The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, Division 1; A to Car. A Practical and Scientific Encyclopædia of Horticulture (part 4 of 5)

The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, Division 1; A to Car. A Practical and Scientific Encyclopædia of Horticulture (part 4 of 5)

=B. pubescens= (downy). fl. white, large, much crowded; petals obovate; peduncles three to four-flowered. l. rather cordate at the base, pubescent beneath and on the petioles; leaflets connected beyond the middle, oval, obtuse, four-nerved, nearly parallel. h. 4ft. to 6ft. Jamaica, 1823.

=B. purpurea= (purple). fl., petals red, one of them streaked with white on the claw, lanceolate, acute. Legume linear, 1ft. long. l. cordate at the base, coriaceous, ultimately glabrous; leaflets connected much above the middle, broadly ovate, obtuse, four-nerved; free. h. 6ft. India, 1778.

=B. racemosa= (racemose). fl. white; petals obovate, obtuse; raceme somewhat corymbose. l. cordate at the base, clothed with silky villi beneath, as well as on the peduncles, petioles, branches, calyces, and petals; leaflets broadly ovate, obtuse, connected to the middle, five-nerved. India, 1790. Shrubby climber. (B. F. S. 182.)

=B. tomentosa= (tomentose). fl., petals pale yellow, with a red spot at the claw, obovate, obtuse; peduncles one to three-flowered. l. ovate or roundish at the base; under surface villous, as well as the petioles, branches, stipules, peduncles, bracts, and calyces; leaflets connected beyond the middle, oval, obtuse, three to four-nerved. h. 6ft. to 12ft. Ceylon, 1808.

=B. variegata= (variegated).* fl. red, marked with white, and yellow at the base, in loose terminal racemes; petals ovate, nearly sessile. June. l. cordate at the base, glabrous; leaflets broadly-ovate, obtuse, five-nerved, connected beyond the middle; free. h. 20ft. Malabar, 1690.

=B. v. chinensis= (Chinese). fl., petals lilac, with one purple spot at the base of each, acute. l. rounded at the base. China.

=BAWD-MONEY.= See =Meum=.

=BAY-TREE.= See =Laurus nobilis=.

=BEAK.= Anything resembling the beak of a bird, as in Aconitum; the point which ends the helmet or upper sepal; hard, sharp points.

=BEAM TREE.= See =Pyrus Aria=.

=BEAN BEETLE= (Bruchus granarius). This insect, by depositing its eggs in the seeds of Beans and Peas, causes a great amount of injury. It is about an eighth of an inch long, black, with brown hairs and white spots; tip of the tail prolonged, downy; front pair of legs reddish. The most effectual means of prevention is to destroy, when sowing, all seeds infested by it; and this may be detected by the skin of the seed being unusually transparent above the tunnel for exit. Imported seeds of Broad Beans are often much infested. "Dipping the Beans or Peas in boiling water for one minute is stated to kill the grub inside; but, as dipping for four minutes generally destroys the germinating power, the experiment is much too hazardous for general use", (Ormerod).

=BEAN CAPER.= See =Zygophyllum=.

=BEAN FLY.= See =Aphides= and =Black Fly=.

=BEANS.= There are three sections of these in cultivation for garden purposes, viz.: The Dwarf or French Bean; the Climbing, or Scarlet Runner; and the ordinary Broad Bean. See also =Faba= and =Phaseolus=.

Soil. All Beans like a somewhat loamy soil, which, to secure good crops, must be deeply worked and heavily manured. The Kidney Beans, dwarf and tall, however, do not care for so heavy a soil as the Broad and Long-podded kinds; and this fact should be borne in mind when selecting their respective situations. The term Kidney is generally applied to both the Dwarf or French and the Climbing or Scarlet Runner.

BROAD AND LONG-PODDED (Faba vulgaris). Cultivation: As early as possible in the autumn, deeply trench a piece of ground, and work in a heavy dressing of manure, leaving the surface of the soil in ridges, to become well aërated by winter frosts. Where desired, a piece of ground on a warm, protected border, can also be deeply dug in November, and a few rows of Mazagans sown to stand the winter. When up, draw a ridge of soil on either side the rows, and in frosty weather strew a few handfuls of bracken, or other light, dry litter, over them. Not much is, however, gained by this winter sowing. Early in January, level the ridges with a fork, working the whole of the surface soil over, and towards the end of the month, make the first sowing, choosing Mazagan and other early varieties. Mark out two rows, 9in. asunder, leave a space of 30in., then another two rows, and so on throughout the piece sown. If preferred, they may be sown in single rows at intervals of 1-1/2ft. The drills should be about 3in. deep, and the seed from 7in. to 9in. apart in the rows. Where the double-row system is adopted, arrange the seed for the plants to come alternately. In March, get in the main sowing of the Broad and later Long-podded kinds, in the manner already described; another sowing for late use may be made in April. When the plants are about 6in. high, earth up as recommended for those sown in the autumn. As soon as a good crop is set, pinch out the tops of the plants, to assist the maturation of the Beans, and prevent the attacks of the fly. Figs. 209, 210, and 211 are excellent representations of the flowering plant, pods, and seed of the Broad Bean.

Sorts. For early use: Early Mazagan, Long-pod, Marshall's Early Prolific, and Seville Long-pod. For late use: Carter's Mammoth Long-pod, and Broad Windsor (white variety). These are all distinct and good varieties.

DWARF OR FRENCH KIDNEY BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris). Cultivation: This class (see Fig. 212) also requires a rich and deeply trenched rather light soil. A very important point is to get the ground into a good condition, by frequently forking it over; and, as the seeds are not sown till the beginning of May, there is plenty of time for the work. The finer the soil is, and the more it is aërated, the better will it suit the crop. From the beginning of May till the end of June, at intervals, draw out drills about 2ft. apart, and 3in. deep, and in these place the Beans tolerably thick, as generally they are not all certain to grow. As soon as up, carefully thin them, and slightly earth up to prevent the wind blowing them about. They should not, however, be earthed higher than the seed leaves, or they will probably rot off in wet weather. Keep free from weeds, and maintain a sharp look out for slugs. In dry weather, water occasionally, giving good drenchings, and not mere sprinklings, which do more harm than good. A good mulching of half-rotted manure is very beneficial, as it prevents evaporation to a great extent, besides affording some amount of nourishment to the plants. Great care must be taken to pick off the Beans as soon as large enough for use, or they will exhaust the plants. Where seeds are needed, a number of plants should be left for the purpose, and these should be some of the best, to prevent deterioration, or loss of the true variety.

Forcing. French Beans require more heat than can be obtained in either a frame or an ordinary greenhouse; and, although easy enough to grow in a structure suited to their requirements, yet, if such does not exist, they are almost sure to fail. A good heat, from 60deg. to 70deg., with abundance of moisture, is necessary for successful results. Plenty of light is also most essential. A position such as that of a cucumber house is generally a suitable one; but the plants must not be placed under the cucumbers. Successional sowings in pots or boxes must be made, from the end of August till March, to keep up a supply. For soil, use good maiden loam, with a little well-rotted manure added. Use 8in. pots, sowing five or six beans in each. The first sowing should be placed in a frame and kept well watered, bringing into heat in October; but the subsequent sowings should be placed directly in the house. Keep the soil moist, and the plants free from aphides and other insect pests, and give air at every favourable opportunity. The plants should be as near the light as possible, and kept from falling about by tying or placing small pieces of Birch wood round them. In dull weather, it will be found that the blooms will not set so freely as when the sun shines brightly; therefore, every care should be taken to secure both heat and ventilation when sunshine prevails. When the pots get full of roots, and the plants are bearing fruit freely, a little liquid manure is of great assistance; at no time must the plants get dry enough to flag. Allow plenty of room for the full development of foliage, and maintain a minimum temperature of 60deg., with plenty of moisture.

Sorts. These are very numerous, among the best being Black Negro, Canadian Wonder, Canterbury, Fulmer's Forcing, Golden Dun, Newington Wonder, Osborn's Early Forcing, Sion House, and Sir Joseph Paxton.

RUNNERS OR CLIMBING KIDNEY BEANS (Phaseolus multiflorus). Cultivation: Being tall growers, these need a greater space than the Dwarf French varieties, and they also require support. Rich soil is indispensable for them, and liberal supplies of water on light soils and in dry weather. A good overhead syringing from time to time is also advantageous. Trench and heavily manure a piece of ground in autumn, leaving it in ridges for the winter. In March, level the ridges down, and well work the ground, to render it friable and in good condition. The plants being extremely tender, it is not safe to sow before the end of April or the first week in May. It is preferable to sow in rows, which should be from 6ft. to 12ft. apart, and crop the ground between with other vegetables. Earth up and stake them as soon as ready, to prevent injury from rough wind. A good plan, which may be adopted to obtain early produce, is to raise the seeds in boxes in a cold frame, getting them ready for planting out in the middle of May. Plant at the same distances, and treat afterwards as recommended for those sown out of doors.

If preferred, they can be grown on the ground without stakes. Under this treatment, they must have their tops pinched off when about 18in. high, continuing this pinching from time to time as necessary. If this plan is adopted, the rows need only be 3ft. apart, the ground not being otherwise cropped. In dry seasons and on light soils, there is an advantage attached to this method, namely, that those on sticks are liable to injury from drought, while the foliage of those pinched back keeps the soil moist underneath.

Runner Beans may also be planted to cover arches or fences, and in various places of a like description. See Fig. 213.

Sorts. Common Scarlet Runner, Champion, Painted Lady, and Giant White. The first two are those generally grown.

=BEAN-TREE.= See =Ceratonia Siliqua=.

=BEARBERRY=, and =BEAR'S GRAPE=. See =Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi=.

=BEARD-TONGUE.= See =Pentstemon=.

=BEARS BREECH.= See =Acanthus=.

=BEAR'S FOOT.= See =Helleborus fœtidus=.

=BEATONIA.= See =Tigridia=.

=BEAUCARNEA= (a commemorative name). ORD. Liliaceæ. A small genus of curious greenhouse plants, natives of Mexico. Leaves narrow, gracefully depending. Stems slender, and woody, with a peculiar swollen, somewhat napiform base. Mr. B. S. Williams recommends that these plants be potted in rich fibrous loam and sand, with ample drainage, and, during the growing season, liberally supplied with water. Propagated by cuttings, when obtainable; but chiefly by seeds, which have to be imported from their native country. Beaucarneas are principally grown for the beauty of their foliage, and are grotesque, graceful, and extremely curious in habit and form.

=B. glauca= (grey).* l. pendent, glaucous, 2ft. to 3ft. long. Stem slender, the swollen base becoming woody with age.

=B. g. latifolia= (broad-leaved) differs from the type only in its stouter and more robust stem and broader leaves.

=B. longifolia= (long-leaved).* l. 6ft. to 10ft. long, narrow, pendent, dark green, forming a beautiful vase-like centre. h. 10ft. Mexico, 1868. Very distinct. (G. C. 1877, vii., 493.)

=B. recurvata= (recurved-leaved).* l. very long, linear, gracefully pendulous, bright green. Mexico, about 1845. This is an excellent subject for open-air culture during the summer, as well as for the conservatory. SYN. Pincenictitia tuberculata. (G. C. 1870, 1445.)

=B. r. rubra= (red). l. red at base.

=B. stricta= (upright). l. 3ft. or more long, less than 1in. broad, very glaucous. Stem stout. Mexico, 1870.

=BEAUFORTIA= (commemorative of Mary, Duchess of Beaufort, a botanical patroness). Including Schizopleura. ORD. Myrtaceæ. Elegant free-flowering greenhouse Australian shrubs. Flowers scarlet; calyx with a turbinate tube; stamens in bundles opposite the petals. Leaves sessile, opposite or scattered. Beaufortias require a compost of peat, leaf soil, and loam, lightened, if necessary, by the addition of sand. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots root freely in sandy soil, under a glass, with very little heat.

=B. decussata= (decussate). fl. scarlet; bundles of stamens on very long claws; filaments radiating. May. l. opposite, decussate, ovate, or oval, many-nerved. h. 3ft. to 10ft. New Holland, 1803. (B. M. 1733.)

=B. purpurea= (purple).* fl. purplish-red, in dense globular heads. l. three to five-nerved, erect or spreading, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-linear. New Holland.

=B. sparsa= (few-leaved). fl. bright scarlet. l. many-nerved, scattered, ovate-elliptical, obtuse. West Australia. SYN. B. splendens. (P. F. G. xiii., 145.)

=B. splendens= (splendid). Synonymous with B. sparsa.

=BEAUMONTIA= (in honour of Mrs. Beaumont, formerly of Bretton Hall, Yorkshire). ORD. Apocynaceæ. A very ornamental stove twiner, remarkable for its handsome flowers. It succeeds best when planted out in the borders of a temperate house, in rich lumpy loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand, with bottom heat.

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* fl., corolla large, white, greenish outside near the base, and dark throat, with a short tube, and a large campanulate five-lobed limb; corymbs axillary and terminal, many-flowered. June. l. opposite, broad, oblong-ovate, with a little point, tapering towards the base, smooth and shining above, but rather downy beneath; young leaves and branches rusty. Chittagong and Sylhet, 1820. (B. M. 3213.)

=BED.= A term usually applied to pieces of ground laid out in gardens for sowing small seeds, or for the isolation and better protection of small collections of plants in the reserve ground. The oblong is the best shape for this purpose, about 4ft. or 5ft. wide, somewhat raised, and having a narrow path on each side, so that the workman may attend to the plants or seeds without having to tread on the bed. Any one part of a flower-garden design, cut out in grass, or otherwise formed, is also generally termed a Bed. When required to be planted for effect, as in this case, the Bed should be proportionate in size to the plants that are to be put in it, always planting the highest in the centre and gradually sloping, with other sizes, to the edges, which should be the lowest. Circular Beds are best with one centre plant; and oblong or other shapes should have the height of the centre plants carried nearly the whole length, not, however, placing them in too formal a manner.

=BEDDING-IN.= A method of seed-sowing, now almost obsolete, and chiefly employed in nurseries. "In this method, the ground being dug and formed by alleys into Beds, 4ft. or 5ft. wide, each alley being a spade's width or more between Bed and Bed, and the earth being drawn off the top of the Bed with a rake or spade, 1/2in. or 1in. deep into the alleys, the seed is then sown all over the surface of the Bed; which being done, the earth in the alleys is immediately cast over the Bed, again covering the seeds the same depth, and the surface is raked smooth" (Johnson). In the case of small seeds, a very light covering is needed, and that only of very fine soil.

=BEDDING-OUT.= The temporary placing out of doors of greenhouse and other tender plants during the summer months. It is considered by some to be the showiest, most expensive, and most unnatural of any style. The geometrical arrangement of gaudy colours is not at all times satisfactory, and under the most favourable conditions the design is rarely retained more than two or three months, say, from July to September. The method is, however, so extensively adopted as to demand due notice in this work. Bedding usually commences in May. An important consideration is the proper preparation of the soil for the reception of the plants. It will be found to materially assist the growth if the soil is well dug over a fortnight before the plants are put in. By this means, it will acquire a certain amount of solidity, a point of great importance with fibrous-rooted plants that are subject to injury from the fine roots not taking a firm hold of the soil. Having decided upon the arrangement of the plants, proceed to work with the planting. With round, oval, or, indeed, almost any shaped bed, begin in the centre and work towards the edge; in borders, commence at the back and finish with the front row. Plant with a trowel, disturbing the balls as little as possible, and when in the holes press the soil moderately firm. After the Bed is finished, give a good soaking of water to settle the soil at the roots. Manure for Flower-beds should always be perfectly rotten, such as that from a spent hotbed. When the plants are thoroughly established, water must only be given if they show signs of distress; and then a good soaking should be applied. A careful hoeing of the surface after planting will be most beneficial, leaving it smooth and tidy. A Dutch hoe will be the best to use. Injudicious use of manure and water will only cause a foliaceous growth. The proper treatment of the various Bedding Plants will be found under their respective headings. For spring decoration, the Beds may be filled with Dutch bulbs, and spring-flowering annuals and perennials ad infinitum; or, after the plants are removed in autumn, the Beds may be filled with evergreens plunged in pots, such as Aucuba, Arbor vitæ, Euonymus, and various little Conifers, which have a bright appearance through the winter, and can be removed at any time. With the relative value, or advisability of adoption, of either or any system of gardening, it scarcely comes within the province of this work to deal. No hard-and-fast rules can be laid down as regards "style," and each individual may follow his own taste and inclination.

Carpet Bedding. This mode of gardening, although not so generally employed as it was some few years ago, has many admirers, and small plots, geometrically arranged in multi-coloured beds on lawns, are frequently seen. In our large public parks, the system is largely adopted, and evidently proves very gratifying to the multitudes who visit these places; but probably no system is more unnatural or expensive, as such a large number of plants are necessary in order to produce a desirable effect. The illustrations (Figs. 214 and 215) represent two designs for Carpet Beds. The numbers placed in the various compartments indicate the way the different colours should be arranged, repeats being marked by the same cypher. A very varied and large selection of plants can be used for Carpet Bedding, some of which are quite hardy, such as Herniaria glabra and Veronica repens, two of the best dwarf green plants; Sempervivum californicum, Sedum lydium, S. glaucum, Antennaria tomentosa, &c. These may be planted early in the season, with Golden Feather, and are especially valuable, as they are generally employed to a great extent. Other plants, not quite so hardy, are Mentha Pulegium gibraltarica and Echeveria secunda glauca, both of which are extensively used; while the tenderest subjects are Alternantheras of various kinds, Coleus Verschaffeltii and Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum. These latter should not be planted till the first or second week in June. As the plants are usually small, and require to be planted thickly, the work is best accomplished with the fingers, pressing the soil moderately firm. First of all, work out the design, and plant the leading lines; afterwards fill in the "panels."

Sub-Tropical Bedding. This term is applied to the arrangement of tropical plants in Beds or groups outside for the summer months, and if discriminately adopted a very attractive and unique display may be made, depending greatly upon position, and mainly upon the material at command. If a sheltered and partially shady situation is enjoyed, a grand effect may be produced by the grouping of tree and other large ferns with palms, Cannas, Aralias, Dracænas, &c., avoiding, of course, formal arrangement, and yet, when finished, a symmetrical appearance should be produced. In more open positions, palms, Castor Oil Plants, Cannas, Humea elegans, Aralias, Phormiums, Wigandias, Nicotianas, &c., may be employed, the result being, if properly arranged, most gratifying. Sub-Tropical Bedding should not be done till the middle or end of June, and the Beds should be well dug and freely manured for those that are to be planted out.

Fig. 216 represents a Border or long piece of ground, which may be either marked out permanently with Box edging, dwarf-growing silver or golden leaved plants, tiles, stones, or pebbles, and filled in with silver sand or bright-coloured stones or gravel; or the lines may be widened out into walks. The whole of the small circles not numbered are intended for specimen foliage and other plants, such as Fuchsias, Yuccas, Aloes, Cannas, Solanums, variegated or plain Reeds, Grasses, Maize (Zea), &c. No. 1, tall plants of Echeveria metallica, edged with E. glauca; 2, 2, yellow or orange Calceolaria; 3, 3, Mrs. Leavers Pelargonium; 4, 4, Triomphe de Stella ditto; 5, 5, purple or blue Verbena; 6, 6, white ditto. The narrow border round the side may then be filled in with Golden-feather Pyrethrum, blue Lobelia, or Alternanthera amabilis. This same plan may also be treated in quite a different manner, according to the taste of those adopting it, or the stock of plants at command.

Fig. 217 illustrates a design admirably adapted for a rosery or small flower garden. Its only fault is the number of sharp angles at the corners of some of the Beds; but this can be counteracted by the predominance of curved lines. It is easily formed, and the effect is good if furnished in the following manner: The circle in the centre, 1, Centaurea ragusina compacta, edged with a double line of Coleus Verschaffeltii; the four figures 2, 2, 2, 2, scarlet Pelargoniums, such as Vesuvius, Bonfire, Triomphe de Stella, or others; 3, 3, Mrs. Pollock, golden-zoned Pelargoniums, edged with Alternanthera amœna; 4, 4, Lady Cullum, ditto, ditto, edged with ditto; 5, 5, Lobelia speciosa, Imperial Dwarf Ageratum, or Purple King Verbena; 6, 6, white Verbena or white Ivy-leaved Pelargonium.

The group of Beds illustrated in Fig. 218 is effective on grass or gravel. If on the latter, the lines should be defined with Box, Golden Thyme, Cerastium, or Santolinas. The design is pretty on level, but is still more effective on sloping ground; in the latter case, it should rise from the straight walk (dotted line). Thus each Bed may be seen to the best advantage, and the group may be extended to any length. The circular Beds should be planted with two distinct colours, such as good pink and scarlet Pelargoniums of similar habits of growth, placing the colours in alternate Beds. The Beds, a, a, a, Flower of Spring, or another silver-leaved Pelargonium; b, b, b, Purple King Verbena, or Imperial Dwarf Ageratum; c, c, White Perfection Verbena, and silver-leaved or white-flowered Ivy-leaved Pelargonium; d, d, Alternanthera magnifica; e, e, Blue Lobelia. The long border, Alternanthera paronychioides, edged with Antennaria tomentosa; or Iresine Lindenii, edged with Pyrethrum, Golden Fleece or Crystal Palace Gem Pelargonium. The two sides may also be planted alike. The colours are reversed above to produce a greater variety and a more striking effect. This design is also well adapted for Carpet Bedding.

Nursery Bed. This is merely a reserve ground or nursery for a large stock of plants of various sorts, such as Roses, &c. One of the first requirements is an easy access to the individual plants, and with the least possible waste of space. This may be obtained by arranging the Beds in regular geometric figures, as shown in Figs. 219 and 220, and, by exercising a little care and taste, the whole can be so contrived as to present an ornamental appearance.

We are indebted to Messrs. Cannell and Sons for the diagrams of Bedding-out designs shown at Fig. 221, which may be made very effective:

Bed A. This Bed may be planted with the following: Summer-flowering: 1, Gain's Yellow Calceolaria or Ageratum Lady Jane; 2, Geranium Vesuvius or another scarlet; 3 and 4, Viola Blue-bell or Purple King Verbena; 5, edged with Gnaphalium lanatum, or Antennaria tomentosa, white foliaged plants. Summer Foliage: 1, Coleus Verschaffeltii; 2, Centaurea ragusina compacta; 3 and 4, Mrs. Pollock Geranium; 5, band of any of the Echeverias, or Kleinia repens.

Bed B. Plants mentioned for A will do for this.

Bed C. This is really intended for a Carpet Bed. 1, Alternanthera amabilis, with a narrow line of amœna for the edge; 2, Mentha, or Herniaria glabra; 3, band of Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum. Flowering: 1, Any kind of Scarlet Geranium; 2, Golden-leaved ditto; 3, Blue Lobelia (edge). Spring: 1, White Arabis; 2, Myosotis dissitiflora; 3, Golden Feather.

Bed D. Summer: 1, Pink Geranium; 2, Iresine Lindenii; 3, Golden Feather. Carpet: 1, Alternanthera versicolor grandis; 2, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum; 3, Alternanthera magnifica, edged with Sempervivum montanum.

Bed E. 1, Scarlet Geranium; 2, Pink ditto; 3, Lobelia speciosa; or, 1, Alternanthera amœna; 2, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium variegatum; 3, Echeveria secunda glauca.

Bed F. 1, Dracæna, Chamæpeuce, or any other graceful foliage plant for the centre; 2 and 4, Alternanthera amabilis, the divided lines, 6, being filled with Mentha or Echeverias; 3 and 5, Alternanthera amœna; and the outer edge, 7, with Sempervivum californicum. This bed would look well if planted with any of the above-mentioned spring flowers. Spring: Bed might be raised to a mound, and lined out with hardy Sedums, or Sempervivums, placing a larger growing one in the centre; and 2, 3, 4, and 5 divisions may be filled with any spring-flowering dwarf-growing plants.

Bed G. 1, Small plant of Yucca; 2, Coleus Verschaffeltii; 3, Alyssum variegatum; 4, Lobelia pumila magnifica.

Bed H. 1, Golden Feather; Mesembryanthemum; 3, Mentha; 4, Alternanthera amabilis; or 1, Coleus Verschaffeltii; 2, Centaurea ragusina; 3, Calceolaria Golden Gem; 4, Ageratum Lady Jane.

=BEDDING PLANTS.= This term applies to many half-hardy subjects which are planted out in beds for summer display, such as Ageratums, Calceolarias, Geraniums, Heliotropes, Lobelias, Verbenas, &c., all of which will be treated under their respective headings. They are mostly soft-wooded plants and are easily cultivated with proper means, in spring and autumn.

=BEDFORDIA= (named in honour of a former Duke of Bedford). ORD. Compositæ. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, allied to Cacalia. They thrive in a mixture of sand, peat, loam, and brick rubbish, in equal proportions. Propagated by cuttings, which should be dried a little before inserting them in rough, sandy soil.

=B. salicina= (willow-like). fl.-heads yellow, axillary and solitary, or few together. April. l. alternate, lanceolate, linear, glossy above, covered with white tomentum underneath. h. 3ft. Victoria and Tasmania, 1820. SYN. Cacalia salicina. (B. R. 923.)

=BEDSTRAW.= See =Galium=.

=BEECH.= See =Fagus=.

=BEES.= See =Honey Bees=, =Humble Bees=, and =Wasps=.

=BEET= (Beta, which see). The present varieties of Beetroot are the offspring of Beta vulgaris, a plant of biennial duration, and a native of the sea coasts of Southern Europe. It was cultivated in this country about 1656, but was probably long previously introduced by the ancient Romans. Beetroot is largely used as salad, more extensively on the Continent than with us, also pickled; medium sized, deeply coloured roots being the chief desideratum. Some varieties are largely grown for their highly-coloured foliage, being planted in bedding-out designs, and generally proving extremely effective.

Cultivation: For obtaining the best results, an open situation should be chosen, free from the shade of trees. The ground should be light and sandy, and, if possible, that which has been previously manured for some other crop, French beans, for instance. Trench the soil to a depth of 2ft. in the autumn, and ridge it up for the winter. As soon as dry enough to allow of working in spring, dig over the whole bed with a steel digging fork, and break the soil tolerably fine. Sow any time from the last week in April to the end of May. Prepare the drills about a foot or 15in. apart, and from 1in. to 2in. deep. The seeds grow quicker if steeped in water previous to sowing, afterwards allowing them to get dry enough to separate from each other. Sow thinly, and fill in the drills with a rake. As soon as the plants are up, hoe between the rows, and keep free from weeds. In a fortnight or three weeks after this hoeing, if the weather has been favourable, the plants will be large enough for thinning. Thin out to about 9in. apart, and carefully fill up, in dull weather, any blanks that may occur. Transplanting is, however, not generally a very satisfactory method. Carefully lift the roots in autumn, before frost comes, and wring off the leaves about an inch from the crowns. Place the roots in a cool shed or house, and allow the soil on them to get quite dry, when they may be stored for winter use in dry sand, or soil, in a shed free from frost. It is preferable to keep the crowns free from soil, to prevent decay from the ends of the leaves left on them. If this be carefully done, the roots will keep till the next season's early crop is ready. In all processes connected with the growing, storing, or cooking of this vegetable, the greatest care must be taken to avoid bruising or otherwise injuring the roots, as deficiency of colour would be the result, especially in the case of the red-fleshed kinds, in some cases rendering them valueless for table use. Seed Saving: When lifting the crop in autumn, select as many of the best formed and coloured roots as required, and store them separately from the rest. In April, plant them in a spot by themselves, where there is no danger of impregnation from other varieties, and in due time good seed will ripen. If good foliaged varieties are required, the best should be selected when growing in the summer, and either be marked by some means, or have the inferior ones removed from them.

Sorts. These are somewhat numerous--almost every seedsman having a so-called "improved strain." Nutting's Dwarf Red, Chelsea, Pine Apple, Dell's Crimson and Red Castelnaudary, are the best of the crimson or red-fleshed kinds. The Egyptian Turnip-rooted is a distinct variety, with flesh of a good colour, and fine flavour; excellent for summer salads. Betterave de Bretagne is a Continental variety; the roots grow to a good size, with a distinct outer skin of a dark colour; flesh rich purple. The best of the yellow-fleshed kinds are Small Yellow and Long Yellow (see Fig. 222); but these are not grown nearly so much as the deep-coloured section; in fact, they are almost useless for garden purposes.

Beetroot for Bedding Purposes: In this case, where the foliage is the main object, the seed may be sown in a reserve bed, and the plants transferred to their positions in the flower garden. If, however, a line is required in a ribbon or other border, the best plan is to sow there, and thin out the plants to equal distances. Dell's Crimson is one of the best varieties for this purpose, being very compact and of a good dark colour.

Varieties of the Leaf Beet (Beta Cicla), and Sea or Perennial Beet (Beta maritima), are sometimes, but very seldom, cultivated for the use of the leafstalks and leaves, the roots being hard and unfit for cooking purposes. They are at the best but substitutes for other vegetables--namely, the midrib for Sea-kale and the leaves for Spinach. If desired, seeds may be sown in the way described for Beetroot, in April for using in autumn and winter, and in August for spring use, plants of the latter sowing being protected in severe weather. The best sorts are Red-stalked, Yellow-stalked, and White (see Fig. 223) or Silver Leaf.

=BEET CARRION BEETLE= (Silpha opaca). This destructive insect is frequently found in dead animals, but often its grub almost destroys the leaves of Beet and Mangold Wurzel crops. The grubs, which are black and shining, when full grown are from 1/3in. to 1/2in. long; the three segments next the head are rounded at the sides, but the other segments are sharp, and the tail segment has a sharp spine on each side. "When full-fed, the grubs bury themselves, and form cells at the depth of 3in. or 4in. below the surface of the earth, in which they turn to pupæ, and from these the Beetle has been seen to come up in about the space of a fortnight or three weeks" (Ormerod). The Beetles are flattish, and about five lines long, brown-black, with a tawny down; eyes large and oval; horns club-shaped; body somewhat oval; wing-cases very flat, turned up at the outer edge, each case having three sharp ridges running along it; tip of abdomen dull red. Any manures or methods of cultivation that would stimulate growth in the plants, so as to permit renovation of injuries, would be found useful. If farmyard manure were applied to the soil intended for Beet in the autumn instead of in spring, it would lessen the risk of attack to the Beets.

=BEETLES= (Coleoptera). Beetles form one of the most extensive orders of insects, there being upwards of 3000 known British species. They vary much in appearance, but a Beetle is readily recognised by its front wings, or elytra; these form a tough horny sheath or case, which lies over the real wings, and protects them when the insect is not flying. Sometimes, the elytra are very short (see Fig. 225); the mouth is fitted with jaws for cutting. The metamorphosis is complete, i.e., the larva or grub is very unlike either the quiescent pupa or the perfect insect. The period that elapses before Beetles arrive at their perfect state varies from a few weeks to two or three years, but is usually rather longer than in Butterflies or Bees. Various Beetles attack growing plants and roots. Thus, Otiorhynchus sulcatus and O. picipes attack Vines, Roses, and other plants, gnawing off the bark. Some species of Beetles attack Mushrooms, while others bore into the wood of old trees, or eat leaves (e.g. Turnip Fly), or burrow in the leaves, or form galls on roots (Cabbage-gall Weevil). Of some kinds, the beetles are hurtful; of others, the larvæ. Many kinds, however, are beneficial, such, for instance, as the common Ground Beetle (Carabus, Fig. 224), and the Devil's Coach Horse (Ocypus olens, Fig. 225). These live upon other insects and snails. One kind of Beetle--the Ladybird (see Figs. 226 and 227)--is very beneficial in a garden, as it preys upon the aphides, or plant lice. For instructions in dealing with the noxious kinds, see =Asparagus Beetle=, =Bean Beetle=, =Beet Carrion Beetle=, =Click Beetle=, =Cockchafer=, =Lily Beetle=, =Rosechafer=, and =Turnip Fly=.

=BEET= or =MANGOLD FLY= (Anthomyia betæ). The maggots of this fly do considerable damage by feeding on the pulp of the Beet or Mangold leaves. The eggs are small, white, and oval, and are laid in small patches beneath the leaves; the maggots are about 1/3in. long, legless, cylindrical, and yellowish-white. As it is of such recent appearance in this country, specifics for its eradication are by no means numerous; but, according to Miss Ormerod, "the best treatment appears to be to nip it in the bud, where such treatment is possible, by destroying the infested plants, but generally by all means of good cultivation, or by special applications of artificial manure, to ensure a hearty growth, which may run the plants on past the power of average attacks to weaken the leafage to a serious extent."

=BEFARIA= (named in honour of Bejar, a Spanish botanist). ORD. Ericareæ. SYN. Bejaria. An elegant genus of greenhouse evergreen shrubs, closely allied to Rhododendron. Flowers bracteate; corolla very deeply seven-cleft, spreading. Leaves racemose or corymbose, crowded, quite entire, coriaceous. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by cuttings, made of the young wood, and placed in sandy soil, in gentle heat.

=B. æstuans= (glowing).* fl. purple; corymbs terminal, simple; peduncles, pedicels, rachi, calyces, and branchlets clothed with clammy glandular hairs. l. elliptic, rather glabrous above, but downy and glaucous beneath, while young clothed with rusty tomentum. Plant much branched; branchlets sub-verticillate. h. 10ft. to 15ft. Peru, 1846. SYN. Acunna oblonga. (G. C. 1848, 119.)

=B. cinnamomea= (cinnamon-coloured). fl. purple; panicles close, terminal; peduncles woolly, hispid. l. slightly downy above, rusty tomentose beneath. Branches downy, hispid. h. 4ft. Peru, 1847.

=B. coarctata= (close-headed). fl. purple; corymbs terminal, simple; peduncles, pedicels, rachi, and calyces clothed with rusty tomentum. l. oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath. Shrub much branched. h. 4ft. to 5ft. Peru, 1847. (G. C. 1848, 175.)

=B. glauca= (glaucous).* fl. flesh-coloured; racemes terminal and axillary; pedicels somewhat fastigiate. June. l. oblong, obtuse, glaucous beneath. Shrub much branched; branchlets angular. h. 3ft. to 6ft. South America, 1826.

=B. ledifolia= (Ledum-leaved).* fl. purple; racemes terminal; peduncles, pedicels, rachi, branchlets, and calyces clothed with clammy glandular hairs. l. oblong, somewhat mucronate, with revolute edges, glaucous beneath, glandular. Shrub much branched; branches purplish. h. 3ft. to 4ft. South America, 1847. (F. d. S. 3, 195.)

=B. racemosa= (racemed). fl. purple, disposed in racemose terminal panicles. July. l. ovate-lanceolate, glabrous; branchlets smooth or hispid. h. 3ft. to 5ft. Georgia, 1810.

=BEGONIA= (named after M. Begon, a French patron of botany). ORD. Begoniaceæ. A large genus of succulent herbs or undershrubs (a few climbers), in many of which the stem is reduced to a tuberous rhizome, whilst some are distinctly tuberous. Flowers usually showy and large, white, rose, scarlet, or yellow, unisexual; perianth segments petaloid, four to five divisions, rarely two. Stamens numerous, filaments free or united at the base. Ovary inferior, styles two to four, free, sometimes connate, stigmas brandied or twisted. Fruit capsular, rarely succulent, often winged. Seeds numerous, minute. Leaves alternate, more or less unequal-sided, entire, or lobed, or toothed. Flower-stalks axillary, cymose. Distribution: Species about 350, in all tropical moist countries, especially South America and India; not known in Australia. Cultivated species (exclusive of garden hybrids and varieties) about 150. A large number of genera, or what were considered as such are now merged in Begonia--viz., Barya, Baryandra, Casparya, Pritzelia, &c. The rich colours and beautiful form of the flowers of Begonias, their prettily-marked foliage, and free-growing, free-blooming nature, have long marked them out as favourite garden plants. Within the last twenty years a new race, characterised by a tuberous root-stock, annual herbaceous stem, and large handsome flowers, has been introduced from the Andes of South America, from which, by means of careful cross-fertilisation and selection, a large number of beautiful and almost hardy kinds have been raised. The size, substance, and rich colours of the flowers of the majority of the plants of this race of Begonias are witness to what may be done by skilful cultivation and careful cross-breeding among plants. In the same way the large-leaved, stemless section, of which B. Rex may be taken as the type and principal progenitor, have been improved both in the size and the coloration of their foliage, and countless forms are now in cultivation, both as garden plants and for the decoration of rooms, &c. The propagation of Begonias may be accomplished by means of seeds, which are freely produced by almost all the cultivated kinds, by cuttings, by division of the rhizomes, and--in the case of the large-leaved kinds--by leaf-cuttings. For the first of these methods it is necessary that the seeds should be well ripened before they are gathered, and kept dry until sown. Where it is desired to increase any particular kind of garden origin, seeds are useless, none of the hybrid or seedling forms perpetuating themselves through their seeds, although equally beautiful sorts may be raised from them. The characters of all true species are, however, reproduced in their seedlings. For the successful raising of Begonia seeds it is necessary to sow them on pans or pots of well-drained, light, sandy soil, which should be well watered before the seeds are sown. The seeds should not be covered with soil, or they will fail to germinate. Over the pans a pane of glass should be placed, and they should then be stood in warm house or a frame where a temperature of about 65deg. can be maintained, and shaded from sunshine. As soon as the plantlets are large enough to be safely manipulated, they should be pricked off into pans of light leaf-mould soil, in which they may remain until large enough to be placed singly in pots. Cuttings: These strike freely if planted in small pots, in sand and leaf mould, and placed on a bottom heat of 70deg. Where large quantities are required, a bed of cocoa nut-fibre in a stove or propagating frame may be used, and in this the cuttings may be planted and remain until well rooted. Leaf cuttings succeed best when laid on sand or cocoa-nut fibre, and shaded from bright sunlight. In preparing the leaves, old, well-matured ones should be selected, and incisions made with a sharp knife across the principal nerves on the underside. They should then be placed on the sand or fibre and held down by means of a few pieces of crock. Under this treatment, bulbils will form on the lower ends of the nerves of each section of the leaf, and these, when large enough, may be removed from the bed and potted. With the exception of B. Evansiana (discolor), an almost hardy species from North China, all the shrubby species require a warm or intermediate house for their cultivation, although during the summer months a frame or sheltered bed answers for most of them, provided they are removed into their warm winter quarters on the approach of cold weather. Some of the species, such as B. Dregei, B. semperflorens, B. nitida, B. fuchsioides, B. Lindleyana, B. Richardsiana, along with the hybrids Ascotensis, Knowsleyana, Weltoniensis, and Ingramii, are grown in pots out of doors all the summer, and under liberal treatment they form large handsome specimens, which are of great value as flowering plants for the conservatory in winter. The tuberous-rooted herbaceous kinds should be started in heat in February, and, when vigorous growth has commenced, be gradually hardened off, for use either as bedding plants or as pot specimens for flowering in the greenhouse. A mixture of loam and leaf mould with a little sand and rotten cow-dung is suitable for the cultivation of these plants in pots. Liberal supplies of water should be given during the growing season. As the growth decays, water should be withheld until finally the tubers may be shaken out of the soil and placed in dry sand or cocoa-nut fibre, in a house or shed where a temperature above freezing can be maintained. B. gracilis and its varieties, diversifolia and Martiana, are beautiful greenhouse plants, which thrive well if treated as advised for the other tuberous-rooted kinds, with the addition of a few more degrees of heat.

The Rex section requires a light rich soil, plenty of moisture, and a shaded position in a warm greenhouse. These kinds are often employed with good effect for clothing peat-covered walls in ferneries, or as an undergrowth in large tropical houses. Large specimens have been grown under the stage in a warm house, the shade and moisture of such a position being exactly what they best delight in.

B. socotrana, an interesting species from the island of Socotra, is somewhat singular in its requirements. The stem is herbaceous and annual, and about its base a cluster of bulbils are formed, from every one of which a plant will be developed the following year. The growing season for this species is from September to March, after which it goes to rest for the whole summer. A tropical temperature and all the light possible, are essential to the well-doing of this plant.

It is interesting to note the apparent impossibility to cross any of the shrubby Begonias with the distinctly tuberous-rooted species; and even the species of the shrubby section, whose stems are semi-tuberous, have hitherto refused to commingle with the South American tuberous kinds, of which B. Veitchii, B. rosæflora, and B. boliviensis may be said to be typical. The infusion of the blood of these large, handsome-flowered kinds into the tall, shrubby species, would almost certainly result in the production of a race of splendid winter-flowering greenhouse plants, and it is therefore in every way desirable that no pains should be spared to break through the obstacle to the union of the two races.

Explanation of contractions: T, tuberous-rooted; S, shrubby.

=B. acerifolia= (Acer-leaved). S. A tall-growing, thick, succulent-stemmed species, with green, lobed, serrated foliage, and large branching cymes of small white flowers; sepals of male flowers hairy; styles three, two-horned. Capsule triangular, with one of the angles prolonged into an obtuse wing. Spring. Quito, 1829.

=B. acuminata= (taper-pointed-leaved). S. A low shrubby species, having semi-cordate, oblong, pointed leaves, with toothed margins, and the nerves on the under side and the petiole pilose. fl. white, in cymes, nearly 1in. across. Capsule wings, two short, the third 1/2in. long. Spring. Jamaica, 1798. (B. M. 4025.)

=B. acutifolia= (acute-leaved). S. A smooth-stemmed, semi-erect species, 3ft. to 4ft. high, with cordate-oblong leaves, both sides and petiole glabrous, the margins denticulate. fl. in cymes, white and red, about 1in. in diameter. Capsule winged, one wing twice as long as the others. Spring. Jamaica, 1816. SYN. B. purpurea.

=B. acutiloba= (acute-lobed).* A species with thick fleshy rhizomes, and palmate cordate leaves which are divided into five to seven lobes, with toothed margins and pointed apices, under side thinly covered with brown hairs. Flower-stalk tall, hairy, surmounted by a branching head of rather large white flowers. Summer. Mexico.

=B. albo-coccinea= (white and red).* Stemless, with a thick root-stock. l. broadly ovate, peltate, entire, 3in. to 4in. long; petiole 3in. to 6in., pubescent. Flower-scape 6in. to 9in. long. fl. in dense cluster, bright rose on the outside, white within. Capsule regularly triangular, with short wings. Summer. India, 1844. SYN. B. Grahamiana. (B. M. 4172.)

=B. alchemilloides= (Alchemilla-like). Stem fleshy, creeping. l. rotundate, with toothed, undulate, ciliated margins and short stalks. Flower-stem slender, few-flowered. fl. small, rose-coloured. Summer. Brazil.

=B. amabilis= (lovely).* Stem creeping, fleshy, short. l. ovate, crenulate, acuminate, about 6in. long, tomentose, dark green, blotched with white, under side purple-red. Flower-stalk 9in. long. fl. rose or white, in clustering cymes. Capsule irregular. Summer. Assam, 1859. The foliage sometimes comes wholly green, but, under good treatment, it is handsomely variegated.

=B. amœna= (pleasing).* Rhizome tuberous. Stem none, or very short. l. 3in. by 2in.; leafstalk 3in. Flower-stem 6in. long, few-flowered. fl. medium sized, pale rose. Capsule wings small, nearly equal. Summer. North India, 1878. SYN. B. erosa.

=B. ampla= (large). S. Stem 1ft. to 2ft. high, very stout, woody. l. long-stalked, 8in. to 10in. in diameter, broadly ovate, cordate, pointed, when young densely covered with rusty stellate down. fl. on short petioles, rose-coloured, 2in. wide. Fruit a succulent berry, small. Summer. Guinea.

=B. aptera= (wingless). Stem herbaceous. l. heart-shaped, pointed, shining green. fl. in short axillary cymes, white, small. Capsule four-angled. Spring. Celebes, 1878.

=B. arborescens= (tree-like). S. A large growing species, sometimes forming a bush 8ft. to 10ft. in height. l. pale green, ear-shaped, 6in. long. fl. in large cymose clusters, white, small. Summer. Brazil.

=B. argyrostigma= (silvery-spotted). Synonymous with B. maculata.

=B. Arnottiana= (Arnott's). Synonymous with B. cordifolia.

=B. asplenifolia= (Asplenium-leaved). S. A slender-stemmed, beautifully cut-leaved species, the foliage of which is pinnatisect, giving the plant the appearance of a Thalictrum rather than a Begonia. fl. very small, white. Guinea.

=B. assamica= (Assam). Stem short, fleshy. fl. pinkish flesh-colour. l. oblique ovate, olive-green, marbled with silvery blotches above, and of a pale purplish-pink beneath; petioles pale green, softly hairy. Assam, 1883.

=B. attenuata= (attenuated). Synonymous with B. herbacea.

=B. aucubæfolia= (Aucuba-leaved). Synonymous with B. incarnata.

=B. auriformis= (ear-formed). Synonymous with B. incana.

=B. barbata= (bearded). S. Stem short, hairy. l. toothed, oval-shaped, pointed, hispid beneath, 4in. long. fl. medium-sized, white or pink; flower-stalk hairy. Capsule equal-winged. Summer. India.

=B. Berkeleyi= (Berkeley's).* T. A garden hybrid, with thick, fleshy stems, and long ear-shaped foliage. fl. in erect panicles, rose-coloured. A useful winter-flowering kind.

=B. bipetala= (two-petaled). Synonymous with B. dipetala.

=B. biserrata= (doubly-serrated). S. Stem erect, branched, 2ft. to 3ft. high. l. 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. wide, deeply lobed, toothed, pale green. fl. in loose cymes, drooping, rose-coloured, 1-1/2in. wide, serrated edges. Capsule pilose, two short and one long wings. Summer. Guatemala, 1847. (B. M. 4746.)

=B. boliviensis= (Bolivian).* T. Stem herbaceous, succulent, 2ft. high, branching. l. lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3in. to 5in. long. fl. in drooping panicles, large, scarlet, males twice as large as females. Capsule three-winged. Summer. Bolivia, 1857. (B. M. 5657.)

=B. Bowringiana= (Bowring's). Synonymous with B. laciniata. (B. M. 5657.)

=B. braziliana= (Brazilian). S. Stem erect, tall, succulent. l. oblique, ovate, toothed, slightly pubescent; principal nerves brownish; stalk hairy. fl. white or rose, small, in short, few-flowered cymes. Capsule wing 1/2in. long. Summer. Brazil.

=B. Bruantii= (Bruant's).* B. A garden hybrid between B. Schmidti and B. semperflorens. l. green, with a brownish tint. fl. white or rose, in erect panicles. Summer, 1883. Used as a bedding plant in summer.

=B. bulbifera= (bulb-bearing). Most likely a form of B. gracilis.

=B. caffra= (Kaffrarian). A variety of B. Dregei.

=B. carolineæfolia= (Carolinea-leaved). S. Stem erect, thick, fleshy. l. palmate, curiously divided into six to eight long ovate segments, each 6in. long. fl. in a dichotomous cyme, on long stalk, rose-coloured, small. Capsule small, wings one longer than others. Winter. Mexico, 1876. A singular-leaved species. (R. G. 1-25.)

=B. Cathcartii= (Cathcart's). S. Caulescent. l. heart-shaped, acute, glabrous; stalks of flowers and leaves hairy; flowers and fruit as in B. barbata. Summer. India. SYN. B. nemophila. (C. H. P. 13.)

=B. Chelsoni= (Chelsea).* T. A garden hybrid between B. Sedeni and B. boliviensis. Stem fleshy, 2ft. high. l. oblique, lance-shaped, irregularly lobed. fl. large, orange-red, drooping. Summer, 1874.

=B. cinnabarina= (vermilion).* S. Stem erect, short, herbaceous. l. 2in. to 4in. long, oblique, toothed; peduncles 6in. long, few-flowered. fl. (male), medium, red; female flowers very small. Summer. Capsule irregularly-winged. Bolivia, 1848. (B. M. 4483.)

=B. cinnabarina= (vermilion). A variety of B. fuchsioides.

=B. Clarkii= (Clarke's).* T. Stem purplish, fleshy, stout. l. oblique-cordate, serrate. fl. in pendulous racemes, abundant, large, bright red, very handsome, nearly related to B. Veitchii. Summer. Peru and Bolivia, 1867. (B. M. 5675.)

=B. coccinea= (red).* S. Habit suffruticose. Stem sub-erect, 1ft. to 2ft. high, thick at the base. l. ovate-oblong, pointed; margins undulate and toothed. fl. in pendulous racemes, medium-sized; flowers and peduncles red. Capsule nearly regular; wings short. Summer. Brazil, 1842. (B. M. 3990.)

=B. conchæfolia= (shell-leaved). Stem creeping, rhizomatous, thick. l. peltate, ovate, 3in. to 5in. long, edges almost entire; under side, along with leaf and flower-stalks, covered with ferruginous hairs; scape 9in. long, erect, surmounted by corymb of small whitish fragrant flowers. Capsule wings, one long, two short. Autumn and winter. South America, 1852. SYNS. B. scutellata, B. Warscewiczii. (R. B. 246.)

=B. corallina= (coral-flowered). S. Stem woody, branching, sub-erect, brownish when matured. l. ovate-oblong, pointed, undulate, smooth, dull green, under side purple. fl. in long pendent racemes, numerous, medium-sized, bright coral-red. Summer. Brazil (?), 1875. A rare species, and one of the handsomest of the shrubby kinds, most likely closely related to B. maculata.

=B. cordifolia= (heart-shaped). T. Stemless; root-stock fleshy. l. cordate, orbicular, toothed, 3in. wide, pilose above, pubescent below; flower-scape 6in. long, dichotomous. fl. numerous, medium-sized. Capsule with three narrow wings. Winter. Ceylon and India. SYN. B. Arnottiana.

=B. coriacea= (leathery).* T. Stem 6in. high, herbaceous. l. reniform, 5in. wide by 3in. long, smooth above, pilose below. fl. rose-coloured, large, in twos or threes on the end of an erect scape, 8in. to 10in. long. Wings of capsule short, red. Summer. Bolivia.

=B. coriacea= (leathery). Synonymous with B. peltata.

=B. crassicaulis= (thick-stemmed). Stem short, thick, articulated, succulent. l. palmate; segments acuminate, toothed, under side clothed with rusty down. fl. in many-flowered cymes, dipetalous, white or rose-coloured, medium-sized. Capsule wings unequal. Near to B. heracleifolia. Spring. Guatemala, 1841. (B. R. 28, 44.)

=B. crinita= (hairy).* S. Stem 1ft. high, fleshy, bright red, more or less hairy. l. ovate-cordate; margins toothed, dark green; petiole red and hairy, like the stems. fl. in lax, branching cymes, rose-coloured, 1-1/2in. in diameter. Fruit three-winged, one long and acute, two short and rounded. Spring. Bolivia, 1870. (B. M. 5897.)

=B. cucullata= (hooded). A variety of B. semperflorens.

=B. dædalea= (adorned).* Stem short, thick, succulent. l. large, green, thickly covered with a close network of russet-brown, scarlet when young; edges pilose. fl. white and rose, in loose panicles. Mexico, 1860. A handsome foliaged plant. (I. H. 1861, 269.)

=B. Daveauana.= See =Pellionia Daveauana=.

=B. Davisii= (Davis's).* T. stemless, l. springing directly from root-stock, ovate-cordate, shining green, slightly hairy, underside red; petiole short, fleshy. Flower-scapes, pedicels, and flowers bright red; scape 4in. high, bearing half a dozen flowers in umbel. Capsule three-winged, one long, two very short. Summer. Peru, 1876. A handsome tuberous-rooted species, dwarf. See Fig. 228, for which we are indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons. (B. M. 6252.)

=B. dichotoma= (branching). S. Stem tall, stout, fleshy. l. 5in. long by 4in. wide, lobed, dull green. fl. white, on long axillary scapes, numerous. Winter. 1860.

