Florent., 1507.

[834] Epidemics, p. 218.

[835] 3 Henry VIII., c. 9.

[836] Dr. Goodall’s History of the College of Physicians.

[837] Aubrey, Hist. Eng., vol. ii. p. 535.

[838] Ibid.

[839] Hist. Eng., vol. ii. p. 296.

[840] Munk, Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, p. 1.

[841] Wood, Hist. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 862.

[842] I am indebted for the above facts to Dr. Furnivall’s edition of Vicary’s Anatomie, published for the Early English Text Society.

[843] Captain Cox, his Ballads and Books. Dr. Furnivall’s edition, published for the Ballad Society, p. ci.

[844] Pratt, Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 91.

[845] Munk’s Roll of the Royal College, etc., p. 62.

[846] Times, May 20, 1876, p. 6. Hallam, Literary History, etc., vol. ii. p. 233.

[847] Hist. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 62.

[848] De morbis contagiosis, lib. ii. cap. ix.

[849] Ency. Brit.

[850] Literature of Europe, chap. ix. sect. 2, 13.

[851] Portal, Tiraboschi, ix. 34.

[852] Hist. Med., p. 427.

[853] Lit. of Europe, chap. ix. sect. 2.

[854] Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Education, p. 305.

[855] Laënnec, Diseases of the Chest, etc., p 112.

[856] Meryon, Hist. Med., vol. i. p. 467.

[857] Works, vol. xiii. p. 394.

[858] p. 436, ed. 1827.

[859] Brand’s Popular Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 160.

[860] Furnivall’s ed. Boorde, Early English Text Society, 1870, p. 121.

[861] Breviary of Health, fol. 80 b.

[862] In Dr. Furnivall’s Captain Cox, published for the Ballad Society, 1891, p. 35.

[863] Evelyn’s Diary, vol. ii. p. 151.

[864] Notes to Pepys’ Diary, vol. i. p. 90.

[865] William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle, Book II. chap. 13.

[866] Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 225.

[867] See for a complete history of the royal gift of healing Pettigrew’s Medical Superstitions, p. 117.

[868] Meryon, Hist. Med., vol. i. p. 423.

[869] Hakluyt’s Voyages, vol. iii. p. 280.

[870] Description of England, chap. xix.

[871] See Gamgee, “Third Historical Fragment,” in Lancet, 1876.

[872] Cap. Études Biographiques, sec. i. pp. 84-89.

[873] Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 62.

[874] Ency. Brit., vol. xv. p. 782.

[875] See the article on Bacon in Ency. Brit., vol. iii. p. 217.

[876] Œuvres, iii. 24.

[877] Ibid., vi. 234.

[878] Ibid., vi. 89.

[879] Ibid., ix. 426.

[880] Œuvres, x. 204.

[881] Ibid., iv. 452 and 454.

[882] Ency. Brit., art. “Descartes.”

[883] Wood, Hist. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 883.

[884] Ibid.

[885] See Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. p. 212.

[886] Munk, Roll of the R.C.P., etc., p. 281.

[887] Philosophical Transactions, May 7th, 1666.

[888] Dr. Latham’s Life of Sydenham.

[889] Ibid.

[890] De Spiritu, v. 1078. There is some doubt as to the genuineness of this work.

[891] Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 394.

[892] Ibid.

[893] Christianismi Restitutio (1553).

[894] Ency. Brit., art. “Harvey.”

[895] De Re Anatomica (1559).

[896] Whewell, loc. cit.

[897] Sylvius discovered their existence; but Fabricius remarked that they were all turned towards the heart.

[898] Ency. Brit., art. “Harvey.”

[899] Generation of Animals.

[900] Harvey, On the Circulation. Dr. Bowie’s edit.

[901] Harvey, On the Circulation of the Blood. Bohn’s edit., revised by Dr. Bowie, 1889.

[902] Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. p. 206. Willis, Anatomy of the Brain, chaps. xv.-xvii.

[903] Pharmaceutike Rationalis, London, 1675. Præfatio.

[904] Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. ii. p. 546.

[905] Ibid., p. 547.

[906] Life of Cullen, vol. ii. p. 536.

[907] Cooper’s Surgical Dictionary, p. 773.

[908] Cap. Études Biographiques, Ser. i. p. 120.

[909] See British Medical Journal, June 11, 1892, p. 1263.

[910] Baas’ Hist. Med., p. 159.

[911] Ibid.

[912] Ibid., p. 184.

[913] Ibid., p. 187.