=B. Digswelliana= (Digswell's). Stem short, semi-decumbent, large, green; margins red. fl. on long, erect scapes, pale pink, small, numerous. Useful for winter flowering purposes. A garden hybrid. (F. M. 236.)

=B. dipetala= (two-petaled). Stems springing from a fleshy root-stock, erect, 18in. high, brown. l. half heart-shaped; margins toothed, upper surface thickly spotted with white, under side red. fl. in loose axillary cymes, two-petaled, large, pink. Capsule equal-winged. Spring. India, 1828. A handsome species. (B. M. 2849.) SYN. B. bipetala.

=B. discolor= (two-coloured). Synonymous with B. Evansiana.

=B. diversifolia= (diverse-leaved). A variety of B. gracilis.

=B. Dregii= (Drege's).* Rootstock fleshy. Stems succulent; annual, 1ft. high. l. oblique, thin, green, slightly spotted with grey, reddish on the under side. fl. white, about 1in. across, in axillary cymes. Capsule three-winged, one much longer than the other two, and acute-pointed. Summer. Cape, 1840. SYNS. B. caffra, B. reniformis.

=B. echinosepala= (spiny-sepaled).* Stem green, succulent, 18in. high. l. small, obliquely-oblong, serrulate. fl. on axillary peduncles, white, with curiously papillose sepals. Summer. Brazil, 1872. (R. G. 707.)

=B. elliptica= (elliptic). Synonymous with B. scandens.

=B. erecta multiflora= (erect, many-flowered). fl. bright reddish-pink, produced for several months, but especially during the winter. l. oblique, deep bronze coloured, very conspicuous. A decidedly handsome and very useful garden variety.

=B. erosa= (bitten). Synonymous with B. amœna.

=B. Evansiana= (Evans's).* T. Stem herbaceous, branching, smooth, 2ft. high. l. oblique, ovate-acute, sub-cordate, lobed; margins denticulate, green above, under side and petioles deep red; flower-stalks branching, axillary. fl. numerous, flesh-coloured, large. Capsule wings blunt-pointed, one longer than the others. Summer. Java, China, Japan, 1812. A handsome species, and almost hardy. SYNS. B. discolor, B. grandis. (B. M. 1473.)

=B. eximia= (excellent).* A hybrid, raised from B. rubro-venia and B. Thwaitesii. Stem short, succulent. l. bronzy-purple, tinged with red. A handsome foliage plant. (I. H. 1860, 233.)

=B. falcifolia= (sickle-leaved).* S. Stem 1ft. to 2ft. high, erect, branching. l. 6in. long, 1-1/2in. wide, curved, tapering to a narrow point; margins toothed, upper surface green, more or less spotted with white, under side deep red. fl. on short axillary peduncles, drooping, dipetalous, bright red. Wings of capsule equal, 1/2in. wide. Summer. Peru, 1868. A pretty flowering plant. (B. M. 5707.)

=B. ferruginea= (rust-coloured). S. Stem woody, erect, smooth branching, covered with ferruginous hairs. l. oblique, ovate-acute, acuminate, lobed; margins toothed. fl. in branching cymes, large red. Capsule unequal-winged. Summer. Bogota. SYN. B. magnifica.

=B. Fischeri= (Fischer's). Similar to B. falcifolia, except that the foliage is unspotted, and the flowers are white and small. Brazil, 1835. (B. M. 3532.)

=B. foliosa= (leafy).* S. Stem slender, branching, fleshy. l. small, ovate-oblong, dark green, numerous, distichous on stems. fl. small, numerous, white, tinged with pink. Summer. New Grenada, 1868. Useful for growing hanging baskets. SYN. B. microphylla. (Ref. B. 222.)

=B. frigida= (frigid). S. Stem 1ft. high, smooth, green, succulent. l. cordate, acuminate, lobed, serrated, slightly pilose; upper side coppery-green, beneath deep rose-red, especially upon the veins. fl. small, white, in erect branching cymes. Capsule wings two long, one short. Summer. Country unknown, 1860. (B. M. 5160.)

=B. Frœbeli= (Frœbel's).* T. Stemless. l. numerous, cordate, acuminate, green, covered with purplish-velvety hairs. fl. in tall, lax, drooping, branching cymes, brilliant scarlet, large. Winter. Ecuador, 1872. A beautiful flowering plant, useful for conservatory work in winter. (Garden, pl. 96.)

=B. fuchsioides= (Fuchsia-like).* S. Stem tall, drooping, herbaceous, smooth, green, tinged with red. l. copious, distichous, 1-1/2in. long, oblong-ovate, slightly falcate, serrated, smooth; margins tinged with red. fl. in branching pendulous panicles, numerous, rich, deep scarlet. Capsule wings two very short and one long. Summer. New Grenada, 1846. A handsome greenhouse plant, useful for covering pillars, &c. SYN. B. miniata. (B. M. 4281.)

=B. f. miniata= (vermilion). l. smaller than in type. fl. cinnabar red. (F. d. S. 8, 787.)

=B. gemmipara= (bud-bearing). S. Stem 1ft. high, from a tuberous root-stock, succulent, l. ovate-acuminate, cordate, lobed, smooth above, pilose below. fl. medium-sized, white, or with rose stripes, on pendulous, axillary peduncles; sometimes the peduncles bear, instead of flowers, quadrangular cups, which are closely packed with oblong viviparous bulbils. Summer. Himalaya. (C. H. P. 14.)

=B. geranifolia= (Geranium-leaved).* Rootstock tuberous. Stem 1ft. high, erect, angular, succulent, green, with a purplish tinge, branched dichotomously. l. cordate, cut into unequal serrated lobes, green; margins red, whole plant perfectly smooth; peduncles terminal, bearing two to three flowers, which are inclined, drooping while in bud; outer petals orbicular, red, the two inner obovate, waved white. Summer. Lima, 1833. (B. M. 3387.)

=B. geranioides= (Geranium-like).* T. Rootstock fleshy. Stemless. l. radical, somewhat reniform, lobed, serrated; surface scabrid, deep green; leafstalks red, hairy. fl. white, in lax, drooping panicle. Summer. Natal, 1866. A pretty, though delicate, species. (B. M. 5583.)

=B. glandulosa= (glandular-leaved).* Stem a stout rhizome, scaly. Leafstalks thick, terete, erect, hairy, 9in. high. l. 6in. broad, fleshy, cordate, lobed, green; veins dark. fl. on tall, dark, erect scapes, numerous, greenish-white. Capsule wings, one very large, blunt. Costa Rica, 1854. SYNS. B. hernandiæfolia, B. nigro-venia. (B. M. 5256.)

=B. gogoensis= (Gogoan).* l. peltate, ovate-orbicular, oblique, acute when young, with a bronzy metallic hue, ultimately changing to a deep velvety-green, intersected by the paler midribs and veins; the under surface deep red. fl. pale rose, in a lax panicle. Gogo, in Sumatra, 1881. A very handsome, ornamental-foliaged species.

=B. gracilis= (slender).* T. Stem erect, unbranched, very succulent, l. thinly scattered along stems, half heart-shaped, slightly hairy, lobed, denticulate-ciliate. fl. on short axillary peduncles; umbel of few male and female flowers, two larger petals serrate, colour pink. Capsule winged, green. Mexico, 1829. In axils of leaves between stipules a cluster of bulbils are borne; these may be gathered and sown as seeds. This and its varieties, annulata, diversifolia, Martiana, &c., are beautiful summer flowering greenhouse Begonias, requiring a sandy peat soil and shade. When well grown, they are exceedingly ornamental. (B. M. 2966.)

=B. Grahamiana= (Graham's). Synonymous with B. albo-coccinea.

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered). Synonymous with B. octopetala.

=B. grandis= (great). A variety of B. Rex.

=B. grandis= (great). Synonymous with B. Evansiana.

=B. grandis= (great). Synonymous with B. vitifolia.

=B. Griffithii= (Griffith's). Stemless; rhizome subterraneous. l. large, obliquely-cordate; margin crenate, hairy; surface granulated, colour a dark green; margin purple, zoned with grey, under side green, centre and margin deep purple. fl. on cymes, large, white internally, outside tinged with blush, slightly pilose. Capsule tubercled, one wing large, projecting. Winter. India, 1856. (B. M. 4984.)

=B. Hasskarlii= (Hasskarl's). Synonymous with B. peltata.

=B. heracleifolia= (cow-parsnip leaved). Rootstock thick, fleshy. l. radical, on long pilose stalks, palmate, large, bronzy green; margins toothed, hairy. Flower-stalks long, stout, erect, hairy, many-flowered. fl. rose-coloured. Capsule wings nearly equal. Spring. Mexico, 1831. This and the following varieties are handsome both in foliage and flowers. SYNS. B. jatrophæfolia, B. punctata, B. radiata. See Fig. 229. (B. M. 3444.)

=B. h. longipila= (long-haired). l. greyish in middle; outer portions dark bronzy, blotched with green. Whole plant covered with long, stiff, fleshy hairs. fl. as in the type.

=B. h. nigricans= (dark). This differs from the type in having foliage of a blackish tint all round the margins of the lobes, and the petals of the flowers nearly white. (B. M. 4983.)

=B. h. punctata= (dotted). l. green, reddish near margin. fl. rose-colour, with deep red spots on the outside.

=B. herbacea= (herbaceous).* Rhizome creeping. l. oblong-acute, lanceolate, toothed, ciliated. Flower-stalks shorter than leaves; male flowers in a cymose head, white, small; female flowers solitary, on very short stalks. Spring. Brazil, 1873. A small species, very succulent, with the appearance of a primrose when not in flower. SYN. B. attenuata. (G. C. 1873, 679.)

=B. hernandiæfolia= (Hernandia-leaved). Synonymous with B. glandulosa. (Seemann.)

=B. hernandiæfolia= (Hernandia-leaved). Synonymous with B. nelumbiifolia. (Gardens.)

=B. hernandiæfolia= (Hernandia-leaved). Synonymous with B. peltata. (B. M. 4676.)

=B. hirsuta= (hairy). Synonymous with B. humilis.

=B. Hookeri= (Hooker's). A variety of B. semperflorens.

=B. Hookeriana= (Hooker's). S. Stem woody, 5ft. to 6ft. high, branching, covered with minute rusty tomentum. l. ovate, unequal sided, blunt, 8in. long, tomentose, like the stem. fl. in axillary cymes, small, white. Spring. Brazil, 1850.

=B. humilis= (dwarf).* Stem erect, fleshy, hairy. l. semicordate-oblong, acuminate, ciliate-serrate, hairy above, smooth beneath. fl. few, in cymes, small, white. Capsule unequal winged. Summer. Trinidad, 1788. Annual. SYN. B. hirsuta.

=B. humilis= (dwarf). Synonymous with B. suaveolens. (B. R. 294.)

=B. hybrida floribunda= (many-flowered).* A very beautiful summer blooming hybrid between B. fuchsioides and B. multiflora. fl. bright rose, medium sized, produced in abundance. Summer. One of the best.

=B. hydrocotylifolia= (Penny-wort-leaved).* Stem succulent, short, creeping. l. rotundate cordate, almost equal-sided; petiole short. Whole plant hairy. Flower-stalks 1ft. high, pilose. fl. in cymose head, medium-sized, dipetalous, rose-coloured, as also are pedicels and stalk. Capsule wings equal-sized, large. Summer. Mexico, 1841. (B. M. 3968.)

=B. h. asarifolia= (Asarum-leaved). Leaves and flowers smaller than in the type, the latter white. Mexico.

=B. imperialis= (imperial).* Stem rhizomatous, short, thick. l. large, broad, ovate-acute, cordate, rugose, hairy, dark olive-green; nerves banded with greyish-green colour. fl. in cymes, white, medium-sized. fr. unequal winged. Mexico, 1861. A handsome foliage species. (I. H. 1860, 262.)

=B. i. smaragdina= (emerald-like). l. shining emerald green.

=B. incana= (hoary). Stem erect, fleshy, tomentose. l. leathery, peltate, oblong-acute, sub-angular, whitish beneath. Flower-stalks long. fl. in small downy panicles, white. Winter. Mexico, 1840. SYN. B. auriformis.

=B. i. auriformis= (ear-like). l. divided at the base, not peltate. fl. glabrous.

=B. incarnata= (fleshy).* S. Stem erect, fleshy, 2ft. high, smooth; nodes swollen, reddish, spotted. l. on short, smooth petioles, unequally cordate, acuminate, sinuately-serrate, green. fl. large, rose-coloured, handsome; peduncles terminal, nodding. Capsule with unequal wings, the largest acute. Winter. Mexico, 1822. SYNS. B. aucubæfolia, B. insignis, B. Lindleyana. (B. M. 2900.)

=B. i. maculosa= (spotted). l. spotted with white.

=B. i. metallica= (metallic-leaved). l. with a bronzy-purple metallic lustre.

=B. i. papillosa= (papillose). Foliage margined with bright rose; upper surface covered with little papillæ. (B. M. 2846.)

=B. i. purpurea= (purple-leaved). Foliage deep bronzy-purple.

=B. Ingramii= (Ingram's).* A garden hybrid, raised at Frogmore in 1849, from B. fuchsioides and B. nitida. It combines the characters of the two parents. A useful winter-flowering plant; may be grown out of doors in summer. (G. M. B., p. 153.)

=B. insignis= (remarkable). Synonymous with B. incarnata.

=B. involucrata= (involucrate). S. Stem erect, tall, angular, covered with a reddish tomentum. l. oblique, ovate-acuminate, cordate; margins toothed and ciliate. fl. enclosed in a wrapper, or involucre, when young; peduncles graceful, bearing umbel of white, largish flowers. Capsule wings unequal, the largest falcate. Winter. Central America.

=B. jatrophæfolia= (Jatropha-leaved). Synonymous with B. heracleifolia.

=B. Josephi= (Joseph's). Stemless. l. radical, on petioles 6in. to 10in. long, ovate-acuminate, three-lobed, or orbicular, with numerous acute lobes, slightly pubescent; scape 1ft., branched. fl. small, rose-coloured. Capsule wings unequal; upper margins horizontal. Summer. Himalaya.

=B. Kunthiana= (Kunth's).* S. Stem erect, smooth, slender, purple-brown. l. on short petioles, lance-shaped, acuminate, regularly serrated, smooth, dark green above, bright crimson below. fl. axillary, on short nodding peduncles, white, large, handsome. Summer. Venezuela, 1862. A pretty species. (B. M. 5284.)

=B. laciniata= (cut-leaved).* Rhizome thick, fleshy. Stem short, thick, jointed, reddish, woolly. l. large, 6in. to 10in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, unequally cordate; margins irregularly cut, serrated; upper side green, under dull, rufous. fl. on short axillary peduncles, large, white, tinted with rose. Capsule wings, one very long, others short. Spring. Nepaul to Birma, South China, 1858. SYN. B. Bowringiana. (B. M. 5182.)

=B. Leopoldi= (Leopold's). A hybrid from B. Griffithii and B. splendida, with large variegated foliage. 1858.

=B. Lindleyana= (Lindley's).* S. Stem erect, fleshy, covered with ferruginous hairs. l. on long petioles, peltate, ovate, acute, 5in. to 6in. long, 3in. to 4in. wide, irregularly lobed, toothed, green above, tomentose below. fl. on branching peduncles, medium sized, white. Winter. Guatemala.

=B. Lindleyana= (Lindley's). A garden synonym of B. incarnata. (Gardens.)

=B. longipes= (long-stalked). S. Stem 3ft. or more high, stout, succulent, furrowed, covered with glands. l. large, rotundate-cordate; margin irregular, serrated, both sides green, pubescent when young. fl. numerous, small, white; peduncle 1ft. long, branched. Winter. Colombia, 1829. (B. M. 3001.)

=B. longipila= (long-haired). A variety of B. heracleifolia.

=B. lucida= (shining). Synonymous with B. scandens.

=B. Lynchiana= (Lynch's). S. Stem erect, tall, succulent, smooth. l. fleshy, 10in. long, oblique, ovate-cordate, crenulate, green, smooth. fl. axillary, in drooping cymes, numerous, large, deep reddish-crimson. Winter. Mexico, 1880. One of the finest of the tall-growing winter-flowering species. When well managed, the flower-heads are almost a foot in diameter. SYN. B. Roezlii, of gardens. (B. M. 6758.)

=B. maculata= (spotted).* S. A woody shrub. Stems branching, smooth. l. oblique, ovate-oblong, leathery, slightly undulate; margins entire, under side bright crimson, above green, with numerous large round blotches of silvery white. fl. in drooping panicles, coral-like, handsome. Capsule with one long, narrow wing. Summer. Brazil, 1821. (B. R. 666.) There are numerous varieties of this species, some with leaves almost green, others with the markings more striking than in the type; in the flowers they differ also, ranging from white to coral-red. The beautiful B. corallina is probably a variety of this. SYN. B. argyrostigma. See Fig. 230.

=B. magnifica= (magnificent).* S. Stem erect, fleshy, smooth. l. ovate, unequal sided, toothed. fl. in terminal, cymose panicles, rosy-carmine, 1-1/2in. long. New Grenada, 1870. (R. H. 1870, 271.)

=B. magnifica= (magnificent). Synonymous with B. ferruginea.

=B. malabarica= (Malabar).* Stem thick, succulent, 2ft. high, branching. l. numerous, cordate, acute, unequal-sided, crenate or serrate, hairy above and sometimes below, or altogether glabrous, spotted white. fl. rose-coloured; peduncles axillary, short, few-flowered. Capsule wings equal, joined above and below. Summer. Malabar and Ceylon, 1828. B. dipetala is made a variety of this, by Sir Joseph Hooker, in "Flora of British India." (L. B. C. 1730.)

=B. manicata= (tunicated).* Stem fleshy, twisted, short. l. oblique, ovate-acute, cordate, dentate-ciliate, smooth on both sides, shining green nerves on under side, with fleshy, scale-like hairs. fl. pink, dipetalous, in branching cymes; upper portion of stalk scaly. Capsule wings nearly equal. Winter. Mexico, 1842. See Fig. 231.

=B. Manni= (Mann's). S. Stem succulent, 2ft. to 3ft. high, branched, green; branchlets, young parts, petioles, and leaf-nerves clothed with rusty, furfuraceous pubescence. l. petioled, 5in. long, 2in. wide, lanceolate, cordate, acuminate, toothed. fl. numerous, rose-red, in axillary cymes; peduncle 1in. long. Capsule linear, densely tomentose. Winter. Fernando Po, 1862. (B. M. 5434.)

=B. marmorea= (spotted). A variety of B. xanthina.

=B. Martiana= (Martin's). A variety of B. gracilis.

=B. maxima= (large).* Rhizome thick, hairy, creeping. l. large, oblique, orbicular-ovate, cordate, shortly acuminate; margins denticulate ciliate; petiole long, pilose. fl. in branching cymes; sepals orbicular, pilose on the outside, white. Summer. Mexico, 1853.

=B. megaphylla= (large-leaved).* Stem short, thick, fleshy. l. large, palmate, cordate; lobes numerous, pointed; margins hairy, under side slightly pilose; nerves with scaly hairs. fl. in diffuse cymes, small, white; peduncles pilose. Capsule wings wide. Winter. Mexico.

=B. metallica= (metallic). A variety of B. incarnata.

=B. Meyeri= (Meyer's). S. Stem erect, stout, woody when mature. l. large, broadly and obliquely ovate, fleshy, pale green; margin sinuate, under side tinged with rose; both petiole and blade covered with short hairs. fl. on long axillary peduncles, in large paniculate heads, white. Capsule wings equal. Summer. Brazil, 1844. (B. M. 4100.)

=B. microphylla= (small-leaved). Synonymous with B. foliosa.

=B. microptera= (small-winged). Stem 1ft. high, terete, green, pubescent, as in the rest of the plant. Branches few. l. sub-distichous, 4in. to 6in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrated, dark green; petiole short; stipules as long as petiole. fl. in terminal panicles, medium-sized, white, tinted rose. Capsule long, triangular, two angles wingless, the other with a narrow wing. Winter. Borneo, 1856. (B. M. 4974.)

=B. miniata= (vermilion). A variety of B. fuchsioides.

=B. monoptera= (single-winged).* Stem erect, 1ft. to 2ft. high, rounded, swollen at the joints, dull red, papillose and downy. Radical leaves on long red stalks, large, reniform, truncate at the base; caulescent leaves smaller, on short petioles, angled, crenate, dark green above, red below, and minutely papillose. fl. on an elongated terminal raceme, white. Capsule three-angled, two wingless, the other with a long pointed wing. Summer. Brazil, 1826. A distinct and pretty species. (B. M. 3564.)

=B. Moritziana= (Moritz's). Synonymous with B. scandens.

=B. natalensis= (Natal).* T. Rootstock thick, fleshy. Stem 1-1/2ft. high, succulent, thick at the base, articulate, branched, smooth. l. unequal, semicordate, acuminate, lobed, toothed, spotted with white. fl. on axillary cymose peduncles, pale rose. fr. three-winged, two large, one small. Winter. Natal, 1855. (B. M. 4841.)

=B. nelumbiifolia= (Nelumbium-leaved).* Rhizome thick, fleshy, creeping. l. on long hairy petioles; blade 12in. to 18in. long, 8in. to 12in. wide, peltate, hairy on under side; scape 1ft. to 2ft. high. fl. in cymose head, numerous, small, white or rose coloured. Winter. Mexico. A noble-foliaged plant. SYN. B. hernandiæfolia.

=B. nemophila.= Synonymous with B. Cathcartii.

=B. nigro-venia= (black-veined). Synonymous with B. glandulosa.

=B. nitida= (shining).* S. Stem 4ft. to 5ft. high, erect, branched, woody when aged, smooth, shining. l. large, glossy, green on both sides, obliquely ovate, acute, crenated at margin. fl. in terminal and axillary panicles, numerous, large, deep rose, handsome. Capsule three-winged, one much larger than others. Jamaica, 1777. One of the best winter, and almost a perpetual, flowering species. SYNS. B. obliqua, B. pulchra, B. purpurea. (B. M. 4046.)

=B. obliqua= (oblique). Synonymous with B. nitida.

=B. octopetala= (eight-petaled).* T. Stemless. l. on long succulent downy petioles, 1-1/2ft. or more in length, cordate, 6in. long, deeply lobed and serrated at the margin, bright green; scape as long as petioles, rounded, downy. fl. in corymbs, greenish-white, males with eight petals, females generally fewer. Capsule three-angled, two wings almost suppressed, the other 1in. long; apex blunt, toothed. Autumn. Peru, 1835. SYN. B. grandiflora. (B. M. 3559.)

=B. odorata= (sweet-scented). Synonymous with B. suaveolens.

=B. opuliflora= (Guelder-rose-flowered).* S. Stem 1ft. high, branching, smooth. l. ovate oblong-acuminate, toothed, smooth above, hairy below. fl. white, in compact umbels, on erect scapes. Spring. New Grenada, 1854.

=B. Ottoniana= (Otton's). A hybrid from B. conchæfolia and B. coriacea. (R. G. 1859, p. 15.)

=B. papillosa= (papillose). A variety of B. incarnata.

=B. Pearcei= (Pearce's).* T. Stem 1ft. high, succulent, branching. l. lance-shaped, cordate, pointed, toothed, glabrous above, tomentose beneath, and pale red. fl. in loose axillary panicles, large, bright yellow. Summer. Bolivia, 1865. Interesting because of its being one of the progenitors of the handsome race of garden tuberous Begonias.

=B. peltata= (shield-like). Stem short, tomentose; leaves 6in. by 4in., peltate, ovate, densely pilose. fl. in branching cyme, small, white; peduncle 6in. to 9in., pilose. Brazil, 1815. Interesting because of its distinctly peltate foliage and silvery appearance of whole plant. SYNS. B. coriacea, B. Hasskarlii, B. hernandiæfolia, B. peltifolia.

=B. peltifolia= (peltate-leaved). Synonymous with B. peltata.

=B. phyllomaniaca= (proliferous-stemmed). S. Stem thick, fleshy, rather twisted, green, hairy, clothed, when old, with small viviparous buds bearing small leaves, by which means the plant may be multiplied. l. ovate, acuminate, cordate, sinuately lobed, ciliate, smooth above and below. fl. in axillary cymes, drooping, pale rose. Capsule with one large wing. Winter. Guatemala, 1861. (B. M. 5254.)

=B. picta= (ornamented).* T. Stem generally smooth, succulent, 6in. to 12in. high. l. ovate acuminate, nearly equally cordate, serrated, hairy above and on the nerves below, sometimes variegated. fl. pale rose, large, handsome; peduncle hairy, erect, short, few-flowered. Autumn. Himalaya, 1870. (S. E. B. 101.)

=B. platanifolia= (plane-leaved).* S. Stem 5ft. to 6ft. high, erect, robust, smooth, green; joints annulated. l. 8in. to 10in. in diameter, reniform, lobed, hispid on both sides, dark green; lobes acute, toothed, ciliated. fl. in axillary, dichotomous cymes, large, white, tinted rose, handsome. Summer. Brazil, 1834. (B. M. 3591.)

=B. polypetala= (many-petaled). Stem about 1ft. high, covered with a soft whitish tomentum. l. ovate-acute, toothed, pubescent above, and densely tomentose below. fl., petals nine or ten, of a fine red colour, smooth, external ones ovate-oblong, pointed; internal ones somewhat shorter and narrower; sepals two, ovate-elliptic. Capsule tomentose, three-winged, with one wing larger, ascendent. Winter. Andes of Peru, 1878. See Fig. 232. (Garden, Dec. 14, 1878.)

=B. prestoniensis= (Preston).* A garden hybrid between B. cinnabarina and B. nitida. l. green, lobed, glabrous. fl. brilliant orange-red, in drooping axillary cymes, very fragrant. Autumn and winter. 1867. (G. M. B. 3, 149.)

=B. prismatocarpa= (prism-fruited).* Stems small, creeping, hairy; branchlets ascending. l. long, petioled, also hairy, obliquely cordate, ovate, three to five-lobed; lobes pointed, serrated; peduncles axillary, longer than foliage, bearing a small umbel of two to four dipetalous orange and yellow flowers, one female in each umbel. Capsule four-angled, scarcely winged. Summer. Tropical West Africa, 1861. The smallest of cultivated Begonias, and especially interesting because of its four-angled fruit. It forms a pretty cushion of bright shining green foliage, thickly studded with its brightly coloured flowers. Requires a stove temperature and a stony soil. (B. M. 5307.)

=B. pruinata= (frosted).* Stem short, thick, fleshy, smooth. l. large, peltate, ovate, angular-sinuate, minutely-toothed; surface smooth, glaucous; margins pilose, on stout, fleshy petioles. fl. in large dense dichotomous, or small cymes, white. Winter. Central America, 1870. (R. B. 247.)

=B. pulchra= (fair). Synonymous with B. nitida.

=B. punctata= (dotted). A variety of B. heracleifolia.

=B. purpurea= (purple). Synonymous with B. acutifolia.

=B. purpurea= (purple). Synonymous with B. nitida.

=B. Putzeysiana= (Putzeys'). S. Stem erect, branching, smooth. l. oblong-lanceolate, acute, toothed, glabrous, under side spotted with white. fl. in copious small corymbs, white and rose, small. Capsule small, with rather large obtuse wings. Winter. Venezuela, 1871.

=B. radiata= (rayed). Synonymous with B. heracleifolia.

=B. ramentacea= (scaly).* S. Stem erect, branching, brown, scaly, as also are the leafstalks and peduncles. l. ovate, reniform, oblique; margins slightly angulate, recurved, under side red, scaly; peduncles branching. fl. drooping, pink and white, pretty. Capsule, when ripe, a bright scarlet; wings large. Spring. Brazil, 1839. (P. M. B. 12-73).

=B. reniformis= (kidney-formed). Synonymous with B. Dregei. (Gardens.)

=B. reniformis= (kidney-formed). Synonymous with B. vitifolia. (Hook.)

=B. Rex= (Royal).* Stemless; rhizome fleshy, creeping, subterraneous. Leafstalk round, red, setose. l. 8in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 8in. broad, ovate, oblique, sides unequal, cordate, villose; margins toothed, surface bullate, dark olive-green, with a metallic lustre, a broad silvery zone running all round, about 1in. from the margin. fl. in erect branching cyme, large, pale rose. Capsule wings, two short, one long and rounded. Assam, 1858. See Fig. 233. (B. M. 5101.) This magnificent species is the principal progenitor of the numerous ornamental-foliaged Begonias, a selection of which are given below. Most of them are well worth growing, but those named have been selected from a large number: MADAME WAGNER,* l. large, profound green, banded by a broad silvery zone, especially fine; MARSHALLI, l. very large, the margins and very centre dark green, while the greater portion of the surface is covered with a silvery-grey; REGINA,* l. rich olive-green, banded with a broad zone of bronze-red and silvery-grey, rendering it very attractive; ROI LEOPOLD,* l. on long stout petioles, very large, deep bronze-red in the centre, with a broad border of a rather lighter shade, very effective; ROLLISONI,* l. large, on long stalks, rich velvety-green, banded with silvery-grey; SPLENDIDA ARGENTEA,* l. large, of a greyish hue, veined with white, and tinged with bronze-red, very beautiful. The following varieties are also very good: ADRIEN ROBINE,* BERTHE PROUTIERE, CHARLES HOVEY, DISTINCTION,* JULIA SEROT,* LOUISE CHRETIEN,* MADAME J. MENOREAU,* NARGA,* NAVALA,* TALISMAN, W. E. GUMBLETON.

=B. Richardsiana= (Richards').* T. Stem 1ft. high, erect, fleshy, with slender branches. l. palmately lobed, the lobes sinuate or toothed. fl. white, males bipetalous, females with five petals. Cymes axillary near ends of branches, few-flowered. Capsule three-winged, wings equal. Summer. Natal, 1871. (G. C., 1871, p. 1065.)

=B. R. diadema= (of gardens).* This is referred to here because of its close resemblance to the above. It is most likely a hybrid between B. Richardsiana and B. dipetala. l. palmately lobed, rather large, spotted with white. fl. large, rose-coloured. Summer. 1881.

=B. ricinifolia= (Ricinus-leaved).* A garden hybrid between B. heracleifolia and B. peponifolia. l. large, bronzy green, in shape like those of the Castor-oil plant. fl. numerous, on an erect scape. Winter. 1847.

=B. Roezlii= (Roezl's). Synonymous with B. Lynchiana.

=B. rosacea= (rosy). Stem succulent, short. l. ovate obtuse, slightly pubescent, toothed; petioles long, pilose. fl. in few-flowered cymes, medium-sized, rose-coloured. New Grenada, 1860. (Garden, pl. 152.)

=B. rosæflora= (rose-flowered).* T. Stemless. Petioles, scapes, bracts, and stipules bright red. l. green, 2in. to 4in. wide, on stout hairy petioles, 2in. to 6in. long, orbicular-reniform, concave; margins lobed, red, toothed. Scapes stout, villous, three-flowered. fl. 2in. across, bright rose-red. Summer. Peru, 1867. One of the parents of the popular race of tuberous-rooted large-flowered Begonias. (B. M. 5680.)

=B. rubricaulis= (red-stalked).* Stemless. Leafstalks, peduncles, pedicels, and ovaries, a deep red colour. l. obliquely ovate, 4in. to 6in. long, slightly hairy, bright green, wrinkled; margins toothed and ciliated. Scape 1ft. high, erect, stout, branching at the top, forming a head of about a dozen flowers, which are large, white inside, rose-tinted outside. Capsule with one large wing, the others almost suppressed. Summer. Peru, 1834. (B. M. 4131.)

=B. rubro-venia= (red-veined).* Rootstock thick. Stems 12in. to 18in. high, red, pubescent. l. 4in. to 6in. long, elliptic or lanceolate acuminate, entire or slightly angular, toothed, green spotted with white above, purplish-brown below. Scapes axillary, red. fl. in cymose head; outer segments white with rose-red veins, inner segments pure white. Summer. Sikkim, &c., 1853. (B. M. 4689.)

=B. sanguinea= (blood-red). S. Stems woody when old, tall, stout, red, with scattered paler spots. l. 4in. to 6in. long, unequally cordate, acuminate, thick and somewhat fleshy in texture, minutely crenate, green above, deep red below; peduncles axillary, long, erect, red. fl. in a branching cyme, rather small, white. Capsule wings sub-equal. Spring. Brazil, 1836. (B. M. 3520.)

=B. scabrida= (rough). Stem stout, erect, somewhat succulent, covered with small tubercles. l. 6in. long, oblique, ovate-acute, cordate, toothed, slightly hairy. fl. white, small; cyme many-flowered. Capsule wings equal, large. Venezuela, 1857.

=B. scandens= (climbing).* Stem flexuose, fleshy, creeping or climbing, smooth. l. 4in. long, ovate acuminate, sub-cordate; margins irregularly toothed, pale shining green. fl. in axillary branching cymes, white, small. South America, 1874. Useful either as a basket plant or for training against moist walls. SYNS. B. elliptica, B. lucida, B. Moritziana. (R. G. 758.)

=B. sceptrum= (princely). S. l. obliquely ovate in outline, deeply lobed on one side; lobes oblong; obtuse, veins sunk, and the raised spaces between marked with large silvery blotches, and numerous smaller dots of silver grey. Brazil, 1883.

=B. Schmidtiana= (Schmidt's).* Stems 1ft. high, branching, herbaceous. l. obliquely cordate, ovate-acute, small, dark metallic green above, tinged with red below. fl. in loose drooping axillary panicles, white, small, numerous. Winter. Brazil, 1879. (R. G. 990.)

=B. scutellata= (salver-like). Synonymous with B. conchæfolia.

=B. Sedeni= (Seden's). T. A garden hybrid between B. boliviensis and B. Veitchii. Summer. 1869. A handsome plant, but much inferior to many of the more recent hybrids. (R. H. 1872, 90.)

=B. semperflorens= (always-flowering).* Stem fleshy, erect, smooth, reddish-green. l. ovate-rotundate, hardly cordate; margins serrated, ciliated, surface smooth, shining green. fl. on axillary stalks, near apex of stems, white or rose, rather large. Capsule wings two short, one long, rounded. Autumn. Brazil, 1829. A useful summer and autumn flowering species, of which there are several named varieties more or less distinct from the type, either in colour or size of flowers, or in habit of plant. The varieties carminea, gigantea, and rosea are perhaps the best. SYN. B. spathulata. (B. M. 2920.)

=B. s. Frau Maria Brandt.= A dwarf compact variety, with rose-tinted flowers. See Fig. 234.

=B. socotrana= (Socotra).* Stem annual, stout and succulent, forming at base a cluster of bulbils, each of which produces a plant the following year; sparsely hairy. l. dark green, orbicular, peltate, 4in. to 7in. across, centre depressed; margin recurved, crenate. fl. in terminal, few-flowered cymes, 1-1/2in. to 2in. wide, bright rose. Capsule three-angled, one-winged. Winter. Socotra, 1880. Should be rested through the summer, and started in heat in September. A distinct and beautiful species. (B. M. 6555.)

=B. spathulata= (spathulate). Synonymous with B. semperflorens.

=B. stigmosa= (branded).* Rhizome creeping, fleshy. l. 6in. to 8in. long, oblique, cordate-acute, irregularly toothed, smooth above, hairy beneath, green, with brownish-purple blotches; stalks scaly, as in B. manicata. fl. in cymose panicles, white, medium-sized, numerous. Brazil, 1845.

=B. strigillosa= (strigillose).* Rhizome short, fleshy, creeping, l. 4in. to 6in. long, oblique, ovate-acute, cordate-toothed; margins ciliate, red; stalk and blade covered with fleshy scales; blade smooth, blotched with brown. fl. in branching cymes, dipetalous, small, rose-coloured. Summer. Central America, 1851.

=B. suaveolens= (sweet-scented). S. Stem branching, 2ft. high, smooth. l. 3in. to 4in. long, oblique-ovate, cordate-acute, crenulate, glabrous. fl. in axillary panicles, large, white. Winter. Central America, 1816. Resembles B. nitida, but may be distinguished by its distinctly crenulate leaves and smaller flowers, which are white, and not pale rose, as in B. nitida. SYN. B. odorata. (L. B. C. 69.)

=B. Sutherlandi= (Sutherland's).* T. Stems annual, 1ft. to 2ft. high, slender, graceful, red-purple. l. on slender red petioles, 2in. to 3in. long; blade 4in. to 6in. long, ovate-lanceolate, deeply lobed at base; margins serrate, bright green; nerves bright red. fl. in axillary and terminal cymes, numerous, orange-red, shaded with dark vinous-red. Capsule wings equal. Summer. Natal, 1867. (B. M. 5689.)

=B. Teuscheri= (Teuscher's). S. A strong, erect-growing, large-leaved plant, from the Dutch Indies, not yet flowered. l. cordate-ovate, acute, olive-green above, with greyish blotches; under side rich claret-coloured. Hort. Linden. (I. II. 1879, 358.)

=B. Thwaitesii= (Thwaites's).* Stemless. l. 2in. to 4in. in diameter, obtuse or sub-acute, cordate at base, minutely toothed, slightly pubescent, very shaggy when young, rich coppery-green, red-purple and blotched with white; under side blood red. fl. in an umbel, medium-sized; scape short, white. Capsule shaped like a Beech nut; wings short. Ceylon, 1852. One of the most beautiful of coloured-leaved Begonias, requiring a close, moist atmosphere in a stove. (B. M. 4692.)

=B. ulmifolia= (Elm-leaved). S. Stem 2ft. to 4ft. high, branching. l. 3in. to 4in. long, ovate-oblong, unequal-sided, toothed, rugose, hairy. fl. on hairy peduncles, numerous, small, white. Capsule wings two small, one large, ovate. Winter. Venezuela, 1854. (L. C. 638.)

=B. undulata= (wavy-leaved). S. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, erect, branching freely, turgid below, green, succulent until old. l. distichous, oblong-lanceolate, undulated, smooth, shining green. fl. in nodding axillary cymes, white, small. Winter. Brazil, 1826. (B. M. 2723.)

=B. urophylla= (caudate-leaved). Stemless. Leafstalks terete, succulent, clothed with scattered bristly hairs. l. large, 12in. long, broad, cordate; margin irregularly cut, toothed; apex long-pointed, green, smooth above, hairy beneath; peduncle stout, paniculate. fl. crowded, large, dipetalous, white. Spring. Brazil. (B. M. 4855.)

=B. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* T. Stem very short, thick, fleshy, green. l. orbiculate, cordate, lobed and incised; margins ciliated, green, principal nerves radiating from bright carmine spot near centre; under side pale green; petiole thick, terete, with a few hairs on the upper portion; scape 10in. to 12in. high, thick, terete, pilose, two-flowered. fl. 2-1/4in. in diameter, cinnabar red. Capsule smooth, two short, one long wings. Summer. Peru, 1867. One of the species from which the popular garden tuberous-rooted Begonias have been obtained. (B. M. 5663.)

=B. Verschaffeltiana= (Verschaffelt's).* A hybrid between B. carolinæfolia and B. manicata, with large ovate acutely-lobed leaves and flowers in large cymes, rose-coloured and pendent. Winter. (R. G. 1855, p. 248.)

=B. vitifolia= (Vine-leaved). S. Stem 3ft. to 4ft. high, thick, smooth, and fleshy. l. large as vine foliage, and similar in shape; peduncles axillary, erect, branching into a cymose head of small white flowers. Capsules three-angled, one-winged. Winter. Brazil, 1833. SYNS. B. grandis, B. reniformis. (B. M. 3225.)

=B. Wagneriana= (Wagner's). S. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, erect, glabrous, green, succulent, branched. l. cordate-ovate, acuminate; margins obscurely lobed, slightly serrate, quite glabrous; peduncles axillary and terminal, cymose. fl. numerous, white. Capsules, which are ripened in abundance, three-angled, one wing long, two short. Winter. Venezuela, 1856. (B. M. 4988.)

=B. Warscewiczii= (Warscewicz's). Synonymous with B. conchæfolia.

=B. Weltoniensis= (Welton). A garden hybrid; one of the oldest of cultivated winter-flowering kinds, with light pink flowers, very free.

=B. xanthina= (yellow-flowered).* Stem short, thick, fleshy, horizontal, along with petioles thickly-clothed with brown scaly hairs; petioles 6in. to 12in. long, stout, terete, fleshy, reddish-brown; blade 8in. to 12in. long, cordate-ovate, acuminate, sinuate-ciliated, dark green above, purplish beneath. Flower-stalks erect, 1ft. high, bearing a cymose head of large golden flowers. Capsule with one large wing. Summer. Boutan, 1850. (B. M. 4683.)

=B. x. Lazuli= (Lapis-lazuli).* Foliage metallic purple, with a bluish tinge.

=B. x. pictifolia= (ornamented-leaved).* l. with large silvery spots, and pale yellow flowers.

The following list comprises a selection of some of the best and most distinct of the innumerable varieties now existing in gardens, and which have been obtained by crossing and re-crossing the several tuberous-rooted species found in the temperate regions of South America.

=Single-Flowered Varieties.= Crimson and Scarlet Shaded: ADMIRATION, flowers vivid orange-scarlet, of dwarf, compact habit, and free flowering (see Fig. 235); ARTHUR G. SOAMES,* brilliant crimson scarlet, of excellent form, and very free; BALL OF FIRE,* glowing fiery-scarlet, flowers large and compact, very free; BLACK DOUGLAS,* dark carmine crimson, flowers large, of the finest form, one of the best; BRILLIANT, deep orange-scarlet, very free; CHARLES BALTET, rich velvety vermilion; COMMODORE FOOT,* brilliant velvety crimson, very free and showy; DAVISII, flowers small, dazzling scarlet, habit dwarf and free; DR. MASTERS,* flowers large, with immense spikes, deep red-crimson, very attractive; DR. SEWELL,* glowing crimson, grand form; EXONIENSIS, brilliant orange-scarlet, immense flowers; F. E. LAING, deep velvety crimson, full and free; HON. MRS. BRASSEY,* deep glowing crimson, very rich and floriferous; J. H. LAING,* brilliant scarlet, one of the freest; J. W. FERRAND,* rich vermilion, dwarf and free, one of the finest for bedding; LOTHAIR,* dark scarlet-carmine, crimson shaded, of grand form and size; MARQUIS OF BUTE, brilliant carmine-crimson, of the finest form, and immense flowers; SCARLET GEM,* very dark scarlet, flowers medium-sized, dwarf and very floriferous; SEDENI, rich rosy-crimson, dwarf, a good bedder; VESUVIUS,* bright orange-scarlet, compact and free, one of the finest bedders.

Rose-Coloured: ALBERT CROUSSÉ,* bright salmon-rose, very free; ANNIE LAING,* large and free, rich pink; CAPT. THOMPSON, rich salmon-rose, very free and compact; DELICATUM, pale flesh-rose; EXQUISITE,* rich deep rose, very free and showy; J. AUBREY CLARK, flowers very large, rich, deep; JESSIE,* soft rosy-pink, with the tips of the petals shaded carmine, a very fine, perfect variety; LADY BROOKE,* dark rose, shaded magenta, very perfect in form, and large; LADY HUME CAMPBELL,* pale pink, of good form and size, an exquisite variety; MADAME STELLA,* flowers perfect in form, large, bright rosy-pink, one of the best; MARCHIONESS OF BUTE, light rosy-pink, with an immense bloom and handsome foliage; PENELOPE,* rich salmon-rose, very free and good; PRINCESS OF WALES, very delicate pink, and free; ROSE D'AMOUR, rich rose, delicately shaded.

White-Flowered: ALBA FLORIBUNDA, flowers medium-sized, very free; MOONLIGHT, very free, with good flowers and handsome foliage; MRS. LAING,* flowers exquisite in form and shape, pure white, one of the best; NYMPH,* large and round, white, tinted with rose at the base; PRINCESS BEATRICE,* flowers large, of excellent form, and pure in colour; PURITY, flowers round, good size and colour; QUEEN OF WHITES,* flowers pure white, large, most freely produced (see Fig. 236, for which we are indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons); REINE BLANCHE,* one of the best, very pure; SNOWFLAKE,* flowers large, in full spikes, pure white, habit compact, and very free.

Yellow and Orange-Flowered: CHROMATELLA,* habit dwarf and compact, pure yellow; EMPRESS OF INDIA, deep yellow, very showy; GEM OF YELLOWS,* rich deep yellow, of grand form and size, one of the best; GOLDEN GEM,* rich golden yellow, of excellent form and size, habit free, with prettily mottled foliage; J. L. MACFARLANE, rich orange, freest form, and large; LADY TREVOR LAWRENCE,* orange-yellow, of good form, with handsome foliage; MAUDE CHURCHILL,* pale yellow, deeper shaded, with elegant foliage; MRS. PONTIFEX,* rich orange yellow, very large flowers, copiously produced; POLLIE, pale yellow, fine round flower; SULPHUR QUEEN,* pale sulphur-yellow, of good form and size.

=Double-Flowered Varieties.= Crimson and Scarlet Shaded: ACHILLES, rich dark crimson, very large and free; DAVISII HYBRIDA FL.-PL.,* rich coral-red, very full and free; DAVISII FL.-PL. SUPERBA,* brilliant crimson-scarlet, of good size, and extremely free; DR. DUKE,* brilliant scarlet, very large and double, one of the best; FRANCIS BUCHNER,* rich cerise-red, very double, perfect in form, and very large; FULGURANT, rich crimson, full, with dark foliage; GLOIRE DE NANCY,* rich vermilion, very free; HERCULES,* bright orange-scarlet, very large and extremely free, habit compact and vigorous; LEMOINEI, deep orange-vermilion, very floriferous; MONSIEUR BAUER, deep red, tinged with violet; NIMROD,* rich red-scarlet, very large and full, with a free and very vigorous habit; PRESIDENT BURELLE,* glowing red, tinted with scarlet, very free; QUEEN OF DOUBLES,* rich rosy-crimson, very double and floriferous, one of the best varieties; ROBERT BURNS,* brilliant orange-scarlet, tinted vermilion, very double and free; SIR GARNET, deep orange-scarlet, very vigorous; WM. BEALBY,* deep velvety scarlet, immense size and perfect form, very free.

Rose-Coloured: ADA,* bright rosy-salmon, fringed at the edge, very full and free; COMTESSE H. DE CHOISEUL, pale rose, at first nearly white, very handsome; ESTHER,* rich rosy pink, with a distinct crimson margin; FORMOSA,* rich rosy carmine, with a white centre and crimson margin, very distinct and showy; GLORY OF STANSTEAD,* deep rose, with a well-defined white centre, very distinct and handsome; JOHN T. POE,* bright rose, tinted with cerise, of excellent form and vigorous habit; MADAME COMESSE,* rich satiny salmon-rose, immense, and most profuse; MADAME LEON SIMON, soft pale rose, very full and free; MARIE LEMOINE, light salmon with a rose centre; MRS. BRISSENDEN,* salmon-rose, with a cream-white centre, of excellent form and very free; PÆONIFLORA, flowers enormous, rich salmon-rose, very full; QUEEN OF SCOTS,* satiny-pink, salmon-shaded, of a perfect form and very large, habit compact and very free; ROSINA,* deep rose, violet shaded, of exquisite form, very vigorous and free.

White-Flowered: ANTOINETTE QUERIN,* pure white, cream, shaded centre, very large and full, a magnificent variety; BLANCHE JEANPIERRE, pure white, cream tinted, of excellent form and very free; LITTLE GEM,* pure white, of the best form and good size, habit dwarf and extremely floriferous; MRS. LUDLAM,* white, tinted with pink, a very handsome variety; PRINCESS OF WALES,* flowers very full and profuse, almost pure in colour, and immense.

Yellow-flowered: CANARY BIRD,* flowers large, of the finest form, deep yellow, habit dwarf and very free; GABRIEL LEGROS,* pale sulphur, changing to yellow, very full and imbricated, extremely showy.

=BEGONIACEÆ.= An order comprising a large number of useful garden plants. The only genera are Begonia and Begoniella (which is not yet in cultivation). Flowers apetalous; perianth single; pistillate flowers having the perianth two to eight-cleft, staminate ones two to four-cleft; stamens numerous, collected into a head. Leaves alternate, stipulate. See =Begonia=.

=BEJARIA.= See =Befaria=.

=BELLADONNA.= See =Atropa=.

=BELLADONNA LILY.= See =Amaryllis Belladonna=.

=BELLEVALIA= (named in honour of P. R. Belleval, a French botanist). ORD. Liliaceæ. This genus is now usually placed under Hyacinthus. Hardy, bulbous-rooted plants, admirably adapted for spring bedding or forcing, and invaluable as cut flowers. Flowers small, whitish, or violet, tinged with green. Leaves few, radical, broadly linear. They are of extremely easy culture in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by offsets; also by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe.

=B. operculata= (lid-covered). Synonymous with B. romana.

=B. romana= (Roman).* Roman Hyacinth. fl. white, racemose; perianth campanulate; pedicels longer than the flowers. April. l. from 4in. to 5in. long. h. 6in. Italy, 1596. A most desirable plant, and the best of the genus for forcing purposes. SYNS. B. operculata and Hyacinthus romanus. (B. M. 939, under the name of Scilla romana.) See =Hyacinthus=.

=B. syriaca= (Syrian).* fl. white; peduncles spreading, racemose. May. l. glaucous, 1ft. long, channelled, rather scarious on the margins. h. 1ft. Syria, 1840.

=BELL-FLOWER.= See =Campanula=.

=BELL GLASSES=, or =CLOCHES=. These are used for the purpose of protecting or accelerating the growth of a plant or plants. The French Cloche (see Fig. 237) is largely employed for this purpose. Ordinary Bell Glasses (see Fig. 238) are exceedingly useful for propagating purposes, especially for hard-wooded plants; or for placing over subjects which require a very moist atmosphere, such as Filmy ferns, Cephalotus, &c.; or for covering half-hardy plants or rare alpines, and thus protecting them from excessive moisture. Large Bell Glasses, inverted, serve as miniature aquaria, and many small aquatics are easily grown in them.

=BELLIDIASTRUM= (from bellis, a daisy, and astrum, a star; flower-heads being star-like). ORD. Compositæ. A pretty dwarf, hardy, herbaceous perennial, allied to Aster. It thrives in a compost of loam, leaf soil, and peat. Increased by divisions in early spring, or directly after blooming.

=B. Michelii= (Michel's).* fl.-heads white; scape one-headed, naked; involucre with equal leaves; pappus simple. June. l. in a rosette, shortly stalked, obovate, repand. h. 1ft. Austria, 1570.

=BELLIS= (from bellus, pretty, in reference to the flowers). Daisy. ORD. Compositæ. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, distinguished from allied genera in having conical receptacles and an absence of pappus. They grow well in all loamy soils. The garden varieties are increased by division after flowering, each crown making a separate plant. The soil must be pressed about them moderately firm. Seeds may also be sown in March, but the plants thus obtained are seldom of sufficient floricultural merit to perpetuate.

=B. perennis= (perennial).* Common Daisy. fl.-heads white. June. l. numerous, lying flat on the ground, obovate, crenate, slightly hairy, tapering at the base. h. 3in. England. The varieties are very numerous, the double ones being particularly fine. See Fig. 239. The handsome variegated form, aucubæfolia, has its leaves richly stained and veined with yellow. There are both red and white-flowered forms of this variety. The Hen and Chickens Daisy is a proliferous form, rather more quaint than pretty. See Fig. 240. Good garden kinds are B. p. conspicua, red; CROWN, pink; ELIZA, purple; RUBENS, red; SNOWFLAKE, white.

=B. rotundifolia cœrulescens= (round-leaved, bluish).* fl.-heads from 3/4in. to 1-1/4in. in diameter, resembling those of the common Daisy, but with fewer, often broader, ray-flowers, which vary from white to pale blue. l. more or less hairy, with slender stalks, 1in. to 3in. long; blade ovate or sub-cordate, sinuate toothed, three-nerved. Morocco, 1872. A very beautiful perennial, requiring the shelter of a cold frame during severe winters. See Fig. 241. (B. M. 6015.)

=BELLIUM= (from bellis, a Daisy; the flowers resembling those of that plant). ORD. Compositæ. A genus of pretty little, free-flowering plants, differing from the common Daisy only in having a pappus of six to eight broad scales, torn at the apex, alternating with a like number of long scabrous bristles. They thrive best in a mixture of sandy loam and peat. Propagation is readily effected by means of seeds or divisions; the latter should be made in spring.

=B. bellidioides= (Daisy-like).* fl.-heads white, solitary. June to September. l. spathulate, radical. Stolons creeping. h. 4in. Italy, 1796. Annual. See Fig. 242.

=B. crassifolium= (thick-leaved). fl.-heads whitish-yellow; scapes much exceeding the leaves, downy. June. l. sub-radical, thick, obovate, entire, attenuate at base, rather downy. Stems many, ascending. h. 6in. Sardinia, 1831. Hardy perennial. (S. B. F. G. 2, 278.)

=B. minutum= (very small).* fl.-heads white and yellow, 1/2in. across, on slender stalks, longer than the foliage. June to September. l. narrow spathulate, attenuated at the base, slightly hairy. h. 3in. Levant, 1772. A rare little species, requiring a warm, well-drained position on the rockery.

=BELLOWS.= These were formerly employed for fumigating, but are now entirely superseded by the ordinary fumigators. The Sulphur Bellows is a very useful instrument for the uniform distribution of flowers of sulphur on vines and other subjects infested with mildew. In form it is very like those in common domestic use, but has a rose of small holes at the end of its nozzle, through which the sulphur is ejected.

=BELL-PEPPER.= See =Capsicum grossum=.

=BELOPERONE= (from belos, an arrow, and peronne, a band; in reference to the arrow-shaped connectivum). SYN. Dianthera. ORD. Acanthaceæ. Very pretty stove evergreen shrubs, allied to Justicia. Flowers blue or purple, borne in secund, axillary, or terminal spikes, frequently subtended with coloured bracts; corolla gaping, the upper lip concave, the lower trifid. They are easily cultivated in a compost of loam, leaf soil, peat, and sand. Propagated by young cuttings, taken in spring. Beloperones may also be treated like Justicias (which see), and will succeed admirably. There are a large number of species, but few of which have been introduced.

=B. oblongata= (oblong). fl. rosy-purple; spikes axillary; anthers calcarate at base; bracts bracteolate. Summer. l. oblong-lanceolate, opposite. h. 3ft. Brazil, 1832. (B. H. 9, 9.)

=B. violacea= (violet-coloured).* fl. violet. l. lanceolate, acuminate, entire. h. 3ft. New Grenada, 1859. (B. M. 5244.)

=BENDING-DOWN= the branches of fruit trees, by means of weights or string attached to pegs driven into the ground, is sometimes resorted to for the purpose of acquiring a particular shape, or fruitfulness; but authorities differ as to the usefulness of the plan for the latter purpose. Young trees that are inclined to grow strong in the middle may be more evenly balanced by adopting the plan of Bending the strong branches, and so diverting the sap to the weaker ones.

=BENGAL QUINCE.= See =Ægle Marmelos=.

=BENJAMIN-TREE.= See =Ficus Benjamina=.

=BENT GRASS.= See =Agrostis=.

=BENTHAMIA= (in honour of George Bentham, a distinguished English botanist). ORD. Cornaceæ. Hardy evergreen shrubs or low trees, now referred to the genus Cornus. The first-named species is rather tender in the neighbourhood of London, and can only be grown successfully against a wall, for which purpose it is very suitable. In Cornwall and other mild places, it attains a height of 20ft. in the open. Loudon thinks it might be rendered hardier by grafting it on Cornus sanguinea. Flowers disposed in heads, each head attended by an involucre, which consists of four petal-like parts, and resembles a corolla; calyx with a minute four-toothed limb; petals four, fleshy, wedge-shaped; stamens four; style one. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, sub-evergreen, entire. Fruit constituted of many pomes grown together. They thrive in rather moist, loamy soil, in a sheltered spot. Propagated by seeds, sown when ripe, in a cool-house; or by layering, in autumn.

=B. fragifera= (Strawberry-flowered).* fl. large, white, sessile, densely aggregate, forming a round head. June to October. fr. large, about the size of that of the common Arbutus, reddish. l. lanceolate, acuminated at both ends, on short petioles, rather rough, with small, adpressed down. Branches spreading, smooth. h. 10ft. to 15ft. Nepaul, 1825. (G. C. xiv., 728.)

=B. japonica= (Japanese). fl. yellowish-red. Spring. h. 8ft. Japan, 1847. (S. Z. F. J. 16.)

=BERARDIA= (named after M. Berard, a Professor of Chemistry at Montpelier). ORD. Compositæ. A genus containing a single species, confined to the high mountains of Western Europe. It makes a pretty rock plant, and grows best in thoroughly well-drained spots amongst rocky débris. Propagated by seeds, sown in spring.

=B. subacaulis= (almost stemless). fl.-heads whitish, solitary, very large. l. rounded oval, nearly heart-shaped at base, cottony. h. 3in. or 4in. (A. F. P. 3, 38.)

=BERBERIDACEÆ.= An order of shrubs or herbaceous perennials. Flowers terminal or axillary, usually racemose; sepals three, four, or six in a double row; petals as many or double in number; stamens four to eight, opposite the petals. Fruit, a berry or capsule. Leaves alternate, compound. The order contributes a great number of handsome plants to our gardens. Well-known genera are Berberis, Epimedium, and Nandina.

=BERBERIDOPSIS= (from Berberis, the Barberry, and opsis, like; resembling the Barberry). ORD. Berberidaceæ. A handsome evergreen shrub, with climbing habit. Sepals and petals nine to fifteen; outer small, spreading; intermediate orbicular, concave; inner obovate-cuneate, erect, inserted upon the fleshy torus. Stamens eight to nine, free. With a slight winter protection, or planted at the foot of a south wall, it will prove quite hardy, being of easy culture in ordinary garden soil. It is an excellent plant for the cool greenhouse. Increased by seeds, which should be sown in spring; by layering, in autumn; or by young cuttings, in spring.

=B. corallina= (coral-red).* fl. crimson, in terminal, drooping racemes, leafy at the base. l. about 3in. long, alternate, simple, petiolate, oblong-cordate, obtuse or acute, spiny-toothed. Chili, 1862. See Fig. 243. (B. M. 5343.)

=BERBERIS= (Berberys is the Arabic name of the fruit, signifying a shell; many authors believe this to be the original derivation of the word, because the leaves are hollow, like a shell). Barberry. ORD. Berberidaceæ. Including Mahonia. A genus of hardy erect or trailing shrubs. Flowers yellow or orange, racemose or fascicled; sepals and petals similar, in two series. Leaves simple or compound, alternate or fascicled from the non-development of the branches, often spinose, or reduced to spines. The common sorts thrive well in any ordinary garden soil, but the rarer kinds require a compost of loam, peat, and a little sand. Propagation may be effected by suckers or layers, put down in the autumn; by ripened cuttings, taken at the same time, and planted in sandy soil, in a cold frame; or by seeds, sown in the spring, or, preferably, in the autumn, when, if fresh from the pulp or berry, they will germinate in the open in the following spring. The last-named is the method generally adopted.

=B. Aquifolium= (Holly-leaved).* fl. yellow; racemes nearly erect, much crowded. Spring. l., leaflets two to three pairs, with an odd one, the lower part distant from the petiole; ovate, approximate, cordate at the base, one-nerved, spiny-toothed. h. 3ft. to 6ft. North America, 1823. This is extensively planted in woodlands as an excellent covert plant. SYN. Mahonia aquifolia. (S. E. B. 49.)

=B. aristata= (bearded). fl. yellow; racemes nodding, many-flowered, longer than the leaves; pedicels trifid, three-flowered. Spring. l. obovate-oblong or lanceolate, mucronate, membranous, smooth, serrated with four or five spinulose teeth; lower spines three-parted, upper ones simple, and hardly bidentate at the base. h. 6ft. Nepaul, 1820. (B. R. 729, under name of B. Chitria.)

=B. asiatica= (Asiatic). fl., racemes short, many-flowered, corymbose, shorter than the leaves; pedicels elongated, one-flowered. l. oval, cuneated, or elliptical, mucronate, smooth; under surface glaucous, entire, or spinulosely-toothed; spines trifid, or simple. h. 4ft. to 8ft. 1820. Half-hardy.

=B. buxifolia= (Box-leaved).* fl. solitary, on slender peduncles. Spring. l. nearly sessile, oval or oblong, about 1/2in. long, entire. h. 8ft. Straits of Magellan, 1830. Nana is a charming little variety, not exceeding 18in. in height. SYN. B. dulcis. (B. M. 6505.)

=B. canadensis= (Canadian).* fl., racemes many-flowered, nodding. Spring. l. obovate-oblong, remotely serrated; upper ones nearly entire; spines three-parted. h. 4ft. Canada, 1759.

=B. cratægina= (Hawthorn-like). fl., racemes many-flowered, crowded, spreading, scarcely longer than the leaves. Spring. l. oblong, reticulated, hardly serrated; spines simple. h. 4ft. to 8ft. Asia Minor, 1829.

=B. cretica= (Cretan). fl., racemes three to eight-flowered, rather shorter than the leaves. Spring. l. oblong-oval, entire, or somewhat serrated; spines three to five-parted. h. 4ft. to 5ft. Crete and Cyprus, 1759. The variety serratifolia has leaves ciliately-serrated. (S. F. G. 342.)

=B. Darwinii= (Darwin's).* fl. orange, racemose, very numerous. May, and sometimes again in autumn. l. oval or oblong, about 1in. long, with usually five spiny teeth. h. 2ft. South Chili, 1849. This very fine species is, perhaps, the best; it forms a densely-branched, spreading, evergreen bush, thus making an excellent covert plant. (B. M. 4590.)

=B. dulcis= (sweet). Synonymous with B. buxifolia.

=B. emarginata= (emarginate). fl., racemes scarcely pendulous, shorter than the leaves. Spring. l. lanceolate-obovate, ciliately serrated; spines three-parted. h. 6ft. Siberia, 1790.

=B. empetrifolia= (Empetrum-leaved).* fl. few, terminal, sub-umbellate, on slender pedicels. May. l. in fascicles of about seven, linear, closely revolute, sharply mucronate. h. 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. Straits of Magellan, 1827. (B. R. 26, 27.)

=B. fascicularis= (fascicled). fl., racemes erect, much crowded. Spring. l., leaflets three to six pairs, with an odd one, the lower pair distant from the base of the petiole; ovate-lanceolate, rather distant, one-nerved, spiny toothed, with four to five teeth on each side. h. 6ft. to 8ft. New Spain, 1820. Half-hardy. SYN. Mahonia fascicularis. (B. M. 2396.)

=B. floribunda= (many-flowered).* fl., racemes many-flowered, loose, solitary, pendulous. June. l. obovate-lanceolate, or obovate-oblong, tapering much towards the base, ending in a mucrone at the apex, paler beneath, spiny-ciliated; spines three-parted, unequal. h. 10ft. Nepaul. A variety of aristata.

=B. Fortunei= (Fortune's).* fl. small, in terminal clustered racemes. l., leaflets about seven, linear-lanceolate, distant, with numerous small spiny teeth, lower pair remote from the base of the petiole. China.

=B. glumacea= (glumaceous). A synonym of B. nervosa.

=B. iberica= (Iberian). fl., racemes many-flowered, pendulous. Spring. l. obovate-oblong, quite entire; spines simple and three-parted. h. 8ft. to 10ft. Iberia, 1818.

=B. ilicifolia= (Holly-leaved). fl., peduncles short, four-flowered; pedicels elongated, somewhat corymbose. July. l. ovate, tapering at the base, coarsely and spinulosely toothed; spines three-parted. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Tierra del Fuego, 1791. (B. M. 4308.)

=B. japonica= (Japanese).* fl., racemes in terminal clusters. Spring. l., leaflets usually nine, about 3in. long, quite sessile, broadly cordate, or rotundate at the base, oblique, with about five long spiny teeth, and a terminal one, the lowest pairs close to the base of the petiole. China and Japan. Very distinct, with unbranched stems and leaves about 1ft. long. B. Beali and B. intermedia are mere forms of this species, the latter differing from it in having narrower leaves and longer, slender racemes. (B. M. 4852.)

=B. loxensis= (Loxanese). fl. unusually small, erect, in panicled racemes on a long peduncle quite clear of the leaves. l. very shining, blunt, obovate; sides often with several teeth; spines small, palmated. h. 3ft. to 4ft. Peru. Evergreen, not hardy. (P. F. G. 1, p. 13.)

=B. nepalensis= (Nepaulese).* fl. yellow; racemes few, elongated, slender. l. 1ft. to 2ft. long; leaflets five to nine pairs, obovate-oblong, cuspidate, rounded at the base, repand-toothed, with five to ten spiny teeth on each side, tricuspidate at the apex. h. 4ft. to 6ft. Nepaul. A very handsome species, thriving best in the southern parts of England. SYN. Mahonia nepalensis. See Fig. 244.

=B. nervosa= (large-nerved). fl., racemes elongated. October. l., leaflets five to six pairs, with an odd one, the lower pair distant from the petiole; ovate, acuminated, remotely spiny toothed, somewhat three to five-nerved, with twelve to fourteen teeth on each side. h. 1ft. to 3ft. North America, 1826. SYNS. B. glumacea, Mahonia nervosa. (B. M. 3949.)

=B. repens= (creeping).* fl., racemes terminal, numerous, fascicled, diffuse, rising from the scaly buds. Spring. l., leaflets, two to three pairs, with an odd one, roundish-ovate, opaque, spiny toothed. h. 1ft. to 2ft. North America, 1822. SYN. Mahonia repens. (B. R. 1176.)

=B. ruscifolia= (Ruscus-leaved). fl. a little larger than those of B. vulgaris; peduncles short, bearing four to five flowers at the apex. l. oblong, tapering at the base, mucronate, entire, or grossly and spiny toothed. h. 4ft. to 8ft. South America, 1823. Half-hardy.

=B. sinensis= (Chinese).* fl., racemes many-flowered, nodding. May. l. oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones are a little toothed; spines three-parted. h. 3ft. to 6ft. China, 1815. (B. M. 6573.)

=B. stenophylla= (naked-leaved),* with narrow mucronate leaves, is said to be a hybrid between B. empetrifolia and B. Darwinii. See Fig. 245.

=B. trifoliata= (three-leafleted). fl., racemes small, axillary, sessile, three to five-flowered. Spring. l., leaflets three, sessile at the ends of the petioles, deeply scalloped, bluish-green, variegated, glaucous beneath. h. 5ft. Mexico, 1839. Evergreen, not quite hardy. (P. F. G. 2, 168.)

=B. trifurcata= (three-forked). fl., racemes compound, erect. Spring. l. pinnate; leaflets broad, three-forked. h. 6ft. China, 1850. Evergreen. (P. F. G. 3, 258.)

=B. umbellata= (umbellate). fl., peduncles solitary, erect, bearing at the top several umbellate pedicels. l. obovate-oblong, mucronate, entire, glaucous beneath; spines three-parted, long, equal. h. 6ft. Nepaul, 1842. (P. F. G. 2, 181.)

=B. vulgaris= (common).* Common Barberry. fl., racemes many-flowered, pendulous. Spring. l. somewhat obovate, ciliately-serrated; spines three-parted. h. 8ft. to 20ft. Britain, &c. There are yellow, violet, purple, black, and white fruited, and purple-leaved forms. (Sy. En. B. 51.)

=B. Wallichiana= (Wallich's).* fl. on drooping, aggregated peduncles, six to eight or more in a cluster. Spring. l. in alternate fascicles, 2in. to 3in. long, spreading or recurved, lanceolate, sinuato-serrate; spines deeply three-parted, slender but rigid. h. 6ft. to 10ft. Nepaul, 1820. See Fig. 246. (B. M. 4656.)

=BERCHEMIA= (in honour of M. Berchem, a French botanist). ORD. Rhamnaceæ. A genus of erect, or twining, deciduous, mostly greenhouse shrubs. Flowers sub-umbellate, in the axils of the upper leaves, or disposed in terminal panicles. Leaves alternate, many-nerved, entire. The species mentioned below is probably the only one yet in cultivation. It is quite hardy, will grow in any common soil, and is well adapted for bowers or trellis-work. Propagated by ripened cuttings, and slips of the root, planted under a hand glass; or by layering the young shoots.

=B. volubilis= (twining).* fl. greenish-white; panicles small, axillary and terminal. Drupe oblong, violaceous. June. l. oval, mucronate, a little wavy. Branches smooth. Carolina, 1714. A deciduous twiner. (G. G. 165.)

=BERGAMOT.= See =Mentha odorata=.

=BERGERA= (named after C. J. Berger, a distinguished Danish botanist). ORD. Rutaceæ. Interesting stove evergreen trees, now usually referred to Murraya. Leaves impari-pinnate; leaflets alternate, acuminated, pubescent. They thrive in a mixture of turfy loam and peat. Propagated by ripened cuttings, taken off at a joint, and placed in sand, under a hand glass, in bottom heat; or by layers.

=B. Kœnigi= (Konig's). fl. whitish-yellow, small; racemes many, forming a corymb at the top of the branches. June. l., leaflets serrated. h. 40ft. India, 1820. (L. B. C. 1019.)

=BERKHEYA= (named after M. J. L. de Berkhey, a Dutch botanist), ORD. Compositæ. A genus of ornamental greenhouse or hardy thistle-like herbs or shrubs. Flower-heads surrounded by a spiny involucre, the scales of which are united at the base only; pappus of many flat, obtuse, or pointed, scales. They are of easy cultivation in a sandy loam soil. The perennials are increased by cuttings placed under a glass; the herbaceous perennials usually by divisions of the plant in spring. The species most frequently seen in English gardens is B. purpurea.

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* fl.-heads yellow; scales of involucre spiny toothed. July. l. opposite, lanceolate, three-nerved, spiny toothed, downy beneath. h. 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1812. Greenhouse evergreen. (B. M. 1844.)

=B. pinnata= (pinnate). fl.-heads yellow; involucral scales spine-pointed, entire or toothed. Autumn. l. oblong, woolly beneath, deeply cut into lance-shaped segments. SYN. Stobæa pinnata. (B. M. 1788.)

=B. purpurea= (purplish).* fl.-heads numerous, pedunculate, corymbose, circular, 3in. across, surrounded by an involucre of spreading or reflexed linear oblong bracts. l., lower ones 15in. to 18in. long, 2in. to 2-1/2in. wide, dark green, viscid above, paler and cottony beneath. h. 3ft. South Africa. A very handsome, hardy, herbaceous perennial. (G. C. 1872, p. 1261.) SYN. Stobæa purpurea.

=B. uniflora= (one-flowered). fl.-heads yellow; scales of involucre spiny toothed. June. l. alternate, lanceolate, three-nerved, spiny toothed, downy beneath. h. 3ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1815. Greenhouse evergreen. (B. M. 2094.)

=BERMUDA CEDAR.= See =Juniperus bermudiana=.

=BERRY.= A fleshy fruit, containing seeds.

=BERTHOLLETIA= (in honour of Louis Claude Berthollet, a celebrated French chemist). Brazil Nut Tree. TRIBE Lecythideæ of ORD. Myrtaceæ. B. excelsa is a tall tree, having the young branches leafy at the apex. Leaves alternate, oblong, quite entire, rather coriaceous. From this Brazilian species are obtained the well-known Brazil or Para Nuts of commerce. The tree is of no value for decorative purposes.

=BERTOLONIA= (named after A. Bertoloni, an Italian botanist, author of "Rariorum Italiæ Plantarum Decades," &c.). ORD. Melastomaceæ. Elegant little creeping or dwarf-growing stove plants, chiefly cultivated for their exquisitely marked leaves. Flowers white or purple. Leaves stalked, ovate-cordate, five to eleven-nerved, crenulated; cymes corymbose, terminal. They thrive in a compost of equal parts peat, leaf mould, and sand, in a warm, close, and moist atmosphere, but are most successfully cultivated under a bell glass in the stove; in fact, the latter is the only plan of growing them where a constantly humid atmosphere cannot be otherwise obtained without such means. They are easily propagated by cuttings or seeds.

=B. ænea= (coppery). fl. purple. h. 6in. Brazil.

=B. guttata= (spotted). See =Gravesia=.

=B. maculata= (spotted).* fl. violet-purple; peduncles axillary, bearing at the apex a short raceme of six to seven flowers. l. on long petioles, cordate, ovate, quite entire, pilose on both surfaces and on the margins, five-nerved. Branches, petioles, peduncles, and calyces hispid from long bristles. Stem rooting at the base. Brazil, 1850. (B. M. 4551.)

=B. marmorata= (marbled).* l. 5in. to 8in. long, ovate-oblong, hairy, five-nerved; upper side vivid bright green, beautifully marked with irregular streaks of pure white; under surface of a uniform rich purple. Stem fleshy. h. 6in. Brazil, 1858.

=B. pubescens= (downy).* l. ovate-acuminate, 3in. to 4in. long, and 2in. to 3in. broad; bright light green, with a broad chocolate-coloured band down the centre; upper surface clothed with long white hairs. Ecuador.

=BERZELIA= (named in honour of Berzelius, a celebrated Swedish chemist). ORD. Bruniaceæ. Very pretty little greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Heads of flowers naked, with three bracts at the base of each; usually crowded at the tops of the branches. Leaves short, somewhat trigonal, imbricate or spreading. They require a mixture of peat, loam, and sand, with thorough drainage and moderately firm potting. Young cuttings root freely in sand, under a bell glass, in gentle heat.

=B. abrotanoides= (Abrotanum-like). fl.-heads white, the size of a filbert, terminal, crowded, sub-corymbose; bracts clavate, green, smooth, ustulate at the apex. May to July. l. ovate, ustulate at the apex, smooth, spreading, on short petioles. h. 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1787. (L. B. C. 355.)

=B. lanuginosa= (woolly).* fl.-heads white, about the size of a pea, at the tops of lateral branches, disposed in a fastigiate panicle; bracts spathulate, callose at the apex. June to August. l. triquetrous, spreading, callose at the apex, rather hairy. Branches erect, villous when young. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1774. (L. B. C. 572.)

=BESCHORNERIA= (in honour of H. Beschorner, a German botanist). ORD. Amaryllidaceæ. Greenhouse evergreen succulents, allied to Littæa and Fourcroya. Perianth deeply six-parted; segments linear spathulate, tubulose-connivent, often spreading at the point; stamens six, about as long as the perianth. For culture, &c., see =Agave= and =Aloe=.

=B. bracteata= (bracteate). fl. at first green, turning yellowish-red when mature; panicle 2ft. to 3ft. long; branches many-flowered and corymbose, subtended by large scariose reddish bracts. l. in a dense rosette, 12in. to 18in. long, thin, glaucous green with scabrous margin. h. 5ft. to 6ft. Mexico. See Fig. 247. (B. M. 6641.)

=B. Decosteriana= (Decoster's). fl. green, tinged with red, pendulous, bracteate; panicle 2ft. to 3ft. long, inclined, with numerous bracts. l. numerous, spreading, 18in. to 24in. long, by 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad; edges minutely serrulate. h. 8ft. Mexico, about 1880.

=B. Tonelii= (Tonel's).* fl. tubular, 2-1/2in. long, drooping, pedicellate, dark blood-red below and down the centre, the rest very bright verdigris green; panicle 2ft. long, slender, inclined; bracts several to each fascicle of flowers; scape 4ft. high, red-purple. l. few, spreading, 15in. to 20in. long, by 2-1/2in. broad, acuminate and keeled beneath towards the top, minutely serrulate. Mexico, 1872. (B. M. 6091.)

=B. tubiflora= (tube-flowered). fl. greenish-purple, nutant, fascicled, bracteate; fascicles remote, secund; scapes erect, long, simple. May. l. radical, linear, channelled, recurved, spinosely denticulate. h. 6ft. Mexico, 1845. (B. M. 4642.)

=B. yuccoides= (Yucca-like). fl. bright green, pendent, racemose, with rich rosy-red bracts; scapes slender, coral-red, simple. May and June. l. radical, thickish, lanceolate, acute, 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. long. h. 4ft. Mexico.

=BESLERIA= (named in honour of Basil Besler, an apothecary at Nuremberg). SYN. Eriphia. ORD. Gesneraceæ. Very pretty stove sub-shrubs, usually erect, branched. Peduncles axillary, few-flowered. Leaves opposite, petiolate, thickish; nerves and veins very prominent beneath. Stems sub-tetragonal. A light rich earth, or a mixture of sand, loam, and peat, and a moist atmosphere, are necessary for successful cultivation. Beslerias may be increased by cuttings, which root readily in heat.

=B. coccinea= (scarlet-berried).* fl. yellow; peduncles axillary bearing three to six flowers in an umbel at top; bracts two, at the division of the common peduncle, orbicularly cordate, toothed, scarlet. l. ovate, glabrous, stiff, a little toothed. Guiana, 1819. Climbing shrub. (A. G. 255.)

=B. cristata= (crested). fl., corolla yellowish, hairy outside; peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered; bracts cordate, toothed, sessile, scarlet. June. l. ovate, serrated. Guiana, 1739. Climbing shrub.

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* fl. large, campanulate, spotted with red; peduncles axillary, elongated, many-flowered. l. ovate-oblong, acuminated, crenated, densely pilose above, villous beneath, as well as on the branches. h. 3ft. Brazil.

=B. Imrayi= (Imray's). fl. rather small, yellow, in axillary whorls. l. large, lanceolate, serrate, glabrous. Stems quadrangular. Dominica, 1862. Herbaceous perennial. (B. M. 6341.)

=B. incarnata= (flesh-coloured-berried).* fl., corollas purplish; tube very long, ventricose; lobes of limb reflexed, roundish, unequal, fringed; peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. l. oblong, crenated, tomentose on both surfaces. h. 2ft. Guiana, 1820. Herbaceous perennial.

=B. violacea= (purple-berried). fl. purple, small; corolla with a curved tube and spreading limb; peduncles racemosely panicled, terminal. Berry purple, edible. l. ovate, acute, quite entire, stiff. Guiana, 1824. Climbing shrub. (A. G. 254.)

=BESOM=, or =BROOM=. Birch-brooms are best for garden purposes, and are generally used. The most suitable for paved yards are those made of the common Ling (Calluna vulgaris). Those made of bass fibres are frequently used on paths, for which they are very suitable, but their expensiveness prevents them being generally employed. Whatever material is used in its composition, a Besom will last much longer if soaked in water for some time before using.

=BESSERA= (in honour of Dr. Besser, Professor of Botany at Brody). ORD. Liliaceæ. An elegant little half-hardy, Squill-like, bulbous plant, from Mexico. Perianth bell-shaped, six-parted. Leaves narrow, linear. It requires a compost of loam, leaf soil, peat, and sand, with good drainage. If cultivated in pots, a plentiful supply of water must be given from the commencement of growth until ripening off. When at rest, however, it should be kept dry and cool, but secure from the effects of frost. If planted out, a well-drained sunny position must be chosen, such as close to the wall of a greenhouse with a southern aspect. Propagation may be effected by offsets.

=B. elegans= (elegant).* fl. scarlet, or scarlet and white. July to September. l. 1ft. to 2ft. long, narrow, furrowed on the upper side. h. 2ft. Mexico, 1850. This is the only species. The colour of the flowers varies considerably, on which account other names have originated. (B. R. 25, 34.)

=BETA= (from bett, the Celtic word for red; in reference to the colour of the Beet). Beetroot. ORD. Chenopodiaceæ. Perianth single, half-inferior, five-cleft, persistent. Seed one, reniform, imbedded in the fleshy base of the calyx. B. Cicla is largely used as a decorative plant in sub-tropical and other styles of gardening. They require the same culture as the ordinary Beet. The other sorts, with dark blood-red leaves, are largely employed in flower gardens, and the roots utilised for culinary purposes. See also =Beet=.

=B. Cicla= (Sicilian). fl. greenish, disposed in threes. August. l. with very thick ribs. Roots scarcely any. h. 6ft. Portugal, 1570. The variety, B. c. variegata, usually known as the Chilian Beet, is a very handsome plant, having its leaves often more than a yard in length and over 1ft. in diameter, with a remarkably handsome variegation. The midribs are usually dark orange or scarlet. It is a most desirable and effective plant for sub-tropical gardening.

=B. hortensis metallica= (metallic). Victoria Beet. An ornamental variety with glistening deep blood-red leaves. Useful for decorative purposes in summer, either as a single specimen or in a mass. Roots may also be used for cooking. See Fig. 248.

=B. maritima= (sea). fl. greenish, disposed in hairs. August. l., lower ones rhomboid-ovoid, acute; upper ones lanceolate. Stem diffuse. Root scarcely any. h. 1ft. Britain.

=B. vulgaris= (common). The Common Beetroot. fl. greenish, clustered. August. l., lower ones ovate. Root fleshy. h. 4ft. South Europe, 1548.

=BETCKEA.= See =Plectritis=.

=BETEL=, or =BETLE=. See =Piper Betle=.

=BETONICA.= This genus now forms a sub-division of Stachys (which see). Betony (Stachys Betonica) is a native herb formerly much used in medicine, but now almost entirely discarded.

=BETONY.= See =Stachys Betonica=.

=BETULA.= (according to some authorities, from Betu, its Celtic name; others give the derivation of the word as from batuo, to beat, the fasces of the Roman lictors, which were made of Birch rods, being used to drive back the people). Birch. ORD. Cupuliferæ. TRIBE Betuleæ. Ornamental, hardy (except where otherwise specified), deciduous trees or shrubs, allied to Alnus, having round, slender, often drooping branches, and the bark in most species in thin membranous layers. The flowers appear at the same time as the leaves. Male catkins cylindrical, lax, imbricated all round with ternate concave scales, the middle one largest, ovate; corolla none; filaments ten to twelve, shorter than the middle scale, to which they are attached. Female catkins similar, but more dense; scales horizontal, peltate, dilated outwards, three-lobed, three-flowered; corolla none. Nut oblong, deciduous, winged at each side. The Betulas are easily cultivated in any ordinary soil; but a light sandy loam suits them best. Most of the species are best increased by seeds, which ripen in September, and need to be dried, in order to prevent fermentation. They should be sown in March, in a sandy soil, the surface of which has been previously made perfectly level. They must be spread on the surface, and not covered with soil, but pressed down with the feet. When grown in quantities, beds 4ft. in width are preferred, with an alley of 1ft. between them. In early summer, if the weather be warm and dry, the beds should be shaded with branches. The young seedlings must be transplanted when a year old. The dwarfer kinds may be propagated by layering in the autumn. The numerous beautiful varieties are best increased by grafting or budding upon seedling stocks of the common kinds, the former being done in spring, and the latter in summer when the buds are ready. Those most useful as forest trees and for protection are quick-growing and very ornamental. The time of maturity of the Birch depends very much upon the soil and situation, but it seldom increases in size after it is thirty years old. The common species (B. alba) is one of the hardiest and most useful trees in cultivation, growing quickly, and withstanding exposure better than many others; consequently it is invaluable for skirting and nursing more tender subjects, and is especially desirable for clothing mountainous and exposed districts. It is also very beautiful and picturesque. It is the commonest tree throughout Russia, from the Baltic to the Eastern Sea, frequently monopolising gigantic forests. In Italy, it forms excellent forests up to 6000ft. altitude, and in our own Highlands of Scotland it occurs up to a height of 2500ft. In Greenland, although much reduced in size, it holds its own as the only arboreal vegetation.

=B. alba= (white).* Silver, White, or Common Birch. fl. whitish. February and March. fr. brown, ripe in September and October. l. ovate, acute, somewhat deltoid, unequally serrated; autumnal tints rich yellow, scarlet, or red. A diminutive shrub in the extreme north, but a tree from 50ft. to 60ft. high in the middle regions. Britain. A most beautiful and invaluable forest tree, with a large number of varieties. See Fig. 249.

=B. a. alba-purpurea= (white and purple).* l. rich purple above, with a lustrous metallic hue, pale beneath. Branches with a sub-pendulous disposition. A very effective variety.

=B. a. dalecarlica= (Dalecarlian).* l. deeply pinnatifid, with the lobes toothed.

=B. a. foliis-variegatis= (variegated-leaved).* l. blotched with yellowish white.

=B. a. laciniata pendula= (pendulous and laciniate).* l. rather larger than the typical form, deeply laciniated, deep green, and decidedly pendulous. It appears there are two forms of this, but that known as Young's variety is the best.

=B. a. macrocarpa= (large-fruited).* Female catkins twice as long as those of the type.

=B. a. pendula= (pendulous).* A well-known tree, distinct from the species in having the shoots more slender, smoother, and pendulous.

=B. a. pontica= (pontic). l. somewhat larger than in the species, and the plant of more robust growth. (W. D. B. 2, 94.)

=B. a. pubescens= (downy). l. covered with hairs.

=B. a. urticifolia= (nettle-leaved).* l. deeply laciniated, serrated, and hairy. Several others, reputed as distinct, are mere forms of the typical B. alba.

=B. Bhojpattra= (Bhojpattra).* fl., female catkins erect, cylindrical, oblong; bracts smooth, woody, two-parted, blunt, much longer than the fruit, which has narrow wings. May. l. oblong-acute, with nearly simple serratures, somewhat cordate at the base; their stalks, veins, and twigs hairy; the bark is of a pale cinnamon colour. h. 50ft. Himalayas, 1840. This requires a sheltered position.

=B. carpinifolia= (Hornbeam-leaved). Synonymous with B. lenta.

=B. daurica= (Daurian).* fl., catkins whitish-brown, larger than those of the common Birch. February and March. l. ovate, narrow at the base, quite entire, unequally dentate, glabrous; scales of the strobiles ciliated on their margins; side lobes roundish. h. 30ft. to 40ft. Siberia, 1786. The variety parvifolia has smaller leaves than the type.

=B. excelsa= (tall). Synonymous with B. lutea.

=B. fruticosa= (shrubby).* fl. whitish-brown; female catkins oblong. February and March. l. roundish-ovate, nearly equally serrated, glabrous. h. 5ft. to 6ft. in moist situations, but much higher on mountains. Eastern Siberia, 1818. (W. D. B. 2, 154.)

=B. glandulosa= (glandular).* fl. whitish; female catkins oblong. May. l. obovate, serrate, quite entire at the base, glabrous, almost sessile; branches beset with glandular dots, glabrous. h. 2ft. Canada, 1816. A handsome little shrub. (F. D. 2583.)

=B. lenta= (pliant). fl. greenish-white. May to June. l. cordate, ovate, acutely serrated, acuminate; petioles and nerves hairy beneath; scales of the strobiles smooth, having the side lobes obtuse, equal, with prominent veins. h. 60ft. to 70ft. Canada to Georgia, 1759. SYN. B. carpinifolia. (W. D. B. 2, 144.)

=B. lutea= (yellow).* fl. greenish-white. May. l. 3-1/2in. long, and 2-1/2in. broad, ovate, acute, serrated; petioles pubescent, shorter than the peduncles; young shoots and leaves, at their unfolding, downy, but ultimately quite glabrous, except the petiole, which remains covered with fine short hairs; scales of the strobiles having the side lobes roundish. h. 70ft. to 80ft. Nova Scotia, 1767. SYN. B. excelsa.

=B. nana= (dwarf).* fl. whitish-green; catkins erect, stalked, cylindrical, obtuse; the barren ones lateral, and the fertile ones terminal; scales of the latter three-lobed, three-flowered, permanent. April and May. l. orbicular, crenate, reticulated with veins beneath. h. 1ft. to 3ft. Scotland, Lapland, Sweden, Russia, &c. A shrub with numerous branches, slightly downy when young, and beset with numerous little, round, firm, smooth, sharply crenated leaves, beautifully reticulated with veins, especially beneath; and furnished with short footstalks, having a pair of brown lanceolate stipules at their base. There is also a pretty variety named pendula, with drooping branches.

=B. nigra= (black).* The Black Birch. fl. greenish-white; female catkins straight, and nearly cylindrical, about 2in. long. May. l. rhomboid-ovate, doubly serrated, acute, pubescent beneath, entire at the base; scales of the strobiles villose; segments linear, equal. h. 60ft. to 70ft. New Jersey to Carolina, 1736. SYN. B. rubra. (W. D. B. 2, 153.)

=B. papyracea= (papery).* fl. greenish-white; female catkins on long footstalks, drooping; scales having the side lobes short, somewhat orbiculate. May to June. l. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate; veins hairy beneath; petiole glabrous; the branches are much less flexible than those of the common Birch, and are more ascending. h. 60ft. to 70ft. North America, 1750. (W. D. B. 2, 152.)

=B. p. fusca= (brown). l. smaller than those of the type, and less downy.

=B. p. platyphylla= (broad-leaved).* l. very broad.

=B. p. trichoclada= (hairy-branched).* l. cordate. Branches extremely hairy, and twigs in threes.

=B. populifolia= (Poplar-leaved).* fl. greenish-white. April, May. l. deltoid, much acuminated, unequally serrated, quite smooth; scales of the strobiles having roundish side lobes; petioles glabrous. h. 30ft. Canada, 1750. This species, although very closely resembling B. alba, grows with less vigour, and does not attain so large a size. (W. D. B. 2, 151.)

=B. p. laciniata= (laciniated).* l. large, shining, and deeply cut.

=B. p. pendula= (pendulous).* Spray drooping, like that of B. alba pendula.

=B. pumila= (dwarf).* fl. whitish; female catkins cylindrical. May and June. l. roundish ovate, on long footstalks, densely clothed with hairs on the under surface. Branches pubescent, dotless. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Canada, 1762. A very beautiful kind, suitable for furnishing large rockeries, or planting on hill sides, or rocky ground. (W. D. B. 2, 97.)

=B. rubra= (red).* Synonymous with B. nigra.

=BETULEÆ.= A tribe of deciduous shrubs or trees. Perianth none, or bract-like; flowers monœcious, in catkins, in twos or threes. Fruit, a dry, compressed, lenticular, often winged, indehiscent nut. Leaves alternate, simple, stipulated. The genera are Alnus and Betula.

=BI.= In compound words, this signifies twice.

=BIANCEA SCANDENS.= See =Cæsalpinia sepiaria=.

=BIARUM= (an ancient name of a plant). ORD. Aroideæ. A genus of small, hardy, tuberous-rooted perennials, much more curious than pretty, allied to Sauromatum. This genus, according to Dr. Masters, differs from Arum in its spathe being tubular at the base, with the limb spreading. The female flowers have a distinct style, and the fruit contains only one ovule. They will thrive in any light, rich, well-drained soil, and may otherwise be treated similar to the hardy Arums. There are several other species besides those named, but they are not yet in general cultivation.

=B. constrictum= (constricted). A synonym of B. tenuifolium.

=B. gramineum= (grassy). A synonym of B. tenuifolium.

=B. tenuifolium= (slender-leaved).* fl., spathe dark brown-purple, reflexed in the upper part; spadix very long, subuliform. June. l. linear-lanceolate. h. 6in. South Europe, 1570. SYNS. B. gramineum and B. constrictum. (B. R. 512, under name of Arum tenuifolium.)

=BIAURICULATE.= Having two auricles.

=BIBRACTEATE.= Furnished with two bracts.

=BIBRACTEOLATE.= Furnished with two secondary bracts.

=BICARINATE.= Two-keeled.

=BICOLOR.= Two-coloured.

=BICONJUGATE.= Having two secondary petioles, each with a pair of leaflets.

=BICORNUTE.= With two horn-like processes.

=BIDENS= (from bis, twice, and dens a tooth; in reference to the seed). Bur Marigold. ORD. Compositæ. A rather large genus of mostly hardy annual and perennial herbs, distinguished by the pericarp having from two to four rigid awns, which are rough with minute deflexed points. Involucre erect, of several oblong, nearly equal, parallel scales. Most of the species of this genus are of no merit as garden plants. Two are natives of Britain, viz., B. cernua and B. tripartita. They thrive in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by divisions of the plant; or by seeds.

=B. atro-sanguinea= (dark-bloody). fl.-heads black-crimson, very freely produced. Late summer and autumn. Leaves pinnate. Root tuberous. h. 3ft. Mexico. (B. M. 5227.)

=B. ferulæfolia= (Ferula-leaved). fl.-heads yellow. Autumn. l. bipinnatifid. h. 2ft. Mexico, 1799. SYN. Coreopsis ferulæfolia. (B. M. 2059.)

=B. procera= (tall). fl.-heads yellow, large. l. finely divided, deep green. A handsome perennial. h. 6ft. to 8ft. Mexico, 1820. (B. R. 684.)

=B. striata= (striped). fl.-heads rather large, in a panicled leafy corymb; ray florets white; disk yellow. l. ternately pinnated, glabrous. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Autumn. Mexico. (B. M. 3155.)

=BIDENTATE.= With two teeth.

=BIEBERSTEINIA= (named after Frederic Marschall Bieberstein, a Russian naturalist, author of "Flora Taurico-Caucasica," and other works). ORD. Rutaceæ. A genus of half-hardy herbaceous perennials. They thrive in a compost of loam, peat, and sand. Propagated by cuttings, placed under a hand glass in early summer; or by seeds, sown in a slight hotbed in March or April.

=B. odora= (sweet). fl. yellow; racemes terminal, simple; petals entire. May. l. impari-pinnate; leaflets roundish, deeply toothed. Plant beset with glandular hairs. h. 1ft. Altaia, 1837.

=BIENNIAL.= A term applied to plants occupying two years in the development from seed to the maturation of seed: growing one year, flowering, fruiting, and dying the next. Seeds of Hardy Biennials are, as a rule, sown from June to August, to flower the succeeding season. Tender varieties are sown in a frame or cool house, and kept there all winter, being transferred from the frames or houses to the open border, in June. Wallflowers, Foxgloves, Canterbury Bells, and Sweet Williams, may be taken as fair types of Biennials, although they often assume more than a Biennial character on light sandy soils.

=BIFARIOUS.= Two-ranked; arranged in two opposite rows.

=BIFID.= Divided about half-way down into two parts; two-cleft.

=BIFOLIATE.= Compound leaves with two leaflets.

=BIFRENARIA= (from bis, twice, and frænum, a strap; in reference to a double strap or band, by means of which the pollen masses are connected with their gland). ORD. Orchideæ. A genus of pretty stove orchids, allied to Maxillaria, and distinguished from it by having two fræna or caudicles to their pollen masses. For culture, see =Maxillaria=.

=B. aurantiaca= (orange-coloured).* fl. orange; lateral lobes of lip semi-cordate, middle one transverse, sub-undulated, callous at the base; raceme erect. October. l. oblong, plicate. Pseudo-bulb roundish, compressed, two-leaved. h. 9in. Demerara, 1834. (B. R. 1875.)

=B. aureo-fulva= (orange-tawny). fl. orange, on long pedicels; lip unguiculate, three-lobed; scape radical, many-flowered. October. l. oblong-lanceolate. Pseudo-bulb roundish-ovate, wrinkled, one-leaved. h. 1ft. Brazil, 1840.

=B. Hadwenii= (Hadwen's). fl. each nearly 4in. across; petals and sepals 1/2in. broad, yellow green, beautifully blotched or mottled with a rich brown; lip large, above 1in. broad, white, with striped spots of rose. June. l. long, 1/4in. broad. h. 1-1/2in. Brazil, 1851. SYN. Scuticaria Hadwenii. (B. M. 4629.)

=B. H. bella= (charming).* A new variety with sepals and petals whitish yellow outside, brilliant shining cinnamon inside, with a few spots, bars, and blotches of whitish sulphur colour; lip wide, white, with one light brown spot behind, and a larger one in front of the callus; radiating light brown lines on lateral lobes, and mauve ones on anterior lobe.

=B. H. pardalina= (leopard-marked).* A very beautiful variety, having sepals and petals with brown circles or polygonal figures on a light yellow ground; lip light ochre-coloured at its basilar part, white in front, with radiating mauve-purple streaks. This variety is extremely rare.

=B. vitellina= (yolk-coloured).* fl. yellowish purple; lip cuneate, three-lobed; lateral lobes acute, crenulated; racemes drooping. July. l. lanceolate. Pseudo-bulb ovate, bluntly angular, one-leaved. h. 1ft. Brazil, 1838.

=BIFURCATE.= Twice-forked.

=BIGELOVIA= (named after Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of "Florula Bostoniensis," &c.). ORD. Compositæ. A genus of hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs, or herbaceous plants, as now understood, comprising several subjects formerly referred to Chrysothamnus, Linosyris, &c. Flower-heads disposed in corymbs; involucre imbricated, oblong, or campanulate; receptacle flat. Leaves alternate, linear or lanceolate. They thrive in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by cuttings.

=B. Howardii= (Howard's). fl.-heads yellow; involucre narrow. A low shrub. SYN. Linosyris Howardii.

=B. nudata= (naked). fl.-heads yellow. September. l. scattered, oblanceolate or linear. h. 1ft. to 2ft. New Jersey. Perennial.

=B. paniculata= (panicled). fl.-heads yellow, barely 1/2in. long, loosely panicled, five-flowered. California. Shrubby.

=BIGEMINATE.= Doubly paired.

=BIGLANDULARIA.= See =Sinningia=.

=BIGNONIA= (so named by Tournefort, in compliment to the Abbé Bignon, librarian to Louis IV.). ORD. Bignoniaceæ. A large genus of usually scandent shrubs, furnished with tendrils; rarely erect trees or shrubs. Flowers axillary and terminal, usually panicled; corolla with a short tube, a campanulate throat, and a five-lobed, bilabiate limb. Leaves opposite, simple, conjugate, ternate, digitate or pinnatifid. These handsome plants are particularly suited for large houses, where, if well grown, they give great satisfaction. The primary point in their culture is to obtain free and, at the same time, sturdy growth, giving due attention to training, pruning, &c., or the plants soon exceed all limits. Like all free-growing plants, Bignonias thrive best planted out in the borders of the stove or greenhouse, or out of doors, as the case may be; but the space allowed should be limited, in order to restrict root production. They may either be trained to cover the back wall, or be planted in a border in front, and trained up the rafters, or on wires, arranged where most desirable. In summer, allow all the strongest shoots to grow, training them so as to have as much sunlight as possible-—which is absolutely necessary to well ripen the wood, and make it capable of producing flowers—-without entirely shutting it out from the plants below. Soil: A compost of two part fibrous loam, one part peat, one of leaf mould, and a due proportion of sand, will be found most satisfactory. The loam and peat should be used in a rough state, unsifted, as this will keep the border open for some years, and thorough drainage should be effected. Propagation: Seed being rarely procurable, the most satisfactory method of propagation is by cuttings, made of good strong shoots, in early spring. Three joints are sufficient to make a cutting, if short-jointed; if long-jointed, two are sufficient. Place them in a well-drained pot of sandy soil, under a bell glass, in bottom heat. As these cuttings are young and fleshy, they are liable to damp off; hence it is necessary, for the first two or three weeks, to wipe the moisture from the glasses every morning, and water sparingly. If well managed, they will root in about two months, and should then have the glasses left off every night for a week; they should then be transferred to small pots in the compost above described, passing it through a coarse sieve, to extract the stones and rough pieces of soil. After potting, the plants should be kept close for a short time, till they are able to bear full exposure to the light. In a year's time, they will be large enough to plant out in their permanent quarters. Bignonias may also be increased by layering.

=B. æquinoxialis= (equinoxial). fl. yellow; peduncles two-flowered, terminal ones racemose. June to October. l. glabrous, conjugate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate. Tendrils simple, axillary. Cayenne, 1768.

=B. æ. Chamberlaynii= (Chamberlayn's).* fl., corolla yellow, funnel-shaped; segments obtuse; racemes axillary, six to eight-flowered. April to October, l., leaflets ovate, acuminated, glabrous, shining above. Tendrils strong, simple. Brazil, 1820. (B. R. 741.)

=B. æsculifolia= (Chestnut-leaved). A synonym of Tabebiua æsculifolia.

=B. apurensis= (Apuran). fl. pedicellate, 2in. long; corolla yellow, funnel-shaped, with roundish, spreading, nearly equal lobes; spikes terminal, sessile. l. ternate; leaflets elliptic-oblong, short-acuminated, acutish at the base. Shady banks of the river Apures, near El Diamante, 1824.

=B. argyreo-violascens= (silvery-violet). l. white-veined, in a young state violet. South America, 1865. (F. M. 1865, 26.)

=B. aurantiaca= (orange). fl. orange-coloured. South America, 1874.

=B. capreolata= (tendrilled).* fl., corolla orange; peduncles axillary, one-flowered, crowded. April to August. l. conjugate; leaflets cordate oblong; lower ones simple. Tendrils small, trifid. North America, 1710. Hardy in south of England. (B. M. 864.)

=B. c. atro-sanguinea= (dark blood-red). fl. red-purple. Summer. United States. (B. M. 6501.)

=B. Cherere= (Chirere).* fl., corollas orange, 2in. long; cymes axillary. June to November. l., lower ones ternate, upper ones conjugate, cirrhose; leaflets ovate, acuminated, sometimes sub-cordate, glabrous. Guiana (in woods and on the banks of rivers), 1824. (B. R. 1301.)

=B. Chica= (Chica). fl., corolla funnel-shaped, violaceous; limb with nearly equal, rounded segments; panicles axillary, pendulous. l. 8in. to 10in. long, abruptly bipinnate; leaflets conjugate, elliptic-ovate, acuminated, deeply cordate, glabrous. Tendrils simple. Banks of the Orinoco, 1819.

=B. chrysantha= (yellow-flowered). fl. terminal, crowded; corolla yellow, 2in. long. May. l., leaflets five, ovate, acuminated, tomentose, on pedicels 5in. long. h. 12ft. to 26ft. Caraccas, 1823. Tree.

=B. chrysoleuca= (yellowish-white). fl., corolla yellow, with a white limb, glabrous, 1-1/2in. long; peduncles three to five-flowered. June, July. l. conjugate; leaflets 5in. to 6in. long, 2in. broad, oblong acuminated, glabrous, rounded at the base, shining. Tendrils undivided. Banks of the River Magdalena, 1824.

=B. Clematis= (Clematis-like).* fl., corolla white, yellowish inside; lobes nearly equal, roundish, red; panicles axillary, downy. l. 7in. to 8in. long, conjugately pinnate, with an odd one; leaflets 2in. long, 1in. broad, ovate, narrowed at top, acute, cordate at the base, glabrous. Branches quadrangular, glabrous. Caraccas, 1820.

=B. diversifolia= (diverse-leaved). fl., corolla yellow, campanulately funnel-shaped; panicles terminal. l. conjugate and simple; leaflets roundish-ovate, acuminated, sub-cordate, glabrous, shining. Tendrils undivided. Branches quadrangular, striated. Mexico, 1825.

=B. floribunda= (many-flowered).* fl., corolla purplish, funnel-shaped, eight lines long; panicles axillary, powdery, with opposite branches and dichotomous branchlets. l. conjugate; leaflets 2-1/2in. long, oblong-elliptic, acuminated, acute at the base, glabrous, shining. Tendrils undivided. Branches beset with white warts and fine powder. Mexico, 1824.

=B. lactiflora= (milk-flowered). fl., corolla milk white, 1-1/2in. long, villously tomentose on the outside; racemes twin, with a petiolate bract at the base of each pedicel. April and July. l. conjugate; leaflets 2in. long, cordate, ovate, glabrous. Branches striated. Tendrils trifid. Santa Cruz, 1823.

=B. leucoxyla= (white-wooded). A synonym of Tabebiua leucoxyla.

=B. litoralis= (shore). fl., corolla funnel-shaped, red, downy outside; panicles axillary, dichotomously branched. May to July. l. ternate; leaflets roundish-ovate, acuminated, clothed with soft hair on both surfaces. Branches terete, glabrous; branchlets hairy. Mexico, 1824.