[914] The Doctor, p. 39.

[915] Denmark, Hygiene and Demography, p. 57.

[916] Hist. Med., p. 517.

[917] Ibid., p. 545.

[918] Ibid., p. 547.

[919] Gomme, Ethnology in Folklore, p. 114.

[920] Dyer, English Folklore, p. 150.

[921] Rogers, Social Life in Scotland, iii. 226.

[922] Gomme, Ethnology in Folklore, pp. 114, 115. Dyer, English Folklore, p. 147. Rogers, Social Life in Scotland, iii. 225.

[923] Boyle, Porousness of Animal Bodies. Works, vol. iv. p. 767. Floyer, Touchstone of Medicines, vol. i. p. 154.

[924] Medical Superstitions, p. 161.

[925] Sir K. Digby, Powder of Sympathy, p. 97.

[926] Ibid., p. 76.

[927] Pettigrew’s Medical Superstitions, p. 155.

[928] Pers. Narr., iv. 195.

[929] Himalayan Journals, ed. 1891, p. 371.

[930] Ibid., p. 214.

[931] Medica Sacra, p. 62.

[932] Pliny, Nat. Hist., bk. xxxi. c. 32.

[933] Pharmaceutical Journal.

[934] John Russell’s Boke of Nurture, 991-1000.

[935] Pellitory of the wall, which abounds in nitrate of potass.

[936] Probably Peucedanum officinale.

[937] Danewort.

[938] St. John’s wort.

[939] Centaury.

[940] Plantain.

[941] Glechoma hederacea.

[942] Galium Aparine, prescribed in Leechdoms, v. 2, p. 345, for a “salve against the elfin race and nocturnal [goblin] visitors, and for the woman with whom the devil hath carnal commerce.”

[943] Avens.

[944] Bruise wort, pimpernel, or perhaps for Hembriswort, daisy.

[945] Smallage, or wild-water parsley.

[946] Brooklime.

[947] Scabious.

[948] John Russell’s Boke of Nurture, Harl. MS. 4011, Fol. 171. The notes are from Dr. Furnivall’s edition.

[949] State Trials, 951.

[950] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Magic,” Ency. Brit. See Ellis, Polynesian Researches; Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia; Polack, Manners and Customs of New Zealanders; Waitz, vols. v., vi.; all works mentioned by Dr. Tylor.

[951] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. Pref., xxxii.

[952] Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. i.

[953] Goodwin, Lives of the Necromancers, pp. 127-132.

[954] Heroid., vi. 91.

“Simulacraque cerea fingit, Et miserum tenuis in jecur urget acus.”

[955] Gordon Cumming’s Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 336.

[956] Vol. i. p. 336. See also In the Hebrides, pp. 263-265. C. F. Gordon-Cumming.

[957] Ethnology in Folklore, p. 51.

[958] Plato, Laws, lib. xi.

[959] Nat. Hist., Book xxviii. ch. 24.

[960] Ethnology in Folklore, p. 87.

[961] Idyl ii.

[962] Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 102.

[963] Book xxi. 92.

[964] Book xxiv. 42.

[965] Sir James Emerson Tennent’s Ceylon, vol. ii. p. 545.

[966] Custom and Myth, p. 200.

[967] Ibid., p. 169.

[968] Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 141.

[969] Saxon Leechdoms.

[970] Eynatten, Manualis Exorcismorum, 1619, p. 220, quoted in Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. Preface, p. xliv.

[971] Short Discoverie, etc., 4to, London, 1612, p. 71.

[972] Brand’s Popular Antiquities, 1842, vol. iii. p. 6.

[973] London, 1886, p. 167.

[974] Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie.

[975] Mysteries of Magic, Waite, pp. 167, 168.

[976] Daily Chronicle, June 11th, 1892.

[977] Simpson, “Ancient Buddhist Remains in Afghanistan,” Fraser’s Mag., New Ser., No. cxxii., Feb. 1880, pp. 197, 198.

[978] Mysteries of Magic, A. E. Waite (London, 1886), p. 135.

[979] Mysteries of Magic, p. 157.

[980] Dyer, English Folklore, p. 154.

[981] Denny’s Folklore of China, p. 51; Irish Popular and Medical Superstitions, p. 3.

[982] Folk Medicine, p. 99.

[983] Notes and Queries, 5th S., vol. vi. p. 97.

[984] Folk Medicine, p. 33.

[985] Pliny.

[986] Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 137.

[987] Folk Medicine, p. 41.