=B. magnifica= (magnificent).* fl. varying from delicate mauve to rich purplish-crimson; throat light primrose colour, very large, 3-1/2in. across; panicles large, branching. Summer. l. opposite, on rather long petioles, broadly ovate. Columbia, 1879. A very handsome species. See Fig. 250, for which we are indebted to Mr. Bull.

=B. mollis= (soft). fl. small, downy; panicle terminal, many-flowered. l. trifoliate; leaflets 5in. long, ovate, sub-cordate, downy on both surfaces. Cayenne, 1818.

=B. molissima= (very soft). fl., corollas somewhat funnel-shaped, downy inside; panicles axillary, dichotomously branched, downy. l. conjugate and simple; leaflets 2-1/2in. long, 1-1/2in. broad, ovate, acute, cordate, clothed with soft hairs above. Caraccas, 1820.

=B. pallida= (pale).* fl. axillary, usually solitary; corolla 2in. long, funnel-shaped, with a yellow tube, and a pale lilac limb; lobes crenately ciliated. July. l. simple, opposite, oblong, obtuse, rather cordate at the base. Branches terete. St. Vincent, 1823. (B. R. 965.)

=B. picta= (painted). A synonym of B. speciosa.

=B. radicans= (rooting). See =Tecoma radicans=.

=B. reticulata= (netted). Columbia, 1873.

=B. Roezlii= (Roezl's). Columbia, 1870.

B. SALICIFOLIA (Willow-leaved). fl., corolla funnel-shaped, 1-1/2in. long, copper-coloured, with a white limb; peduncles axillary, three to six-flowered, downy. Summer. l. conjugate; leaflets lanceolate, 3in. long, acute at both ends, quite glabrous, shining. Branches terete, sulcate. Trinidad, 1824.

=B. speciosa= (beautiful).* fl. pink, stained with purple; calyx spathaceous, split on one side; panicles terminal. May. l. pinnate, ternate and verticillate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shining, serrate. h. 4ft. Uruguay, 1840. A glabrous evergreen shrub. SYN. B. picta. (B. M. 3888.)

=B. spectabilis= (showy). fl., corolla 3in. long, rather coriaceous, glabrous, purple; racemes terminal, short, having the two lower pedicels three-flowered, and the rest one-flowered. l. conjugate; leaflets ovate-oblong, acuminated, obtuse. Santa Cruz, &c., 1820.

=B. Tweediana= (Tweedie's). fl. yellow; corolla glabrous, limb deeply five-parted, ciliated; segments emarginate; peduncles one-flowered. Summer. l. conjugate; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate; petioles downy. Buenos Ayres, 1838. (B. R. 26, 45.)

=B. variabilis= (variable).* fl., corolla 3in. long, with a greenish-yellow tube; limb ultimately white; racemes simple, short, many-flowered, terminal. June to August. l., lower ones biternate; superior ones conjugate; divisions ternate. Branches tetragonal. Tendrils trifid. Caraccas, 1819.

=B. venusta= (lovely). fl., corolla crimson, clavately funnel-shaped, with a spreading border, villous inside; corymbs terminal, many-flowered. August to December. l., lower ones ternate; superior ones conjugate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminated oblique at the base. Brazil, 1816. (B. R. 249.)

=BIGNONIACEÆ.= A large order of trees, or twining or climbing shrubby plants. Flowers usually trumpet-shaped; corolla usually irregular, four or five-lobed, and with a swollen portion below its mouth; stamens five, unequal. Fruit, a two-valved, often pod-like capsule. Leaves usually opposite, compound. The best-known genera are Bignonia, Catalpa, Eccremocarpus, Jacaranda, and Tecoma.

=BIJUGATE.= A compound leaf, with two pairs of leaflets.

=BILABIATE.= Having two lips.

=BILBERRY.= See =Vaccinium Myrtillus=.

=BILIMBI TREE.= See =Averrhoa Bilimbi=.

=BILL.= A cutting instrument, curved forward, or hook-shaped toward the point, and fitted with a handle, like a hatchet. It is used for pruning, &c. When short, it is called a Hand-bill; when long, a Hedge-bill, or Hedge-hook.

=BILLARDIERA= (in honour of Jacques Julien Labillardiere, a celebrated French botanist and traveller). Apple Berry. ORD. Pittosporaceæ. Very desirable greenhouse evergreen climbers. Peduncles solitary from the apex of the branches, one-flowered, pendulous; calyx of five subulate sepals; petals five, combined into a tube below, generally yellow; stamens five. Fruit edible. Leaves alternate. They thrive either in pots or planted out in a compost of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and peat, in equal proportions, with thorough drainage. Cuttings, dibbled in a pot of sandy soil, placed under a bell glass, in gentle heat, root readily. They may also be raised from seed, which several of the species produce in abundance.

=B. angustifolia= (narrow-leaved). A synonym of B. scandens.

=B. longiflora= (long-flowered).* fl. greenish-yellow, often changing to purple, solitary; pedicels glabrous. Berries blue. May to August. l. lanceolate, entire. Van Diemen's Land, 1810. A very free-growing and profuse-flowering species. SYN. B. ovalis. See Fig. 251. (B. M. 1507.)

=B. mutabilis= (changeable). A synonym of B. scandens.

=B. ovalis= (oval-leaved). A synonym of B. longiflora.

=B. scandens= (climbing).* fl. cream-coloured, at length purplish, solitary; pedicels same length as the flower. June to September. l. lanceolate-linear, entire. Branches, when young, villous. New Holland, 1795. SYNS. B. mutabilis, B. angustifolia. (B. M. 1313.)

=BILLBERGIA= (named after J. G. Billberg, a Swedish botanist). ORD. Bromeliaceæ. A genus of handsome stove plants. Flowers borne on light panicles; calyx three-parted; corolla of three convolute petals, scaly at the base; stamens inserted into the base of the perianth. Leaves harsh, rigid. These require much the same treatment as recommended for Æchmea. The most suitable soil is a mixture of peat, leaf soil, and loam in about equal parts, to which is added some sharp sand, to keep it open and porous. Free and perfect drainage is absolutely necessary for the successful culture of this class of plants, and a layer of moss should be placed over the crocks previous to filling the pots with soil. Although fond of heat, Billbergias will, when in flower, bear removal to a cooler house than a stove; and, if they are kept a little dry at the same time, the change will greatly prolong their blooming period. The stronger growing kinds thrive well in rich, well-drained loam and leaf mould. Propagation is effected by carefully taking off the suckers which form at the base, after the plants have done flowering; but, before doing this, they should be allowed to attain a good size. The suckers grow quickly when attached to the parent stem, from which they derive their strength, and feel the check less when severed; besides which, they become more mature, and are in better condition for rooting. The best method to adopt is as follows: Take the sucker in the hand and gently twist it off the stem; next trim the base by the removal of a few of the lower leaves, and then insert each sucker separately in a small pot, in sharp soil. A bottom heat of about 80deg. will greatly facilitate new root-growth; failing this, they will root freely in the temperature of a stove if placed in a shaded position for two or three weeks, after which they will bear increased light and sunshine during the later part of the day. See also =Æchmea= and =Androlepis=.

=B. amœna= (pleasing). fl. greenish-white, tipped with blue, loosely panicled; bracts rose-coloured. July to winter. l. ligulate, abruptly acuminate, slightly spiny. h. 2ft. Brazil, 1817. (B. R. 344.)

=B. Baraquiniana= (Baraquin's).* fl. green; spikes long, the upper portion pendulous, bearing four or five large, oblong-lanceolate, bright scarlet bracts at the base of the flowers; the stem above the bracts is hoary white. Early spring. l. ligulate, tapering to a point, where, as well as at the edges, they are armed with sharp reddish spines, arched, transversely variegated with white scurfy bars. h. 1-1/2ft. Brazil, 1865. (I. H. 1864, 421.)

=B. chlorosticta= (green-spotted). Synonymous with B. Saundersii.

=B. iridifolia= (Iris-leaved).* fl. red and yellow, tipped with blue, in drooping spikes; rachis and bracts crimson. March. l. lanceolate, ensiform, 1-1/2ft., grey beneath. h. 1ft. Rio de Janeiro, 1825. (B. R. 1068.)

=B. Liboniana= (Libon's).* fl., outer perianth segments beautiful coral red, about half as long as the inner ones, which are whitish at the base, and a splendid purple upwards. Winter. l. in a dense rosette. h. 1ft. Brazil, 1858. (B. M. 5090.)

=B. Lietzei= (Lietz's).* fl. in loose terminal racemes, each subtended by lanceolate pink bracts; sepals rosy pink, half as long as the greenish corolla. l. tufted, ligulate, acute; margin spiny. Brazil, 1881. A double-flowered variety, with petaloid stamens, is mentioned by M. Morren, which is interesting in being the first double-flowered Bromeliad yet recorded. (B. H. 1881, 97.)

=B. marmorata= (marbled).* fl. deep blue; calyces green, tipped with blue; bracts very large, leafy, oblong, bright scarlet; panicles erect, branched, much longer than the leaves. l. broadly ligulate, sheathing at the base, truncate-mucronate at the apex; edges very regularly toothed, deep green, freely blotched and barred with dull reddish-brown. (I. H. 2, 48.)

=B. Moreli= (Morel's).* fl., sepals red, densely woolly, less than half as long as the purplish-violet petals; spike dense, drooping; bracts large, deep rosy red, much longer than the solitary sessile flowers. February. l. arching, lanceolate, shining green on both surfaces; marginal spines few and weak, h. 1ft. Brazil, 1848. An excellent basket plant. SYN. B. Moreliana. (B. H. 1873, 1, 2.)

=B. Moreliana= (Morel's). Synonymous with B. Moreli.

=B. nutans= (nodding). fl., sepals reddish; petals yellowish-green, both with a blue margin; scapes slender, nodding, with a few large rosy bracts, terminating in a short drooping spike. Winter. l. numerous, long, narrow, ensiform, remotely spiny. h. 1-1/2ft. Brazil, 1868. See Fig. 252. (B. M. 6423.)

=B. pallescens= (pallid). fl. greenish-white; ovary deeply grooved; spike pendulous; bracts lanceolate, of a beautiful rose-pink. Winter. l. dark green, and spotted on the upper surface, paler beneath, with transverse bars. h. 1-1/2ft. Brazil, 1856. SYNS. B. pallida and B. Wioti.

=B. pallida= (pale). Synonymous with B. pallescens.

=B. pyramidalis= (pyramidal). fl. red, with purple margin, in erect spikes; bracts lanceolate, rosy. February. l. curved, ligulate-lanceolate, with white bands beneath. h. 1ft. Peru, 1822. (B. H. 1873, 16.)

=B. Quesneliana= (Quesnel's).* fl. deep purple; bracts flesh-coloured; upper ones variegated with white. h. 6ft. Guiana, 1874. An erect growing species, possessing the same habit as B. rosea-marginata, but having the leaves more acuminate, and deep green in colour. SYN. Quesnelia rufa. (F. d. S. 10, 1026.)

=B. rosea-marginata= (rose-margined).* fl., inflorescence a dense oblong spike of light blue, subtended by large, broad, deep, rose-coloured bracts, with scarious margins. January. l. sheathing at the base, about 2ft. long, channelled, spiny on the margin, and marked with transverse mealy bands. h. 1-1/2ft. Tropical America, 1880. SYNS. B. rubro-marginata and Quesnelia roseo-marginata.

=B. rubro-marginata= (red-margined). Synonymous with B. rosea-marginata.

=B. Saundersii= (Saunders').* fl. about 2in. long, disposed in a loose pendulous inflorescence; sepals crimson, half the length of the petals, which are yellow outside and blue within. l. tufted, ligulate, rounded at the apex, terminated by a short mucro, saw-toothed, green above, purple beneath, and spotted white on both surfaces. Brazil, 1868. SYN. (according to Morren) B. chlorosticta. (F. M. n. s. 106.)

=B. thyrsoidea= (thyrsoid). fl. dense, in thyrsoid spikes, almost without bracts. June. l. green, ligulate, shortly acuminate, the margin toothed. h. 1ft. Brazil, 1850. (B. M. 4756.)

=B. vittata= (striped). fl. indigo blue, with crimson calyces and bracts; racemes nodding. l. banded, ligulate, elongate, shining. h. 1-1/2ft. Brazil, 1843. (B. H. 1871, 14, 15.)

=B. Wioti= (Wiot's). Synonymous with B. pallescens

=B. zebrina= (zebra-streaked).* fl. greenish; scape clothed with large, pale, salmon-coloured bracts; inflorescence gracefully curved downwards. Early spring. l. sheathing for about half their length, forming thus a sort of tube, deep green, with zones of grey, the whole deepening with age. h. 1-1/2ft. South America, 1826. SYN. Helicodea zebrina. (L. B. C. 1912.)

=BILOBATE.= Two-lobed.

=BINATE.= In pairs.

=BINDING.= The process of securing a graft or bud in its place by means of Raffia or Bast. The same term is applied to hard clay or other soil impervious to water, in summer.

=BINDWEED.= See =Convolvulus=.

=BIOPHYTUM= (from bios, life, and phyton, a plant; the leaves of one species being sensitive to the touch). TRIBE Oxalideæ of order Geraniaceæ. A genus of pretty and interesting perennials, differing from Oxalis, in which genus it has been included, in the valves of the capsule being patent and separate to the base. They will thrive in a mixture of loam and peat. Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in spring, on a hotbed. Probably the only species in cultivation is the following:

=B. sensitivum= (sensitive). fl. yellow, small. July. l., leaflets oblong, obtuse, mucronate. h. 6in. India and China, 1823. The leaves of this plant contract on the slightest touch. SYN. Oxalis sensitiva. (B. R. 31, 68.)

=BIOTA.= See =Thuja=.

=BIOTIA.= See =Aster corymbosus=.

=BIPARTITE.= Divided into two nearly to the base.

=BIPINNATE.= Twice pinnate.

=BIPINNATIFID=, or =BIPINNATIPARTED=. Having both primary and secondary segments of a leaf divided, but not to the base.

=BIPLICATE.= Having two folds or plaits.

=BIRCH.= See =Betula=.

=BIRD-CHERRY.= See =Cerasus Padus=.

=BIRDLIME.= A preparation made from Mistletoe berries and Holly bark. It is used for catching birds.

=BIRD-PEPPER.= See =Capsicum baccatum=.

=BIRDS.= As a class, Birds are very much more useful than hurtful in gardens. Owls are of great use in catching mice, and Night-jars in catching night-flying insects. Rooks are very useful in lessening the numbers of wire-worms, and of hurtful insects in general; but, if very numerous, they may be driven to eat potatoes and other vegetable food, and may then do harm. The same may be said of Starlings. Blackbirds and Thrushes feed much on snails and worms, but they also feed on the ripe fruits in gardens. As a rule, slender-billed birds feed almost wholly on insects or other animals, and are to be encouraged in gardens at all seasons. Among these may be enumerated the Tree-creeper, Wryneck, Warblers, and Wrens of various kinds, Chats, Hedge-sparrow, Larks, Redstart, Robin, Titmice, and Wagtails. Swifts, Swallows, and Martins, are also great destroyers of insects. The Finches feed, in part, on insects, but also eat large quantities of seeds, and often do considerable damage among plants grown for seed, e.g., Cabbages, and in the seed-beds. Sparrows are about the most troublesome, though they are often assisted by Buntings, Chaffinches, Linnets, and others. When seed-beds or fruits have to be protected, this may be done by nets; or, more simply, by threads tied to sticks a few inches above the surface of the ground, or in front of the trees.

=BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE.= See =Primula farinosa=.

=BIRD'S-FOOT.= See =Ornithopus=.

=BIRD'S-FOOT FERN.= See =Pellæa ornithopus=.

=BIRD'S-NEST FERN.= See =Asplenium Nidus=.

=BIRTHWORT.= See =Aristolochia=.

=BISCUTELLA= (from bis, double, and scutella, a saucer; in allusion to the form of the silicles). Buckler Mustard. ORD. Cruciferæ. Perennial or annual herbaceous plants, usually hispid, but sometimes downy or smoothish. Flowers yellow, scentless; pedicels filiform, bractless. Leaves oblong, entire, toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat radical or cauline. Stems round, erect, usually corymbosely branched at the top by racemes, which, when in flower, are short, but elongated at the time of fruiting. All the species produce seeds freely. The annuals should be sown in the open borders. Some of the perennial kinds are well adapted for ornamenting rockwork, in a dry, sunny situation. Of the annuals, columnæ, lyrata, maritima, and obovata, are best. Of the perennials, coronopifolia, lævigata, and sempervirens are the most desirable, but none are worth cultivation outside botanical collections.

=BISERIAL=, or =BISERIATE=. Arranged in two parallel rows.

=BISERRATE.= Toothed in a saw-like manner, but with the primary teeth again serrated.

=BISULCATE.= Doubly furrowed.

=BITERNATE.= Twice ternate.

=BITTER ALMOND.= See =Amygdalus communis amara=.

=BITTER APPLE.= See =Cucumis Colocynthis=.

=BITTER-SWEET.= See =Solanum Dulcamara=.

=BITTER VETCH.= See =Orobus=.

=BITUMINOUS.= Clammy, adhesive.

=BIVONÆA= (named after Antonio Bivona-Bernardi, a Sicilian botanist, author of "Sicularum Plantarum Centuria I. et II.," Palermo, 1806). ORD. Cruciferæ. A pretty little monotypic genus, well adapted for ornamenting rockwork or the front of flower borders. A dry sandy soil is most suitable for its culture. Propagated by seeds, sown in spring where the plants are intended to remain, thinning-out being necessary to ensure full growth.

=B. lutea= (yellow).* fl. yellow, small; racemes terminal, elongated as they grow; pedicels filiform, bractless. April. l. alternate, lower ones stalked, the rest sessile, cordate, stem-clasping at the base, ovate, toothed, bluntish. Stem filiform, sparingly branched. h. 3in. to 6in. Sicily, 1823. An annual.

=BIXA= (its South American name). Arnatto. ORD. Bixineæ. Stove evergreen trees, with dichotomous panicles of large reddish flowers, broad cordate leaves, and prickly capsules. A compost of loam and peat is well adapted to their culture. Propagated by seed, sown when ripe in bottom heat; or by cuttings, which root freely in sand, under a hand glass, in heat; the latter is the better method. If grown from seed, the trees attain a large size before they flower; whereas cuttings, taken from a flowering plant and struck, may be brought to flower when small plants.

=B. Orellana= (Orellana). fl. pale peach-coloured; corymbs terminal, panicled; peduncles two, three, and four-flowered. May to August. l. cordate, ovate, acuminated, entire or angular, smooth on both surfaces. The drug called Arnatto is prepared from the red pulp which covers the seed of this species. It is used in the preparation of chocolate, and by farmers for colouring cheese, and also as an orange or yellow dye for silks. h. 30ft. West Indian Islands, 1690. See Fig. 253. (B. M. 1456.)

=BIXINEÆ.= An order of smoothish tropical trees or shrubs, not remarkable for any particular beauty. Flowers with or without petals, when present five and sepal-like; stamens indefinite in number, inserted in the receptacle or at the bottom of the calyx; peduncle axillary or terminal, bracteate, one or many-flowered, usually forming terminal panicles. Fruit fleshy or dry. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, or slightly lobed, generally full of pellucid dots. The genera best known are Azara, Bixa, and Flacourtia.

=BLACK BEARBERRY.= See =Arctostaphylos alpina=.

=BLACK BEETLES.= See =Cockroaches=.

=BLACK BRYONY.= See =Tamus communis=.

=BLACK BULLACE.= See =Prunus insititia=.

=BLACKBURNIA.= See =Xanthoxylum=.

=BLACK FLY or BEAN FLY= (Aphis rumicis), also called Collier and Black Dolphin. This Fly (see Fig. 254) is found on many herbaceous plants. It is very injurious to Beans; hence, immediate means of destruction must be employed directly the insect appears. Its extermination is an extremely difficult matter; but the following remedies are very effectual:

Tobacco Water. This, made and applied as recommended for Aphides (which see) is a good remedy; but it is rendered more certain by the employment of soapsuds, instead of clear water, in its manufacture.

Paris Green (Arseniate of Copper). Owing to its poisonous nature, this should not be used where there is fruit on the trees or vegetables under them; but there is no better destroyer of hard-dying insects. Its application is very simple. Mix 1lb. of the green with 30gals. of water, and well wet the infested parts of the trees, using a fine-rosed watercan or garden engine for the purpose. The operator's hands should be free from sores and scratches, or dangerous ulcerations may ensue.

Gas Liquor. If this can be obtained from a gas-house, it should be diluted with twice its bulk of water, and applied in the same manner as Paris Green, being washed off with clean water in a few hours. If the process be repeated on two or three consecutive nights, it will be found certain in its effects; moreover, it is not very poisonous. The finger or thumb, or the Aphis brush, applied early, will often exterminate these obnoxious insects at once. The first of the methods above described is perhaps the most accessible and the safest to use. Poisonous insecticides are more or less dangerous, especially in the hands of the inexperienced. Black Fly is, however, one of the most difficult insects to eradicate, especially if allowed to multiply. A syringing of clean water should follow either of the above applications. See also =Aphides=.

=BLACK JACK OAK.= See =Quercus nigra=.

=BLACK MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT.= See =Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum=.

=BLACK PINE.= See =Pinus austriaca=.

=BLACKTHORN.= See =Prunus spinosa=.

=BLACK VARNISH TREE.= See =Melanorrhœa=.

=BLACK WATTLE.= See =Callicoma serratifolia=.

=BLADDER CATCHFLY.= See =Silene inflata=.

=BLADDER KETMIA.= See =Hibiscus Trionum=.

=BLADDER NUT.= See =Staphylea=.

=BLADDER SENNA.= See =Colutea=.

=BLADDER WORT.= See =Utricularia=.

=BLADE.= The lamina or expanded part of a leaf.

=BLÆRIA= (named after Patrick Blair, M.D., F.R.S., who practised medicine at Boston, in Lincolnshire, and was author of "Miscellaneous Observations," 1718; "Botanic Essays," 1820, &c.). ORD. Ericaceæ. Pretty little greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of Southern and Tropical Africa. Flowers terminal, glomerate; corolla short-tubular, with a four-cleft limb, very freely branched. Leaves verticillate, with revolute margins. For culture, see =Erica=.

=B. articulata= (jointed).* fl. reddish; heads drooping. May. l. four in a whorl, ovate or linear, glabrous, and shining; bracts solitary. h. 1ft. 1795.

=B. ericoides= (Heath-like). fl. purplish-red. August. l. four in a whorl, oblong, obtuse, ringed; bracts three, length of the calyx. h. 2ft. 1774. SYN. Erica orbicularis. (L. B. C. 153.)

=B. purpurea= (purple). fl. purple; heads drooping. June. l. four in a whorl, ovate, sub-ciliated. Stem flexuous, erect. h. 2ft. 1791.

=BLAKEA= (named after Martin Blake, of Antigua, a great promoter of useful knowledge). ORD. Melastomaceæ. Handsome stove evergreen shrubs or trees. Flowers red, large, showy; peduncles axillary, terete, one-flowered, naked, opposite or solitary, shorter than the leaves, usually with brown tomentum. Leaves petiolate, three to five-nerved, coriaceous, glabrous above and shining, but usually densely clothed with rusty tomentum beneath. They thrive well in peat, or a mixture of loam and peat, and require to be liberally supplied with water, particularly in spring and summer. Cuttings root freely if taken from shoots that are quite ripe (otherwise they are apt to rot), planted in a pot of sand, and plunged in a moist heat, under a hand glass.

=B. quinquenervia= (five-nerved). fl. flesh-coloured, large, with white disks; peduncles twin, shorter than the petioles. June. l. elliptic, acuminated, naked, and shining on both surfaces, five-nerved. h. 10ft. to 16ft. Guiana, 1820. (A. G. 210.)

=B. trinervia= (three-nerved). fl. rose colour, large; peduncles solitary, longer than the petioles. June. l. oval-oblong, three-nerved, glabrous and shining on both surfaces in the adult state, and when young serrulated; petioles and branchlets clothed with rusty tomentum. Roots issuing from the branches and stems. h. 4ft. to 8ft. Jamaica, 1789. (B. M. 451.)

=BLANCHING.= This process is effected for the purpose of obtaining crispness, and for converting what would, under ordinary circumstances, be a dangerous plant--in the case of Celery especially so--into a highly popular delicacy. Blanching can only be accomplished by entirely excluding the light from the plants, thus depriving the colouring matters of their power to decompose water and carbonic acid gas. It is also termed Etiolation.

=BLANDFORDIA= (named after George, Marquis of Blandford). ORD. Liliaceæ. A very beautiful genus of greenhouse bulbous plants, natives of Australia. Flowers solitary, on recurved pedicels; perianth funnel-shaped, six-cleft; stamens six. Leaves linear, elongate, striate; radical ones dilated, and somewhat sheathing at the base; others shorter and more distant, appearing on the flower-stem. The best soil in which to grow them is loam and peat in equal proportions, with a little rough silver sand added. They should be repotted moderately firm in the autumn, allowing good drainage, and should then be placed under the greenhouse stage, or in any other position where they will be free from water drippings. Water must only be given when dry, until they commence to grow, when it may be gradually increased, and they may be introduced into a higher temperature, if necessary, there to remain till after flowering. When the foliage is ripened off, they may be stored away until the time for repotting. Propagated by seeds and offsets, or by division of the old plants, which must be done when repotting.

=B. aurea= (golden).* fl. 1-1/2in. to 2in. long; scape bearing an umbellate cluster of three to five pure golden-yellow drooping bell-shaped flowers. Summer. l. narrow, linear, keeled or channelled, from the base of which the flower-scape arises. h. 1ft. to 2ft. New South Wales, 1870. (B. M. 5809.)

=B. Cunninghamii= (Cunningham's).* fl. rich coppery red, the upper part yellow; about 2in. long, bell-shaped, pendulous; from twelve to twenty, terminating in a stout scape 3ft. high. June. l. linear, slightly keeled at the back, about 1/3in. broad. New South Wales. This magnificent species should have a little charcoal mixed with the soil already mentioned. (B. M. 5734.)

=B. C. hybrida= (hybrid). fl. red, margined with clear yellow, bell-shaped, in a dense drooping umbel.

=B. flammea= (fiery).* fl. dullish yellow, in dense umbel-like clusters; bracts ovate-lanceolate, stiff; perianth inversely conical. June. l. linear, bluntly keeled. h. 2ft. Australia, 1849.

=B. f. elegans= (elegant).* fl. crimson, tipped with yellow, large, funnel-shaped. Summer. l. long, linear-ensiform. This very handsome form is often taken for the type.

=B. f. princeps= (magnificent).* fl. rich orange-red externally, and bright yellow within, about 3in. long, tubular, borne on a scape about 1ft. high, slightly pendulous, and arranged near the summit. Summer. l. stiff, sub-erect, long, bright green, disposed in a distichous manner. This is a very splendid greenhouse plant, and should be in every collection. Australia, 1873. SYN. B. princeps. See Fig. 255. (B. M. 6209.)

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* fl. crimson, very large; bracts as long as the pedicels, the inner much the shortest. July. h. 2ft. New South Wales, 1812. (B. R. 924.)

=B. intermedia= (intermediate). fl. yellow, pendulous, funnel-shaped, in sixteen to twenty-flowered racemes; bracts leaf-formed. September. l. channelled, acutely keeled, scabrous on the margins. h. 1-1/2ft. Australia.

=B. marginata= (margined). fl. orange-red, conical, in long pendulous racemes; bracts narrow, foliaceous, about equalling in length the pedicels. July. l. stiff, sub-erect, with scabrous margins. h. 2ft. Tasmania, 1842. (B. R. 31, 18.)

=B. nobilis= (noble).* fl. orange with yellow margins, on long pedicels, drooping, disposed in a terminal raceme; bracts twice as short as the pedicels. July. l. very narrow. h. 2ft. New South Wales, 1803. (B. M. 2003.)

=B. princeps= (magnificent). Synonymous with B. flammea princeps.

=BLATTA.= See =Cockroaches=.

=BLEABERRY.= See =Vaccinium Myrtillus=.

=BLEACHING POWDER.= See =Chloride of Lime=.

=BLECHNUM= (from Blechnon, the Greek name of a fern). ORD. Filices. A very attractive genus of stove and greenhouse ferns, thriving in a compost of peat, leaf soil, and loam. Sori linear, continuous, or nearly so, parallel with, and usually contiguous to, the midrib. Involucre distinct from the edge of the frond. Fronds uniform, generally pinnate or pinnatifid. Veins usually free. For general culture, see =Ferns=.

=B. australe= (southern).* cau. stout, creeping, scaly; sti. erect, 4in. to 6in. long. fronds 9in. to 18in. long, and from 2in. to 3in. broad, lanceolate, narrowed towards both ends; pinnæ numerous, the barren ones 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, linear, hastate-cordate, or auricled at the base, especially on the upper side, with a very coriaceous texture; fertile pinnæ narrower. sori in a continuous or slightly broken line, close, but not contiguous, to the midrib. South Africa, &c., 1691. Greenhouse species.

=B. boreale.= See =Lomaria Spicant=.

=B. braziliense= (Brazilian).* cau. erect, stout, sub-arborescent, 1ft. or more long, densely clothed at the crown with dark brown scales. sti. short, stout, densely scaly. fronds oblong-lanceolate, 2ft. to 4ft. long, 6in. to 16in. broad, narrowing downwards very gradually; pinnæ close, linear, 4in. to 8in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, narrowed gradually towards the point, finely toothed or undulated, connected at the base. Brazil and Peru, 1820. See Fig. 256. (H. S. F. 3, 157.) There is a very pretty variety met with in gardens under the name of Corcovadense crispum, which is not quite so strong-growing as the type, with wavy, crispy edges. They will all thrive in the cool of a stove fernery.

=B. cartilagineum= (cartilaginous). cau. oblique, densely scaly at top. sti. strong, erect, 4in. to 6in. long, scaly, muricated in the lower part. fronds ovate-oblong, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad; pinnæ numerous, linear, 4in. to 6in. long, about 1/2in. broad, narrowed gradually towards the point, margin finely toothed, dilated, and connected at the base. sori in a broad line close to the midrib. Temperate Australia, 1820. Greenhouse species.

=B. hastatum= (halbert-shaped).* rhiz. short, stout, scaly. sti. 4in. to 6in. long, nearly naked. fronds from 9in. to 18in. long, and 2in. to 4in. broad, lanceolate, with twenty to forty pinnæ on each side; the barren ones 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, lanceolate, falcate, narrowed gradually to a point, the lower side slightly truncate, and slightly lobed, the upper cordate, with a large hastate auricle; fertile pinnæ narrower. sori midway between the midrib and margin; rachis and surfaces naked or slightly pubescent; texture coriaceous. Temperate South America, 1841. Greenhouse species.

=B. Lanceola= (lance-leaved). rhiz. slender, creeping, stoloniferous. sti. slender, erect, 2in. to 4in. long. fronds lanceolate, undivided, 4in. to 6in. long, 1/2in. broad, or less, narrowed gradually from the centre towards each end. Tropical America, 1820. Stove species.

=B. L. trifoliatum= (three-leaved). fronds furnished with one or two pairs of small oblong-obtuse lateral pinnæ at the base of the large terminal one. Stove variety. (H. S. F. 3, 94.)

=B. longifolium= (long-leaved).* rhiz. slender, creeping. sti. firm, erect, nearly naked, 6in. to 12in. long. fronds 6in. to 9in. long, with a terminal pinna, and three to six lateral ones on each side, which are 3in. to 5in. long, and 1/2in. broad, narrowed gradually towards the point. sori in broad lines close to the midrib; texture coriaceous. Tropical America, 1820. B. l. fraxineum is a variety found in gardens under the name of B. fraxiniifolium, with a habit more close than the type; pinnæ six to eight on a side, sometimes 1in. broad. B. intermedium (Link.) and B. gracile (Kaulf.), often seen in gardens, are slender-growing varieties of this rather variable stove species.

=B. nitidum= (shining).* sti. stout, erect, naked, 3in. to 4in. long. fronds oblong-lanceolate, 1ft. or more long, 4in. to 6in. broad; pinnæ numerous, sub-falcate, linear, 3in. to 4in. long, 1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, narrowed gradually towards the point, dilated and connected at the base; edge undulate-dentate; texture coriaceous; both surfaces smooth. Stove species. The variety contractum, often seen in gardens, has its pinnæ contracted, and the edge much undulated. Brazil. (H. S. F. 3, 55.)

=B. occidentale= (western).* cau. stout, erect, scaly at the top. sti. 6in. to 12in. long, erect, scaly below. fronds ovate-acuminate, 9in. to 18in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, with twelve to twenty-four linear pinnæ on each side, which are 2in. to 4in. long, and about 3/4in. broad, narrowed gradually to a point, truncate or cordate; texture coriaceous. West Indies, southwards to Chili and South Brazil, 1823. A very handsome stove or greenhouse fern.

=B. o. multifidum= (much-cut).* A pretty variety, said to have been introduced from Dominica; the apices of the pinnæ are copiously crested and tasselled, rendering it very desirable. Stove variety.

=B. orientale= (oriental).* cau. stout, erect, clothed at the crown with dark brown scales. sti. 4in. to 8in. long, strong, erect, scaly below. fronds 1ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, ovate, with very numerous nearly contiguous pinnæ on each side, which are 4in. to 8in. long, and about 3/4in. broad, narrowed to a long point. Australia, northwards to South China and the Himalayas. Greenhouse.

=B. polypodioides= (Polypodium-like). A synonym of B. unilaterale.

=B. serrulatum= (saw-edged).* cau. elongated, stout, ascending. sti. 6in. to 12in. long, strong, erect, smooth, nearly naked. fronds oblong-acuminate, 1ft. to 2ft. long, 6in. to 9in. broad, with twelve to twenty-four pairs of quite distinct articulated linear oblong pinnæ on each side, which are about 4in. to 5in. long, 1/2in. broad, narrowed gradually towards the point, and downwards to a narrow base, the margins finely incised. Florida, &c., 1819. Stove or greenhouse. SYN. B. striatum. (H. S. F. 3, 159.)

=B. striatum= (striped). A synonym of B. serrulatum.

=B. unilaterale= (one-sided).* cau. elongated, densely scaly at the crown. sti. slender, erect, 1in. to 4in. long, slightly scaly below. fronds lanceolate, 6in. to 12in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad; pinnæ numerous, spreading horizontally, linear, 3/4in. to 1in. long, central ones 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, point usually mucronate; edge entire, or nearly so, the lower part dilated to a broad base. sori in a line close to the midrib. Tropical America, 1829. Widely distributed. Stove or greenhouse species. SYN. B. polypodioides, under which name it is usually found in gardens.

=BLECHUM= (a Greek name for an unknown plant, supposed to resemble Marjoram). ORD. Acanthaceæ. Stove herbaceous perennials. For culture, &c., see =Justicia=.

=B. Brownei= (Browne's). fl. white, in a dense bracteated spike, which is four-cornered; bracts ovate, downy. Summer. l. ovate elliptical, somewhat toothed. h. 2ft. West Indies, 1780. The other species introduced are: angustifolium, blue; braziliense, blue; and laxiflorum, white.

=BLEPHARIS= (from blepharis, the eyelash; in reference to the fringed bracts of the calyx). ORD. Acanthaceæ. Dwarf shrubs or herbs, often spiny and woody, allied to Acanthus. Flowers in bracteate spikes; calyx cruciately four-parted, bracteate; upper segment entire, three-nerved; lower, two-nerved; corolla-tube very short; lip five-lobed, three lobes often much larger than the others; stamens four, sub-didynamous. For culture, &c., see =Acanthus=.

=B. boerhaaviæfolia= (Boerhaavia-leaved). fl. blue. July. l. usually four in a whorl, elliptic, toothed. h. 1ft. India, 1829. Stove annual.

=B. capensis= (Cape Colony).* fl. blue. July. l. narrow, lanceolate, spinose. h. 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1816. Greenhouse biennial.

=B. furcata= (forked-spined). fl. blue. July. l. lanceolate, entire or spiny; bracts large, strongly spinose. h. 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1846. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.

=B. linearifolia= (narrow-leaved). fl. blue. July. l. long, entire, linear, glabrous or hairy, not spiny. h. 2ft. Guinea, 1823. Stove annual.

=B. procumbens= (trailing).* fl. blue. July. l. linear lanceolate, spiny. h. 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1825. Greenhouse evergreen trailer.

=BLEPHILIA= (from blepharis, the eyelash; in allusion to the ciliated bracts). ORD. Labiatæ. Ornamental hardy perennials, closely allied to Monarda, but differing from it in the calyx tube having thirteen instead of fifteen nerves, and being naked in the throat, while the corollas are much smaller and more dilated. They are of easy culture in ordinary soil. Increased readily by dividing the roots in early spring.

=B. ciliata= (ciliated). fl. blue; whorls all distinct; bracts ciliated, reddish at top. July. l. almost sessile, ovate-oblong, narrowed at the base, canescent beneath. h. 1ft. to 2ft. North America, 1798.

=B. hirsuta= (hairy). fl. purple or blue; whorls more numerous than in the preceding; upper ones approximate. July. l. petiolate, ovate, roundly cordate at the base, hairy on both surfaces. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Virginia, 1798. Habit more branched and loose than in B. ciliata.

=BLESSED THISTLE.= See =Cnicus benedictus=, properly =Carbenia benedicta=.

=BLETIA= (in honour of Don Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist). ORD. Orchideæ. A large genus of, for the most part, stove terrestrial orchids. Flowers purple or whitish, in terminal racemes. Leaves narrow, grass-like. Pseudo-bulbs round, flattened. The flowers are freely produced when the plants are thoroughly established, and are valuable for bouquets, as well for their pleasing colour as for the time they last in perfection. Bletias thrive best in a compost of loam and leaf mould. About 2in. of crocks, covered with a layer of moss, should be placed in the bottom of the pot, which should be filled to within 1in. of the top with soil. The bulbs should then be inserted, and just covered. A good supply of water during the growing season is necessary, and only a moderate amount of heat. After growth has ceased, a period of rest is required, during which time very little water should be given. Propagation is effected by divisions, which should be made after the plants have finished flowering, or previous to their starting into growth.

=B. campanulata= (bell-shaped). fl. deep purple, with a white centre, lasting a considerable time in perfection. Mexico.

=B. florida= (florid).* fl. pale rose-coloured; lip not spurred. July and August. h. 2ft. West Indies, 1786. A very pretty species. (B. R. 1401.)

=B. gracilis= (slender). fl. pale greenish-white; sepals and petals nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate; lip red and yellow; scape simple. l. oblong, lanceolate, plicate. h. 1-1/2in. Mexico, 1830. (B. R. 1681.)

=B. hyacinthina= (Hyacinth-like).* fl. purple, racemose; lip not spurred, beardless; scape about as long as the leaves. March to June. l. lanceolate. h. 1ft. China, 1802. This pretty species has proved to be quite hardy. (Garden, Nov., 1879.)

=B. patula= (spreading-flowered). fl. purple, spreading; scape tall, branched. March. l. lanceolate. h. 2ft. Hayti, 1830. (B. M., 3518.)

=B. Shepherdii= (Shepherd's).* fl. on branching spikes, purple, marked down the centre of the lip with yellow. Winter. l. long, lanceolate, dark green. Jamaica, 1825. (B. M. 3319.)

=B. Sherrattiana= (Sherratt's).* fl. about a dozen on a spike, rich rosy purple; petals very broad, twice the breadth of the sepals; lip deep purple in front, marked with white and yellow down the centre. l. three to four-plicate. Pseudo-bulbs depressed. New Grenada, 1867. (B. M. 5646.)

=B. verecunda= (modest). fl. purple; lip not spurred. January. h. 3ft. West Indies, Mexico, &c., 1733. (B. M. 930.)

=BLIGHIA SAPIDA.= The Akee Tree. This is now included under the genus =Cupania= (which see).

=BLIGHT=, or =BLAST=. Applied to various diseases of plants which are caused or accelerated either by the presence of parasitic fungi or insects, or by atmospheric influence. Blight generally proves fatal to the whole or part of the subject attacked.

=BLIND.= A term applied to plants which fail to produce central buds. The defect is frequently noticeable in the Cabbage, and other plants of the Brassica tribe; and is, perhaps, mainly due to the attacks of insects in a very early stage. Great care should therefore be exercised in keeping the seed beds clear of insect pests, by the application of ashes, lime, and soot, or spent hops.

=BLOOD FLOWER.= See =Hæmanthus=.

=BLOODROOT.= See =Sanguinaria canadensis=.

=BLOOM.= A fine powder-like substance found on Grapes, Cucumbers, Plums, &c., and varying in colour in the different subjects. It should be carefully protected, as it improves the appearance of the fruit. The term is also generally used-—although incorrectly-—as the plural of blossom.

=BLOSSOM.= The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of reproduction, with their appendages.

=BLUE-BELLS.= See =Campanula rotundifolia= and =Scilla nutans=.

=BLUE-BOTTLE.= See =Centaurea Cyanus=.

=BLUE GUM TREE.= See =Eucalyptus globulus=.

=BLUETS.= The French name for Centaurea Cyanus. See also =Houstonia cœrulea= and =Vaccinium angustifolium=.

=BLUMENBACHIA= (in honour of John Frederick Blumenbach, M.D., Professor of Medicine at Göttingen, and distinguished as a comparative anatomist). ORD. Loasaceæ. Elegant branched, climbing or trailing, annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, generally covered with stinging hairs, which are very objectionable. Flowers axillary, solitary, bracteate, very pretty and interesting. Leaves opposite, lobed. They are of easy culture in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in pots, in spring, and placed in a gentle heat, where they will germinate in about a fortnight. When the seedlings are large enough, and after having been previously hardened off, they may be planted out in their blooming quarters, or potted on and trained to a trellis.

=B. chuquitensis= (Chuquitan).* fl. solitary, axillary, with five to ten boat-shaped red petals, which are yellow within. September. l. oblong-lanceolate, pinnate; segments pinnatifidly lobed. Peru, 1863. Half-hardy climbing perennial. See Fig. 257. (B. M. 6143.)

=B. contorta= (twisted).* fl. orange-red, with cup-shaped green scales within. July. l. oblong-ovate, pinnatifid; lobes incisely toothed. Peru. Greenhouse climber, but may be grown against a wall, out of doors, during the summer. (B. M. 6134.)

=B. coronata= (crowned).* fl. of pure glossy whiteness, quadrangular, crown-shaped, 2in. in diameter each way. June. l. narrow, bipinnatifid, cut into small segments. h. 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1872. This is an elegant dwarf, tufted, erect biennial, with the pure white blooms imbedded in the metallic lustrous foliage. SYN. Caiophora coronata. See Fig. 258.

=B. insignis= (remarkable).* fl. with whitish petals and reddish-yellow scales, axillary, on long peduncles, about 1in. in diameter. July. l., lower ones five to seven-lobed; upper ones deeply bipinnatifid. h. 1ft. Chili, 1826. Hardy annual trailer. SYN. Loasa palmata. (B. M. 2865.)

=BOBARTIA= (named after Jacob Bobart, Professor of Botany at Oxford in the seventeenth century). ORD. Irideæ. A small genus of greenhouse or hardy bulbous plants, closely allied to Sisyrinchium. The species in cultivation are very pretty hardy plants, but require protection from severe frosts and excessive rains. They thrive best in a warm, light soil, and make pretty plants for rockwork. Propagated by separating the offsets during autumn. This genus has been much misunderstood. Among the plants which have been referred to it are some which now find places in the genera Aristea, Sisyrinchium, Homeria, Marica, Moræa, &c., &c.

=B. aurantiaca.= See =Homeria aurantiaca=.

=B. gladiata= (sword-shaped). fl. yellow, thinly sprinkled with purple dots near the centre, handsome, nearly 2in. across. l. linear, ensiform, narrow, slightly glaucous, 1ft. or more in length. 1817. SYN. Marica gladiata. (B. R. 229.)

=B. spathacea= (rush-like). l. rush-like, several feet in length; flower-stem as long as leaves, bearing near extremity a cluster of pale yellow flowers, with narrow segments. Each flower lasts but one day; as a good many, however, are developed in each spathe, there is a succession which lasts some time. 1832. SYN. Xyris altissima. (L. B. C. 1900.)

=BOCCONIA= (named after Paolo Bocconi, M.D., a Sicilian botanist, author of the "Museum des Plantes," and "Histoire Naturelle de l'Ile de Corse," &c.). ORD. Papaveraceæ. Two of the species are greenhouse or half-hardy shrubs. Flowers inconspicuous, in terminal panicles, with the branches and branchlets each furnished with one bract. Leaves stalked, glaucous, large, lobed. This genus does not well agree with the rest of Papaveraceæ, from its having one-seeded capsules and apetalous flowers. B. cordata is a handsome, hardy, herbaceous plant, with a stately habit and finely-cut foliage, and, where bold subjects are desired, few will be found superior to it. As an isolated specimen on the lawn, or by frequented walks, where it will not be too closely surrounded by tall plants, it may be grown with marked effect. It also forms a good subject for pot culture, and is largely used for sub-tropical bedding. The soil most suitable for its culture is a good fat loam, of considerable depth. Propagated by cuttings, taken from the axils of the larger leaves, during early summer; or by young suckers, taken from established plants, during summer, as they will then flower the following season. If the former method is employed, the cuttings should be pushed on, so that there are plenty of roots before the winter sets in. The other two species require greenhouse culture; but both are eminently suited for sub-tropical gardening, in any light rich soil, or well-drained and airy situation. They are best propagated by seeds, sown in a hotbed in spring, the seedlings being placed out from June to September.

=B. cordata= (cordate).* fl. buff-coloured, very numerous, borne in very large terminal panicles; individually they are not showy, but the fully grown inflorescence has a very distinct and pleasing appearance. Summer. l. large, reflexed, deeply-veined, roundish-cordate; margins lobed or sinuated. Stems growing rather close together, thickly set with leaves. h. 5ft. to 8ft. China, 1795, and 1866. Mr. Robinson recommends its being grown in the angle of two walls which shelter it from the north and east. It runs quickly at the roots, and the suckers may be cut off to the benefit of the parent plant; each sucker will form a strong plant in a year's time. SYNS. B. japonica and Macleaya yedoënsis. See Fig. 259. (B. M. 1905.)

=B. frutescens= (shrubby).* fl. greenish. October. l. large, sea-green, oval-oblong, cuneated at the base, pinnatifid. h. 3ft. to 6ft. Mexico, 1739. (L. B. C. 83.)

=B. integrifolia= (entire-leaved). fl. greenish; panicle crowded. l. flat, oblong, tapering towards each end, entire, or scarcely crenated. h. 9ft. Peru, 1822.

=B. japonica= (Japanese). Synonymous with B. cordata.

=BœBERA= (named after Bœber, a Russian botanist). ORD. Compositæ. A genus of evergreen greenhouse shrubs, now generally referred to Dysodia. They are of easy culture, thriving in ordinary garden soil. Propagated by cuttings, made of young, rather firm, shoots, and placed in sand, under a glass. There are several other species besides the one given below, but they are not of much horticultural value.

=B. incana= (hoary).* fl.-heads golden; peduncles one-headed. November. l. pinnate, rather hairy; leaflets linear acute, channelled, some entire, and some trifid. Stem hairy. h. 1-1/2ft. Mexico, 1828. (B. R. 1602.)

=BœHMERIA= (named after George Rudolph Bœhmer, a German botanist). ORD. Urticaceæ. A genus of shrubs or herbaceous plants, allied to Urtica, from which it is distinguished in not having stinging hairs. B. nivea is the only species having any horticultural value. This thrives best in a warm, sandy soil; and is increased by divisions.

=B. nivea= (snowy). fl. greenish, disposed in spikes. l. broadly cordate, about 6in. long by 4in. broad, terminating in a long slender point; edges serrate, covered on the under side with a dense coating of white down. h. 3ft. to 4ft. China. A shrub-like perennial, rather more curious than beautiful.

=BOG BEAN.= See =Menyanthes trifoliata=.

=BOG-EARTH.= See =Peat=.

=BOILERS.= These are very important articles in all gardens where there are glass houses, and the best should always be selected. They are made in cast and wrought iron, both of which have their special advantages and disadvantages. The former are less liable to burn through when encrusted with any deposit from the water, but will crack with sudden changes of temperature, by reason of the granular form of the metal not allowing gradual contraction; the latter may burn through where there is any deposit of mud or other matter, but they will not crack, and will stand a greater pressure than those made of cast metal. It is, however, the better plan to use Boilers of wrought iron, as, with careful usage, they are less liable to break down in hard frosts than are the others. As the value of the plants, as well as that of the Boiler, has to be considered, should such a contingency occur, it is certainly advisable to reduce all risks to a minimum; and as the average life of a Boiler is from ten to fifteen years, a slightly larger first cost is not of very serious moment. The forms of Boilers are very diverse, and, in some of the patented forms, complicated. But, whatever the shape, the following points are essential: A clear and unrestricted waterway of not less than 2in. in thickness; the greatest exposure of surface to the direct action of the fire; a sufficient fire space; and a fire-bar area calculated to supply enough fresh air to the fire to support thorough combustion. The forms generally used for horticultural work are the following, or some modifications of them; and, however grand the name, their chief value consists in the attested heating capacity at a given cost: The Saddle Boiler, which is made of various sizes, with or without check ends, cross tubes, and other devices for increasing the heating surface, and also of a tubular form; the Upright Cylinder (a vertical section of which is shown in Fig. 260); the Upright Tubular Cylinder; the Horizontal Tubular; and the Cornish or Horizontal Cylinder. Combinations of the various forms, and complicated patterns of different kinds, are made for particular purposes; but in no case should large Boilers be used, unless they are recommended, by one competent to judge, as suitable for the purpose they are needed to fulfil. In every case, it is necessary that the Boiler should be fixed in a proper manner. It is also good policy to have Boilers about 30, or even 50 per cent., more powerful than is actually required, when they are new, as, from various causes, their heating power falls off in a year or two in many places; and, under ordinary work, it is not desirable to stimulate the action in order to command sufficient heat. There is no doubt that, for general purposes, some modification of the Saddle or Cylinder Boiler is by far the best, all things duly considered; but it is impossible to give any practical advice without a thorough knowledge of the requirements of any particular place. Gas Boilers are also useful for small places. These are made in many forms, and are, as a rule, in the shape of a cylinder, with a coned inside, against which the flames play. Some Gas Boilers have also a superheater attached; this exhausts the heat from the air which has passed through the Boiler. Another good form is made of horizontal tubes, which contain the water, the flames playing over and amongst them. An atmospheric burner of approved construction should be used where gas is the heating power. A sufficient supply of gas should be assured by using supply pipes of a good size. Care should be taken to keep these pipes free from water, and protected from frost by silicate cotton lagging, or some other good non-conductor. Except for very small places, however, gas apparatus is almost useless, and will never supersede fuel Boilers. For other particulars regarding Boilers, see =Heating= and =Stoking=.

=BOIS-PERDRIX.= See =Heisteria=.

=BOLBOPHYLLUM.= See =Bulbophyllum=.

=BOLETUS= (from bolos, a mass; in reference to its massy or globular form). ORD. Fungi. The only species of this rather large genus demanding mention is B. edulis (see Fig. 261), which is considered an excellent article of food. It is easily distinguished, and is often of large size and somewhat unshapely; the pileus is usually of a dusky yellow or brownish hue, but sometimes brighter and more of a chestnut colour; the flesh is white, and does not change to a blue colour when cut (this is a very important characteristic, and should always be noticed). It is a species common in most districts, usually growing in woods, and appearing chiefly in the autumn.

=BOLEUM= (from bolos, a ball; in reference to the shape of the seed-pods). ORD. Cruciferæ. An ornamental, hardy, evergreen shrub, well adapted for rockwork, in ordinary soil. It requires slight protection in winter if planted in very exposed situations. Propagated by seed, sown in a pot, in spring, and placed in a frame, or in the open border during summer.

=B. asperum= (rough).* fl. cream-coloured; racemes erect, elongated; pedicels very short, the lower ones bracteate. April. l. alternate, oblong, linear; lower ones somewhat divided. A suffruticose, erect, branched plant, hispid from stiff hairs. h. 6in. to 1ft. France. 1818.

=BOLLEA.= See =Zygopetalum=.

=BOLTED.= A term used in reference to plants that have prematurely run to seed.

=BOLTONIA= (named after J. B. Bolton, an English professor of botany). ORD. Compositæ. A genus of rather pretty hardy herbaceous perennials. Flower-heads with white or purplish rays. Leaves pale green, lanceolate, sessile. They thrive in common garden soil. Propagated by divisions of the roots, in March.

=B. asteroides= (Aster-like).* fl.-heads flesh-coloured, stellate, disposed in a rather large terminal panicle. August. l. all entire, somewhat broadly lanceolate, narrowed at both ends. h. 2ft. North America, 1758. (B. M. 2554.)

=B. glastifolia= (woad-leaved).* fl.-heads pink. September. l., lower ones serrated. h. 1-1/2ft. North America, 1758. (B. M. 2381.)

=BOMAREA= (derivation of name doubtful). ORD. Amaryllidaceæ. A genus of handsome half-hardy twiners, closely allied to Alströmeria, from which it is chiefly distinguished by its twining habit and some difference in the capsule. They are of comparatively easy culture, thriving in a compost of peat, leaf mould, loam, and sand, with good drainage. Manure water should be given during the season of growth. Although they make fine pot plants, their full beauty is only developed when planted out in the conservatory or greenhouse border. Propagated by seeds, or by careful divisions of the underground stem. In making a division, it is necessary to observe that the part taken has some roots by which to live till new ones are formed. It should be potted at first, and may, when established, be planted out or shifted on. Seeds may be raised in a warm house without difficulty. They germinate in a few weeks; and when the young plants are 2in. or 3in. high, they should be placed separately in small pots, shifting them on as necessary, or planting them out. In favoured southern localities, several species have proved hardy, but they are much the best when grown in a greenhouse.

=B. acutifolia Ehrenbergiana= (Ehrenberg's acute-leaved). fl. undulate, outer segments deep orange, the inner ones paler and spotted. Spring. l. lanceolate acute, smooth. Mexico, 1878. (B. M. 6444).

=B. Caldasiana= (Caldas's).* fl. orange yellow, spotted crimson. l. ovate-lanceolate, acute. Peruvian Andes, 1863.

=B. Carderi= (Carder's).* fl. 2-1/2in. long by 1-1/8in. in breadth at the widest part, regularly bell-shaped, with six segments, the three outer rose-coloured, the three inner nearly equal in length, crenulate, and spotted with purplish-brown; inflorescence pendulous, and consisting of a large terminal umbellate cyme, surrounded at the base by a series of crowded leaves. l. oblong lanceolate, acuminate, about 7in. by 2-3/4in. Columbia, 1876. See Fig. 262, for which we are indebted to Mr. Bull.

=B. chontalensis= (Chontalese). fl. 1-1/2in. long, sub-campanulate, obtusely trigonous; outer segments thick, fleshy, wavy, rose-red, with a few brown spots round the margin at the tip, very convex; inner segments a little shorter, pale yellow blotched with brown; umbels surrounded by a whorl of leaves, and composed of several peduncles, each bearing four to six nodding flowers. August. l. lanceolate or ovate oblong, acuminate. Nicaragua, 1871. (B. M. 5927).

=B. conferta= (dense-flowered).* A synonym of B. patococensis.

=B. edulis= (edible). fl., outer segments rose, green tipped; inner spotted with rose. St. Domingo, &c. One of the oldest species in cultivation. The tubers are said by Tussac to be eaten in St. Domingo, like those of the Jerusalem Artichoke. See Fig. 263.

=B. frondea= (leafy). fl. 2in. long, tubulate-campanulate; outer segments narrow, oblong, yellow; inner segments 1/2in. longer than the outer ones, canary yellow, spotted with red; cymes umbellate, many-flowered, about 8in. across, base leafy. l. lanceolate, acuminate. Bogota, 1881. (G. C. n. s. 17, p. 669.)

=B. oligantha= (few-flowered).* fl. regularly funnel-shaped, about 1in. long; outer segments slightly shorter than the inner, oblanceolate, under 1/4in. abroad, obtuse, unspotted, reddish on the outside, yellow within; one or two to an umbel, on simple, flexuous, glabrous pedicels, about 1in. long. l. long, acute, about 2in. long, bright green on the upper surface, ciliated on the ribs beneath. Peru, 1877. See Fig. 264.

=B. patococensis= (Patococha). fl. 2in. to 2-1/2in. long, elongate-funnel-shaped; the three outer segments ovate lanceolate, about one-fourth shorter than the inner segments, both of a rich crimson colour; numerously borne in drooping, contracted tufts at the ends of the shoots; peduncles about 2in. to 2-1/2in. long, intermixed at the base with broadly ovate-acute, leafy bracts. August and September. l. scattered, shortly stalked, broadly lanceolate, tail pointed. Bogota, 1881. (G. C. n. s. 17, p. 187.)

=B. salsilla= (Salsilla). fl. purple, about 1/2in. long, the two inner segments having a darker spot at the base, and all of them tinged with green towards the points; collected into a terminal umbel. June. l. few, lanceolate. South America, 1806. This has proved quite hardy under various conditions.

=B. Shuttleworthii= (Shuttleworth's).* fl., perianth about 2in. long, funnel-shaped or elongate bell-shaped; segments nearly equal, oblong acute, outer ones orange vermilion, slightly tinged with green and dotted with small dark spots at the tips; inner ones more acutely pointed, canary yellow, with a red midrib, and green with dark spots at the tips; cymes umbellate, pendulous. l. ovate lanceolate, 5in. to 6in. by 2in., glabrous. Bogota, 1881. (G. C. n. s. 17, p. 77.)

=B. Williamsii= (Williams's).* fl. rose-coloured, about 2in. long, elongate funnel shape; disposed in a compound umbellate cyme. l. lanceolate, very acute, and tapering to a very short twisted petiole. New Grenada, 1882.

=BOMBACEÆ.= A division of Sterculiaceæ.

=BOMBAX= (from bombax, one of the Greek names for cotton; the pods are filled with a fine silky substance like cotton, but which it is impossible to spin into thread, in consequence of the edges being perfectly smooth). Silk Cotton Tree. ORD. Malvaceæ. A genus of large soft-wooded stove trees. Flowers scarlet or white, large, usually rising laterally from the trunk or branches, either singly or in clusters. They grow best in a rich loamy soil. Cuttings, not too ripe, taken off at a joint, placed in sand under a bell glass, in moist heat, will root readily; but plants raised from seeds brought from their natural habitats make finer trees.

=B. Ceiba= (Ceiba). fl. pale red, large. l. palmate, with five leaflets. fr. turbinate, concave at the apex. h. 100ft. South America, 1692.

=BOMBYX NEUSTRIA.= See =Lackey Moth=.

=BONA-NOX.= See =Ipomæa Bona-Nox=.

=BONAPARTEA.= See =Tillandsia=.

=BONAPARTEA JUNCEA.= A synonym of Agave geminiflora.

=BONATEA.= (in honour of M. Bonato, a distinguished Italian botanist, and a Professor of Botany at Padua). ORD. Orchideæ. A handsome terrestrial stove orchid, allied to Habenaria, and requiring similar culture.

=B. speciosa= (showy).* fl. white, galeate; petals bipartite; raceme many-flowered, compact; bracts cucullate, acuminate. August. l. oblong, sub-undulate. Stem leafy. h. 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1820. (B. M. 2926; L. B. C. 284.)

=BONGARDIA.= (named after Heinrich Gustav Bongard, a German botanist). ORD. Berberideæ. A very pretty hardy tuberous-rooted perennial, requiring a sandy soil, and good drainage, with protection at all seasons from excessive wet, otherwise it will rot. It should be carefully planted in a compost of loam, peat, leaf soil, and sand, in equal proportions, and covered with a handlight.

=B. Rauwolfii= (Rauwolf's). fl. golden yellow, on pyramidal branched panicles; stamens and petals nearly equal in length. May. l. radical, pinnate; leaflets sessile, oval-oblong, three to five-cleft at the apex, glaucous, each with a dark purple blotch at the base. h. 6in. Syria, Persia, 1740. SYN. Leontice Chrysogonum. (B. M. 6244.)

=BONNAYA= (named after Bonnay, a German botanist). ORD. Scrophulariaceæ. A small genus of usually glabrous, rarely pilose, slender, creeping or erect, annual, biennial, or perennial stove plants, almost unknown in cultivation. Flowers axillary, opposite, or alternate from abortion, usually pedicellate, the upper ones sometimes racemose, pinkish, or blue. Leaves opposite, quite entire, or toothed. They thrive in a rich sandy loam. The annual species are propagated by seeds, the others by divisions and cuttings.

=BONNETIA= (commemorative of Charles Bonnet, a French naturalist, who wrote some botanical papers in 1754). ORD. Ternstrœmiaceæ. A genus of elegant middle-sized stove trees or shrubs. Flowers large, terminal; peduncles one or many-flowered. Leaves scattered, exstipulate, coriaceous, entire, one-nerved, marked with transverse veins, sub-sessile, narrowed to the base. They thrive well in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of firm young shoots will root if placed in sand under a hand glass, in a moderate heat.

=B. sessilis= (stalkless). fl. purplish, terminal. l. oblong, coriaceous, entire. h. 15ft. Guiana, 1819.

=BORAGE.= See =Borago officinalis=.

=BORAGINACEÆ.= A large order of herbs or shrubs, having spirally-coiled inflorescence; corolla usually regular and five-lobed, with an imbricated æstivation; throat generally hairy; stamens five, inserted in the corolla. Leaves alternate, rough. Among other genera belonging to this order may be named Anchusa, Borago, Cynoglossum, Echium, Lithospermum, and Myosotis.

=BORAGO= (derivation very uncertain; probably a corruption of some eastern name). Borage. ORD. Boraginaceæ. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials or annuals, excellently adapted for naturalising in dry stony places. Flowers blue, panicled, drooping; corolla rotate; throat furnished with emarginate vaulted processes; anthers distinct, oblong or lanceolate, awned, fixed by the inner side, conniving into a cone. Nuts four, one-celled, turbinate, fixed to the bottom of the calyx. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. All the species are easily cultivated, thriving in any common soil. Propagated by divisions, in spring, or by striking the young cuttings in a cold frame. They may also be raised from seed, which should be sown from March to May, in any good garden soil, and the plants, when large enough, thinned out to 1ft. or more apart. In hot weather, Borage is generally in demand for claret cup and other drinks.

=B. laxiflora= (loose-flowered).* fl. on long pedicels, racemose, drooping; corolla pale blue; segments ovate, bluntish, erectly spreading. May to August. l. oblong, and rough from strigæ; radical ones rosulate; cauline ones half stem-clasping. Stem decumbent, many from the same root, hispid from retrograde bristles. Corsica, 1813. (B. M. 1789.)

=B. longifolia= (long-leaved).* fl. disposed in a terminal bracteate panicle; corolla blue; segments ovate, acute, spreading. July and August. l. linear-lanceolate, scabrous and downy beneath; cauline ones half stem-clasping. h. 1ft. Numidia, 1825.

=B. officinalis= (officinal).* Common Borage. fl. blue, purple, or white; segments of the corolla limb ovate, acute, spreading. June to September. l., lower ones obovate, attenuated at the base; cauline ones oblong, sessile, sub-cordate at the base. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Britain. This is the kind most cultivated in gardens for flavouring. See Fig. 265. (Sy. En. B. 36.)

=BORASSUS= (a name applied by Linnæus to the spathe of the Date Palm). ORD. Palmaceæ. A very small genus of stove trees, containing two noble species, which are distinguished by unisexual flowers, produced upon distinct plants, the males being borne in dense branching catkins, and the females on simple, or, more rarely, slightly branched spikes. Fruit very large, brown, three-seeded. Leaves fan-shaped, with spiny petioles. Trunks unarmed, often 70ft. high. They may be grown in good fibrous loam, leaf mould, and sand, mainly the former. Increased by seeds only, which require to be sown in strong bottom heat. Rarely seen in cultivation.

=B. æthiopicum= (African). l. nearly circular, and plaited, supported upon stout petioles, 6ft. to 7ft. long. Western Tropical Africa. This handsome, but rare, species is remarkable for the bulging out or swelling in its stem, near the middle, or about two-thirds of its height from the ground.

=B. flabelliformis= (fan-shaped).* l. nearly circular, and plaited like a partially-open fan, with about seventy ribs, which radiate from a common centre. h. 30ft. India, 1771.

=BORBONIA= (named after Gaston de Bourbon, Duke of Orleans, son of Henry IV. of France, a great lover and patron of botany). ORD. Leguminosæ. A genus of very ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers yellow, disposed in terminal heads, axillary. Leaves simple, amplexicaul, alternate, exstipulate, pungent. They thrive well in a mixture of peat, loam, and sand, with good drainage. Cuttings, half-ripened, obtained in April, will root freely in sandy soil if placed under a bell glass, in a cool house.

=B. barbata= (bearded).* fl. sessile, villous on the outside. July. l. narrow, lanceolate, many-nerved, complicated, ciliately-bearded, and very much acuminated; branches diverging. h. 3ft. to 4ft. 1823.

=B. cordata= (heart-shaped). fl., corolla densely villous, with the vexillum obcordate. July. l. cordate, many-nerved, quite entire, glabrous. Branches villous. h. 3ft. to 6ft. 1759.

=B. crenata= (crenated).* fl. less villous than in the rest of the species. July. l. cordate, roundish, acute, denticulated, many nerved and reticulated between the nerves, and are, as well as the branches, glabrous. h. 3ft. to 6ft. 1774. (B. M. 274.)

=B. lanceolata= (lance-shaped). fl. densely villous. July. l. ovate-lanceolate, pungent, many nerved, quite entire, sessile, glabrous, as well as the stem. h. 2ft. to 3ft. 1752. (L. B. C. 81.)

=B. ruscifolia= (Ruscus-leaved). fl. sparingly villous. July. l. cordate, many-nerved, minutely ciliated, but are otherwise glabrous as well as the branches. h. 2ft. to 4ft. 1790. (B. M. 2128.)

=BORDERS, FLOWER.= Small beds, or a continuous bed, of greater length than width, skirting a wall or shrubbery, and containing plants of a heterogeneous character. They should be slightly raised above the surrounding level, and thoroughly drained. In the first preparation of the Border, it is most essential to deeply dig or trench the ground, thoroughly incorporating a large amount of well-bodied manure; and if the soil is very stiff, wood ashes or coarse sand should be well worked in with the manure. The best time to plant such Borders is in early autumn or in March.

Where, as is frequently the case, the Borders are only 2ft. or 3ft. wide, not more than two rows of plants, either in groups or singly, will be allowable. The tall plants or shrubs should constitute the background, with dwarfer subjects in front; but formal arrangements must be avoided. The object should be to secure a continuous succession of flowers. This would entail some little trouble at first, which, however, would be amply repaid by results.

No hard-and-fast rules can be laid down as to the arrangement of the plants, which depends on individual taste and means; but the best results are obtained when the border is mainly made up of hardy herbaceous perennials, as permanent occupants, assisted by liberal quantities of summer bedding plants, such as Dahlias, Fuchsias, Geraniums, Heliotrope, Tropæolums, &c., as well as many hardy annuals and biennials. By this means, a very varied and beautiful display may be maintained, especially if bulbs are used for early spring effect, such as Narcissi, Scillas, Snowdrops, Tulips, &c. Of course, the herbaceous perennials should be selected with much care, all weedy subjects being avoided, and variety in colour and time of flowering secured. Anything like a full list of these would occupy too much space for repetition here, but the following will be found very showy and useful: Achilleas, Aconitums, Anemones, Aquilegias, Armerias, Asters, Campanulas, Carnations and Picotees, Delphiniums, Dodecatheons, Doronicums, Fritillarias, Funkias, Gaillardias, Geraniums, Geums, Hollyhocks, Iberises, Irises, Liliums, Pæonies, Papavers, Pyrethrums, double and single, Ranunculus, Trolliuses, &c.

=BORDERS, FRUIT.= These should be well drained, and if not naturally so, the soil should be excavated from 3ft. to 5ft. deep, in order to form a bottom of stones, pieces of brick, clinkers, &c. Where it is convenient, draining pipes should be added, if an outfall in the vicinity can be secured. The base of the Border should be sloped to the front, where the pipes should be laid, and the bottom covered with draining material, thereby effectually preventing the fruit trees rooting deep, which is detrimental to healthy growth. Gross-feeding vegetables or flowers should not be grown on the surface, but shallow-rooting crops will generally do no harm. Many advocate the surface being kept free from crops of any sort, simply letting it be freely exposed; whilst others equally as strenuously condemn this plan. Where necessary, chalk or some other mineral constituent of good soil which is naturally absent, may be added; but much animal manure is rarely required. The depth and width of Border may vary for different fruit trees, but efficient drainage is in all cases important.

=BORECOLE= (Brassica oleracea fimbriata). An important division of the Brassica tribe, often cultivated in gardens under the name of Kale. It comes in very useful when hard weather has rendered cabbages, &c., unfit for use, as it endures cold better than most other green vegetables. Some are also grown as ornamental foliaged plants. Like all other plants of a similar description, they require rich soil, and they should be put out in June or early in July, as it is almost useless to plant this kind of vegetable after the middle of the latter month. To obtain the best results, the ground should be deeply dug and well manured; but it must not be full of crude manure at planting time, or it will make the plants too tender and succulent in wet seasons, with the result that the first sharp frost would cause them to rot. Good hard-stemmed plants are the kinds most needed, especially for crops required in spring, when green vegetables are scarce. Cultivation: Early in April, and again a month later for succession, the seeds should be sown thinly in nursery beds, not covering them too deeply. The soil should be in a friable condition, and it is an advantage if the first beds be made under a south wall. As soon as the seedlings appear, if they are too thick, they should be thinned, as those which are drawn up weak and spindly are useless. When large enough, they should be carefully planted out, choosing showery weather, if possible, for the operation. If it is necessary to plant them in dry weather, they must be well watered-in. The rows should be from 2ft. to 3ft. apart, according to the variety, and the plants 2ft. apart in the rows; or, if potatoes are planted wide apart, the Borecole may be arranged between them. Dead leaves must be cleared away from time to time, but no green ones should be broken off. When the tops are cut for use, the stems should not be denuded of foliage, as they will soon break again and form successional crops. The plants must be kept free from weeds. After April, the Kales are of little use; the stems may therefore be pulled up, and the ground planted with some other crop. They all require the same treatment, and at their various seasons come in equally useful.

Sorts. The distinct forms are somewhat limited, but being largely cultivated on the Continent as well as all parts of Britain on account of its hardy nature, the varieties of Borecole receive a large number of names that are either synonymous with, or indistinct from, a few well-known types. Dwarf Green Curled or Scotch is probably the best and most grown; other good hardy sorts are Asparagus Kale (this name is applied to several different kinds, the best one being in use very late in spring), Buda, Cottagers', Dwarf Purple, Imperial Hearting, Ragged Jack, and Tall Green Curled. Melville's Variegated and Variegated Borecole, amongst others, have fine ornamental foliage.

=BORONIA= (named after Francis Boroni, an Italian servant of Dr. Sibthorp, who perished from an accident at Athens; he collected specimens of many of those plants which are figured in the "Flora Græca"). ORD. Rutaceæ. Very elegant and useful shrubs, requiring similar treatment to ordinary greenhouse hard-wooded subjects, and much aided with a little extra heat in spring, when breaking into growth. Flowers pretty, pink-purplish, or white; peduncles terminal, but usually axillary on the extreme branches, one to many-flowered; pedicels furnished at the base and middle with two opposite, short bracts, jointed, commonly dilated under the calyx. Leaves opposite, simple, or impari-pinnate, entire, or a little serrulated, full of pellucid dots. They should be placed out of doors from July to the middle of September; the most convenient place for them is in pits, as there are then greater facilities for protecting them from heavy rains and thunderstorms. When first put out, Boronias should not be fully exposed, but in the course of a week they may remain open to the full influence of both sun and air. Potting should be performed once a year, as soon as the top growth ceases, as the roots then extend themselves in preparation for their next year's functions. The best compost for them is one of peat and maiden loam in equal parts, and about one-sixth sharp silver sand. Many cultivators, however, prefer a compost consisting of good fibry peat and silver sand, together with some pieces of charcoal, smaller or larger, according to the size of the pots used. The soil should be rammed firmly in the pots, which must be well drained. The leading shoots should be pinched, to ensure good bushy specimens. Propagation may be effected by young cuttings, or those made from the half-ripened wood; these should be put into a thoroughly drained pot of sandy soil, with 1in. of sand on the surface, and covered with a bell glass, which must be frequently taken off and wiped dry. When in the cutting state, water must be very carefully given around the rim of the pot, without taking off the glass. If placed in a temperature of about 50deg., and shaded from bright noonday sun, they soon root, when they may be potted off singly into small pots, and plunged in sawdust, or cocoa-nut fibre refuse, in which situation but little water is needed. Pinching repeatedly, when young, is the only means to secure good ultimate growth. Air must be given on all possible opportunities.

=B. alata= (winged). fl. pale rose-colour, small; peduncles dichotomous, usually three-flowered; bracts fringed. May. l., leaflets three to five pairs, or more, crenate, revolute, pilose on the nerves beneath, as well as the rachis. h. 2ft. to 6ft. New Holland, 1823. (L. B. C. 1833.)

=B. anemonifolia= (Anemone-leaved). fl. pink; peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. May. l. stalked, trifid; segments narrow, wedge-shaped, furnished with two or three teeth at the apex, or quite entire. h. 1ft. to 3ft. New Holland, 1824. (P. M. B. 9, 123.)

=B. crenulata= (crenulate).* fl. red, small, with a fringed calyx; pedicels axillary and terminal, one-flowered. July. l. obovate, mucronulate, crenulated. h. 1ft. to 4ft. King George's Sound. (B. M. 3915.)

=B. denticulata= (finely-toothed). fl. rose-coloured; bracts deciduous; peduncles corymbose. March to August. l. linear, retuse, toothleted, terminated by a small point. h. 2ft. to 6ft. King George's Sound, 1823. (B. R. 1000.)

=B. Drummondi= (Drummond's).* fl. pretty rosy pink, freely produced during spring and summer. l. pinnatifid. h. 2ft. New Holland. A very pretty species, with a slender but compact habit of growth. There is a white-flowered variety of this species (F. d. S. 9, 881.)

=B. elatior= (tallest).* fl. pendulous, rosy carmine, very fragrant, disposed in long dense clusters along the ends of the branches. May. l. very prettily pinnately cut into linear segments. h. 4ft. Western Australia, 1874. (B. M. 6285.)

=B. ledifolia= (Ledum-leaved). fl. red; peduncles axillary, one-flowered, each bearing two bracts in the middle. March. l. linear-lanceolate, quite entire, downy beneath. h. 1ft. to 2ft. New Holland, 1814. (P. M. B. 8, 123.)

=B. megastigma= (large-stigma).* fl. numerous, axillary, fragrant, drooping, 1/2in. in diameter, sub-globose, campanulate; petals nearly orbicular, concave, maroon purple outside, and yellow within. l. sessile, pinnate, with three to five narrow linear rigid leaflets. h. 1ft. Of slender habit, with twiggy branches. South-western Australia, 1873. See Fig. 266.

=B. pinnata= (pinnate).* fl. pink, with a scent like that of Hawthorn; peduncles dichotomous. February to May. l., leaflets two, three or four pairs, linear, acute, quite smooth. h. 1ft. to 3ft. New Holland, 1794. (B. M. 1763.)

=B. polygalæfolia= (Polygala-leaved). fl. red; peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. March to July. l. linear-lanceolate, quite entire, opposite, alternate, and three in a whorl. h. 1ft. to 3ft. Port Jackson, 1824.

=B. serrulata= (serrulate).* fl. of a deep rose colour, very fragrant; peduncles aggregate, terminal. July. l. trapeziform, acute, serrulated in front, smooth, full of glandular dots. h. 1ft. to 6ft. Port Jackson, 1816. (B. R. 842.)

=B. tetrandra= (four-stamened). fl. pale purple; pedicels short, one-flowered. May. l. impari-pinnate; leaflets four to five pairs, linear, obtuse, smooth; branches pilose. h. 1ft. to 4ft. New Holland, 1824. (P. M. B. 16, 227.)

=BORRERIA= (named after William Borrer, F.L.S., a profound botanist and cryptogamist). ORD. Rubiaceæ. A large genus of stove herbs or sub-shrubs, now referred to Spermacoce. Flowers small, white, rarely blue, disposed in verticillate heads, in the axils of the leaves, or on the tops of the branches, rarely cymose or corymbose. Leaves opposite, or the young ones disposed in fascicles in the axils of the old ones, and therefore appearing verticillate; stipules joining with the petioles, more or less sheathing, fringed by many bristles. Stems and branches usually tetragonal. The species are of easy culture, thriving in a light soil. Cuttings of the perennial kinds strike root readily in the same kind of soil, in heat. The annual kinds require a similar treatment to other tender annuals.

=B. stricta= (straight). A dwarf shrub, but closely allied to the next species. Porto Rico.

=B. verticillata= (whorled-flowered). fl. white. July. l. linear lanceolate, acuminated, opposite, but appearing verticillate from the fascicles of young leaves in the axils. h. 2ft. West Indies, 1732.

=BOSCIA= (named after Louis Bosc, a French professor of agriculture). SYN. Podoria. ORD. Capparidaceæ. A small genus of stove plants, requiring a soil of lumpy, fibry loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings of firm wood, placed in sand, under a glass, in heat.

=B. senegalensis= (Senegal). fl. white, small, apetalous, corymbose. h. 3ft. Senegal, 1824. An unarmed evergreen shrub. (L. E. M. 395.)

=BOSSIÆA= (named after M. Bossier Lamartinière, a French botanist, who accompanied the unfortunate La Peyrouse round the world). ORD. Leguminosæ. A genus of elegant Australian greenhouse shrubs. Flowers yellow, axillary and solitary, the base of the vexillum or the keel generally blotched or veined with purple. Leaves simple, of various forms. A mixture of turfy loam, leaf mould, peat, and sand, with very free drainage, suits these plants best. Half-ripened cuttings will root freely if placed in a pot of sand with a bell glass over them, in a cool house. Seeds should be sown, in March, on a slight hotbed.

=B. cinerea= (ashy-grey). fl. yellow, the vexillum furnished with a purple circle at the base, and the keel dark purple. May. l. nearly sessile, cordate acute, ending in a spiny mucrone, scabrous above, but pilose on the nerves beneath, with recurved margins. Branches terete, crowded with leaves, vinous. h. 1ft. to 3ft. 1824. SYNS. B. cordifolia, B. tenuicaulis. (B. M. 3895.)

=B. cordifolia= (heart-leaved). A synonym of B. cinerea.

=B. disticha= (two-ranked).* fl. yellowish-red; peduncles solitary, axillary, one-flowered, longer than the leaves. March to May. l. distichous, ovate, obtuse. Young branches terete. h. 1-1/2ft. Swan River, 1840. (B. R. 1841, 55.)

=B. ensata= (sword-shaped). fl. yellowish, with the back and base of the vexillum of a brownish orange-purple colour; keel brownish-purple. April. Branches flat, linear, leafless, toothed, the teeth bearing the flowers; upper bracts distant from the lower ones, shorter than the pedicel. h. 1ft. to 2ft. 1825. (S. F. A. 51.)

=B. foliosa= (leafy). fl. yellow and orange. May to June. l. alternate, small, orbicular, retuse, scabrous, with revolute margins, silky beneath; stipules permanent, hooked, longer than the petioles. Branches straight, terete, villous. h. 1ft. to 3ft. 1824.

=B. lenticularis= (lentil-leaved). A synonym of B. rhombifolia.

=B. linnæoides= (Linnæa-like).* fl. yellow; keel dark brown; corolla about twice the length of the calyx; pedicels solitary one-flowered, elongated. May. l. elliptic, mucronate. Branches terete, prostrate, puberulous. 1824. A procumbent shrub.

=B. linophylla= (Flax-leaved).* fl. orange and purple. July to August. l. linear, with recurved margins. Branches compressed, leafy. h. 1ft. to 4ft. 1803. (B. M. 2491.)

=B. microphylla= (small-leaved). l. cuneiformly obcordate, glabrous. Branches terete, leafy, spinescent; young branches rather compressed and pubescent. h. 1ft. to 2ft. 1803. (L. B. C. 656.)

=B. rhombifolia= (diamond-leaved).* fl. yellow, the vexillum having a dark red zonate mark at the base; wings red at the base; keel brownish-purple. April. l. rhomboidal-orbicular, somewhat emarginate and mucronate. Branches terete; branchlets compressed, leafy. h. 1ft. to 3ft. 1820. SYN. B. lenticularis. (L. B. C. 1238.)

=B. rotundifolia= (round-leaved). l. roundish, or broadly obovate, somewhat mucronate, flat, four to five lines long and five to six broad. Branches and branchlets leafy, compressed. h. 1ft. to 2ft. 1824.

=B. scolopendrium= (plank-plant). fl. yellow, with the back of the vexillum and keel brownish-red. May. l. (when present) ovate and smooth. Branches flat, linear, leafless, toothed, with the teeth bearing the flowers; keel naked; superior bracts permanent, imbricate, equal in length to the peduncles. h. 3ft. to 10ft. 1792. (B. M. 1235.)

=B. tenuicaulis= (slender-stemmed). Synonymous with B. cinerea.

=BOSWELLIA= (named after Dr. Boswell, formerly of Edinburgh). Olibanum Tree. ORD. Burseraceæ. Ornamental and economic evergreen stove trees. Flowers hermaphrodite; calyx five-toothed, permanent; petals five, obovate-oblong, spreading, with the margins incumbent in æstivation; disk cup-shaped, crenate; stamens ten; capsule trigonal. They are of easy culture, thriving well in loam and peat soil. Cuttings root readily if placed in sand under a glass.

=B. glabra= (glabrous). fl. white, small, with a red nectary and yellow anthers; racemes aggregate, simple, terminal, shorter than the leaves. l. impari-pinnate; leaflets broad, lanceolate, blunt, serrated, smooth. h. 30ft. Coromandel, 1823. (B. F. S. 124.)

=B. serrata= (saw-edged-leaved).* fl. whitish-yellow; racemes axillary, simple. l. impari-pinnate; leaflets ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrated, pubescent. h. 20ft. India, 1820. (T. L. S. xv., 4.)

=BOTANY BAY GUM.= See =Xanthorrhæa arborea=.

=BOTANY BAY TEA= (and =TREE=). See =Smilax glycyphylla=.

=BOTHY.= A residence for under-gardeners, usually built behind the hothouses, or some high wall, in what is called a back shed. The place is too frequently a cramped, ill-ventilated hovel. A Bothy proper should be an independent structure, and fitted with modern conveniences; for, of all people, gardeners are the most susceptible to colds, &c. A library of standard horticultural and botanical works, as well as a few on other scientific subjects, and a moderate number of high-class books of fiction, one or more weekly gardening and other papers, should be supplied by the employer. During the winter months, for mutual improvement, lectures should be delivered, or papers read, by each gardener, on various subjects, after which a free discussion should take place upon the paper or lecture, by which means a great amount of good would be accomplished.

=BOTRYCHIUM= (from botrys, a bunch; in reference to the bunch-like disposition of the indusia). Moonwort. ORD. Filices. A genus of very interesting and pretty little hardy ferns. Capsules sessile, arranged in two rows on the face of spikes which form a compound panicle. They require a compost of sandy loam; perfect drainage is most essential. For general culture, see =Ferns=.

=B. australe= (southern). A variety of B. ternatum.

=B. daucifolium= (Daucus-leaved). sti. stout, 6in. to 12in. long; petiole of sterile segments 1in. to 6in. long, the latter 6in. to 12in. each way, deltoid, tripinnatifid or tripinnate, the lower pinnæ largest; segments lanceolate-oblong, 1/4in. to 3/8in. broad, finely toothed. fertile peduncle equalling the sterile segments when mature; panicle 2in. to 4in. long; tripinnate, not very close. Himalayas, &c. Greenhouse species. SYN. B. subcarnosum.

=B. Lunaria.= Common Moonwort.* sti. 1in. to 4in. long. sterile segments sessile, or nearly so, 1in. to 3in. long, 1/2in. to 1in. broad, base much broader than the middle, cut down to a flattened rachis into several distinct, close, entire, or notched cuneate-flabellate pinnæ on both sides. fertile peduncle equalling or exceeding the sterile portion; panicle close, 1in. to 2in. long. England, &c. Hardy. See Fig. 267.

=B. lunarioides= (Lunaria-like). A variety of B. ternatum.

=B. obliquum= (oblique). A variety of B. ternatum.

=B. subcarnosum= (sub-fleshy). A synonym of B. daucifolium.

=B. ternatum= (ternate).* sti. 1in. to 2in. long. petiole of the sterile segments 2in. to 4in. long, the latter 3in. to 6in. each way, deltoid, tri- or quadripinnatifid; lower pinnæ much the largest. fertile peduncle 6in. to 9in. long; panicle 1in. to 6in. long; deltoid, very compound. Nootka and Hudson's Bay territory. Several so-called species come very close to this, including australe, lunarioides, and obliquum, which are only geographical varieties. Greenhouse species.

=B. virginianum= (Virginian).* sti. 3in. to 18in. long. sterile segments sessile, 4in. to 12in. each way, deltoid, quadripinnatifid; lower pinnæ much the largest; pinnules oval-oblong, close, cut down to the rachis into finely cut linear-oblong segments. fertile peduncle equalling or exceeding the sterile part of the plant when mature; panicle 1in. to 4in. long, loose, oblong. Oregon, and North United States, 1790. A hardy species in sheltered places. (H. G. F. 29.)

=BOTTLE-GOURD.= See =Lagenaria=.

=BOTTLE-TREE.= See =Sterculia rupestris=.

=BOTTOM HEAT.= This is usually secured by passing hot-water pipes through an air chamber, or a water tank, beneath a bed of plunging material. The covering of the tank or chamber is best made of slate. The heat must be regulated according to the requirements of the subjects grown; this is easily accomplished by using the valve. A thermometer should be placed in the tank or bed. Bottom-heat is indispensable for propagating plants from seeds and cuttings, especially in spring. See =Heating= and =Hotbeds=.

=BOUCEROSIA= (from boukeros, furnished with buffaloes' horns; in reference to the curved lobes of the corona) ORD. Asclepiadaceæ. A genus of greenhouse succulent perennials, allied to Stapelia, and requiring the same culture. Flowers numerous, terminal, umbellate; corolla sub-campanulate, five-cleft; segments broadly triangular, with acute recesses; stramineous corona fifteen-lobed; lobes disposed in a double series; the five inner ones opposite the stamens and lying upon the anthers; the rest exterior, erect, or a little incurved at apex, adhering to the back of the inner ones. Branches and stems tetragonal, with toothed angles.

=B. europæa= (European). fl. purple-brown, yellow. Summer. h. 4in. Sicily, 1833. SYNS. Apteranthes and Stapelia Gussoniana. See Fig. 268. (B. R. 1731.)

=B. maroccana= (Morocco).* fl. dark red purple, with yellow concentric lines. Summer. l. minute, trowel-shaped, deflexed at tip of stem angles. h. 4in. Morocco, 1875. (B. M. 6137.)

=BOUCHEA= (named after C. and P. Bouche, German naturalists). ORD. Verbenaceæ. A small genus of stove or greenhouse evergreen herbs or sub-shrubs. Flowers sub-sessile, in spicate racemes, which are either terminal or in the forking of two branches; corolla funnel-shaped. Leaves opposite, toothed. They thrive in a well-drained compost of loam and sandy peat. Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand, under a glass, and in a gentle heat, during spring.

=B. cuneifolia= (wedge-shaped-leaved). fl. white. April. h. 4ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1821. A greenhouse evergreen shrub. SYN. Chascanum cuneifolium.

=B. pseudogervao= (false-gervaô). fl. purplish, with white throat; spike terminal, 6in. to 10in. long, slender. September. l. opposite, ovate, or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, serrated. Stems tetragonous. h. 2ft. to 5ft. Brazil, 1874. A stove perennial. (B. M. 6221).

=BOUGAINVILLEA= (named after De Bougainville, a French navigator). ORD. Nyctagineæ. Gorgeous warm greenhouse or conservatory plants, comprising some of the most showy climbers in cultivation. Their beauty lies in the bracts, which envelop the small greenish flowers. B. glabra may be grown in pots, or planted out in the greenhouse borders; the others are best planted out, as they root very freely, and plenty of space would be occupied if allowed, but it is best to limit it, as they bloom much better. Strict training and pinching are not desirable, being prejudicial to the free production of bloom; indeed, the best plan is to allow the plants to ramble freely over the roof of a moderately high house, or along the upper portion of a back wall; they will then bloom profusely for several months in the year, provided proper attention be paid to watering, and that the plants are in a well-drained situation. In preparing a border for their reception, the first point to be considered is the drainage, which must be perfect. This is best effected by placing a layer of brick rubbish, 6in. to 9in. in thickness, communicating with the drain, by which means all sourness and stagnancy of the soil will be obviated. The bed should be excavated to a depth of 18in. or 2ft. Three parts turfy loam, and one part leaf soil, with the admixture of a liberal quantity of sharp gritty sand, will form a suitable compost for the culture of Bougainvilleas. The amount of sand incorporated must depend upon the quality of the other components, heavy loam requiring more than that which is more friable. The occasional incorporation of manure in the compost is not to be recommended; but a liberal application of liquid manure will be of material advantage, especially if the root space is limited. When the plants cease blooming each year—-about November or December—-they should be dried off and rested; and in February they should be closely spurred in, the same as with vines, and all weak leaders removed, so that strong wood only is left. When grown in pots, they must be started in brisk heat. They are easily increased by cuttings prepared from the half-ripened wood; these should be placed in sandy soil, in a brisk bottom heat, when they will soon root. Scale, red spider, and mealy bug are the only insects likely to infest the plants, and recipes for their destruction will be found under each individual name.

=B. glabra= (smooth).* fl., inflorescence panicled, smaller than that of B. speciosa, each branchlet producing cordate-ovate acute rosy bracts, in threes. Summer. l. bright green, smooth. Brazil, 1861. This is by far the best species for pot culture, and forms a very showy plant when well grown.

=B. speciosa= (beautiful).* fl., bracts large, cordate, delicate lilac rose, produced in immense panicles, which, in well grown specimens, are so freely produced as to entirely shroud the whole plant. March to June. l. ovate, very dark green, covered on the upper surface with small hairs. Stems branched, abundantly furnished with large recurved spines. Brazil, 1861. (F. M. i., 62.)

=B. spectabilis= (showy). fl., bracts of a dull brick-red, shaded with scarlet. South America, 1829. It is very difficult to obtain bloom on this plant; and when flowers are produced, they are extremely ephemeral. The species is, for all practical purposes, much inferior to either of the foregoing. SYN. Josepha augusta. See Fig. 269.

=BOURBON PALM.= See =Latania=.

=BOUSSINGAULTIA= (named after Boussingault, a celebrated chemist). ORD. Chenopodiaceæ. Very pretty half-hardy, tuberous-rooted plants, requiring a rich vegetable sandy soil, and a well-drained sunny aspect, under which conditions the first-mentioned species develops into a very luxuriant trailing plant, attaining a length of 20in. or more. Propagated freely by means of the tubercles of the stem; these are, however, extremely brittle.

=B. baselloides= (Basella-like).* fl. white, ultimately becoming black, fragrant, small, disposed in clusters, 2in. to 4in. long, which are axillary at the ends of the branches. Late autumn. l. alternate, cordate, smooth, shining, fleshy, slightly wavy. Stems very twining, tinged red, very quick-growing, producing tubercles. South America, 1835. (B. M. 3620.)

=B. Lachaumei= (Lachaume's). fl. rose, constantly in perfection. Cuba, 1872. A stove species.

=BOUVARDIA= (named after Dr. Charles Bouvard, formerly superintendent of the Jardin du Roi, at Paris). ORD. Rubiaceæ. Handsome greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Peduncles terminal, three-flowered, or trichotomous and corymbose; corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, elongated, beset with velvety papillæ outside, and a four-parted, spreading, short limb. Leaves opposite, or in whorls; stipules narrow, acute, adnate to the petioles on both sides. These extensively cultivated plants are among the most useful for conservatory or greenhouse decoration (see Fig. 270. for which we are indebted to Messrs. Cannell and Sons), and the flowers are largely employed in a cut state. Perhaps only two are fragrant, viz., jasminiflora and Humboldtii. Cultivation: Presuming the grower to be commencing with young rooted cuttings, these should be potted off into a mixture of good fibrous loam, leaf soil, and sand, in equal proportions, to which may be added a small quantity of peat; they should then be placed in a temperature of from 70deg. to 80deg. until fully established in the small pots. It is necessary at this stage to stop the young plants back to the first joint, and as they continue to make fresh breaks, to keep on pinching them back during the whole period of cultivation, or until sufficiently bushy plants are produced. Many growers neglect stopping far too much, the result being ill-shaped and almost flowerless plants. The pinching, of course, can be regulated by the time the plants are required to flower; and it is unwise, in most cases, to stop them after the end of August. When the small pots are well filled with roots, the plants should be shifted into the flowering pots, viz., large 48-sized, which are quite commodious enough to grow very fine plants, a similar compost as in the first potting, with a little Standen's manure added, being used, and good drainage provided. A cool greenhouse, with a damp bottom for the pots to rest upon, and with a moist atmosphere, is the most suitable place in which to grow them during late spring and early summer, the moist air being very desirable as an effectual check to red spider, a pest very fond of the foliage, which it permanently disfigures. A cold pit or close frame is better during the summer months, as a moist atmosphere and cool bottom are then certain. Ventilation may be effected during the greater part of the day by tilting the lights below, and on fine nights they may be removed altogether. During bright sunshine, shading will be beneficial. All through the period of active growth, it is absolutely necessary that the plants should receive plenty of water, or they will surely suffer; and when the pots are filled with roots, occasional doses of manure water will be beneficial. Many cultivators plant them out about the end of June, in favoured situations, or in spent hotbeds, when they make very vigorous growth; and, if carefully pinched and watered, fine specimens are obtained. These are lifted in early autumn, with a good ball, potted, and kept shaded for a few days until the roots are again active, when they are taken to the house in which they are intended to bloom, and an enormous supply of flowers is secured. We have also seen Bouvardias planted out permanently in beds, in prepared pits, in which the winter temperature was not less than 55deg., with very satisfactory results; the quantity of bloom being very great. Of course, with the last-named treatment, it is essential to give the plants a rest and hardening-off after flowering, and when they are started into fresh growth to keep them well pinched and watered. Bouvardias are liable to the attacks of red spider and green fly. The former stands little chance of existence if the plants are kept well supplied with moisture; the latter may be destroyed by fumigating with tobacco. Mealy bug are also troublesome, and should be sponged off with a solution of Gishurst's Compound. Propagation: After flowering, and a slight rest and hardening-off, the old plants should be cut back, placed in heat, in a stove or cucumber pit, and freely syringed, which will cause them to break freely, and produce a good supply of cuttings. When the young shoots are from 1-1/2in. to 2in. long., they are in the best condition for striking. It is not necessary that they should be cut off at a joint, as they will root from any surface of the stem; and, working economically, it is wiser to cut them off just above the first joint, as other shoots will speedily break out, which may, in their turn, be taken. Pots about 5in. across should have previously been prepared for the cuttings, by being well drained and filled with a mixture of good fibrous loam, leaf soil, and coarse sand, in equal parts, with a copious supply of sand upon the surface, into which the cuttings should be dibbled pretty thickly. A good watering must be given without wetting, and thereby injuring, the foliage. The pots should be plunged in the cutting case, or in any bottom heat of about 70deg. or 80deg., and covered with a bell glass. All that is then necessary is to keep them moist and shady during sunshine, until they are rooted, which, as a rule, is effected in three weeks' time. When well established, they may be removed from the case, gradually hardened off, and finally potted singly into small thumb pots.

=B. angustifolia= (narrow-leaved).* fl. pale red; corymbs somewhat trichotomous. September. l. three in a whorl, lanceolate, with revolute edges, glabrous above, but beset with fine hairs beneath. Branches terete, smoothish. h. 2ft. Mexico, 1838. (P. M. B. 7, 99.)

=B. Cavanillesii= (Cavanilles's). fl. red; peduncles terminal, trifid, three-flowered. May. l. opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, rather villous beneath. h. 1-1/2ft. Mexico, 1846. SYN. B. multiflora. (J. H. S. 3, 246.)

=B. flava= (yellow).* fl. yellow, drooping; racemes three to five-flowered; pedicels downy, slender. March. l. opposite, ovate-lanceolate, ciliated; stipules setaceous. h. 1-1/2ft. Mexico, 1845. (B. R. 32, 32.)

=B. hirtella= (hairy). fl. pale red or flesh-coloured, corymbose. l. whorled, lanceolate, with revoluted edges, hairy on both surfaces. Branches terete. Mexico.

=B. Humboldtii corymbiflora= (Humboldt's corymb-flowered).* fl. white, large, fragrant, disposed in terminal racemes; tubes long. Autumn and winter. l. ovate, oblong-acuminate, dark green. 1874. One of the finest kinds in cultivation. (G. C. 1873, 717.)

=B. Jacquini= (Jacquin's). A synonym of B. triphylla.

=B. jasminiflora= (Jasmine-flowered).* fl. white, fragrant, in compound cymes; very floriferous. Winter. l. opposite, elliptic-acuminate. South America, 1869. A very charming and largely grown species. (G. C. 1872, 215.)

=B. leiantha= (smooth-flowered).* fl. scarlet; corymbs sub-trichotomous. July to November. l. ternate, ovate-acuminate, slightly hairy above, downy-villous beneath. h. 2ft. Mexico, 1850. See Fig. 271. (B. H. 2, 6.)

=B. longiflora= (long-flowered).* fl. white, terminal, solitary, sessile, with the tube 2in. or 3in. long. l. opposite, oblong, acute, cuneated at the base, glabrous. Branches compressedly tetragonal, glabrous. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Mexico, 1827. (B. M. 4223.)

=B. multiflora= (many-flowered). A synonym of B. Cavanillesii.

=B. triphylla= (three-leaved).* fl. scarlet, nearly 1in. long; corymbs somewhat trichotomous. July. l. smoothish above, hairy beneath, three in a whorl, oblong. Branchlets trigonal, hairy. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Mexico, 1794. There are numerous varieties of this species. SYN. B. Jacquini. (B. M. 1854.)

=B. versicolor= (various-coloured). fl., corolla with a scarlet tube, which is 3/4in. long, but having the limb yellowish inside; corymbs three-flowered, trichotomous, drooping. July to September. l. opposite, lanceolate, ciliated. Branches terete, glabrous, velvety while young. h. 2ft. to 3ft. South America, 1814. (B. R. 245.)

The garden hybrids are very handsome. A selection is given below:

ALFRED NEUNER, flowers double, white, or slightly tinged with rose (see Fig. 272); BRILLIANT, flowers bright crimson, numerous, freely branching habit, and strong constitution; DAZZLER,* habit very bushy and compact, extremely floriferous, flowers rich scarlet, in dense clusters; HOGARTH, brilliant scarlet, very fine; LONGIFLORA FLAMMEA,* flowers long-tubed, blush-rose; MAIDEN'S BLUSH,* very free and floriferous, blush-rose; PRESIDENT GARFIELD, rich double, red-pink, very fine; QUEEN OF ROSES, rosy-pink, the tubes tinted with crimson, habit dwarf and very free; VREELANDI (=DAVIDSONI), flowers pure white, produced in great abundance; one of the most useful of them all, and grown very extensively.

=BOWENIA= (commemorative of Sir G. Bowen, Governor of Queensland). ORD. Cycadaceæ. A remarkable and handsome greenhouse fern-like plant, closely allied to Zamia, from which it is distinguished by having the leaflets decurrent to the petiole, instead of articulated, as in that genus. For culture, see =Cycas=.

=B. spectabilis= (showy).* fl., male cones small, ovoid, 1/2in. to 3/4in. long; female oblong-globose, 3-3/4in. long. l. bipinnatisect, on tall, slender petioles; leaflets falcate-lanceolate, decurrent; stem short, thick, cylindrical. Queensland, Australia, 1863. (B. M. 5398 and 6008.)

=B. s. serrulata= (finely-toothed).* This differs from the type in having the margins distinctly toothed or serrated. Rockingham Bay, 1863.

=BOWIEA= (named after J. Bowie, a botanical collector for the Royal Gardens, Kew). ORD. Liliaceæ. A very interesting greenhouse or half-hardy twining bulbous perennial, thriving in a sunny border, under the wall of a greenhouse, where it will require protection during winter. It does well in any light well drained soil, and may be propagated by seeds or offsets.

=B. volubilis= (twining). fl. few, remote, pedicellate; perianth six-partite, persistent; segments equal, green, lanceolate, 1/4in. long, at length reflexed. October. True leaves are frequently not developed for years; but the green, fleshy, mostly abortive inflorescence performs their functions. South Africa, 1866. See Fig. 273.

=BOX.= See =Buxus=.

=BOX ELDER.= See =Negundo=.

=BOX THORN.= See =Lycium=.

=BRABEIUM= (from brabeion, a sceptre; in reference to the racemosed flowers). African Almond. ORD. Proteaceæ. An ornamental greenhouse evergreen tree. For culture, &c., see =Banksia=.

=B. stellatifolium= (star-leaved). fl. white, sweet-scented, disposed in elegant, axillary, spiked racemes. August. l. whorled, simple, serrate. h. 15ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1731.

=BRACHYCHITON= (from brachys, short, and chiton, a coat of mail; plants covered with imbricated hairs and scales). ORD. Sterculiaceæ. A genus of tropical or sub-tropical Australian trees or shrubs, allied to Sterculia, from which it differs in very minor points. They are of easy culture in a loamy soil. Propagated by young cuttings, planted in sandy soil, in gentle heat.

=B. acerifolium= (Acer-leaved). fl. bright red. l. long-stalked, deeply five to seven-lobed. h. from 60ft. to 120ft.

=B. Bidwillii= (Bidwill's).* fl. bright red, arranged in axillary bunches. l. stalked, heart-shaped, entire, or three-lobed, and covered with a soft pubescence. 1851. (B. M. 5133.)

=B. diversifolium= (various-leaved). l. coriaceous, obtuse, lanceolate, entire, or three-lobed, glabrous; lobes acuminate. h. 20ft. to 60ft. 1824.

=BRACHYCOME= (from brachys, short, and kome, hair). Swan River Daisy. ORD. Compositæ. A genus of beautiful little half-hardy perennials or annuals, closely resembling Bellis in structure. Involucral bracts membranous at the margin; receptacle pitted, naked. Fruit compressed, surmounted by a very short bristly pappus. B. iberidifolia is one of the prettiest of summer annuals, and in the open border it flowers profusely, if in a dry, sunny spot. Towards the autumn, it may be removed to the greenhouse, where it will still continue flowering for several weeks. Seeds may be sown in a gentle hotbed, early in the spring, and, when large enough, planted out in borders or beds, 6in. apart; or they may be sown thinly out of doors, late in April, and thinned out, when they will flower a month later than those sown in the hotbed.

=B. iberidifolia= (Iberis-leaved).* fl.-heads blue or white, with a dark centre, about 1in. in diameter. Summer and autumn. l. pinnate; segments linear. Plant erect, glabrous. h. 1ft. Swan River, 1843. See Fig. 274.