[988] Paris’s Pharmacologia, p. 51.

[989] The Doctor, p. 59.

[990] Vol. ii. pp. 175, et seq.

[991] Whewell, Hist. of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. p. 184.

[992] Whewell, Hist. of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. p. 185.

[993] Περὶ ψυχῆς, ii. 2.

[994] Life of Dr. Cullen, vol. i. p. 102.

[995] Whewell’s History of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. pp. 16, 17.

[996] Cap. xiv. p. 233.

[997] Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. pp. 177, 178.

[998] Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. pp. 177, 178.

[999] Cullen’s Works, vol. i. pp. 405, 406.

[1000] Thomson’s Life of Dr. Cullen, vol. i. p. 185.

[1001] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 750.

[1002] Works, vol. i. p. 442.

[1003] Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. ii. p. 134.

[1004] Munk’s Roll of the R. Coll. Phys.

[1005] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 262. He published in 1765, A Discourse on the Institution of Medical Schools in America.

[1006] Philosophical Transactions, vol. xlix. p. 477, and Munk’s Roll of the R. Coll. Phys., vol. ii. p. 282. This was one of the cases in which experiments on the lower animals have been of service to mankind. Mr. Spry’s character for veracity seems to have been re-established by them.

[1007] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 648.

[1008] The Gold-headed Cane.

[1009] Medica Sacra (1755), pp. 21, 22.

[1010] Surgical Dictionary, art. “Surgery.”

[1011] Resection is the removal of the articular extremity of a bone, or the ends of the bones in a false articulation.

[1012] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 422.

[1013] Hist. Med. Education, p. 427.

[1014] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 677.

[1015] Munk’s Roll of the Royal Coll. Phys., vol. ii. p. 125.

[1016] Ibid.

[1017] Ibid., p. 130.

[1018] Literature of Europe, vol. iv. p. 354.

[1019] Munk’s Roll of the R. Coll. Phys., vol. ii. p. 408.

[1020] Roll of the R. Coll. of Phys., vol. ii. p. 160.

[1021] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 713.

[1022] Published by the Pharmaceutical Society, 1880.

[1023] Hist. Med., p. 868.

[1024] Letter to Hufeland.

[1025] Medical Profession, p. 93.

[1026] Medical Profession, p. 93.

[1027] De Magnete, p. 48.

[1028] Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 7.

[1029] History of Inventions, vol. i. p. 72.

[1030] Ibid., p. 74.

[1031] Laënnec, Treatise on Diseases of the Chest, p. 5.

[1032] A few only of the more prominent physicians, surgeons, and scientists are mentioned here; to do more would interfere with the plan of this work.

[1033] Ency. Brit., art. “Animal Magnetism,” vol. xv. p. 279.

[1034] Voyage fait à Londres en 1814. See also Cooper’s Surgical Dict., art. “Fractures.”

[1035] “Discovery of Chloroform,” in Miller’s Surgery, pp. 756-758, 2nd Ed.

[1036] p. 28.

[1037] Ency. Brit., art. “Insanity.”

[1038] Hospitals and Asylums of the World.

[1039] Adams’ Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 77.

[1040] Ency. Brit., art. “Insanity.”

[1041] Hospitals and Asylums, vol. i. p. 62.

[1042] Hist. Med., p. 347.

[1043] Cruikshank, Bacteriology, p. 2.

[1044] Woodhead, Bacteria and their Products, p. 52.

[1045] Opera Medico-Physica, Tractatio de Contagio, le Lue Bovina, de Variolis; de Scarlatina.

[1046] Bacteria and their Products, p. 59.

[1047] Schwann (1810-1882) discovered the influence of the lower fungi in causing fermentation and putrefaction, so that he may be called the father of the germ theory of disease.

[1048] Manual of Bacteriology, p. 16.

[1049] Bacteria and their Products, p. 328.

[1050] See Appendix E, Cruikshank’s Bacteriology, p. 414.

[1051] Cruikshank, Bacteriology, p. 192.

[1052] Ibid., p. 196.

[1053] Woodhead, Bacteria, etc., p. 327.

[1054] Parkes’ Hygiene, Introduction.

[1055] Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 1083.

[1056] Lancet, Oct. 29th, 1892, p. 1013.

[1057] Professor Charcot in the New Review, Jan., 1893.

[1058] See p. 320 of this work.

[1059] Charcot, The Faith Cure.

[1060] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 1100.

[1061] Ency. Brit., art. “Physiology,” vol. xix. p. 23.

* * * * * *

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