=BRACHYLÆNA= (from brachys, short, and læna, a cloak or covering; referring to the shortness of the involucre). ORD. Compositæ. A genus of South African evergreen greenhouse shrubs, nearly allied to Baccharis. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by cuttings, made of half-ripened shoots, placed in a well-drained pot of sandy soil, under a bell glass.

=B. dentata= (toothed). fl.-heads yellow. l. lanceolate, acute, entire, rusty beneath when young, when adult quite glabrous.

=B. nerifolia= (Nerium-leaved).* fl.-heads yellow, in branching racemes or panicles. August to November. l. lanceolate, serrated with one or two teeth forward. h. 2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1752.

=BRACHYOTUM= (from brachys, short, and otos, the ear; in reference to the short appendages at the base of the anthers). ORD. Melastomaceæ. A handsome greenhouse evergreen shrub, with a bushy habit. Allied, and requiring similar culture, to Pleroma (which see).

=B. confertum= (crowded).* fl. purple, terminal, nodding, with cream-coloured bracts. November. l. oblong or ovate, small, three-nerved, with adpressed hairs. Andes, Peru, 1873. (B. M. 6018.)

=BRACHYSEMA= (from brachys, short, and sema, a standard; the standard of the flower is very short). ORD. Leguminosæ. Elegant procumbent or climbing greenhouse, evergreen shrubs. Racemes axillary and terminal, few-flowered. Leaves alternate, oval or ovate, entire, mucronate, silky on the under surface. They thrive in a compost of peat, leaf soil, and loam, in equal proportions, made porous, if necessary, by the addition of sand. Increased by cuttings, made of half-ripened shoots in summer, placed in sandy soil, under a bell glass, in a gentle bottom heat; or by layers. Seeds may be sown in March, in heat. Brachysemas require thorough drainage, whether grown in pots or planted out. B. latifolium does best under the latter treatment, when it forms a magnificent climber for pillars or the roof.

=B. lanceolatum= (lanceolate-leaved). fl. rich scarlet, with the margin of the vexillum white, red at the disk, with a large yellow spot in the centre, each about 1in. long, disposed in axillary, sub-compound racemes. l. opposite, rarely alternate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, silky white beneath. h. 3ft. Swan River, 1848. (B. M. 4652.)

=B. latifolium= (broad-leaved).* fl. crimson-scarlet, large; vexillum oblong-ovate. April. l. ovate, flat, silky beneath. New Holland, 1803. A handsome climber. (B. R. 118.)

=B. melanopetalum= (black-petaled). Synonymous with B. undulatum.

=B. undulatum= (undulated).* fl. deep violet-maroon, solitary or twin; vexillum oblong, cordate, convolute, and bluntish above. March. l. oblong-ovate, mucronate, undulated. New South Wales, 1820. A tall subscandent plant. SYN. B. melanopetalum. (B. R. 642.)

=BRACHYSPATHA= (from brachys, short, and spatha, a spathe; the spathe is much shorter than the spadix). ORD. Aroideæ. Stove tuberous perennial, allied to, and requiring the same cultivation as, Amorphophallus (which see).

=B. variabilis= (variable).* fl. exhaling an abominable fœtor, which is, however, of very short duration; spathe much shorter than the spadix, greenish-purple, sharply acuminate, and many-nerved; spadix whitish, with female flower at the base, and above contiguous to them are the males without any intermediate neutral flowers; anthers orange red; the naked apex of the spadix is very long, wrinkled, and pitted on the surface. l. solitary, 18in. across; the spotted petiole divides at the top into three main divisions, each of which is again forked and deeply pinnately cut; the segments alternate, sessile, or decurrent, very unequal in size, ovate or oval-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, shining. h. 3ft. India, 1876. (G. C. 1876, 129.)

=BRACHYSTELMA= (from brachys, short, and stelma, a crown; in reference to the short coronal processes of the flowers). ORD. Asclepiadaceæ. Extremely curious little suffruticose, tuberous, twining, greenhouse perennials. Corolla campanulate, having angular sinuses; corona simple, five-cleft, lobes opposite the anthers, simple on the back. Leaves opposite, membranous. They thrive best in fibry loam. Propagated by cuttings, which will root in sandy soil, in heat; also by divisions of the root.

=B. Arnotti= (Arnott's). fl. brown, green. l. in opposite pairs, nearly sessile, crisped, ovate, dull green above, densely grey, pubescent beneath. h. 4in. South Africa, 1868. (Ref. B. i., 9.)

=B. Barberæ= (Mrs. Barber's). fl. dingy purple, speckled with yellow. August. l. large, linear-oblong, acute. h. 6in. South Africa, 1866. (B. M. 5607.)

=B. ovata= (ovate-leaved). fl. yellowish-green. l. ovate, shortly-stalked, pubescent. h. 1ft. South Africa, 1872. (Ref. B. 226.)

=B. spathulatum= (spathulate-leaved). fl. green. June. l. spathulate, oblong, hairy. h. 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1826. (B. R. 1113.)

=B. tuborosum= (tuberous). fl. purple. June. l. linear-lanceolate, ciliate. h. 1-1/2ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1821. (B. M. 2343.)

=BRACKEN=, or =BRAKE FERN=. See =Pteris aquilina=.

=BRACTEATE.= Having bracts.

=BRACTEOLATE.= Having secondary bracts between the true bracts and the flowers.

=BRACTS.= Modified leaves placed near the calyx on the peduncle or pedicel.

=BRAHEA= (named after Tycho Brahe, the celebrated astronomer). ORD. Palmeæ. A small genus of dwarf palms, with fan-shaped leaves, and hermaphrodite, greenish flowers. They require rich light loam and fibrous peat, in equal parts, to which may be added a good portion of washed sand; thorough drainage and liberal supplies of water are also absolutely necessary. Propagated by seeds. During summer, they may be removed to the greenhouse, and can be employed with much success for sub-tropical gardening.

=B. dulcis= (sweet).* l. nearly circular, bright shining green; petioles clothed with woolly tomentum, armed at the edges with small close-set spines, and enveloped at the base in a network of brown fibre. Stem stout. Mexico, 1865. A rare and slow developing species.

=B. filamentosa= (filamentose). A synonym of Washingtonia filifera.

=BRAINEA= (commemorative of C. J. Braine, Esq., of Hong Kong, China). ORD. Filices. Sori continuous along transverse veins, near the midrib, and also produced along the veins in the direction of the edge of the frond.

=B. insignis= (remarkable), which is the only species, has a trunk 3in. to 4in. thick; scales linear, nearly 1in. long. sti. firm, 3in. to 4in. long, scaly only at the base. fronds 2ft to 3ft. long, 8in. to 12in. broad, simply pinnate; pinnæ close, numerous, linear, finely serrated. Hong Kong, 1856. A very handsome and interesting greenhouse tree fern, requiring a soil of loam and peat, in equal parts, with the addition of some sharp sand, and thorough drainage.

=BRAMBLE.= See =Rubus=.

=BRASSAVOLA= (named in honour of A. M. Brassavola, a Venetian botanist). ORD. Orchideæ. A genus of epiphytal orchids, requiring the heat of an intermediate house. Flowers large, usually with narrow acuminate greenish petals and sepals, and a white lip, which is sometimes broad; column having a pair of great falcate ears on each side of the front, and eight pollen masses. Leaves solitary, succulent. They are of easy culture on blocks of wood, with a little moss, suspended from the roof. Water should be plentifully given during the growing season; at other times, a very small quantity will suffice. About seventeen or eighteen species have been introduced, of which the following only are worth growing:

=B. acaulis= (stemless). fl. large; sepals and petals long, narrow, greenish and creamy-white; lip large, heart-shaped, and pure white; base of tube spotted with dull rose. September. l. very narrow, rush-like. h. 4in. Central America, 1852. (P. F. G. ii., 152.)

=B. Digbyana= (Digby's).* fl. solitary, 4in. across, produced from the top of the bulb; sepals and petals creamy-white; lip same colour, streaked with purple down the centre, and beautifully fringed. Winter. h. 9in. Honduras, 1844. A compact-growing evergreen. (B. M. 4474.)

=B. Gibbsiana= (Gibbs's).* fl. white, spotted with chocolate, large, three on each spike. l. rather broad and very thick. This rare, erect-growing species must be potted in peat and sphagnum.

=B. glauca= (glaucous).* fl. solitary, produced from a sheath at the top of the bulb; sepals and petals yellow; lip orange, with a white throat. Early spring. l. of a milky-green. h. 1ft. Vera Cruz, 1837. A very handsome fragrant species, somewhat difficult to flower, but this obstacle may be overcome by liberally growing during the proper season, and giving it a severe dry rest. (B. M. 4033.)

=B. lineata= (lined).* fl. large, very fragrant; sepals and petals creamy-white; lip large, pure white. l. long, terete, channelled above, tapering to a point, very deep green. South America, 1850. (B. M. 4734.)

=B. venosa= (veined).* fl. small and compact; sepals and petals cream-coloured; lip white, strongly veined. A pretty free flowering species. Honduras, 1839. (B. R. 26, 39.)

=BRASSIA= (named after Mr. William Brass, who was sent by Sir Joseph Banks to Cape Coast and the neighbouring districts as a botanical collector, at the end of the last century). ORD. Orchideæ. A genus of tropical American orchids, very nearly allied to Oncidium, with which, indeed, Reichenbach unites it. From this genus, however, Brassia may be distinguished by its simple inflorescence, elongated tail-like sepals, and short column, which is quite destitute of the side lobes or ears that form a marked feature in the species of Oncidium. There are about seventeen species, of which many are not sufficiently attractive to deserve the cultivator's attention. They will succeed either in pots or in baskets, the drainage of which must be perfect. They require to be potted in good fibrous peat, broken in pieces not less in size than a walnut, placed in the warm end of a Cattleya or Brazilian house, and supplied liberally with water during summer. In winter, they must still be kept in a tolerably warm place, and given sufficient water to keep the pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling. It is useless to dry off until shrivelling takes place, for experience assures us that when a plant shrivels it is generally safe to assume that it has been tried beyond its powers of endurance, and that its constitution has given way. Propagated by dividing the plants, when growth has commenced.

=B. antherotes= (brilliant).* fl. 7in. in diameter from tip to tip of the sepals; sepals and petals yellow, brownish-black at the base, narrow, 1/8in. broad, tapering; petals 1-1/2in. long; lip triangular, yellow, barred with brown; spike strong, about 2ft. in length. Tropical America, 1879.

=B. caudata= (tailed).* fl., sepals and petals yellow, barred with brown, from 4in. to 6in. long; lip broad and yellow, spotted with greenish-brown. When the plant is large and healthy, it produces numerous drooping spikes, 18in. long, and many-flowered. h. 1ft. West Indies, 1823 (B. R. 832.)

=B. Gireoudiana= (Gireoud's). fl., sepals and petals bright yellow, spotted and blotched with deep red, produced in many-flowered scapes of singular and beautiful flowers during spring and early summer. This species much resembles B. Lanceana, but has larger flowers. Costa Rica. (R. X. O. 1, 32.)

=B. Lanceana= (Lance's).* fl., sepals and petals lanceolate and tapering, bright yellow, blotched with brown, or sometimes with deep red; lip wholly yellow, slightly spotted at the base, and much waved, deliciously fragrant; scapes radical, many-flowered. In the typical species, the lip is rather more than half as long as the sepals. l. rich dark green. h. 9in. Surinam, 1843. See Fig. 275. (B. R. 1754.)

=B. L. macrostachya= (large-spiked).* fl., sepals and petals bright rich yellow, sparingly spotted with brown, as in the type; sepals lengthened out into tail-like appendages, which are sometimes nearly 5in. in length; lip wholly of a clear pale yellow. Demerara.

=B. L. pumila= (dwarf). fl., sepals pale yellow, without spots or markings; petals of the same colour, tinged with purple near the base; lip about half the length of the sepals, slightly contracted in the middle, yellow, with a brownish-yellow base. Caracas.

=B. Lawrenceana= (Lawrence's).* fl. large, sweet-scented; sepals and petals bright yellow, spotted with cinnamon and green; lip yellow, tinged with green. June to August. h. 1ft. Brazil, 1839. (B. R. 27, 18.)

=B. L. longissima= (long-sepaled).* fl., sepals deep orange-yellow, blotched and spotted, especially towards the base, with reddish-purple, and lengthened out into tail-like appendages, which, in well-grown examples, measure 7in. in length; petals about 2-1/2in. long and 1/4in. broad at the base, marked in the same manner as the sepals; lip about 3in. long, pale yellow, dotted and spotted towards the base with purple. August and September. Costa Rica, 1868. A magnificent variety.

=B. maculata= (spotted).* fl. large; sepals and petals pale yellow, irregularly spotted with brown; the former being short compared with those of the other species; lip white, spotted about and below the centre with brown and purple. Spring and early summer. Jamaica, 1806. See Fig. 276. (B. M. 1691.)

=B. m. guttata= (spotted).* fl. on spikes 2ft. or 3ft. long; sepals and petals yellowish-green, blotched with brown; lip broad, yellow, spotted with brown. May to August. Guatemala, 1842. SYN. B. Wrayæ. (B. M. 4003.)

=B. verrucosa= (warty-lipped).* fl. large; sepals and petals greenish, blotched with blackish-purple; lip white, ornamented with numerous little green protuberances or warts, hence the specific name; scape many-flowered. May and June. Guatemala.

=B. v. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* fl. twice the size of, and a lighter colour than, the type. This variety is very rare, and is said to be the best of the genus.

=B. Wrayæ= (Wray's).* A synonym of B. maculata guttata.

=BRASSICA= (old Latin name used by Pliny; from Bresic, the Celtic name for Cabbage). Cabbage. ORD. Cruciferæ. Herbaceous, usually biennial, rarely annual or perennial, or suffrutescent plants, usually with a short caudex. Flowers yellow, rarely white, but never purple nor veined. Radical leaves usually stalked, lyrate, or pinnatifid; cauline ones sessile or stem-clasping, entire; racemes elongated; pedicels bractless, filiform. Full cultural details will be found under the popular garden name of each variety.

=B. oleracea= (herb-like). fl. pale yellow, large. May and June. l. glaucous, waved, lobed, smooth. Root-stem cylindrical, fleshy. h. 1ft. to 3ft. England. Biennial.

=B. o. acephala= (headless). Borecole or Kale. Stem round, elongated. l. expanded, racemes panicled.

=B. o. botrytis asparagoides= (Asparagus-like). The Broccoli. fl. abortive. Stem taller than that of the Cauliflower. l. greyish-glaucous, elongated. Branchlets fleshy, bearing small flower-buds at the top.

=B. o. b. cauliflora= (Cauliflower). Heads of flower-buds thick, terminal. Stem short. l. oblong, of a greyish-glaucous colour.

=B. o. bullata gemmifera= (bud-bearing). Brussels Sprouts. Heads small, numerous, rising from the axils of the leaves along an elongated stem.

=B. o. b. major= (larger). Savoy Cabbage. Heads of leaves loose, thick, terminal, roundish. l. blistered.

=B. o. capitata= (headed). The Cabbage. Stem round, short. l. concave, not blistered, crowded into a head before flowering; racemes panicled.

=B. o. Caulo-rapa= (Kohl-Rabi). Stem tumid and somewhat globose at the origin of the leaves.

=B. Rapa= (Rape). The Turnip. Radical leaves lyrate, destitute of glaucous bloom, green, covered with bristly hairs; middle cauline ones cut; upper ones quite entire, smooth.

=BRASSICACEÆ.= See =Cruciferæ=.

=BRAVOA= (named after Bravo, a Mexican botanist). ORD. Amaryllidaceæ. A pretty little graceful bulbous plant, hardy in very sheltered positions, but in exposed situations requiring a slight protection in winter. It is an admirable plant for cool-house culture, and delights in a compost of light rich loam, leaf mould, and sand. Propagated by offsets, which are obtainable in autumn; or by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe.

=B. geminiflora= (twin-flowered).* Twin Flower. fl. rich orange-red, tubular, drooping, disposed in the upper part of the flower-stems, which are sometimes 2ft. long. July. l. linear, ensiform, pale green. Mexico, 1841. (B. M. 4741.)

=BRAZILIAN TEA.= See =Ilex paraguariensis= and =Stachytarpheta jamaicensis=.

=BRAZIL NUT.= See =Bertholletia=.

=BRAZIL WOOD.= See =Cæsalpinia brasiliensis=.

=BREAD FRUIT.= See =Artocarpus=.

=BREAD NUT.= See =Brosimum=.

=BREDIA= (named in honour of Professor J. G. S. van Bred). ORD. Melastomaceæ. An ornamental greenhouse shrub, thriving in rich light loam, leaf soil, and peat. Propagated by cuttings of the ripened shoots, inserted in sandy loam, under a hand glass, in heat; or by seeds.

=B. hirsuta= (hairy).* fl. rose-pink, about 1/2in. across, disposed in loose, terminal, many-flowered cymes. Autumn. l. ovate acuminate, hairy. Japan, 1870. (B. M. 6647.)

=BREEZE.= The small particles or refuse of gas coke. It constitutes a very cheap fuel, but, unless mixed with good coke, is only suitable for boilers of the saddle type, having a good draught. Breeze must not, however, be confounded with coke-dust.

=BREVOORTIA COCCINEA.= See =Brodiæa coccinea=.

=BREXIA= (from brexis, rain; the large leaves afford protection against rain). ORD. Saxifrageæ. Excellent stove trees. Flowers green, in axillary umbels, surrounded by bracts on the outside. Leaves alternate, simple, dotless, and furnished with minute stipules. Stems nearly simple. They require a compost of two parts loam and one of peat, with the addition of a little sand, to keep the whole open. A liberal supply of water must be given at all seasons. Cuttings, with their leaves not shortened, strike readily in sand under a hand glass, in heat; or a leaf taken off with a bud attached will grow. Leaves as in accompanying illustration (Fig. 277), and long, narrow, spiny-toothed ones, are often produced on the same plant. Probably the two species enumerated below are simply forms of one. Well hardened off, strong growing plants of B. madagascariensis are very suitable for sub-tropical gardening.

=B. madagascariensis= (Madagascar).* l. obovate or oblong, entire, while young minutely gland-toothed. h. 20ft. Madagascar, 1812. See Fig. 277.

=B. spinosa= (spiny). l. lanceolate, 20in. long, 2in. broad, spiny-toothed. h. 20ft. Madagascar, 1820.

=BREXIACEÆ.= A section of Saxifrageæ.

=BRIAR.= See =Rosa=.

=BRICKS.= In England, the standard thickness of brick walls is a Brick and a-half, that is, the length of one brick and the breadth of another. Thirty-two paving bricks, laid flat, will form one square yard of flooring; if set on edge, eighty-four will be required for the same space. The best Bricks for walls are those termed Stocks, which are well burnt. Grizzells and Place Bricks, being only partially burnt, are soft and not durable. In various parts of the kingdom, different clays and methods of manufacture cause a disparity in the weight and appearance of the finished article. Several forms are made to suit various purposes, but the standard size is 9in. long by 4-1/2in. wide, by 2-1/2in. thick, although, since the remission of the duty, some slight variations occur, owing to shrinkage and other causes. Fire Bricks are made of a particular kind of clay, which will stand intense heat when once burnt, and are used in furnaces and other places where durability under great heat is a desideratum. Fire-clay should always be used in place of mortar in building with these.

=BRILLANTAISIA= (named after M. Brillant). ORD. Acanthaceæ. A very small genus of erect, branching, stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers large, in terminal panicles; corolla ringent; upper lip falcate and overarching, with a trifid apex, the lower one large, spreading, shortly trifid. Leaves ovate-cordate, on long petioles. For culture, see =Barleria=.

=B. owariensis= (Owarian).* fl. violet-blue; cymes sub-sessile, loose; panicles terminal. March. l. large, opposite, petiolate. h. 3ft. Western Africa, 1853. This plant, in its habit of growth, resembles some of the largest species of Salvia. (B. M. 4717.)

=BRISTLES.= Stiff hairs.

=BRISTLY.= Covered with stiff hairs.

=BRISTLY-TOOTHED.= Furnished with teeth like bristles, or with the teeth ending each in a bristle.

=BRIZA= (from briza, to nod). Quaking Grass. ORD. Gramineæ. A genus of ornamental hardy grasses. Panicle loose; calyx two-valved; corolla two-valved, awnless; exterior one ventricose, interior small and flat. Fruit adnate with the corolla. These extremely graceful plants delight in a soil composed of loam, leaf soil, and peat. Seeds may be sown in spring or autumn. For decorative purposes, the branches should be gathered as soon as full grown, and loosely placed in flower-stands, to dry. Tufts of these plants look extremely pretty on the rockery, or amongst hardy ferns.

=B. gracilis= (graceful). Synonymous with B. minor.

=B. maxima= (greatest).* fl., spikelets oblong-cordate, thirteen to seventeen-flowered; panicle nodding at the end. June and July. l. long, linear-acuminate. h. 1-1/2ft. South Europe, 1633. See Fig. 278.

=B. media= (middle).* Common Quaking Grass. fl., spikelets broadly ovate, of about seven florets (calyx shorter than the florets), tremulous with the slightest breeze, very smooth, shining purple. Branches of the panicle thread-shaped, divaricating, purple. June. l. short, linear acuminate. h. 1ft. Britain. (S. E. B. 1774.)

=B. minima= (least). Synonymous with B. minor.

=B. minor= (small).* Little Quaking Grass. fl., spikelets triangular, seven-flowered; glumes longer than the flowers; panicle with hair-like branches. June and July. l. pale green, short, narrow. h. 8in. England (but very rare). An exceedingly pretty little annual or perennial grass. SYNS. B. gracilis and B. minima. See FIG. 279. (S. E. B. 1775.)

=B. spicata= (spiked). A recent introduction from Brazil, described as being very graceful and quite distinct, having erect spikes about 8in. in height.

=BROADCAST.= A method of sowing seeds by means of the hand, scattering them over the surface of the ground as equally as possible. It is now superseded, for the majority of garden and field crops, by drilling, which not only economises the quantity of seed used, but greatly facilitates subsequent weeding and thinning out.

=BROCCOLI= (Brassica oleracea botrytis asparagoides). A cultivated variety of the Cabbage, having the young inflorescence condensed into a fleshy, edible head (see Fig. 280). To grow this popular vegetable successfully, it is necessary to have rich soil of a good depth, in an open situation, where the plants can have plenty of sun and air to keep them sturdy. They succeed the autumn Cauliflower, and are in season from November till May.

Soil. In preparing ground for Broccoli, trench, in the autumn, to the depth of from 1-1/2ft. to 2ft., and during the process work in a liberal dressing of rotten farmyard manure. Ground which has carried a crop of Celery is very suitable for the strong-growing kinds, as, by planting where the Celery rows have been, the necessity of trenching is, to a great extent, obviated. Smaller kinds, however, need to be planted closer in order to obtain a profitable crop.

Cultivation. At the beginning of May, prepare seed beds on a south border, and sow the earlier and sprouting kinds. The later varieties would, perhaps, be best sown in April, but they must not be put in early and allowed to remain too long in the seed bed. Sow thinly, to get the plants as sturdy as possible; and, to prevent clubbing, work in a little soot or wood ashes on the surface of the beds. Care must also be taken to pick off the club excrescences at planting time, should there be any, and to destroy the grub inside. Clubbing is not so frequent in ground which has been well trenched, and where the plants are not allowed to suffer from drought. Showery weather should be selected for transferring them to their permanent quarters. If it is desired that they should succeed potatoes, they may be planted between every two alternate rows, and the latter crop can be removed when ready. Broccoli succeed best where the ground is firm, and not recently dug or manured. Planting with a crowbar is preferable to digging the ground afresh. If grown by themselves, a distance of from 2ft. to 3ft. should be allowed between the rows, and an equal distance from plant to plant. Some of the early varieties will, in favourable seasons, follow the later Cauliflowers, while the latest will not be fit for use until the following spring. The heads should be cut as soon as they are large enough; they will keep good for a week in a cold place, while a day or two might open them too much if allowed to remain on the plants. Broccoli which have to stand the winter are liable to injury from severe frosts, and some method of protection is necessary. Two plans are recommended for both large and small gardens, and either or both may be adopted, as found convenient. The first is to apply a covering of fern or other dry protective material, not using too much, but giving sufficient to break the rays of the sun, which, perhaps, do as much harm as the actual frost. The other plan is to take up the plants as soon as the flowers can be seen, and lay them in under a hedge or wall until required for use. In sheltered positions, or where there are trees to break the force of the wind, the covering with dry litter during severe weather will generally be found sufficient; still, a little precaution in lifting will frequently save a valuable crop. Broccoli should never follow a crop of any other kind of cruciferous plants, particularly Cabbage.

Sorts. Veitch's Self-protecting Autumn, Purple and White Cape, Grange's Early White, and Snow's Winter White. These are the best for autumn and mid-winter supplies. A good selection for spring and late purposes is Mitchinson's Penzance, Knight's Protecting, Cooling's Matchless, Purple Sprouting, Model, Willcove, Leamington, and Cattell's Eclipse.

=BRODIÆA= (named after J. J. Brodie, a Scotch cryptogamist). SYN. Hookera. ORD. Liliaceæ. Pretty, slender, hardy, or in some positions only half-hardy, bulbs. The flowers are usually borne in large clusters or umbels; the prevailing colour is blue; coccinea is, however, an exception, the flowers being scarlet. The scape is usually straight and slender, but strong. Leaves from two to four in number, enveloping the part of the scape beneath the surface, and procumbent thereon. Most of them are of easy culture in rich sandy loam; if grown in pots, a mixture of loam, leaf soil, and sand, suits them well. Increased freely by offsets, which should be left undisturbed with the parent bulbs till they reach a flowering state, when they may be divided and replanted in autumn.

=B. capitata= (headed).* fl. deep violet-blue, funnel-shaped, disposed in a compact, many-flowered umbel; valves of the spathe also deep violet. May. l. narrow, linear. h. 1ft. to 2ft. California, 1871.

=B. coccinea= (scarlet).* fl. 1-1/2in. long, tubular, rich blood-red below, the apex of the tube and the segments yellowish-green; umbels composed of five to fifteen drooping flowers. June. l. linear, loose, shorter than the scape. h. 1-1/2ft. California, 1870. Very handsome, distinct from all other species, requiring a warm, well-drained, and sunny position, and to remain undisturbed. SYN. Brevoortia coccinea. See Fig. 281. (B. M. 5857.)

=B. congesta= (close-headed).* fl. blue, with the crown paler; segments cleft at the top; umbel bearing six to eight blooms. The stamens in this species are metamorphosed into fleshy scales, which adhere to the mouth of the perianth. Summer. l. few, long, slender, channelled on the inside. Bulb small, roundish, and much wrinkled. h. 1ft. Georgia, &c., 1806. A very free-growing and rapidly increasing species.

=B. c. alba= (white).* fl. white; in other respects like the type, but not so vigorous.

=B. gracilis= (graceful).* fl. deep yellow, with brown nerves, 1/2in. or rather more long, in few-flowered umbels. July. l. solitary, about 1/4in. broad, longer than the scape. h. 3in. to 4in. California, 1876. A scarce and rather tender little species, but very pretty.

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* fl. bluish-purple, with entire pointed segments; umbels bearing two to seven somewhat scattered blooms. Summer. l. two to three or more, linear, pointed, slender, grooved on the inside, furnished with a few membranous scales. Bulb small, roundish, dry and wrinkled. h. 1-1/2ft. North America, 1806. SYN. Hookera coronaria. (B. R. 1183.)

=B. Howellii= (Howell's).* fl. purplish-blue, about 3/4in. across, sub-bell-shaped, in many-flowered umbels. July and August. l. narrow acute, grooved, shorter than the scape. h. 18in. to 24in. California, 1880.

=B. ixioides= (Ixia-like). See =Calliprora lutea=.

=B. lactea= (milky-white).* fl. white, usually with green midribs, 1/2in. to 3/4in. across, saucer-shaped, in many-flowered umbels. June and July. l. linear, acute, nearly as long as the scape. h. 1ft. to 2ft. California, 1833. SYNS. Hesperoscordum lacteum, Milla hyacinthina.

=B. multiflora= (many-flowered).* fl. blue-purple, very numerous, in sub-globose heads. May. l. linear, elongate, 1ft. to 2ft. long, rather fleshy. h. 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. California, 1872. (B. M. 5989.)

=B. volubilis= (twining). fl. rose-coloured, in dense umbels, each containing fifteen to thirty blooms; scape twining, sometimes 12ft. long. July. l. narrow, linear-lanceolate, 1ft. long, synanthous. California, 1874. Half-hardy bulb. (B. M. 6123.)

=BROMELIA= (named after Bromel, a Swedish botanist). ORD. Bromeliaceæ. A genus of stove herbaceous perennials, allied to the Pineapple. Flowers, corolla three-petaled, convolute, erect, or spreading at the top. Leaves densely packed, rigid, lanceolate, with spiny margins. Stems short. These plants require much the same treatment as Billbergia. Allied genera are Æchmea, Ananassa, Billbergia, Disteganthus, Greigia, Karatas, Ruckia (which see).

=B. antiacantha= (opposite-spined). fl. purple, scarlet. Brazil, 1864. SYN. B. sceptrum.

=B. bicolor= (two-coloured).* fl. scarlet, in a close central sessile head. March. l. numerous, narrow, ensiform, outer green, central crimson; elegantly radiate. Chili, 1872. SYNS. B. Joinvillei, B. pitcairniæfolia. (B. H. 14.)

=B. bracteata= (red-bracted).* fl. pink; scape elongated; raceme compound; bracts red, ovate-lanceolate. September. l. serrate, spiny. h. 2ft. Jamaica, 1785.

=B. Fernandæ= (Fernanda's).* fl. yellowish, in ovoid heads; bracts orange-red. July. l. linear-ligulate, 24in. to 30in. long, recurved, spiny-edged. Para, 1872.

=B. Joinvillei= (Joinville's). A synonym of B. bicolor.

=B. Karatas.= See =Karatas Plumieri=.

=B. pitcairniæfolia= (Pitcairnia-leaved). A synonym of B. bicolor.

=B. sceptrum= (sceptre-like). A synonym of B. antiacantha and Karatas Plumieri.

=BROMELIACEÆ.= An extensive order of stemless or short-stemmed plants, having rigid, channelled, and usually spiny leaves. Flowers very showy; outer perianth three-cleft, persistent, inner one of three withering segments; stamens six, inserted in the tube of the perianth. To this order belongs the Pineapple. The genera best known in gardens are Ananassa, Æchmea, Billbergia, Bromelia, and Tillandsia.

=BROMHEADIA= (in honour of Sir Edward Finch Bromhead). ORD. Orchideæ. A small genus of stove orchids, comprising a couple of species, with erect stems, large flowers, and cucullate lip, which is parallel with the column. For culture, see =Ansellia=.

=B. palustris= (marsh).* fl., sepals and calyx white; lip white externally, within streaked with purple, and having a yellow blotch in centre; spike terminal, distichous, flexuous, many-flowered, on a long peduncle; bracts short, stiff, tooth-like. June. l. distichous, oblong-linear, emarginate. h. 2ft. Singapore, 1840. (B. R. 30, 18.)

=BROMUS= (from bromos, the Greek name for a wild oat). Ord. Gramineæ. B. brizæformis (see Fig. 282) is an elegant biennial grass, with drooping panicles of spikelets, about as large as those of Briza maxima. It grows about 2ft. high, and is of very easy culture in common garden soil. Sow seeds outside in patches, in July, thinning out the plants when necessary. There are numerous other species belonging to this genus, but the above-mentioned is the only one worth growing in gardens. It forms a beautiful object in the mixed border, or among ferns.

=BRONGNIARTIA= (in honour of Adolphe Brongniart, a distinguished botanist, and one of the editors of "Annales des Sciences Naturelles"). ORD. Leguminosæ. Handsome greenhouse evergreen sub-shrubs, clothed with silky villi. Flowers large, purple; pedicels twin, axillary, one-flowered. Leaves impari-pinnate, with many pairs of leaflets, the terminal one not remote from the rest. They require a compost of sandy loam, leaf soil, and fibry peat, with perfect drainage. Cuttings of the young shoots, if firm at the base, will root if dibbled in sand, under a bell glass, in a cool house.

=B. podalyrioides= (Podalyria-like).* fl. purple, large. September. l. with two to five pairs of leaflets; leaflets elliptic-oblong, rounded, and mucronate at the apex, clothed with adpressed hairs on both surfaces, but silky when young. h. 1ft. New Spain, 1827.

=B. sericea= (silky).* fl. purple. September. h. 1ft. l., leaflets ovate-oblong, acute, very silky on both surfaces. Mexico, 1843.

=BROOK-LIME.= See =Veronica Beccabunga=.

=BROOM.= See =Besom=.

=BROOM.= See =Cytisus scoparius=.

=BROOM RAPE.= See =Orobanche=.

=BROOM, SPANISH.= See =Spartium junceum=.

=BROSIMUM= (from brosimos, edible; fruit edible). Bread Nut. ORD. Urticaceæ. A genus of stove evergreen shrubs or trees, principally of economic value in their native countries. Male and female flowers generally in a globular head, but sometimes borne on separate trees; calyx and corolla wanting. Leaves entire. They generally thrive in a rich fibry loam. Cuttings of ripe wood, with their leaves on, root if placed in sand, in moist heat.

=B. Alicastrum.= fl., catkins globose, stalked, twin, axillary. fr. coated. l. ovate-lanceolate. h. 6ft. Jamaica, 1776.

=BROUGHTONIA= (named after Mr. Arthur Broughton, an English botanist). ORD. Orchideæ. A very compact-growing stove evergreen, allied to Lælia, succeeding best if suspended from the roof on a block of wood, with a little moss; it requires a free supply of heat and water when in a growing state. Propagated by dividing the plant. The colour of the flowers is very distinct.

=B. sanguinea= (blood-coloured).* fl. blood-coloured, rather large, disposed in a terminal panicle; scape divided; column distinct, or at the very base united with the unguiculate lip, which is lengthened at the base into a tube, connate with the ovarium. Summer. l. twin, oblong, seated on a pseudo-bulb. h. 1-1/2ft. Jamaica, 1793. (B. M. 3076.)

=BROUSSONETIA= (named after P. N. V. Broussonet, a French naturalist, who wrote numerous works on Natural History). ORD. Urticaceæ. Ornamental fast-growing, deciduous, Mulberry-like trees. They require rather good open garden soil, and prove hardy in situations which are not very exposed. Propagated by suckers and cuttings of ripened wood, inserted in autumn, in a cool house; and by seeds, sown when ripe, or kept till the following April.

=B. papyrifera= (paper-bearing).* The Paper Mulberry. fl. greenish, diœcious; males in pendulous, cylindrical catkins, each flower in the axil of a bract; females in peduncled, axillary, upright globular heads. May. l. simple, alternate, exstipulate, variously lobed or entire, hairy, large. h. 10ft. to 20ft. China, 1751. There are several varieties, differing in the shape and character of the leaves. (B. M. 2358).

=BROWALLIA= (named in honour of John Browall, Bishop of Abo, who defended the sexual system of Linnæus against Siegesbeck, in a book entitled "Examen epicriseos," &c., 1739). ORD. Scrophularineæ. A genus of handsome shrubs or herbs. Flowers blue or white, axillary and terminal; corolla salver-shaped, resupinate from the contortion of the peduncle; tube fifteen-nerved, ventricose at top. Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate in outline. They thrive best in a rich, open, sandy soil. To have strong plants in bloom by Christmas and after, seeds should be sown in July, in pans or pots of light rich sandy soil, and kept in a close frame, or hand light, where they can be shaded till germination takes place. When large enough to handle, the seedlings may either be pricked out, three in a pot, or potted singly, according to the size of the specimens required. In the former way, they form fine masses for conservatory or greenhouse decoration, or to cut from; and in the latter, they are very suitable for window recesses, &c. After potting, they should be stood in a pit or frame, and syringed every morning and evening, to ward off attacks of insect pests. An abundance of well-diluted liquid manure is required as soon as the flower-buds appear. To keep the plants dwarf and bushy, it will be needful to stop them about three times during the remainder of the summer and autumn, keeping as near the glass as possible; they should be housed by the end of September. These elegant little greenhouse annuals are unrivalled for affording choice, neat sprays for bouquets during the winter and early spring months, or for growing as pot plants, to furnish warm greenhouses or sitting-room windows. Many of the species and varieties are largely employed for summer decoration of the flower garden, with highly satisfactory results; for this purpose, seeds should be sown in gentle heat early in spring, and the plants transferred to the flower borders late in June, or early in July, having been previously encouraged in pots, and well hardened off.

=B. abbreviata= (shortened). fl. light red; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx campanulate, with teeth as long as the tube. l. oval, hairy when young, quite glabrous when mature. 1852. (R. G. 94.)

=B. demissa= (low).* fl. of a bright but pale blue colour, sometimes red or purple; peduncles axillary, one-flowered, downy. June. l. ovate-oblong, acuminated, oblique at the base. h. 6in. to 1ft. Panama, 1735. (B. M. 1136.)

=B. elata= (tall).* fl. deep blue; calyx beset with glandular hairs; peduncles axillary, one or many-flowered. July. l. oval, acuminated. h. 1-1/2ft. Peru, 1768. Of this extensively-grown species there are two varieties, one with white flowers, and the other, grandiflora, with pale blue, both of which are well worth growing. See Fig. 283. (B. M. 34.)

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* fl., corolla with a greenish-yellow tube, which is clothed with glandular villi, and a white or very pale lilac limb; peduncles one-flowered, axillary, racemose at the tops of the branches. July. l. ovate, acute, attenuated into the petioles at the base. h. 1ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1829. (B. M. 3069.)

=B. Jamesoni= (Jameson's).* fl. bright orange, with lighter-coloured throat, tubular. June. h. 4ft. New Grenada, 1850. This species has been recently re-introduced, after having been lost to cultivation for over thirty years. (B. M. 4605.)

=B. Roezli= (Roezl's). fl. large, either of a delicate azure blue, or white, with a yellow tube. Spring to autumn. l. shining green. An exceedingly pretty species, having flowers double the size of any other, and forming a dense compact bush, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. in height. Rocky Mountains.

=BROWNEA= (named after Patrick Browne, M.D., author of a History of Jamaica). ORD. Leguminosæ. Very handsome stove evergreen trees or shrubs, allied to Amherstia. Flowers of a rose-scarlet colour, rising in fascicled heads from the axillary buds. Leaves abruptly-pinnate, when young flaccid, and with the leaflets revolute at the edges; leaf-bud long and stipulaceous. All the species are well worthy of the most extensive cultivation. A mixture of loam, peat, and sand, is a soil well adapted for them, and great care should be taken not to over-water the plants in winter, as too great a supply will be sure to kill them. Propagated by cuttings, taken from ripened wood, planted in a pot of sand, and placed under a hand glass, in a moist heat.

=B. Ariza= (Ariza).* fl. richest scarlet, produced in a large, globular, drooping head of immense size. Summer. l. pinnate, usually with six or eight pairs of pinnæ, which are oblong-lanceolate, and sharply tapered to a point. h. 20ft. to 40ft. Columbia, 1843. This noble tree requires a large house to fully perfect its beauty. SYN. B. princeps. (B. M. 6459.)

=B. Birschellii= (Birschell's). fl. rose-coloured, in drooping racemes. April to July. l. pinnate; leaflets oblanceolate, 6in. long. h. 10ft. to 20ft. La Guayra, 1872. (B. M. 5998.)

=B. coccinea= (scarlet).* fl. scarlet, fascicled. July to August. l. with two to three pairs of oval-oblong, acuminated leaflets. h. 6ft. to 10ft. Venezuela, 1793. (B. M. 3964.)

=B. grandiceps= (large-headed).* fl. red, in dense capitate spikes. July. l. with usually twelve pairs of oblong-lanceolate glandless leaflets, ending in a long cuspidate acumen; branches and petioles pubescent. h. (in its native home) 60ft. Caraccas, 1829. (B. M. 4859.)

=B. latifolia= (broad-leaved). fl. red, in dense fascicles; involucre tomentose. l. with one to three pairs of ovate or obovate-cuspidate leaflets. h. 6ft. to 8ft. Caraccas, 1824.

=B. macrophylla= (large-leaved).* fl. orange-scarlet, in dense heads, often measuring nearly 3ft. in circumference. Central America, 1879. (G. C. 1873, p. 779.)

=B. princeps= (chief). A synonym of B. Ariza.

=B. racemosa= (clustered).* fl. rose-coloured, racemose; involucre and calyx clothed with fine tomentum. l. with four pairs of unequal-sided, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, cuspidately-acuminated leaflets, which are glanduliferous at the base. h. 4ft. Caraccas, 1826.

=B. Rosa del Monte.= fl. scarlet, in dense heads; leaflets of the involucre roundish, imbricated, and, when in a young state, rather velvety. June. l. with two to three pairs of oval-oblong acuminated leaflets; branches and petioles glabrous. h. 8ft. South America, 1820. (B. R. 1472.)

=BROWNLOWIA= (named in honour of Lady Brownlow, daughter of Sir Abraham Hume, and a great patroness of botany). ORD. Tiliaceæ. Very handsome greenhouse evergreen trees, thriving well in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of ripe shoots will root if placed in sand, under a hand glass, in heat.

=B. elata= (tall).* fl. yellow; panicle terminal, conical, spreading. May. l. large, cordate, acute, seven-nerved, smooth. h. 60ft. India, 1823. (B. R. 1472.)

=BRUCEA= (commemorative of James Bruce, the celebrated African traveller). ORD. Simarubeæ. Ornamental stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers small, purplish inside, disposed in interrupted glomerate spikes, or racemes. Leaves impari-pinnate, with six pairs of opposite, entire or serrated leaflets, without dots. Branches, peduncles, petioles, and nerves of leaves, clothed with rufescent down. They thrive in a loamy soil; and cuttings from ripened wood strike freely, in a pot of sand, under a hand glass, in a moderate heat.

=B. antidysenterica= (antidysenteric). fl., racemes simple, spike-like. May. l., leaflets quite entire, clothed with rusty villi on the nerves beneath. h. 8ft. Abyssinia, 1775.

=B. sumatrana= (Sumatra).* fl. dark purple; racemes usually compound. May. l., leaflets serrated, villous beneath. h. 20ft. Sumatra, 1822.

=BRUCHUS GRANARIUS.= See =Bean Beetle=.

=BRUCHUS PISI.= See =Pea Weevil=.

=BRUGMANSIA.= See =Datura=.

=BRUNFELSIA= (named after Otto Brunfels, of Mentz, first a Carthusian monk, and afterwards a physician; he published the first good figures of plants in 1530). SYN. Franciscea. ORD. Scrophularineæ. Elegant free-flowering stove evergreens. Flowers sweet-scented; corolla large, funnel or salver-shaped, with a long tube, and a flat, five-lobed, obtuse, nearly equal limb. A light rich soil, or a compost of loam, leaf soil, and peat, is necessary to grow these plants successfully. Propagated by cuttings, planted in sand, and placed under bell glasses, in a moderate heat. When rooted, they should be placed in small pots, in a compost somewhat more sandy than that already mentioned. While growing, they require to be kept in a moist stove temperature, and should be hardened by placing them in a drier, and somewhat cooler, temperature after each growth is completed; the pots should be changed as often as the roots become thick around the ball of earth. The larger plants flower freely, and should be slightly pruned in annually, before commencing their new growth, thus securing neat and compact specimens. Repotting should be effected directly they have done flowering. The plants should then be placed in a temperature ranging from 60deg. to 68deg., and both the roots and foliage liberally supplied with water. When flowers appear--about October or November--the syringing must be less frequently performed. At this period, if it be desirable to prolong the flowering season, the plants should be removed to a temperature of about 48deg. A few administrations of weak liquid manure during the growing season are of great value.

=B. acuminata= (taper-pointed-leaved).* fl. bluish-violet, few, sub-cymose, terminal. April. l. oblong, acuminated, attenuated a little at the base, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, acuminated, glabrous. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Rio Janeiro, 1840. (B. M. 4189.)

=B. americana= (American).* fl. first yellow, then white, very sweet-scented; axillary flowers solitary, terminal ones numerous. June. l. obovate, elliptic, acuminated, longer than the petioles. h. 4ft. to 6ft. West Indies, 1735. There are narrow and broad-leaved varieties of this species. (B. M. 393.)

=B. calycina= (cup-shaped).* fl. purple, disposed in large trusses, which are produced in succession throughout the whole year. l. large, lanceolate, shining light green. h. 2ft. Brazil, 1850. One of the largest-flowered species grown. (B. M. 4583.)

=B. confertiflora= (dense-flowered). fl. soft blue, cymosely crowded, terminal. January to June. l. nearly sessile, oblong-acute, attenuated at the base, rather pilose, ciliated, yellowish-green above; bracteoles oblong, attenuated at the base, and are, as well as the calyces, clothed with rusty hairs. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Brazil.

=B. eximia= (choice).* fl. produced from the points of the shoots, upwards of 2in. in diameter, deep purple. January to July. l. oblong-lanceolate, dark green, but not glossy. h. 2-1/2ft. Brazil, 1847. (B. M. 4790.)

=B. grandiflora= (large-flowered). fl. greenish; limb of corolla 2in. in diameter, corymbose, terminal. June. l. elliptic-oblong, acuminated. Branches twiggy. h. 3ft. Peru.

=B. hydrangeæformis= (Hydrangea-like).* fl. beautiful bluish-violet; cymes terminal, hemispherical, large. April. l. oblong, acute, cuneiform at base, quite glabrous, 1ft. long; bracts lanceolate, aggregate. h. 1ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1840. This is one of the most elegant species of the genus. (B. M. 4209.)

=B. latifolia= (broad-leaved). fl. at first lavender-colour, with a distinct white eye, eventually becoming almost white; deliciously fragrant, sub-cymose, terminal. Winter to early spring. l. broad-elliptic, acutish, greyish-white, 6in. to 7in. long, and 2in. to 2-3/4in. broad. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1840. (B. M. 3907.)

=B. Lindeniana= (Linden's).* fl. rich purple, with a light eye. l. ovate-acuminate, dark green. Brazil, 1865. (B. H. 1865, 226.)

=B. uniflora= (one-flowered). fl. solitary; corolla with a whitish tube, and a bluish-violet or purple limb. Winter. l. elliptic, acute; branches greenish, hoary, diffuse, spreading. h. 1ft. to 3ft. Brazil, 1826. (L. B. C. 1332.)

=BRUNIA= (named after Corneille de Bruin, better known under the name of Le Brun, a Dutchman, a traveller in the Levant). ORD. Bruniaceæ. Elegant little greenhouse evergreen Heath-like shrubs, more or less branched, with the branches in whorls, erect or spreading. Flowers capitate, furnished with three bracts each, or sometimes deficient of the two lateral ones. Leaves small, closely imbricate. They require a compost of peat and sand, with a little leaf soil added, firm potting and good drainage. Cuttings of young shoots root freely in sand, under a hand light, in summer.

=B. nodiflora= (knot-flowered).* fl. white; heads globose, size of a cherry, on the tops of the branches. July. l. lanceolate, awl-shaped, trigonal, acute, smooth, closely imbricate, not ustulate at the apex. h. 1ft. to 3ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1786. See Fig. 284.

=BRUNIACEÆ.= An order of much-branched Heath-like shrubs, usually having small leaves, which are crowded and entire. Flowers in terminal heads; petals five, alternating with the lobes of the calyx. The typical genus is Brunia.

=BRUNONIA= (named after Robert Brown, the most eminent botanist of his time). ORD. Goodenoviæ. A stemless greenhouse perennial herb, with the habit of Scabiosa, downy from glandless simple hairs. Flowers distinct, with a whorl of five membranous bracts; corolla blue, marcescent. Radical leaves quite entire, spathulate; scapes undivided, each bearing one head; head hemispherical, lobate; lobes involucrated by foliaceous bracts. It thrives in a compost of decayed manure, or leaf soil and peat, with a little loam added; thorough drainage is necessary. Propagated by divisions, in early spring, previous to repotting.

=B. australis= (southern)* is the only species known to be in cultivation. h. 1ft. New Holland, 1834. (B. R. 1833.)

=BRUNSVIGIA= (named after the noble House of Brunswick). ORD. Amaryllideæ. Very showy greenhouse bulbous plants, from the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers red, on very long pedicels. Bulbs large. Leaves broad, horizontal; perianth with an evident longer or shorter tube, curving upwards, funnel-shaped, deeply six-parted, deciduous; segments sub-equal, many-nerved, flat, and recurved at the apex; stamens on the tube much curved upwards; scape appearing in summer without the leaves; umbels many-flowered. Propagation is effected by offsets, of which the large bulbs produce but few. These, when secured, may be removed after reaching some considerable size, carefully potted in a mixture of sandy loam and peat, with good drainage, and kept tolerably warm and close until established; water must be given but sparingly until root-action has commenced. The best place for growing the offsets into a flowering size is on a shelf near the glass, in a temperature of from 50deg. to 55deg. With an abundance of water while growing, and kept dry while semi-dormant, thus allowing them a rest, the bulbs will speedily increase in size; but it may be years before flowers are produced. Culture: This may be divided into two periods—-one of growth, and one of rest. After the latter period, they should be allowed to start into fresh growth, without stimulation, and, as soon as started, liberal supplies of water should be given, and a genial temperature of from 60deg. to 65deg. maintained, to make them grow vigorously. Good-sized pots are also necessary, with a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, in equal parts. They are usually confined to the greenhouse, or warm conservatory, but are sometimes successfully grown in a south border at the base of a wall, planted out in a pit, upon which the lights may be placed in winter, and matted if necessary, as they cannot endure frost. A good depth of soil, consisting of fibrous loam, peat, and sand, in equal proportions, with good drainage, should be prepared. In all cases, the bulbs should be planted somewhat deeply. One of the most satisfactory methods of ensuring the flowering of these plants consists in subjecting the bulbs, when at rest, to a hot dry heat of 70deg. or more, which thoroughly ripens them; but, after this treatment, it will be necessary to encourage the after-growth to the fullest possible extent.

=B. ciliaris= (hair-fringed). fl. dull purple. l. strongly fringed with white hairs. h. 1ft. 1752. (B. R. 1153.)

=B. Cooperi= (Cooper's).* fl. sulphur-coloured, edged with red; umbels twelve to sixteen-flowered. l. ligulate-obtuse, bifarious, fleshy. h. 1-1/2ft. 1872. (Ref. B. 330.)

=B. falcata= (sickle-leaved).* fl. red. May. l. sickle-shaped, with a muricated, discoloured, cartilaginous edge. h. 9in. 1774. (B. M. 1443.) SYN. Ammocharis falcata.

=B. Josephineæ= (Josephine's).* fl. scarlet; scape twice as long as the rays of the many-flowered umbel. l. strap-shaped, erect, spreading, glaucous. h. 1-1/2ft. This handsome species is much grown. 1814. (B. M. 2578.) Minor and striata are varieties.

=B. multiflora= (many-flowered).* fl. red, loosely umbellate. June. l. linguiform, smooth, lying on the ground. h. 1ft. 1752. (B. M. 1619.)

=B. toxicaria= (poison-bulb).* fl. pink; umbel hemispherical, many-flowered. September to October. l. many, erect, oblique, glaucous. h. 1ft. 1774. (B. R. 567.) B. coranica is a variety of this. 1815. (B. R. 139.)

=BRUSSELS SPROUTS= (Brassica oleracea bullata gemmifera). A cultivated variety of the Cabbage (Fig. 285). Leaves blistered. Stems covered with small, close heads. To secure this vegetable in its best form, it must be grown on deeply-worked and rich ground. In addition, the seeds should be obtained from a good source, as there are many spurious stocks in cultivation. Plenty of room must be allowed the plants to develop, and the tops and leaves should not be removed till after the sprouts are gathered; dead leaves, of course, excepted. It is a bad plan to plant Brussels Sprouts amongst potatoes or other crops, as they become unduly weakened, and never give such good returns as when grown by themselves.

Soil and Cultivation. In February, and early in March, sow thinly in a cold frame, or carefully prepare seed beds on a warm south border. As soon as the plants are large enough, prick them off into prepared soil, to grow on; about the end of April, transplant into a piece of rich ground, which has been previously prepared for them, setting in rows from 2ft. to 3ft. asunder, and 2ft. apart in the rows. The earlier the plants are put out, the better; and they should be watered-in when planted, so that they receive as little a check as possible. They must be kept clear of weeds, and earthed up as soon an they get a good size. During severe frost, some light dry litter may with advantage be thrown over them for protection; and the less they are interfered with when frozen, the better.

Sorts. The Imported is the best strain for general use; other good sorts are: Sutton's Matchless, The Aigburth, and Scrymger's Giant.

=BRYA= (from bryo, to sprout; the seeds germinate before falling from the tree). ORD. Leguminosæ. A small genus of stove shrubs or small trees, furnished with stipular spines, and solitary, or clustered, or pinnate leaves. The undermentioned species thrives in a rich fibry loam. Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings, placed in a hotbed.

=B. Ebenus= (ebony). Jamaica Ebony. fl. bright yellow; peduncles two to three together, axillary, one to two-flowered, shorter than the leaves. July and August. l., leaflets aggregate, obovate. h. 12ft. to 14ft. West Indies, 1713. (B. M. 4670.)

=BRYANTHUS= (from bryon, a moss, and anthos, a flower). ORD. Ericaceæ. A genus of small trailing shrubs, allied to Loiseleuria. Flowers terminal, somewhat racemose; calyx five-leaved, imbricate; corolla deeply five-parted, spreading. Leaves crowded, spreading, flattish. For culture, see =Menziesia=.

=B. empetriformis= (Crowberry-leaved). fl. reddish-purple, clustered near the extremities of the branches. l. crowded, linear, on short adpressed petioles. h. 6in. North-west America, 1829. SYN. Menziesia empetrifolia. (B. M. 3176.)

=B. erectus= (erect). fl. red, pentamerous, broadly campanulate. l. linear, obtuse, obscurely serrated. h. about 1ft. Siberia. Trailer. (L. & P. F. G. 1, 19.)

=B. Gmelini= (Gmelin's). fl. red; peduncles glandular, many-flowered. l. with denticulated margins. h. 2in. or 3in. Kamtschatka and Behring's Island.

=BRYONIA= (from bryo, to sprout; in allusion to the annual growth from the tuber). Bryony. ORD. Cucurbitaceæ. Tuberous-rooted perennial herbaceous plants, producing annual climbing stems. The native species is well worth growing over unsightly hedges, fences, &c., and in the wild garden; it is a rapid grower, and of extremely easy culture. The stove perennial species should be grown in pots, and the stems trained up the rafters. Rich loam is the soil most suitable for their cultivation. Propagated by seeds, or by divisions of the tuber.

=B. dioica= (diœcious). fl. greenish-white, racemose, diœcious. fr. globose, red. May to September. l. cordate, palmately five-lobed, toothed, scabrous, from callous points. England. (Sy. En. B. 517.)

=B. laciniosa= (cut-leaved). fl. yellow, solitary; corollas hairy inside, smooth outside. fr. size of a cherry, striated with white. July. l. palmately five-parted, cordate, rough, and blistered, with oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, serrated segments; petioles muricated. Ceylon, 1710. Stove species. SYN. Bryonopsis laciniosa. See Fig. 286.

=BRYONY.= See =Bryonia=.

=BRYOPHYLLUM= (from bryo, to sprout, and phyllon, a leaf; plants spring from the notches on the edges of the leaves when taken off the plant, and placed in a moist situation). ORD. Crassulaceæ. This very curious stove succulent thrives in pots of rich loamy soil; perfect drainage is essential, and but little water is at any time needed.

=B. calycinum= (large-cupped). fl. yellowish-red; cymes panicled, terminal. April. l. opposite, thick, petiolate; some impari-pinnate, with one or two pairs of segments, the terminal one large; others solitary; all ovate and crenated. h. 2ft. to 3ft. India, 1806. A fleshy, erect, branched evergreen shrub, grown chiefly for curiosity.

=BUCCO.= See =Agathosma=.

=BUCIDA.= See =Terminalia=.

=BUCKBEAN.= See =Menyanthes=.

=BUCKLANDIA= (named after Dr. Buckland, a former Dean of Westminster, and Professor of Geology at Oxford). ORD. Hamamelideæ. A handsome greenhouse tree, allied to Liquidambar. It thrives in rich sandy loam, peat, and leaf mould; or peat may be left out if the leaf soil is good; perfect drainage is also essential. Cuttings of ripened shoots will strike in sandy loam, under a hand glass, with moderate heat. They must be watered carefully, or they are liable to rot off.

=B. populnea= (Poplar-like). l. pale green, large, leathery, cordate, ovate-acute, on long stalks, pinkish when young; stipules very curious, large red, consisting of two leafy oblong plates, placed face to face in an erect position between the leafstalk and the stem. h. 100ft. Himalayas, 1875. (B. M. 6507.)

=BUCKLER MUSTARD.= See =Biscutella=.

=BUCKTHORN.= See =Rhamnus=.

=BUCKWHEAT.= See =Fagopyrum esculentum=.

=BUCKWHEAT-TREE.= See =Mylocaryum=.

=BUDDING.= This process consists of taking an eye or bud attached to a portion of the bark, and transferring it to another and different plant; it is an operation almost confined to woody plants, but has been practised with more or less success upon herbaceous perennials. The stock should not be budded unless the sap is in circulation, which is assured if the bark will detach itself easily, when gently lifted, from the wood.

There are many ways of performing the different systems, in preparing and inserting the Buds, &c., and all may prove more or less successful if undertaken when the Buds and stock are both in a suitable condition. The principal methods are Shield or T-budding, including the Circular, Square, and Inverted forms; Flute or Tube-budding, and Annular or Ring-budding.

The first-named method, which is fully described below, is very extensively practised for propagating Roses and stone fruits. It is also coming more in use for the propagation of many other fruit trees, including Apples and Pears, especially new or scarce varieties, as the great advantage of making use of many more of the eyes, to form separate trees, is thereby attained. In large nurseries, where skilful propagators are employed, thousands of trees are annually budded, the majority of them with very successful results. It is, in most cases, preferable to purchase established fruit trees, as cultivators require the produce much quicker than they could get it by propagating trees themselves. The same system of Budding is, however, applicable for increasing Roses; and this may be adopted with every chance of success by even a cottager, if he takes the necessary care in performing the work.

Rare varieties of ornamental deciduous trees are largely propagated in this way; for instance, many of the Acers, Elms, Horse Chestnuts, &c. Evergreen shrubs, such as Rhododendrons and Hollies, are also rapidly increased in some establishments by this means.

In the case of fruit-frees, plump wood Buds must be selected, from medium-sized branches. On some sorts these are scarce, the majority being Flower-buds, and it is rather difficult to distinguish between them at the Budding season. The best time for the operation is from June to the end of August; but surrounding influences, condition of Buds, stocks, &c., must be taken into account. Clean cuts, with gentle and skilful handling, are even more important in the Budding of stone fruits than of Roses or other plants, and the ties should be lightly but firmly made. In all cases, the operation must be performed as quickly as possible, as both Bud and bark are injured if exposed to the air for any length of time.

To proceed with the ordinary system of Shield-budding, the stock (see Fig. 287 a) should first have a longitudinal and a transverse incision made in the bark, the former about 1in. long. Next, the Bud should be prepared, removing half the leaf (see Fig. 288). Hold the branch with the left hand, and pass the knife from about 1/2in. below, gradually upwards and inwards under the Bud, bringing it out in a similar way at a somewhat shorter distance above. A portion of wood will also be taken out, and this is generally removed the opposite way to that in which the Bud has been cut. By skilful Budders, it is removed by a sort of twitch from either end. Great care must be taken not to pull out the base or root of the Bud at the same time, as this would render it useless. Should the whole come out together, leaving a hollow place under the eye of the Bud, it must be thrown away, and another prepared. The Bud being ready, loosen the bark at the point where the incisions meet, with the ivory knife handle, and insert it by means of the piece of leaf attached. It must then be tied in with soft matting or bast, to exclude air, but not tight enough to injure the bark. Shading from bright sun is advisable for a few days afterwards, and, as soon as the union takes place, the ties must be frequently examined, and loosened if necessary. Some prefer Budding late in the season, in order that the Bud may remain dormant during the winter, and breaking stronger the following spring. Occasionally, they are inserted in spring, just at the commencement of growth. The stocks of the Summer-budded trees should only be allowed a moderate amount of foliage during the autumn, and should be cut back to the established Bud before growth commences in spring.

Square and Circular Shield-budding consists in cutting out a piece of bark of either shape from the stock, and inserting another piece of exactly the same size, containing a Bud, and covering with a bandage, or piece of sticking plaster, all except the eye. This mode is seldom made use of. Inverted T or Shield-budding is preferred in the south of France for propagating Orange-trees, but is not otherwise much used. The only difference is that the transverse incision is made below, instead of above, the other, and the Bud inserted upwards, making it fit with the bark at the point where the stock is cut across.

Flute-budding is sometimes used, and answers well for some trees (see Fig. 289). A cylinder of bark is removed from the stock, and one of a similar size from the scion. containing Buds, is fitted in its place, being carefully made air-tight by means of a bandage or grafting wax. Some prefer splitting the hark, as shown in the illustration. and laying it over the tube or cylinder; but the parts cannot be fitted so well as when it is removed.

Ring Budding. By this mode, it is not necessary to cut off the top of the stock. A ring of bark may be removed from any convenient part (see Fig. 290 b) and replaced with one containing eyes (see Fig. 290 a). The latter should be taken from a little larger branch than the stock, as the bark could then be made to fit better. As in Flute-budding, air must be excluded by means of adhesive paper and bandages or grafting wax.

Budding operations may be performed at any time during the season; but dull cloudy weather, and morning or evening, are most suitable. If the branch, containing Buds, cannot be obtained as required for use, the ends may be placed in water, to keep them fresh; but unnecessary delay should be avoided.

Stocks for Budding upon. For the Cherry, the Wild Gean, and seedlings from the Morello. make capital stocks for tall trees and those of moderate growth; and the Mahaleb, or Perfumed Cherry, for small trees for pots, bushes, pyramids, or cordons. For the Plum, the Mussel, Mirabelle, Magnum Bonum, St. Julian, &c., are mostly used for stocks, the Mirabelle being best for small trees. Peaches and Nectarines are generally budded on the Mussel, St. Julian, or Mirabelle Plums; the last are best for dwarfs. The Apricot is budded on the Mussel or Mirabelle Plums, for small plants; and the St. Julian Plum for standards. In France, the Damas Noir, or Black Damask, and the Cerisette, are also used. They should all be raised from seeds, and not from suckers. Seeds for raising plants for stocks may be sown as soon as ripe; but where quantities are used, the stones are thrown into heaps, so as to slightly ferment during winter. In the spring, they are sown in drills or beds, and transplanted the next year in rows 2ft. or 3ft. apart. and 10in. or 12in. from plant to plant. The dwarfs are generally budded the second year, and the standards the third or fourth. Dwarf trees are budded from within a few inches of the ground to 1ft. above; standards and riders from 3ft. to 9ft.; cordons, pyramids, &c., can hardly be budded too low.

Rose Budding. Propagation of Roses by Budding is very extensively practised both with standard trees and dwarf plants. It is perhaps easier and more certain to succeed with these than with fruit trees; but the mode adopted is precisely the same--that of the shield-shaped Bud with the core, or root, and the bark attached. For standards, the common briar of the Dog Rose is the best. The earlier these are obtained and planted in November, the better, as roots are then formed at once. For dwarf plants, the Manetti stock is mostly used, being easily obtained and had in proper condition almost at any time when Buds are ready. Plants on this stock do not succeed in all soils, and suckers are also very liable to be produced. Budding on the seedling briar is attended with good results, and is practised more than hitherto. The De la Grifferaie stock is also used, more for Tea Roses than others, and is considered by some to produce better plants than the Manetti. The shoots on standard briars should be reduced to about three of the strongest, selected as close together as possible, and near the top, the briars having been previously cut back the desired height at planting time. Two Buds are sufficient for a good head; but, for certainty, three may be inserted. Fig. 291 represents a tall briar with three shoots; a shows the shoot slit for the Bud; b, the Bud inserted; c, the Bud tied in. Fig. 292 is a branch showing Buds, the lowest ones of which are most suitable, being in firmer wood. Those at the top are often useless. Fig. 293 represents a Bud taken from Fig. 292, a, b, and Fig. 294 gives an idea of how the wood is removed. As previously remarked when describing the system, experienced Budders remove the wood from either end. Fig. 294 shows its removal from the lower end.

Budding as close as possible to the main stem is most desirable. Raffia grass is superior in every way for tying, which should be performed as soon after the Bud is inserted as possible. It requires much care, and, of course, the Bud itself must be entirely free. As soon as the Buds swell, the tying material should be loosened, and the top of the stock cut back to the level of the budded shoot. By Budding late, the Buds lie dormant till the next spring, and the necessity of tying the young shoots is dispensed with for that season. The shoots of the briar in advance of the Rose Buds must be cut back, as shown in Fig. 295, so soon as the Buds are safely established. The Manetti and other dwarf stocks are budded on the main shoot nearly close to, or underneath the ground, and if low enough to cover part of the rose stem when grown, the latter often roots as well and assists the stock. Being small, they may be grown in pots and removed to the required position at any time.

Dog Roses, used for standards, are usually collected from hedgerows, and sold at about 8s. per hundred. Manetti stocks are increased by cuttings, which, after making one season's good growth, will be fit for use. Briars are raised from seed, which may be collected from hedges, and sown in the autumn, in drills. The seedlings should be transplanted the first year after sowing, and the following season they will be ready for working.

=BUDDING KNIVES.= The best Budding Knives are those manufactured by Messrs. Saynor and Co., and Messrs. G. Hall and Son. They are made with handles of ivory, shaped in different ways at the end, for the purpose of opening the bark, in order to insert the Bud. Some of the blades are made with the edge rounded at the point, so as to cut the bark without the knife entering the wood underneath (see Figs. 296 and 297). Others, which may be used for Budding, and are much better for ordinary use for cutting flowers, &c., are made with the edge of the blade carried to a point, as in ordinary knives (see Figs. 298 and 299). Another form has the handle made of some other material, and a piece of ivory inserted for opening the bark; this is represented in Fig. 300. The first-named is the best, if required for Budding only; the second is the most useful for ordinary purposes, and answers admirably for Budding as well. None of the other shapes have any material advantages over these.

=BUDDLEIA= (named after Adam Buddle, who is so often mentioned in Ray's "Synopsis"; his collection of dried British plants is preserved in the British Museum). ORD. Loganiaceæ. A large genus of stove, greenhouse, or half-hardy shrubs. Flowers small, often tomentose, axillary, spicate, capitate, or thyrsoid; calyx equally four-toothed; corolla tubular-campanulate, regular; limb spreading, four-toothed. Leaves opposite, reticulately veined. Branches quadrangular.

The species most extensively grown is B. globosa, which, among all our other shrubs, is quite unique; but it is only in the southern or favoured counties of England where it can be fairly termed hardy. It is readily propagated by cuttings or by seeds. The latter should be sown in a gentle heat the spring following the ripening, when they will vegetate pretty freely. With careful treatment and nurturing in pots for the first winter, in a frost-proof pit or house, they may soon be grown into elegant plants. Cuttings of the ripened wood, put in under bell glasses or hand lights, in a cool but frost-proof pit, will root slowly during the winter. They will root all the surer and quicker if each cutting has a heel of older wood attached to that of the current year's growth. They are best inserted in fine sand or in very sandy soil, and require but little water until rooted. As soon as fairly calloused over or rooted, their further progress may be much advanced by potting them off, and plunging them in a bottom-heat of 60deg. or 65deg. This is by no means an essential to secure success, but it hastens it, and promotes growth in an extraordinary manner. The surface temperature should range about the same as the bottom-heat. Under such treatment, the plants will be quite fit to place out about the middle of July. A warm, sheltered situation should be chosen, and a light, rich soil prepared for them; and if dry weather ensues, they only require water. South or west walls are, without doubt, the best situations for them. In all cool or unfavourable localities, much may be done to ensure success by planting on a dry bottom, and on poorish soil. A loose, free-and-easy style of training suits the plants best. This enables them to yield a great number of their peculiarly formed, distinct, and beautiful flowers; whereas, anything like a close, trim course of pruning or of training reduces the flowers to the lowest number.

Throughout the southern parts of England, and, indeed, in many places in the north, B. globosa makes an excellent bush for the shrubbery. It is only during severe winters that it gets badly cut.

For the other presumably hardy species much the same plan as the foregoing may be adopted. The greenhouse and stove kinds may have the same routine of culture usually employed with plants requiring similar temperatures.

Stove species, except where specified otherwise.

=B. americana= (American). fl. yellow; spikes disposed in a terminal panicle, nearly 1ft. long; glomerules nearly globose, size of a sloe, on short peduncles. August. l. ovate, acuminated, narrowed at the base, serrately crenated. h. 8ft. to 12ft. Peru, 1826.

=B. asiatica= (Asiatic).* fl. white, small, disposed in long, dense racemes. l. lanceolate, finely serrated. h. 3ft. India, 1874. A graceful and sweet-scented shrub. SYN. B. Neemda. (B. M. 6323.)

=B. crispa= (curled). fl. lilac, with a white eye; numerously produced in long terminal branching spikes, forming a pyramidal head about 5in. long. March. l. ovate-lanceolate, crenately curled; lower ones cordate at the base; superior ones rounded, all thick and wrinkled, clothed with soft tomentum on both surfaces. h. 13ft. Western Himalayas. Half-hardy. (B. M. 4793.)

=B. globosa= (globose).* fl. orange, or honey-colour; heads large, terminal, globose, pedunculate. May. l. lanceolate, acuminated, petiolate, crenated, 6in. long. Branches sub-tetragonal, clothed with hoary tomentum, as well as the under side of the leaves. h. 15ft. to 20ft. Chili, 1774. Hardy in most places. (B. M. 174.)

=B. Lindleyana= (Lindley's). fl. purplish-red, hairy; disposed in terminal racemose spikes. September. l. ovate, shortly petiolate, serrate. Branches angular, glabrous. h. 6ft. China, 1844. Half-hardy. (B. R. 32, 4.)

=B. Neemda= (Neemda). A synonym of B. asiatica.

=BUDS, FLOWER.= These are developed like Leaf-buds, from which they differ chiefly in containing one or more incipient flowers within the leaves--the flowers being wrapped up in their own floral-leaves, within the ordinary leaves, which have their outer covering of scales. If a Bud be gathered from a Lilac or Horse-chestnut very early in spring, all the rudiments of the future flowers and leaves will be found within it, though the Bud itself may not be more than half-an-inch long, and the flowers not larger than the points of the smallest pins.

=BUDS, LEAF.= These consist of rudimentary leaves, surrounding a growing vital point, and appear like a collection of scales arranged symmetrically one above the other. Leaf-buds universally originate in the horizontal or cellular system, and are formed under the bark at the extremity of the medullary rays, and at the margin or on the surface of leaves, whether perfect or rudimentary. Deciduous trees lose their leaves, but in the axil of each a little Bud previously forms, from which fresh leaves expand the following spring. In some cases, as in the Horse-chestnut, the Buds are covered with a gummy exudation. In Privet-trees, Leaf-buds are generally smaller and more elongated than Flower-buds.

=BUETTNERIA= (named after David Sigismund Augustus Byttner, once a Professor of Botany in the University of Göttingen). ORD. Sterculiaceæ. Erect or scandent stove or greenhouse shrubs. Flowers small, usually dark purple; calyx and corolla valvate; umbels simple, disposed in something like racemes or panicles, rarely in corymbs. Leaves simple. All are of easy culture in a compost of loam and peat. B. dasyphylla, hermanniæ-folia, microphylla, and scabra, are occasionally met with, but they are hardly worth growing.

=BUETTNERIEÆ.= A section of Sterculiaceæ.

=BUFF-TIP MOTH= (Pygæra bucephala). This large and beautiful Moth is very common in many districts; it is easily recognised by the buff-coloured tips of the fore-wings--whence its common name; the head, and body between the wings and abdomen, are ochreous. According to Newman's "British Moths," "the caterpillars, when full grown, are about an inch and three-quarters long, and sprinkled with silky hairs; the general colour yellow, with black head, black lines running from the head to the tail, interrupted by a transverse orange band on each ring, and a black horny plate above the tail segment." They feed on the leaves of the Lime, Elm, and Oak, among other trees, and apparently the only remedy is that generally adopted in exterminating caterpillars, viz., to shake the branches which are infested, when the pest will be quickly dislodged, and fall to the ground. Miss Ormerod is of opinion that "as the caterpillars come down the tree to the ground for their change to chrysalids, it might be worth while to throw a few spadefuls of gas-lime, or of anything they would not cross, in a circle at about a yard from the tree; or a rough band of any material soaked in tar, or tar and oil, which would keep wet longer, would stop them from straying off ... and they might be cleared in sufficient numbers so as to considerably lessen future attack." This plan of prevention deserves a trial in any place where the destructive caterpillars of these Moths abound. It is almost a hopeless task to destroy them altogether when once established on the trees, such specimens as large Oaks being often almost or wholly denuded of foliage.

=BUGLE.= See =Ajuga=.

=BUGLOSSUM BARRELIERI.= See =Anchusa Barrelieri=.

=BUGWORT.= See =Cimicifuga=.

=BULBIFEROUS.= Bearing bulbs.

=BULBINE= (from bolbos, a bulb). ORD. Liliaceæ. A genus of rather pretty hardy, or nearly hardy, herbaceous or bulbous plants, allied to Anthericum. Flowers showy, fragrant; perianth with spreading segments. Leaves somewhat fleshy, narrow. Stems short. They are all of easy culture in a compost of sandy loam. The bulbous-rooted species are increased by offsets, and the herbaceous sorts by suckers and divisions. The only species which can be grown satisfactorily in the open air is B. annua. All the others should be grown in the greenhouse, but may be placed in the open during the summer months.

=B. alooides= (Aloe-like).* fl. yellow, disposed in a terminal panicle. April. l. fleshy, tongue-shaped, lanceolate, flat on both sides. h. 1ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1732. SYN. Anthericum alooides. (B. M. 1317.)

=B. annua= (annual). fl. yellow; scape racemose. May, June. l. fleshy, subulate, rounded. h. 9in. Cape of Good Hope, 1731. An annual species, the seeds of which should be sown in a gentle heat during spring, and the seedlings may be transplanted to the open when large enough to handle. SYN. Anthericum annuum. (B. M. 1451.)

=B. caulescens= (caulescent).* fl. yellow. March. l. fleshy, rounded. Stem shrubby, erect, branched. h. 2ft. Cape of Good Hope. 1702. A shrubby species, which should be propagated by cuttings, placed under a hand glass. SYN. B. frutescens. (B. M. 816.)

=B. frutescens= (shrubby). Synonymous with B. caulescens.

=BULBOCODIUM= (from bolbos, a bulb, and kodion, wool; referring to the woolly covering of the bulbs). ORD. Liliaceæ. TRIBE Colchiceæ. A very pretty little bulbous plant, much resembling the Crocus, from which it differs principally in having a superior ovary and six stamens. It is amongst the earliest of spring-flowering plants, the flowers preceding the foliage; and, like the majority of bulbs, delights in rich sandy loam. In such positions, they multiply rapidly from offsets. It is a good plan to take up the bulbs, divide, and replant them every second year, selecting in autumn, and renewing the soil or planting in new positions. Few plants prove more welcome in the garden, in February, than B. vernum, either in beds, patches, or masses.

=B. Aitchisoni= (Aitchison's). A synonym of Merendera Aitchisoni.

=B. Eichleri= (Eichler's). A synonym of Merendera caucasica.

=B. trigynum.= A synonym of Merendera caucasica.

=B. vernum= (spring).* fl. violet-purple, with a white spot on the claw; long, tubular, funnel-shaped, two to three from each bulb; preceding the appearance of the leaves. Very early spring. l. usually three in number, broadly strap-shaped, concave, and surrounded at the base by well-developed sheaths. Bulb black, oblong. h. 4in. to 6in. Spain, 1649. See Fig. 301. There is a variety with the leaves striped white, which is also desirable.

=BULBOPHYLLUM= (from bulbos, a bulb, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the leaves issuing from the apex of the pseudo-bulbs). SYNS. Anisopetalum, Bolbophyllum, Tri-brachium. ORD. Orchideæ. Of this rather large genus of orchids but few are worth cultivating except as curiosities. Racemes long or spike-like, very rarely one-flowered or sub-umbellate; sepals usually nearly equal and free; lip jointed to the foot of the column. They are of easy culture when grown on small blocks of wood with a little moss, and suspended in a warm part of the house; the roots require a good supply of water. Propagated by dividing the pseudo-bulbs.

The following comparative few of the aggregate number of species already introduced are really all that are worth the cultivator's attention; what the botanist often regards as being very pretty, &c., does not always appear such in the eyes of the grower.

=B. barbigerum= (bearded).* fl., sepals and petals greenish-brown; lip covered with dark-coloured hair, and so loosely attached at the base as to be moved with the slightest breath. Sierra Leone, 1835. A curious dwarf-growing plant, with dark green leaves and pseudo-bulbs. (B. R. 1942.)

=B. Beccarii= (Beccari's). fl. light brownish and painted with violet; lip brown, with a violet hue, proceeding from a rhizome at the base of the leaf (just below the small pseudo-bulb), and at once turning downwards; racemes dense, cylindrical, nodding. l. three, 25in. long, 18in, across, very thick. Rhizome 20in. long. Brazil, 1879. A remarkable and gigantic climbing species; the odour of this plant is intolerably fœtid and the leaves are larger than those of any other known orchid. This species requires plenty of heat. (B. M. 6517.)

=B. Lobbi= (Lobb's).* fl. large; sepals and petals yellow, the upper part spotted with purple; solitary, on radical scapes. Summer. Java, 1845. (B. M. 4532.)

=B. maculatum= (spotted). fl. prettily spotted, l. long, obtuse, bright green. India.

=B. reticulatum= (netted-leaved).* fl. in pairs, white, striped inside with purple; lip spotted with the same colour. l. somewhat heart-shaped, with the nerves of a deeper green than the rest of the leaf, giving it a beautifully reticulated appearance. Brazil, 1866. Perhaps the handsomest of the genus. (B. M. 5605.)

=B. saltatorum= (dancing). fl. greenish-brown, lasting some time in perfection. Winter. h. 6in. Sierra Leone, 1835. (B. R. 1970.)

=B. siamense= (Siamese).* fl. pale yellow, striped with purple; lip yellow, streaked with purplish lines. A very pretty species, closely allied to B. Lobbi, but with longer and stouter leaves. Pseudo-bulbs ovate. Siam, 1867. Should be grown in a pot of peat and sphagnum.

=BULBOSTYLES= (from bolbos, a bulb, and stylos, the style). ORD. Compositæ. A. small genus of stove evergreen plants, now referred to Eupatorium.

=BULBS.= A Bulb is formed upon or beneath the ground, and is a swollen stock, consisting, in the first place, of a more or less fleshy disk, which below gives rise to the roots; secondly, of more or less fleshy coats, or scales, borne on the disk; thirdly, of a more or less central shoot, equally borne by the disk, protected by the coats or scales already mentioned, and formed of rudimentary leaves and flowers. In some instances, small Bulbs, called Cloves, are formed at the base of the scales of the original Bulb; these are destined to reproduce the plant. Shallot and Garlic are good examples. Bulbs are, in fact, storehouses, husbanding the strength and energy acquired by the plant during one season, for the exigencies of the next. They are classified under two sections--Scaly and Tunicated. In the former, the scales of the Bulb are imbricated, as in the Lily; in the latter, they form continuous coatings, one within the other, as in the Hyacinth, &c. In several Lilies, young Bulbs are found growing in the axils of the leaves, when they are known as Bulbils. Bulbs is also a popular term given to Dutch Flower Roots, mostly arriving here in the autumn for spring flowering. Crocus, Colchicum, Cyclamen, Gladiolus, and several others, are not Bulbs, but Corms. The flowering season varies according to the different sorts of Bulbs. The majority may be lifted and kept tolerably dry during the resting period; but they wither and become exhausted if not replanted at the proper time, thereby causing many failures. Dutch Bulbs generally arrive in September, and the best results are obtained from those potted or planted at once, although some for succession may be kept in reserve up till the beginning of November. The failure in cultivating imported Liliums and other Bulbs may be often caused by their long-continued confinement in a dry atmosphere, whereby their vitality is often almost lost. The roots of some Bulbs are nearly always, more or less, in action, and these, especially, should not be kept out of the ground for any length of time.

=BULLACE.= See =Prunus insititia=.

=BULLACE=, or =MUSCADINE=. See =Vitis vulpina=.

=BULLATE.= Blistered or puckered.

=BULRUSH=, or =CLUB-RUSH=. See =Typha=.

=BUNCHOSIA= (from bunchos, the Arabic name for Coffee; in allusion to the similarity between the seeds of this genus and those of Coffee). ORD. Malpighiaceæ. Ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs, nearly allied to Malpighia, but having the racemes of flowers axillary. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, externally smooth, and containing two or three seeds. They thrive best in a compost of loam, peat, leaf soil, and sand, in about equal proportions. Cuttings of ripened shoots will root in sand under a bell glass, in moist bottom heat, taking several weeks to do so. Good drainage is essential, both in striking cuttings and in the cultivation of the plants.

=B. argentea= (silvery).* fl. yellow; racemes opposite, simple, pubescent. July. l. lanceolate, silvery beneath. Branches puberulous. h. 10ft. Caraccas, 1810.

=B. glandulifera= (gland-bearing). fl. yellow; racemes simple, axillary. March to May. l. elliptical-ovate, on short petioles, wavy, pubescent on both surfaces, furnished with four glands beneath at the base. h. 10ft. Caraccas, 1806.

=B. nitida= (shining). fl. yellow; racemes elongated, almost the length of the leaves. July. fr. large, red; it is much eaten by turkeys and other large fowl. l. 4in. long, oblong, acuminated, smooth, glandless. h. 4ft. Jamaica, 1800.

=B. odorata= (fragrant).* fl. yellow, sweet-scented; racemes opposite. May. l. ovate, emarginate, downy on both surfaces. h. 7ft. Carthagena, 1806.

=BUPHTHALMUM= (from bous, an ox, and ophthalmos, the eye; the disk of the flower being ox-eye-like). Oxeye. ORD. Compositæ. Very showy and ornamental hardy perennial plants, thriving freely in common garden soil. They are propagated by divisions, made in autumn or spring.

=B. grandiflorum= (large-flowered).* fl.-heads yellow, large; involucre naked. June to October. l. alternate-lanceolate, somewhat toothleted, smooth. h. 1-1/2ft. Austria, 1722. Hardy herbaceous perennial.

=B. salicifolium= (Willow-leaved).* fl.-heads yellow, solitary, rather large, terminal; involucre naked. June. l. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, sub-serrated, three-nerved, villous. h. 1-1/2ft. Austria, 1759. Hardy herbaceous perennial.

=B. speciosissimum= (showiest).* fl.-heads yellow. July. h. 2ft. South Europe, 1826. Hardy herbaceous perennial. SYN. Telekia speciosissima.

=BUPLEURUM= (derivation not satisfactorily explained). Hare's-Ear. ORD. Umbelliferæ. A somewhat extensive genus of quite glabrous shrubs or herbaceous plants. Flowers yellowish; umbels compound. Leaves mostly quite entire. But few of this genus are worth growing, and all are of the easiest culture in common garden soil. Seeds of the annuals may be sown out of doors in March or April; divisions of the herbaceous perennials made in autumn or spring; and cutting or divisions of the greenhouse species, in March or April.

=B. fruticescens= (shrubby).* fl., umbels small, three to five-rayed; involucre of three to five, very short, subulate leaves. August. l. linear-subulate, stiff, striated, five to seven-nerved. Branches slender, elongated, erect. h. 1ft. Spain, 1752. Hardy and evergreen.

=B. fruticosum= (shrubby).* Leaves of involucre oblong. July. l. of a sea-green colour; oblong, attenuated at the base, coriaceous, one-nerved, quite entire, sessile. Bark of branches purplish. h. 3ft. to 6ft. Spain, 1596. Hardy. This is nearly the only species grown. (W. D. B. 1, 14.)

=B. gibraltarica= (Gibraltar). fl. yellow. June. l. lanceolate, one-nerved, coriaceous. h. 3ft. Gibraltar, 1784. Evergreen, half-hardy.

=B. graminifolium= (Grass-leaved).* fl. green-yellow. June. l. linear, grass-like. h. 6in. Switzerland, 1768. Hardy perennial.

=B. longifolium= (long-leaved). fl. green-yellow. June. l. ovate-oblong; radical ones stalked; cauline ones amplexicaul. h. 3ft. Switzerland, 1713. Hardy perennial.

=BUR.= See =Centotheca lappacea=.

=BURBIDGEA= (named after F. W. Burbidge, the discoverer of the genus, a traveller in Borneo, and author of several horticultural works). ORD. Scitamineæ. A very large, brilliant-flowered stove herbaceous perennial, allied to Hedychium. For culture, see =Alpinia=.

=B. nitida= (shining).* fl., perianth-tube 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, slender; outer segments 1-1/2in. to 2in. in diameter, bright orange-scarlet; panicle terminal, 4in. to 6in. long, many-flowered. Summer. l. 4in. to 6in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, cordate-acuminate, rather fleshy, bright green above. Stems tufted, 2ft. to 4ft. high, slender, terete, leafy. N. W. Borneo, 1879. See Fig. 302, for which we are indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons. (B. M. 6403.)

=BURCHARDIA= (named after H. Burchard, M.D., a botanical author). ORD. Liliaceæ. An ornamental greenhouse herbaceous perennial, allied to Androcymbium. It thrives best in sandy peat, or peat mixed with a little loam. Propagated by offsets or divisions, made just previous to potting, in spring. It is best to repot annually. Good drainage should be allowed, and the plant must not be potted too firmly.

=B. umbellata= (umbelled). fl. white, green. August. h. 2ft. New Holland, 1820.

=BURCHCHELLIA= (named after W. Burchell, a botanical traveller in the Cape of Good Hope, and in Brazil). ORD. Rubiaceæ. A stove evergreen shrub from the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers scarlet, disposed in heads at the tops of the branches, sessile upon a villous receptacle, intermixed with small distinct bracteoles; and each head is propped up by the ultimate pair of leaves; corolla of a clavate-funnel-shape. Leaves ovate, acute, a little cordate at the base, petiolate; stipules interpetiolar, broad, cuspidate at the apex, deciduous. It grows well in a rich light soil, or a mixture of turfy loam, turfy peat, and sand. Cuttings, not too ripe, root readily if planted in sand, and placed under a hand glass, in a gentle heat.

=B. bubalina= (buffalo). A synonym of B. capensis.

=B. capensis= (Cape).* fl. deep scarlet, nearly 1in. long. March. l. ovate, acute, clothed with hispid pubescence; stipules very broad, and very short. h. 3ft. to 5ft.; 12ft. to 14ft. in a wild state. SYN. B. bubalina. (B. M. 2339.)

=BURLINGTONIA= (named after the "amiable and accomplished" Countess of Burlington). ORD. Orchideæ. A small genus of epiphytal orchids, all of which are beautiful and eminently well worth growing. They may be grown upon small blocks of wood, or in rustic baskets, suspended from the roof of the plant stove, where, if liberally treated with water, and a genial moisture in the air during the growing season, very little else will be required to ensure health and vigour. In the dull days of winter, they should be watered less frequently, but the plants must not be allowed to exhibit the slightest signs of distress from drought, or the consequences may be fatal to their health. When fastening these plants to blocks of wood, a little sphagnum should be used, for experience proves that they thrive best when their thin white roots can escape and hang exposed to the air. If growing them in baskets, it is preferable first to fasten them securely upon small pieces of bare cork, then to fill the basket, and finally to cover the whole thinly with a layer of sphagnum.

Generally speaking, this genus is not a difficult one to cultivate; its great enemy is a small white scale, which secretes itself in the sheathing bases of the leaves. Here it rapidly multiplies, to the great detriment of the plants; the leaves soon turn yellow at the base, and drop off; the whole plant looks sickly, and soon dies, or else requires a very long time and much trouble to achieve its recovery to health. To prevent this, the bases of the leaves must be carefully looked into every time the plants are taken down to be dipped in water; and, should the slightest sign of this pest appear, a thorough washing with soft soap and tepid water must be given, repeating the operation every day until all traces of the insect are removed. Red thrip are also apt to work much mischief with these plants. They take up their abode in the same way as the white scale, and if not speedily removed or destroyed, soon make sad havoc. To put a stop to the ravages of this pest, a wash should be given, as before recommended, and after the soap has been rinsed out of the base of the leaf, a little tobacco powder should be sprinkled into the hollows, and allowed to remain for a day or two before brushing it off. This process will, however, cause a somewhat dirty appearance, but it will ensure ultimate health and vigour. Propagated by dividing the plants.

=B. Batemanni= (Bateman's).* fl. white, deliciously-scented; lip beautiful mauve. A very pretty South American species, resembling B. candida.

=B. candida= (white).* fl. snowy-white, with a slight stain of yellow on the upper part of the lip, in substance and appearance like white satin, trimmed with gold; large, sweet-scented, in gracefully drooping three to four-blossomed racemes, produced from the axils of the leaves. April and May, lasting about three weeks in perfection, and sometimes having a second flowering season. l. one or two in number, dark green, and firm in texture. h. 1ft. Demerara, 1834. A very compact species, well suited for basket culture; it should never be allowed to get dry. It may be distinguished from other species by having a single row of tubercles, forming a ridge upon each side of the slightly hastate lip. (B. R. 1927.)

=B. decora= (comely).* fl. white or rose-coloured, spotted with red; lip pure white; scapes erect, five to ten-flowered. Winter. Brazil, 1852. This species differs entirely from B. candida, inasmuch as it possesses a long slender-rooting stem, from different parts of which arise small oval pseudo-bulbs, each bearing a leaf; a lesser leaf appears at the base of a bulb, and from the axil of this the scape springs. It is a rather straggling but nevertheless beautiful species, and is best grown fastened upon long strips of cork, a little sphagnum being used in the operation; whilst, to prevent the plant getting too much "away from home," the young growths should be twisted back as they advance, and the practice continued until the pseudo-bulb is ultimately left near the centre, or in any spot which may appear bare. It likes strong heat and a very moist atmosphere, when growing; but during the period of rest, it should be kept cool and dry. See Fig. 303. (B. M. 4834.)

=B. d. picta= (painted).* A beautiful variety, differing from the type in having shorter and more acute leaves; flowers produced in greater profusion, rose-coloured, beautifully mottled and blotched with dark purple. October. Brazil. (B. M. 5419.)

=B. fragrans= (fragrant).* fl. very gratefully fragrant, disposed in erect racemes. April, remaining in perfection about three weeks. l. long, rigid, dark green. Habit compact. Brazil, 1850.

=B. pubescens= (downy). fl., sepals and petals snow-white; distinguished by the somewhat hastate lip, which has three yellow ridges on each side, and also by the downy column. November. h. 6in. Brazil, 1850.

=B. rigida= (rigid).* fl. purplish-white, spotted with pink on the lip; produced in heads. h. 1ft. Brazil, 1838. A handsome plant, but difficult to flower. (L. S. O. 36.)

=B. venusta= (charming).* fl. white, slightly tinted with pink; produced in heavy pendulous clusters at various seasons of the year; lip stained with yellow. l. rigid, dark green. Brazil, 1840. It forms a compact mass, and requires less heat than the kinds previously described. It is often confounded with B. pubescens, from which it may be distinguished by its larger and more loosely arranged flowers, by its smooth column, by the lip not being hastate in shape, and by the numerous shallow ridges borne near the base upon each side. (L. S. O. 2.)

=BUR MARIGOLD.= See =Bidens=.

=BURNET= (Poterium Sanguisorba; from poterion, a cup; being used in cooling drinks). ORD. Rosaceæ. A native perennial. The leaves are sometimes used in soups, and with Borage in cooling drinks; they are also put in salads. The foliage only being useful, keep the flower-spikes removed, as this tends to increase the luxuriance of the plants. It thrives in any light soil. Propagated by division.

=BURNET SAXIFRAGE.= See =Pimpinella=.

=BURNING BUSH.= See =Euonymus atropurpureus= and =E. americanus=.

=BURN ONION.= See =Potato Onion=.

=BUR REED.= See =Sparganium=.

=BURSARIA= (from bursa, a pouch; the capsules very much resemble those of the Shepherd's Purse). ORD. Pittosporaceæ. A handsome, much-branched, greenhouse evergreen shrub, forming a very pretty object when covered all over with its elegant white blossoms. It thrives well in a compost of sandy loam and peat, in equal proportions. Young cuttings will root freely in sand, under a bell glass, with a little bottom heat.

=B. spinosa= (thorny).* fl. white, small, disposed either in lateral or terminal panicles. July to December. l. small, oblong-cuneated, entire. h. 10ft. New Holland, 1793. (B. M. 1767.)

=BURSERA= (named after Joachim Burser, a disciple of Caspar Bauhin). ORD. Burseraceæ. Stove balsam-bearing trees. Flowers polygamous, or hermaphrodite; calyx small, four to six-toothed; petals four to six, spreading, generally valvate in æstivation; stamens eight to twelve; disk annular, with usually six to ten teeth; drupe oblong, covered by a three-valved succulent rind, containing three to five nuts. They thrive in a compost of loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings, placed under a glass, with bottom heat.

=B. gummifera= (gum-bearing). fl. whitish, hexandrous; racemes terminal and axillary. l. deciduous, usually impari-pinnate; leaflets ovate, acute, membranous. h. 60ft. West Indies, 1690.

=B. serrata= (serrate).* fl. whitish, decandrous; panicles axillary, shorter than the leaves. l. impari-pinnate, with three to five pairs of broad-lanceolate, bluntly-acuminated, serrulated leaflets; petioles and pedicels pubescent. h. 25ft. India, 1818.

=BURSERACEÆ.= An order of shrubs or trees, abounding in resinous juice; with opposite compound leaves, full of pellucid dots, and axillary and terminal fascicles of flowers. Fruit indehiscent, somewhat drupaceous. The genera best known are Amyris, Balsamodendron, Boswellia, Bursera, and Canarium.

=BURTONIA= (named after D. Burton, a plant collector for Kew Gardens). ORD. Leguminosæ. A genus of handsome greenhouse dwarf Heath-like shrubs, natives of West Australia. Flowers axillary, often thickly gathered at the ends of the branches; corollas rich purple; keel generally of a deeper colour, and the standard having sometimes a yellow blotch at its base. Leaves simple or trifoliolate, sessile, usually awl-shaped. They thrive well in a mixture of loam, peat, leaf soil, and sand, in equal proportions, with thorough drainage; but care must be taken not to give them too much water, as they require to be kept moderately dry, and are difficult to preserve in a living state. Young cuttings root freely in a pot of sandy soil, in a cool house, with a bell glass placed over them; but some of the species produce seed in abundance, which are the best means of increasing them.

=B. conferta= (cluster-flowered).* fl. violet. July. l. simple, very much crowded, six to eight lines long, linear-subulate, with revolute margins, and are, as well as the branches, smooth. h. 2ft. 1830. (B. R. 1600.)

=B. minor= (smaller). A synonym of Gompholobium minus.

=B. pulchella= (beautiful). A synonym of B. scabra.

=B. scabra= (rough).* fl. purple; peduncles axillary, bi-bracteate. April. l., leaflets glabrous, linear-mucronate. Branches puberulous. h. 2ft. 1846. SYN. B. pulchella. (B. M. 5000.)

=B. villosa= (villose). fl. purple, large; peduncles axillary, bi-bracteate. May. l., leaflets linear-subulate, bluntish, scabrid. h. 2ft. 1846. (B. M. 4410.)

=BUSHEL.= See =Measures=.

=BUTCHER'S BROOM.= See =Ruscus aculeatus=.

=BUTEA= (commemorative of John, Earl of Bute, once a munificent patron of botany). ORD. Leguminosæ. A genus of very ornamental stove evergreen unarmed trees. Racemes many-flowered; flowers three together, on short pedicels, and furnished with two bracteoles each, under the calyx; corolla deep scarlet; down on the calyces usually black and velvety. Leaves pinnately-trifoliate; leaflets large, ovate, roundish, stipellate. For culture, &c., see =Erythrina=.

=B. frondosa= (leafy). fl. 2in. long. l., leaflets roundish, obtuse, or emarginate, rather velvety beneath. Branches pubescent. h. 40ft. India, 1796. (B. F. S. 176.)

=B. superba= (superb).* l., leaflets roundish, obtuse, velvety beneath. Branches glabrous. Coromandel, 1798. This approaches the preceding species, from which it differs mainly by its scandent habit, and not by any botanical characters. (B. F. F. 143.)

=BUTOMACEÆ.= An order of aquatic plants, now usually included under Alismaceæ.

=BUTOMUS= (from bous, an ox, and temno, to cut; in reference to the sharp leaves, which injure the mouths of cattle that browze upon them). Flowering Rush. ORD. Alismaceæ. A very handsome hardy perennial aquatic, of extremely easy culture on the margins of ponds or muddy banks. Propagated by divisions of the roots, in spring.

=B. umbellatus= (umbelled).* fl. rose-coloured, umbellate; pedicels with scariose sheathing bracts at the base; scape naked, terete, longer than the leaves. Summer. l. all radical, 2ft. to 3ft. long, linear, acuminate, triquetrous. Ditches and ponds; frequent in England, and rare in Ireland. See Fig. 304.

=BUTTER AND EGGS.= The double-flowered variety of =Narcissus aurantius= (which see).

=BUTTER AND TALLOW TREE.= See =Pentadesma=.

=BUTTER-BUR.= See =Petasites vulgaris=.

=BUTTERCUPS.= See =Ranunculus=.

=BUTTERFLY ORCHIS.= See =Habenaria bifolia= and =H. chlorantha=.

=BUTTERFLY PLANT.= See =Oncidium Papilio=.

=BUTTER NUT.= See =Caryocar= and =Juglans cinerea=.

=BUTTERWORT.= See =Pinguicula=.

=BUTTON FLOWER.= See =Gomphia=.

=BUTTON-TREE.= See =Conocarpus=.

=BUTTON-WOOD.= See =Cephalanthus=.

=BUXUS= (from pyknos, dense; referring to the hardness of the wood). Box Tree. ORD. Euphorbiaceæ. A genus of hardy evergreen shrubs or small trees. Flowers unisexual, monœcious; male flowers, calyx of four minute segments, stamens four, inserted under the rudiment of a pistil; female flowers singly, at the tips of groups of male ones. Fruit, a regma, leathery, beaked with the styles. Leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, evergreen. These well-known plants thrive in any light, well-drained soil. Seeds should be sown in similar situations as soon as ripe. Cuttings, made of the young shoots, from 4in. to 6in. in length, inserted in a shady place, in August or September, root readily. Layers of either young or old wood, made in autumn or early spring, will make good plants. They can also be increased by suckers and division.

=B. balearica= (Balearic).* l. yellowish-green, oblong-elliptical, emarginate, coriaceous, about 2in. long, with a cartilaginous margin. h. 15ft. to 20ft. South Europe, 1780. This is a handsome species. The cuttings will require a shelter in winter, and in exposed situations it will be better to afford the plants protection.

=B. sempervirens= (evergreen).* Common Box. l. oval-oblong, retuse, convex, coriaceous, shining; stalks slightly hairy. h. various. England. There are numerous forms of this popular shrub: argentea, silver-variegated; aurea has its leaves variegated with a golden colour; marginata has leaves with a golden margin; myrtifolia has small, oblong, narrowish leaves; obcordate-variegata is a variegated variety, with obcordate leaves, from Japan; suffruticosa is the form usually cultivated for edgings, its leaves are small, obovate, this is readily increased by divisions, and requires to be planted firmly, in order to keep it dwarf.

=BYRSONIMA= (from byrsa, a hide, and nimius, much used; because the bark of some of the species is used in tanning, in Brazil). ORD. Malpighiaceæ. Ornamental stove evergreen trees or shrubs. Flowers racemose, terminal, simple or branched. All the species thrive very well in any light soil, or a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings made of half-ripened shoots will root freely in sand, under a hand glass, in a moist bottom heat.

=B. altissima= (tallest).* fl. white; racemes clothed with rufous hairs. July. l. ovate-oblong, covered with rufous down beneath, but beset with bristles above, which are fixed by the centre. h. 60ft. Guiana, 1820.

=B. chrysophylla= (golden-leaved).* fl. yellow; racemes simple. August. l. oblong, short, acuminated, acute at the base, rather wavy on the margin, and revolute, smooth above, clothed beneath with silky down, which is of a rusty golden colour. h. 14ft. South America, 1823.

=B. coriacea= (leathery-leaved). fl. yellow, sweet-scented; racemes densely spiked, pubescent, erect. May. l. ovate, acute, quite entire and smooth. h. 30ft. Jamaica, 1814.

=B. crassifolia= (thick-leaved). fl. yellow; racemes erect, elongated, brownish-velvety. July. l. ovate, acute at both ends, at length smooth above, but clothed with brownish down beneath. h. 6ft. Guiana, 1793.

=B. lucida= (shining).* fl. pink; petals hastately kidney-shaped; pedicels hispid; racemes spiked, erect, short, smooth. May. l. obovate, cuneiform, obtuse, or mucronate, smooth, veinless, shining. h. 8ft. Caribbee Islands, 1759. Described as "a beautiful shrub."

=B. verbascifolia= (Verbascum-leaved). fl. yellow; racemes terminal. July. l. lanceolate-obovate, quite entire, downy on both surfaces. h. 6ft. Guiana, 1810.

=BYSTROPOGON= (from byo, to close, and pogon, a beard; in reference to the throat of the flower being closed up with hairs). ORD. Labiatæ. Greenhouse evergreen sub-shrubs, nearly allied to Mentha. Flowers small, in dichotomous, sub-corymbose, or panicled cymes; or else disposed in dense spicate whorls. Bracts lanceolate or subulate. This genus contains easily cultivated species, which are, however, of no value for garden purposes.

=CAA-CUYS.= See =Ilex paraguariensis=.

=CAA-MINI.= See =Ilex paraguariensis=.

=CAAPEBA.= See =Cissampelos Pareira=.

=CAAPIM DE ANGOLA.= See =Panicum spectabile=.

=CAA-QUAZU.= See =Ilex paraguariensis=.

=CABARET.= The French name of Asarum europæum.

=CABBAGE.= The common name for Brassica; but especially applied to the plain-leaved hearting garden varieties of Brassica oleracea. To obtain good tender Cabbages in early spring and throughout the summer, it is necessary that they should be planted on rich, deeply-trenched ground, in a position free from the shade of fruit or other trees. Stable dung or good farmyard manure is best for this crop, and should be applied when trenching is being done, burying the manure a spit below the surface. Cabbages should not be planted successionally on the same ground, nor should they follow any of the other species of Brassica, if it can be avoided. A warmer position, not too much sheltered to make the plants tender, will be found beneficial for the earliest spring crop. This should not be planted too soon in autumn, as the plants are more subject to run to seed, especially if the winter be mild. The several forms of Cabbage are well known, being so much cultivated by cottagers as well as gardeners. None of those forming close hearts will bear severe frost, but the Savoys are improved by a little in the early autumn. The Coleworts are very useful in winter, being perhaps the hardiest of all; and, as the hearts do not get so close and hard as the Savoy and other Cabbages, the frost, unless it is very severe, does not injure them so much.

Cultivation. The crop obtained in April and May is usually the most important one, young Cabbages being then much appreciated by everyone. The time for seed-sowing varies in different localities, from the third week in July to the middle of August. The first date would probably prove suitable for the northern parts of the country; and the latter would be early enough for the south. The seed should be sown thinly in beds of rather light, well pulverised soil, afterwards covering these with netting, to protect the seed from birds. The plants will be ready, in most cases, for placing out during September, or as soon as the ground can be cleared of other crops and prepared for their reception. The Early Battersea, or one of its many allied sorts, is best for sowing at this season; and, when planting out, an allowance of 2ft. apart each way will be sufficient. Seed should again be sown on a mild hotbed in February, and occasionally afterwards, for succession; and a second crop may be obtained from the plants put out in autumn if they are allowed to remain. Drumhead and other strong-growing sorts, sown in spring, will require from 6in. to 1ft. more space when planted out. These are not, however, of such good quality as the smaller-growing varieties.

Savoys. The seed of these should be sown in March or April, according to the locality, in the same way as described above, in seed beds; and the after treatment is also very similar. The young plants must not be allowed to starve in the seed bed, but should be kept watered, and planted out in June and July, choosing dull weather for the operation. The ground should occasionally be hoed between the plants, to keep the surface open and destroy weeds. Distances of from 15in. to 30in. between the plants, according to the variety, must be allowed. See Fig. 305.

Coleworts. Seed of these should be sown about the end of June, and planted out 1ft. apart on a sheltered border, when large enough. Rosette is one of the best varieties; but the early Cabbages are often grown and used as Coleworts before they have had time to form close hearts.

Pickling Cabbage. The Red Dutch is the variety generally grown for pickling, and is probably the best to keep its colour when so treated. Seed should be sown in August, to stand the winter, and again in February for a succession; only a few plants will, in the majority of cases, be required, as, if liberally treated, they grow to a good size.

Sorts of White Cabbage. These are extremely numerous, and selections or improved forms are of annual appearance. Some of the old types are, however, still much cultivated. The following are a selection of the best sorts for general purposes: Atkins' Matchless, Carter's Heartwell, Early Battersea, Early York (see Fig. 306), Ellam's Early Dwarf, Enfield Market, Little Pixie, Oxheart (see Fig. 307), St. John's Day (see Fig. 308), Sugarloaf, Wheeler's Imperial, and Portugal or Couve Tronchuda. The last-named variety was introduced from Portugal some years ago, where it is much grown. It has a large midrib, and does not form very close hearts. It is very tender when cooked, and is only suitable for culture in summer. Under the name of Gilbert's Cabbage Broccoli, or Chou de Burghley, a variety of Cabbage was recently distributed which produces, if left long enough, hearts resembling Broccoli. Although there are different opinions as to its merits, it is said to be very tender when cooked, and is considered a decided acquisition.

Of Savoys, the best are: Drumhead, Dwarf Green Curled, Early Ulm, Large Late Green, and Tom Thumb.

Insects, &c. The majority of the Cabbage tribe is attacked by a very large number of different caterpillars and other pests, both above and below ground. The plants in their young stages are always a prey for snails and slugs, and often require a dusting of soot and lime as a protection. When planting out, many of the plants are often found with a protuberance at the root, caused by an insect, and termed "clubbing." Those so injured should be thrown away if they can possibly be spared, and the others dipped in a thick solution of soot water. This is the worst kind of disease the Cabbage tribe is subject to. The caterpillars of several moths and butterflies are very destructive in summer, often eating through the hearts of Cabbages and Cauliflowers, and so rendering them totally unfit for use. Hand-picking, or dusting with lime, is apparently the only means of diminishing the numbers of these pests.

=CABBAGE CATERPILLARS.= Large Cabbage White (Pieris brassicæ). From May to July, and again in September and October, this, the most common of our butterflies, may be seen in great numbers, frequenting gardens, lanes, and fields, being especially numerous where Cabbages are growing. Their beautiful yellow eggs are laid singly on the under surface of the leaves, and securely fastened by a natural glue; from these, in due time, issue the small, but destructive, "green caterpillars." Shortly after birth, they become quite green in front and yellow behind. They then get hairy and dotted over with black; they have eight pairs of feet, of which the three front ones only are "true" legs, or those which ultimately develop into the legs of the butterfly. They change their skin several times, and at each moult become larger in size. When full grown, they are about 1-1/2in. long, of a light green or bluish hue above, and yellow beneath; along the back of the adult caterpillar is a conspicuous yellow line, edged on each side with black dots.

The chrysalis, or pupa, is commonly found on window-ledges, palings, walls, and similar places; but is sometimes attached to the plant (see Fig. 309). It is a rather curious object, of the colour of stone, and prettily chiselled. It is fastened to the plant by the tail and by a belt of silk round the middle.

The perfect male insect has the body black and wings white on the upper side, except the tips of the fore-wings, which are black and crescent-shaped; and on the upper edge of the hinder wings there is a black spot. On the under side, the fore wings are white with yellow tips, and two black patches on each; the hind wings are yellow, with small black markings. The antennæ are alternately black and yellow, with the club black above and yellow beneath. The female (see Fig. 310) differs from the male in having two large black spots on each of the fore or upper wings, and a spot on the inner margin.

The Small White (Pieris rapæ, see Fig. 311) has two broods in the year, the first batch about April, and the second in July. The eggs are always placed on the upper side of the leaf, and are hatched in from ten to thirteen days, the caterpillars becoming full grown in about three weeks after emerging. The colour of the caterpillar is dark green, with a fine line of yellow, and a row of yellow spots down the sides. The chrysalis is attached by the tail and a band of silk to the place selected by the caterpillar, and varies greatly in colour, although generally it is of a whitish-brown.

Cabbage Moth (Mamestra brassicæ). Newman, in his "British Moths," thus describes the Cabbage Moth: "The antennæ are rather long and slender, and scarcely ciliated in either sex; the fore-wings are dark, smoky, grey brown, mottled and marbled with confused markings, both darker and paler; the orbicular spot is inconspicuous, but decidedly to be traced; the reniform stigma is delicately outlined with white or whitish-grey, and has a pale anterior disc, in which the same pale grey colour predominates; the hind wings are dark, smoky brown with rather pale base, and rather darker crescentic discoidal spot and wing-rays; the head, thorax, and body have the same colour as the fore and hind wings." The eggs are laid on Cabbages, or similar plants, and are hatched in a few days. The caterpillars are very voracious, feeding by day and night, and, what is worse, they spoil with their excrement, in the case of Cabbages, more than they eat. They are of a dark colour, with a kind of marbling, more or less distinct, on the back, the effect being produced by a triangular mark containing two white dots on each of their segments. On being disturbed, they roll themselves into a tight ring, and so remain until they suppose that danger is over. They descend into the earth for change to smooth red-brown chrysalids, and remain there till the following spring. If the chrysalids were collected and destroyed during the autumn and winter digging, much injury would be obviated through the succeeding spring and summer.

The destruction of these pests is a very troublesome matter, as the grubs of the last-named kind bore into the heart of the cabbage. Hand-picking is the only sure method. Anything emitting a distasteful odour will also keep them at bay. Miss Ormerod recommends throwing gas-lime over the plants, but it must be previously weakened by a few months' exposure. The following remedy may also be recommended:

Paraffin, or Coal Oil. Mix one ounce of oil with a gallon of soapsuds, and water the plants with the mixture before the caterpillars appear. If any have appeared, an application at the rate of two ounces to the gallon will generally clear them off. Of course, this operation must not be performed less than a month previous to cutting the cabbages, on account of the smell. Soapsuds alone will also clear caterpillars from most smooth-leaved subjects if frequently applied.

=CABBAGE FLY= (Anthomyia brassicæ). Among the injurious insects which infest Cabbages, none commit greater havoc to both stem and root, than the maggots of the Cabbage Fly. "They are whitish, cylindrical, and legless, tapering to the head, and blunt at the tail, which has short teeth on the lower margin, and two brown tubercles in the middle. When full grown, they are about 1/3in. long. They then leave the plants, and turn, in the earth, to pupæ, with a few black spots at the head, and short teeth at the tail, inside which the flies form, and emerge in about a fortnight or three weeks. The fly is of an ashen-grey colour, and smaller than the Onion Fly, which it much resembles. The male is of a darker grey, and has a short black stripe along the back between the wings, with a curved one on each side of it, and one black stripe along the abdomen" (Ormerod). The presence of these maggots may be easily detected by the flagging and change of colour of the leaves. The infested plants should be immediately removed and destroyed. The following remedy will be found beneficial:

Lime. Hot lime should be soaked in water for about twenty-four hours. When clear, the infested Cabbages should be well washed with the liquid. Superphosphate of lime may also be applied with advantage.

=CABBAGE GALL WEEVIL= (Ceutorrhynchus sulcicollis). This is a pretty little beetle, about three-quarters of a line or one line in length. Its colour is dark, but the insect is really of a coppery hue; on the thorax and head are rather large depressions; the wing-cases vary in colour from green to greenish-blue, or even black, and along the entire length of the elytra are parallel lines or holes, as may be seen with the aid of an ordinary lens. This insect, which causes much damage to plants of the Brassica family, is, in some places, very difficult to eradicate. It is also very destructive to other crops, and, therefore, any effectual remedy is valuable. The following methods may be recommended:

Carbolic Acid. Mix 1oz. Calvert's No. 5 carbolic acid with two gallons of soapsuds, and add sufficient loam or clay to make a thin paste. Dip the roots of the whole of the plants into this before they are set out. Well stir the mixture, and put the plants out in a damp soil, so that watering will not be necessary.

Paraffin, or Coal Oil. This, applied in the same manner as recommended for Carbolic Acid, is also very good.

Guano, Superphosphate of Lime, and Nitrate of Soda. A good dressing of either of these, given after the ground is dug, and in wet weather, about a month before the plants are put out, has been found very beneficial; but, although preventatives, they do not totally clear the crop from insects for the season.

Soot and Lime. Take equal parts of air-slaked lime and soot, and mix together. Set the plants with a trowel, and, having placed some soil over the roots, throw in a little of the mixture, filling up the hole with soil.

=CABBAGE MOTH.= See =Cabbage Caterpillars=.

=CABBAGE PALM.= See =Euterpe oleracea=.

=CABBAGE POWDERED-WING= (Aleyrodes brassicæ). A small four-winged powdery fly, closely allied to the Aphides. As implied by its name, this pest infests the various sorts of Cabbages. It is more particularly prevalent in autumn. Its presence may be readily detected by the partial discoloration of the leaves attacked. The head and body between the wings are black, with yellow variegation; abdomen yellow or rosy; wings white and mealy (whence its common name), the upper pair each having a darker spot, near the centre. Its destructive power resides in the rostrum, or sucking-tube, with which its head is furnished.

Remedies. The only effectual means of exterminating this pest is to destroy the leaves, preferably by burning. If its presence is detected early, an application of tobacco water, or diluted soft soap, may prove beneficial.

=CABBAGE ROOT-EATING FLY.= See =Root-eating Fly=.

=CABBAGE-TREE.= See =Euterpe oleracea=.

=CABBAGE WEEVIL.= See =Cabbage Gall Weevil=.

=CABOMBA= (the native name in Guiana). ORD. Nymphæaceæ. SUB. ORD. Cabombeæ. Small and very interesting aquatics. They thrive well in a cistern 1ft. deep, with 2in. of loam in the bottom, for the plants to root in, then filled up with water, and placed in a warm part of the greenhouse during summer, being allowed a rest in a cool part of the stove in winter. Propagation may be effected by root division.

=C. aquatica= (water-loving). fl. yellow, small; peduncles long, axillary, solitary, one-flowered. July. Submerged leaves opposite, stalked, cut into five divisions even to the petiole; segments multifid; floating leaves alternate, on long petioles, peltate, orbicular, entire. Guiana, 1823. SYN. Nectris aquatica.

=C. caroliniana= (Carolina) is somewhat similar to C. aquatica. It is a native of the Southern United States.

=CACALIA= (from kakalia, a name used by Dioscorides). ORD. Compositæ. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, here treated as distinct from Senecio, of which genus, from a botanical point of view, it is but a section. Heads five to many-flowered; florets all tubular and perfect; scales of the involucre in a single row; receptacle naked; pappus of numerous capillary bristles. For culture, see =Senecio=.

=C. atriplicifolia= (Atriplex-leaved). fl.-heads white. August. l., lower ones triangular-kidney shaped, or slightly cordate; the upper rhomboid, toothed. Stem terete. h. 3ft. to 6ft. United States of America.

=C. hastata= (hastate). fl.-heads white, nodding, racemose. Autumn. l. stalked, three-lobed, hastate, serrate. h. 1ft. Siberia, 1780.

=C. reniformis= (reniform). fl.-heads white, disposed in large corymbs. August. l. dilated, fan-shaped, 1ft. to 2ft. broad, repandly-toothed and angled, petiolate. Stem grooved and angled. h. 4ft. to 9ft. New Jersey, 1801.

=C. suaveolens= (sweet-scented).* fl.-heads white. Autumn. l. triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shaped, pointed, serrate; those of the stem on winged petioles. Stem grooved. h. 3ft. to 5ft. North America, 1752.

=C. tuberosa= (tuberous).* fl.-heads whitish. June. l. thick; lower ones lanceolate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles; upper ones on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex. Stem angled and grooved. h. 2ft. to 6ft. North America.

=CACOUCIA= (its name in Guiana). ORD. Combretaceæ. A small genus of stove twining or climbing shrubs. Flowers large, showy, racemose. Leaves opposite, oblong or ovate-elliptical. For culture, see =Combretum=.

=C. coccinea= (scarlet).* fl. scarlet, alternate, bracteate at the base, disposed in long terminal racemes. May. l. ovate, acuminated, shortly petiolate. Guiana. (A. G. i., 179.). A handsome stove climber.

=CACTEÆ.= A large order of succulent plants, with remarkable spines clustered on the cylindrical, angular, two-edged, or leafy stems. Flowers very variable, showy or minute, usually solitary, sessile, rarely in fascicles, ephemeral; petals disposed in two or more series, hardly distinguishable from the inner sepals, and sometimes united with them; sepals numerous, united and adnate a great length to the ovarium. Fruit fleshy, one-celled, many-seeded. Well-known genera are Cereus, Melocactus, Mammillaria, Opuntia, Pereskia, and Rhipsalis.

=CACTUS= (from kaktos, a name used by Theophrastus to describe a spiny plant). This generic term is popularly applied to all members of the extensive family Cacteæ, which order may be distinguished by the following characteristics: Calyx composed of many sepals, usually indefinite in number, the inner series not readily distinguishable from the petals, united and adnate a great length to the ovary; with the tube smooth in the genera Mammillaria, Melocactus, and Rhipsalis; or with the lobes of the sepals crowning the fruit, and having the tube scaly, as in the genera Cereus, Opuntia, and Pereskia. Petals disposed in two or more series, hardly distinguishable from the inner sepals, and somewhat united to them; sometimes irregular, and disposed in a long tube at the base, but distinct at the apex, as in the genera Mammillaria, Melocactus, and Cereus; sometimes equal and distinct to the very base, forming a rotate corolla, as in the genera Opuntia, Pereskia, and Rhipsalis. Stamens indefinite, disposed in many series, more or less cohering with the petals or inner sepals; filaments slender, filiform; anthers ovate, versatile, two-celled. Ovarium obovate, fleshy, one-celled. Fruit fleshy, one-celled, many seeded, either smooth and crowned by the calyx, or covered with scales, scars, or tubercles, and umbilicate at the apex. This order contains fleshy or succulent shrubs, very variable in habit and size. Flowers very variable, showy, or minute, usually solitary, sessile, rarely in fascicles, ephemeral, expanding by night or day. Leaves usually wanting, but, when present, small, caducous, and terete, rarely flat and expanded, sometimes alternate and disposed in a spiral order, always glabrous and fleshy. Prickles or bristles disposed in fascicles, rising from the axils of the leaves. In the leafless genera, the fascicles of spines are disposed on the angles of the stem, rising from tubercles. Stems usually angular, winged, or regularly beset with tubercles, rarely terete, usually jointed; joints compressed. A group of Cacti is shown at Fig. 312, for which we are indebted to Herr Fr. Ad. Haage, jun., of Erfurt, Germany. See =Cereus=, =Disocactus=, =Echinocactus=, =Epiphyllum=, =Leuchtenbergia=, =Mammillaria=, =Melocactus=, =Nopalea=, =Opuntia=, =Pelecyphora=, =Pereskia=, =Phyllocactus=, and =Rhipsalis=.

Cultivation. Perhaps no class of plants more easily accommodate themselves to a general system of treatment, than do these; although certain genera would undoubtedly thrive better than when subjected to the lower temperature, suited to the requirements of those coming from cooler regions. Notwithstanding that nearly all the species are natives of the western hemisphere, they occur in various geographical and altitudinal areas, in which the temperature is proportionately lessened or increased, as the case may be; yet, presuming a special house is set apart for their culture, the majority of the species may be happily suited therein. The warmest end of the structure should be selected for the tropical kinds; while those found in cooler regions may be grown in the other portions of the house; even those which are hardy in our climate are really best wintered in a house or frame. Granted that several species will endure our winter outside, it is yet necessary to give them the shelter of a friendly ledge of the rockery, or frame, or to cover them in their permanent position with a hand light, or sheet of glass, in order to prevent the ill-effects of excessive moisture. Generally, a winter temperature of from 50deg. to 55deg., and a summer one of from 70deg. to 80deg. during shade, or in sunshine up to 90deg., will be found advantageous. When thus treated, it will be necessary to keep the tropical species, on the whole, very dry during the winter. As regards soil, potting, and general treatment, all may be treated alike, except Epiphyllum, Disocactus, and Pereskia (which see). Some growers give them the protection of a house in winter, and stand them outside during the summer, which is not, however, a very commendable plan, as, in consequence of the very variable character of our climate being especially prejudicial to several of the tender and more delicate species, the often excessive amount of moisture they would receive, will produce a weakly state of health in many, while others will be lost. It is far better if their culture is attempted at all, to give them the proper treatment. The numerous species and varieties found on the Rocky Mountains are a most interesting series, and may be well managed in a cold frame facing south, arranging them on shelves as close to the glass as possible, and keeping them very dry through the winter. If the weather is very severe, the lights should be matted. One of the best collections of these in the country, is in the possession of E. G. Loder, Esq., Floore House, Weedon, Northampton, where a great number are admirably grown in frames, and under a large ledge of the rockery outside. Amateurs may grow quantities of handsome Cacti either in dwelling rooms near the window, or in small frames or greenhouses. As they are slow growing, not much space will be occupied; at the same time, a great deal of interest will be centred in their culture. As regards watering and insect pests, they are but little trouble. Miniature Cacti, of numerous kinds, are now often sold in small pots, and most attractive little subjects they prove.

Soil, Drainage, and Potting. Good ordinary fibrous loam should form about one-half of the compost, the other half should be made up of sand, broken bricks, and lime rubbish in equal quantities; the whole to be carefully mixed together, and not used until it is moderately dry. It is absolutely necessary to ensure perfect drainage; a good "stopper" should, therefore, be placed over the hole at the bottom of the pot, and about one-third of its depth filled with draining material. The best time for potting is during February and March. Turn out the plants, and remove nearly all the old soil from the roots, taking away any dead or decaying roots which may be observable. Place some of the roughest soil next the crocks, and gradually fill the pots with the finer material, well working the same amongst the roots; finally press the soil moderately firm. Do not water for a few days after potting, but syringe every evening, especially if the weather be fine; a little extra heat may be given after potting, to excite new, healthy growth. It will not be necessary every year to repot specimens in large vessels. A good top-dressing, with an occasional dose of weak liquid manure, is all they will require for several seasons.

Watering. This must be discriminately managed, especially during the winter; for, whatever their treatment as regards temperature during that season, they must be studiously watered, and anything like a saturated condition of the soil should be avoided. If the temperature is brisk, a little water may be given once a week, or perhaps not quite so often. If the plants are subjected to very cool treatment, water must be sparingly administered during November, December, and January; after which, they should be examined weekly, and very carefully attended to. During the summer months, when in active growth, they will not suffer if watered twice a week; and, on bright afternoons, light syringings may be advantageously given.

Propagation. Three methods are adopted, viz., by cuttings or offsets, grafting, and seeds; the former is the plan generally adopted. The cuttings or offsets should be removed with a sharp cut, and laid upon a sunny shelf until the wound is healed and roots are emitted, when they should be potted in sandy soil, and placed with the others. They will thrive freely if kept syringed. Grafting is resorted to with delicate kinds, which, from some reason or another, will not grow freely except upon the stock of a stronger species; and, by this means also, such delicate kinds can be kept from the damp soil, which frequently causes incipient decay. The stocks usually employed are those of Cereus tortuosus, C. peruvianus, &c., according to the species intended for working; they readily unite with each other. If the scion and stock are both slender, wedge-grafting should be adopted; if both are broad, it is best to make horizontal sections, placing them together and securing in proper position by tying with matting, but not too tightly, or the surface may be injured. Propagation by seeds is not often adopted, as it is a very slow method; they should be sown in very sandy soil, and placed in a semi-shady position until germination commences, when they may be exposed, and very carefully watered.

=CACTUS DAHLIA.= See =Dahlia Juarezii=.

=CADUCOUS.= Falling off soon; deciduous.

=CÆNOPTERIS.= See =Asplenium=.

=CÆSALPINIA.= (in honour of Andreas Cæsalpinus, a celebrated Italian botanist, 1519-1603). Brasiletto. ORD. Leguminosæ. An ornamental genus of stove evergreen trees or shrubs, not much grown, on account of the space required and the time the species take to flower. Flowers yellow or red, produced in racemes, having a top-shaped calyx, divided at the end into five parts, the lowest larger than the others; petals five, unequal-stalked, upper one shortest; stamens ten. A mixture of loam and leaf mould suits them best. Cuttings are somewhat difficult to root, but sometimes will succeed if taken off from the mother plant in a growing state and planted in sand, with a hand glass placed over them, in heat.

=C. alternifolia= (alternate-leaved). fl. orange, clustered. l. alternate, very elegant, compound. Central America, 1868.

=C. brasiliensis= (Brazilian). Brazil Wood. fl. orange; racemes rather panicled. l. with seven to nine pairs of pinnæ, each pinna bearing about fifteen or sixteen pairs of oval-oblong, obtuse, glabrous leaflets. Brazil, 1739. Plant unarmed.

=C. Sappan= (Sappan). fl. yellow, panicled. l. with ten to twelve pairs of plane, each pinna bearing ten to twelve pairs of unequal-sided, obliquely oval-oblong leaflets, which are emarginate at the apex. h. 40ft. Tropical Asia, 1773. This tree furnishes the Sappan-wood of commerce.

=C. sepiaria= (hedge). fl. yellow. April. l. compound; pinnæ with about ten pairs of pinnules. h. 60ft. India, 1857. SYN. Biancea scandens.

=CÆSIOUS.= Lavender-colour, bluish-grey.

=CÆSPITOSE.= Growing in tufts.

=CAFFER BREAD.= See =Encephalartos Caffra=.

=CAFFER TEA.= See =Helichrysum nudifolium=.

=CAFTA.= See =Catha edulis=.

=CAHOUN NUTS.= A name applied to the fruits of Attalea Cohune, which yield a valuable oil.

=CAIOPHORA.= See =Blumenbachia= and =Loasa=.

=CAJAN.= See =Cajanus=.

=CAJANUS= (Catjang is the Amboyna name). Cajan. ORD. Leguminosæ. A genus of erect stove evergreen shrubs, clothed with velvety pubescence. Flowers yellow, distinctly peduncled, corymbose, racemose; standard sometimes beautifully veined with red. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. A light rich soil suits these plants well. Young cuttings will root in sand, with a hand glass placed over them, in heat; but plants are usually raised from seeds, obtained from the West Indian Islands and India.

=C. indicus= (Indian).* Pigeon Pea. fl. yellow, or purple-spotted, in axillary racemes. July. l. pinnately trifoliate; leaflets lanceolate. h. 6ft. to 10ft. India. (B. M. 6440.)

=C. i. bicolor= (two-coloured). fl. yellow. July. h. 4ft. India, 1800. (B. R. 31, 31.)

=C. i. flavus= (yellow). fl. yellow. July. h. 4ft. India, 1687.

=CAJUPUT OIL= and =CAJUPUT-TREE=. See =Melaleuca leucadendron minor=.

=CAKILE= (derived from the Arabic). Sea Rocket. ORD. Cruciferæ. A pretty hardy annual, frequently found on sea-shores. It is of easy culture in most sandy soils. Propagated by seed, sown in spring.

=C. maritima= (sea). fl. lilac, large, densely corymbose. Summer and autumn. fr. a succulent pod, divided, when mature, by a horizontal partition into two cells, the upper containing a single erect seed, the lower a pendulous one. l. oblong, deeply lobed, fleshy. Stem much branched. h. 1ft. Sea-shores of Europe and North America.

=CALABASH NUTMEG.= See =Monodora Myristica=.

=CALABASH, SWEET.= See =Passiflora maliformis=.

=CALABASH-TREE.= See =Crescentia Cujete=.

=CALABA-TREE.= See =Calophyllum Calaba=.

=CALADENIA= (from kalos, beautiful, and aden, a gland; in reference to the disk of the labellum being finely beset with glands). ORD. Orchideæ. A genus of pretty greenhouse terrestrial orchids from New Zealand and Australia. They should be kept in a cool frame or greenhouse, and carefully watered, when not in a growing state. A compost of peat, loam, and sand, in equal parts, suits them well. Over thirty species are enumerated, but probably none are seen out of botanic gardens.

=CALADIUM= (derivation of name doubtful; probably of Indian origin). ORD. Aroideæ. Stove perennials, chiefly grown for the great beauty and varied hue of their leaves. Spathe hood-like, rolled round at the base; spadix, upper portion entirely covered with stamens, but ultimately becoming bare at the extreme top, provided with blunt glands or sterile stamens in the middle, and ovaries beneath; anthers shield-shaped and one-celled; ovaries numerous, two-celled, with from two to four ascending ovules in each cell. Leaves upon long petioles, more or less sagittate, ovate, and usually very richly coloured. Fruit a one or two-celled berry, with few seeds. They are all of easy culture, and grow freely in a humid atmosphere. In March, when the tubers have been kept dry or rested for some time, they may be started into growth again, in small pots, placed in a stove or pit, where a night temperature of from 60deg. to 65deg. is maintained, and syringed daily once or twice at least. As soon as indications of activity are presented, they may be shifted into 4in., 5in., or 6in. pots, or larger ones may be used if good sized specimens are required. If the tubers should be in large pots, it is best to turn them out, dividing if necessary, and placing all the crowns in small pots, from which they can be removed when root action and growth are resumed, and they require more room. Large tubers, if sound, may be divided, and the pieces placed in pots of such sizes as it is desired to grow them in.

Soil. Turfy loam, leaf mould, turfy peat, and a little well decomposed manure, in equal parts (not broken up too fine), with a good sprinkling of sharp sand, form an excellent compost, the whole being well incorporated together. Thorough drainage must be insured, as these plants require an abundance of water. After potting, they should be placed in a stove temperature, and kept well moistened by syringing two or three times daily. If accommodated with mild bottom heat at this time, they will make much freer and more vigorous growth than if otherwise treated. Water sparingly at first, but as soon as the leaves expand, increase the supply; and, when the pots are well filled with roots, apply clear liquid manure at every other time of watering. As the season advances, the temperature and humidity of the house should be increased. During bright sunshine, Caladiums should be slightly shaded for a few hours in the middle of the day, with some thin material, just to break the fierceness of the sun's rays; but the more they are exposed to the light at other times during growth, the brighter, richer, and more beautiful will the foliage be. As soon as the plants have attained a good size, some of them should be placed in the coolest part of the house, and partially hardened off; they may then be taken to the conservatory, allowing them a situation free from currents of cold air, and giving water only when really necessary. They may remain here for some time, but care must be taken to return them to the stove before they suffer from cold.

Small neatly grown specimens make beautiful ornaments for table decoration, and their suitability for exhibition purposes is well known, and largely taken advantage of. Towards autumn, and as the foliage begins to fade, the supply of water should be gradually lessened, until all the leaves die down; the pots should then be placed under the stage in the stove, where they can be looked to now and then, and a little water given if required. By no means allow the tubers to get dried up, as is often done; for, if so, they will frequently rot away inside; whereas, kept in a semi-moist condition, even the most delicate can be preserved. In this state, they may remain until the following season. Caladiums will not endure a very low temperature; from 55deg. to 60deg. is as low as they can be safely kept. Very few of those known as "true species" are grown, being superseded, for general decorative purposes, by the numerous hybrids which have been raised of late, principally from C. bicolor.

=C. argyrites= (silvery).* l. small, sagittate, round colour light green; centre and margins white, with many irregular white blotches scattered over the remaining portion. Para, 1858. One of the smallest and most elegant of the genus, and much esteemed for table decoration. (I. H. 1858, 185.)

=C. Baraquinii= (Baraquin's). l. from 20in. to 30in. long; centre deep red; margin dark green. Para, 1858. (I. H. 1850, 257.)

=C. bicolor= (two-coloured).* fl., spadix shorter than the hooded spathe, which is contracted in the middle. June. l. peltate-cordate, sagittate, coloured in the disk. h. 1ft. Brazil, 1773. (B. M. 820.)

=C. Cannartii= (Cannart's). l. green, with pale blotches; veins deep red. Para, 1863.

=C. Chantinii= (Chantin's).* l. chiefly brilliant crimson, irregularly blotched with white, and margined with dark green. Para, 1858. See Fig. 313.

=C. Devosianum= (Devosie's).* l. angular, blotched white and pink. Para, 1862.

=C. esculentum= (edible). Synonymous with Colocasia esculenta.

=C. Hardii= (Hardy's). l. red-tinged, slightly spotted with white. Para, 1862.

=C. Kochii= (Koch's).* l. spotted with white. Para, 1862.

=C. Lemaireanum= (Lemaire's). l. green, with whitish venation. Brazil, 1861. (I. H. 1862, 311.)

=C. Leopoldi= (Prince Leopold's).* l. green, marbled with red, and blotched with pink. Para, 1864.

=C. macrophyllum= (large-leaved).* l. large, palish green, blotched with greenish-white. Para, 1862.

=C. maculatum= (spotted).* l. oblong, acuminate, cuspidate, cordate at base, finely spotted with clear white. Plant erect, caulescent. South America, 1820. See Fig. 314.

=C. marmoratum= (marbled).* l. broad, peltate, upwards of 1ft. long, sagittate-ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, the two basal lobes being slightly divergent, dark bottle-green, variegated with greyish or silvery angular spots and blotches; petioles terete, greenish, mottled with purple. Guayaquil. SYN. Alocasia Roezlii. The variety costata differs from the type in having the midrib (or costa) marked out by a tapering band of silver grey.

=C. Rougieri= (Rougier's). l. green, with white spots; the centre pale green, with red veins. Para, 1864.

=C. rubronervium= (red-nerved). A synonym of C. rubrovenium.

=C. rubrovenium= (red-veined).* l. greyish-green in the centre, with red veins. Para, 1862. SYN. C. rubronervium.

=C. sanguinolentum= (blood-red blotched).* l. with a white midrib, blotched with red. Amazons, 1872.

=C. Schoelleri= (Schoeller's). A synonym of C. Schomburgkii.

=C. Schomburgkii= (Schomburgk's).* l. green, with white veins. Brazil, 1861. SYNS. C. Schoelleri and Alocasia argyroneura.

=C. S. Schmitzii= (Schmitz's). l., centre whitish, with green network; midrib and veins red. 1861. SYN. Alocasia erythræa.

=C. sub-rotundum= (half-round). l. roundish, spotted with red and white. Brazil. 1858.

=C. Verschaffeltii= (Verschaffelt's).* l. somewhat heart-shaped; ground colour brilliant green, entire surface irregularly spotted with bright red. Para.

=C. Wallisii= (Wallis's). l. dark olive green, with large irregular shaped spots and blotches of the purest white, and the veins all yellowish-white. Para, 1864.

The following descriptive list of hybrid varieties is, for the most part, a selection from Mr. Bull's catalogue, and contains all of importance:

ADOLPHE ADAMS, green leaf-ground, densely speckled with white, and rose-coloured midribs; ADOLPHE AUDRIEN,* a very attractive variety, with fine large richly-coloured foliage; AGRIPPINE DIMITRY, leaves large, with white ground, narrow green margin and veins, and pink centre; ALCIBIADE,* crimson-rayed centre, surrounded with pale green, and blotched with pure white, green margin; ALFRED BLEU, leaves rich green, with pure white spots, and flesh-coloured centre; ALFRED MAME,* carmine-red, bordered with white, and profusely spotted with rose; ALPHAND, green, spotted with red, crimson centre; ALPHONSE KARR, rosy-carmine centre and red spots; ARISTIDE, light green, with crimson centre; AUGUSTE LEMONIER,* fine large leaves, with soft green centre, and rosy-crimson ribs and veins; AUGUSTE RIVIERE, white centre and rays upon a light green ground, with crimson spots; BARILLET,* bright rosy-crimson centre, and ribs on green ground, with broad margin of rich green; BARON DE ROTHSCHILD, rich blood-red centre, and spots, on mottled green leaf-ground; BARONNE JAMES DE ROTHSCHILD,* young leaves of a bright rose colour, the more matured foliage soft rose, with red veins; BARRAL, bright green, with a fine red centre, and large spots of rose; BEETHOVEN,* ground colour white, intersected and veined with green, centre rib delicate rose; BELLEYMEI,* fine white variegated leaves; BELLINI, mottled pale green ground, with rosy centre and spots; BLANQUÆRTI, dark green, with grey veins and white spots; BUREL, dark bluish-green, veined bright rose, marked with rosy-violet, and spotted orange-red; CHANTINII FULGENS,* rich dark metallic-green, with attractive crimson centre and white spots; CHELSONI,* bright glossy green, suffused with brilliant red, and blotched with crimson; CLIO, ground colour deep rose, shaded white, green ribs and narrow green margin; DE CANDOLLE,* rich green, with beautiful rose-coloured spots and creamy white centre rays; DE HUMBOLDT, a fine variety, having glossy green leaves, spotted with scarlet; DEVINCK, leaves heart-shaped, delicate pink centre ribs, interspersed with white spots; DR. BOISDUVAL, centre rayed crimson, snow-white blotches on a green ground; DR. LINDLEY,* crimson centre, the green ground marked with rose blotches; DUC DE CLEVELAND, deep red centre, surrounded with pea-green, largely spotted with red; DUC DE MORNY,* deep green leaf borders, with large crimson-rayed centre; DUC DE NASSAU,* brilliant red centre and ribs, white spot on emerald green leaf borders; DUC DE RATIBOR, green ground, with red midribs marked with white spots; DUCHARTRE, leaf-ground white, flushed rose, green veins and red spots; EDOUARD ANDRE, crimson centre, and rose blotches; EDOUARD MOREAUX, mottled green ground, with lake centre; EDOUARD RODRIGUES,* deep carmine, margined with light green, and spotted with rose; E. G. HENDERSON,* green, with transparent rose spots and mottled crimson rays and centre; ELVINA, bright green, blotched with red, grey centre and veins; EMILIE VERDIER,* leaves of a light transparent rose colour, spotted with red; ETOILE D'ARGENT,* bright green, midribs and veins creamy-white, shaded with grey; EUCHARIS, rose centre, with violet reflections, margined with bright green, very fresh and bright looking; FELICIEN DAVID,* centre of leaf dark carmine, surrounded with white and beautifully veined with red on a light green ground; GOLDEN QUEEN, leaves large, pale golden yellow, uniform in colour; GRETRY, carmine centre, with white spots on a dark green ground; HELEVY, white midribs and marked with crimson blotches, on a green ground; HEROLD,* dark carmine veins, surrounded by light green, blotched with pure white, and margined dark green; IBIS ROSE,* a magnificent variety, with beautiful rich rose-coloured foliage, extremely attractive; ISADORA LEROY, rich metallic green, with crimson-red centre rays; JULES DUPLESSIS, bright rose centre, shaded with rich red and bordered with green; JULES PUTZEYS, rich green, with crimson midrib and veins, centre mottled grey, and the whole surface blotched with red; LAINGII,* reddish-carmine centre, surrounded with yellowish-green, the whole of the leaf sprinkled with white; LAMARTINE, deep crimson centre, with white and red spots; LA PERLE DU BRÉSIL,* exceedingly attractive, large leaves, white, delicately tinted with rose, midrib and veins dark green; LEPLAY, leaves attractively marked with white, and beautifully veined with rosy-violet; LOUISE DUPLESSIS, red rays and veins on a white ground, green margin; LUDDEMANNII,* deep crimson ribs, the leaf blotched with magenta and white, border pea green; MADAME ALFRED BLEU, deep green, with large white blotches, and broad crimson-scarlet veins; MADAME ALFRED MAME, light green, covered with large white spots, rosy-carmine centre; MADAME DE LA DEVANSAYE, leaves white, shaded rose, and veined with red and green; MADAME DOMBRAIN,* centre and ribs pale yellowish-green, shaded rose, surface covered with large white and rose spots; MADAME FRITZ KŒCHLIN,* white ground, with violet-rose ribs and green veins, a beautiful dwarf-growing variety; MADAME HEINE,* silvery white, stained and edged with pale green, distinct; MADAME HUNNEBELLE, leaves veined with light garnet colour on a white ground, and margined with green veins; MADAME JULES MÉNOREAU, fine large leaves, with white centre tinted rose, veined rich bright rose, and margined green; MADAME LAFORGE, centre and ribs reddish-crimson, with green margin; MADAME MARJOLIN SCHEFFER,* a beautiful variety, with white foliage, charmingly veined and netted with pure rosy-lake; MADAME WILLAUME, a charming variety, with transparent leaves, of a delicate salmon-rose colour; MARQUIS DE CAUX, red centre and veins, with rose blotches on margins; MARTERSTYGINUM, crimson centre and white spots; MERCADANTE, pale copper-coloured centre and veins, bordered with green; MEYERBEER,* white leaf-ground, green veins, and red midribs; MINERVE,* silvery white midrib and rays, surrounded with greyish white, green margin, with snowy white spots; MITHRIDATE, ground colour crimson-lake, with darker ribs, and dark bronze-green margin; MONSIEUR A. HARDY, rich reddish-carmine veins on white ground, tinted with rose and spotted with green; MONSIEUR J. LINDEN,* a fine large whitish leaf, with metallic reflections, coral-rose veins, and reticulated green border; MRS. LAING,* white ground, deep rose centre and veins, green margin; MURILLO,* centre and veins metallic-red, with large crimson blotches, broad margin of lustrous bronzy-green; NAPOLEON III.,* flamed crimson centre, with forked rays, and carmine spots on green ground; ONSLOW, deep rosy-crimson centre, with broad green margin, spotted with rose; PAILLET, crimson centre, broad green margin, splashed with crimson, and dotted with white; PAUL VERONESSE, large leaves, with pinkish-white centre, deep scarlet ribs, and broad green margin; PHILIPPE HERBERT, deep mottled crimson rays, and clear white margin, spotted with crimson; PICTUM, green blotched, and spotted with white; PRINCE ALBERT,* dark emerald green, rich crimson midrib, radiating from centre to margins, the intervening spaces spotted with white; PRINCE OF WALES,* a very handsome variety, with large golden-yellow leaves; PRINCESS ALEXANDRA,* rosy-salmon leaf, green centre rib, bordered with magenta-crimson, green margin, with light pink chain; PRINCESS OF TECK,* ground colour bright orange-yellow, the veins suffused with deep red; PRINCESS ROYAL, leaves of a golden ground, with crimson centre; PYRRHUS, centre and ribs deep crimson, pea-green margins; QUADRICOLOR, centre of leaf pale yellowish-green, ribs white, edged rosy-crimson, and margined green; RAMSAU, centre and ribs deep reddish-crimson, surface covered with white blotches, shaded red; RAULINII, rich red centre and veins, finely spotted with white; REGALE, silvery grey centre, rosy-red ribs, spotted with vermilion-red; REINE MARIE DE PORTUGAL,* violet-rose centre, with red veins, dark maroon zone, and green border, very handsome; REINE VICTORIA,* green veins and margins, spotted or marbled with white and rich crimson; ROSSINI, large leaf, with pale centre, pink midribs, and red blotches; ROUILLARD, glossy green margin, pale green centre, midrib and rays rich violet-plum, the whole leaf spotted crimson; SANCHONIANTHON, crimson centre, deep glossy crimson ribs, and pea-green margin; SIEBOLDII, rich green, with fiery-red crimson-rayed centre, green spaces, spotted with claret red; SOUVENIR DE MADAME E. ANDRE,* large deep green leaves, marbled with pure white, veins fine rosy crimson; SPONTINI, pea-green, with white spots, and rosy-pink ribs and veins; THIBAUTII, fine large leaf, with rich crimson veins on a red ground; TRICOLOR, edges of leaves grey-green, intersected with dark green, centre red-lake, carmine midribs; TRIOMPHE DE L'EXPOSITION,* crimson centre, with red ribs, and green border; VERDI, crimson-lake centre with small green zone and apple-green margin; VESTA, greenish-white veins, surrounded with crimson, the whole of the leaf spotted bright rose; VICOMTESSE DE LA ROQUE-ORDAN, red midrib, and rays bordered with white, the margin beautiful emerald green; VILLE DE MULHOUSE, a beautiful variety, with greenish-white leaves, shaded rose, and rich green centre; VIRGINALE,* clear shining white, veined with dark bluish-green, a handsome variety.

=CALAIS.= See =Microseris=.

=CALAMAGROSTIS= (from calamos, a reed, and agrostis, grass). ORD. Gramineæ. An extensive genus of grasses, for the most part hardy. Panicle more or less spreading; spikelets compressed, one-flowered; empty glumes two, sub-equal, lanceolate, pointed, keeled, awnless. They thrive in any ordinary garden soil. Seeds may be sown during autumn.

=C. lanceolata= (lanceolate). fl. purple, spreading in all directions; panicle erect, loose, much branched. July. Culms about 3ft. high, smooth, slender. Britain (moist woods and hedges). (Sy. En. B. 1724.)

=C. stricta= (upright). fl. brown, spreading in all directions; panicle erect, close. June. Culm about 2ft. high, very slender, smooth. England, &c. (bogs and marshes), but very rare. (Sy. En. B. 1725.)

=CALAMANDER WOOD.= See =Diospyros quœsita=.

=CALAMINT.= See =Calamintha=.

=CALAMINTHA= (from kalos, beautiful, and mintha, mint). Calamint. ORD. Labiatæ. A genus of hardy herbaceous plants, having the following essential characters: Calyx two-lipped; stamens diverging; upper lip of corolla nearly flat; tube straight. Rather pretty plants, with Thyme-like flowers, well suited for furnishing rock gardens. They grow in almost any garden soil. Increased by seeds, cuttings, or divisions of the roots, in spring.

=C. Acinos= (Acinos). Basil Thyme. fl. bluish-purple, variegated with white and dark purple, disposed in whorls, one on each flower-stalk. July and August. l. acute, serrate. Stems branched, ascending, leafy. h. 6in. England. Annual. SYNS. Acinos vulgaris and Thymus Acinos. (Sy. En. B. 1048.)

=C. alpina= (alpine). fl. purplish, almost sessile, four to six in a whorl, June to September. l. petiolate, roundish or ovate, slightly serrated. h. 6in. S. Europe, 1731. A freely branched, tufted plant.

=C. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* fl. purplish, 1-1/2in. long, in loose racemes; throat much inflated. June. l. petiolate, ovate, acute, coarsely toothed, rounded at the base, 2in. to 3in. long. Herbaceous stems branched at the base, and decumbent. h. 1ft. 1596.

=C. patavina= (Paduan). fl. pale or purplish-red, rather large. June. l. petiolate, ovate, acute, pubescent. h. 6in. to 9in. S. Europe, 1776.

=CALAMPELIS.= See =Eccremocarpus=.

=CALAMUS= (from kalamos, a reed; old Greek name used by Theophrastus). ORD. Palmeæ. An elegant genus of stove palms. Flowers small, usually of a rose or greenish colour, clustered upon branching spikes, each branch having a separate spathe, which is not large enough to enclose it. Fruit one-seeded, and covered with smooth, shining scales. Leaves pinnate. Stems reed-like, 1in. to 2in. in thickness. When in a young state, these palms are most effective as drawing or diningroom decorations; and, when in a more mature condition, they are excellent as stove ornaments and for exhibition purposes. They are all of slender growth, and of easy culture in a compost of equal parts loam and vegetable mould; a copious supply of water being needed to keep them in a flourishing state. Propagated by seeds. C. Rotang, C. viminalis, and several other species furnish the canes usually employed in this country for the bottoms of chairs, couches, &c.

=C. accedens= (yielding). l. long, arching, dark green, pinnate; pinnæ long, narrow, closely set; petioles with slender black spines. India. A rare, but elegant, slender-growing, miniature tree.

=C. adspersus= (scattered). l. pinnate; pinnæ 6in. to 8in. long, narrow, deep green; petioles about 6in. in length, sheathing at the base, clothed with long, slender, black spines. Stem not much stouter than a large wheat straw. h. 20ft. Java, 1866.

=C. asperrimus= (very rough).* l. pinnate, 3ft. to 12ft. long; pinnæ 1ft. to 2ft. in length, 1in. in breadth, pendent, light green, upper side with two rows of hair-like spines; petioles broadly sheathing at the base, densely armed with long, stout, black spines. Java, 1877. A beautiful species, which attains a considerable size. (I. H. 275.)

=C. ciliaris= (fringed).* l. pinnate, clothed with a quantity of soft hair-like bristles; petioles sheathing at the base. Stem erect and slender. India, 1869. From the plume-like habit of the leaves, it makes a splendid plant for table decoration, as well as being a beautiful specimen for exhibition.

=C. draco= (dragon). l. 4ft. to 6ft. in length, beautifully arched, pinnate; pinnæ 12in. to 18in. long, narrow, slightly pendent, dark green; petioles sheathing at base, armed with long, flat, black spines. h. 20ft. to 30ft. India, 1819. A very handsome species, with a robust constitution.

=C. fissus= (cleft). l. ovate in outline, pinnate, when young bright cinnamon; leaflets pendent, dark green, bearing on the upper side a few black hair-like bristles; petioles armed with dark, stout spines. Borneo. A very ornamental species.

=C. flagellum= (whip-like). l. 6ft. to 8ft. in length when fully grown, pinnate; pinnæ pendent, about 1ft. in length and 1in. in breadth, dark green, furnished on the upper side with two rows of long, white, hair-like spines; petioles sheathing, copiously armed with stout white spines, much swollen at the base, and tipped with black. Stem slender.

=C. Hystrix= (bristly). l. pinnate; petioles spiny. A compact-growing and very graceful species.

=C. Jenkinsianus= (Jenkins's). l. pinnate, gracefully arched, 2ft. to 6ft. long; pinnæ 6in. to 12in. long, 1in. broad, rich dark green; petioles slightly sheathing at the base, armed with long flat spines. Sikkim.

=C. leptospadix= (slender-spadix).* l. pinnate; pinnules about 1/3in. wide, and from 6in. to 12in. long, subulately acuminate; upper surface with three bristle-bearing ribs; a few smaller bristles are disposed along the midrib underneath; margins finely and regularly toothed with small ascending bristles; petiole channelled, tomentose towards the base, bearing three or four solitary needle-like spines, about 1in. long. India. A rare species, and described as one of the most graceful.

=C. Lewisianus= (Lewis's).* l. ultimately spreading, 2ft. to 6ft. long, pinnate: pinnæ equidistant, 1/2in. broad, and front 13in. to 15in. long: veins on the upper surface bristled, under surface smooth; margins rough, with appressed bristles; petioles white, with a broad, sheathing, blackish-brown base, densely armed with long, flat, black spines. India. A fine, but somewhat rare, species.

=C. Rotang= (Rotang). l. pinnate, from 3ft. to 4ft. in length. very gracefully arched; pinnæ 6in. to 12in. long, less than 1in. broad; upper side dark green, with two rows of hair-like spines; petioles and stems armed sparingly with stout, slightly reversed spines. Stems slender. India. When young, especially, this plant is very handsome.

=C. Royleanus= (Royle's).* l. pinnate, arching; pinnæ very numerous, narrow, pendent, deep green; petioles with few spines, dark green. North-west Himalayas.

=C. spectabilis= (showy).* l. pinnate, with a few pairs of smooth linear-lanceolate, three-ribbed leaflets, measuring 6in. to 8in. long; petioles green, furnished with numerous short conical white spines, tipped with brown. Malacca. A slender-growing species.

=C. verticillaris= (whorled). l. pinnate, with a very ornamental plume-like appearance; pinnæ long, broad, drooping; petioles with the spines arranged verticillately. Malacca. This beautiful species is extremely rare.

=C. viminalis= (twiggy).* l. 1ft. to 2ft. long, pinnate; pinnæ about 6in. long, narrow, light green; petioles sheathing, densely armed with long flat white spines. When only 3ft. or 4ft. in height, its spiny whip-like spikes of flowers are often produced. Stem slender. h. 50ft. Java, 1847.

The following are other, but less-known, species: australis, elegans, micranthus, niger, oblongus, and tenuis.

=CALAMUS AROMATICUS.= An old name of =Acorus Calamus= (which see).

=CALAMUS ODORATUS.= An old name of =Andropogon Schœnanthus= (which see).

=CALANDRINIA= (in honour of L. Calandrini, an Italian botanist, who lived in the beginning of the eighteenth century). ORD. Portulaceæ. A rather large genus of fleshy, glabrous, annual or perennial, herbaceous plants, some fourteen or fifteen species growing in Australia, the rest occurring in the New World. Flowers usually rose or purple, solitary, or in terminal umbels or racemes. Leaves quite entire, radical or alternate. Only four or five species are cultivated in this country; these are treated as half-hardy annuals--with the exception of C. umbellata, which is best treated as a biennial--and as such they are extensively grown in small gardens, with most satisfactory results. They should be sown in the spots where they are intended to flower, as transplantation, unless performed with more than ordinary care, will considerably check their growth or result in loss. Their flowers only expand during bright sunshine, and, consequently, they are less grown than they otherwise would be. The plants thrive in a light sandy soil. C. umbellata may be sown in a pan, placed in a cold frame, in May or June; and when the plants are large enough to handle, they should be potted off, or placed out in colonies where they are to bloom.

=C. discolor= (two-coloured). fl. bright rose, with a yellow tuft of stamens in the centre, 1-1/2in. across; raceme long. July, August. l. fleshy, obovate, attenuated at the base, pale green above, purple beneath. h. 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1834. (B. M. 3357.)

=C. grandiflora= (large.flowered).* fl. rosy, about 2in. across; calyx spotted; raceme simple, loose. Summer. l. fleshy, rhomboid, acute, petiolate. Stem suffruticose. h. 1ft. Chili, 1826. (B. R. 1194.)

=C. Menziesii= (Menzies').* FL. deep purple-crimson, from 1/2in. to 1in. across, terminal and axillary, solitary. June to September. l. elongated, spathulate, much attenuated at the base. Stems much branched, prostrate. California, 1831. SYN. C. speciosa. See Fig. 315. (B. R. 1598.)

=C. nitida= (shining). fl. rose-coloured, about 2in. across; raceme leafy, many-flowered. Summer. l. oblong-spathulate, sub-acute, glabrous, attenuated at the base, 1in. to 2in. in length. h. 6in. Chili, 1837. A very pretty hardy annual, forming a tuft from 4in. to 6in. across.

=C. speciosa= (showy). A synonym of C. Menziesii.

=C. umbellata= (umbellate).* fl. of a dazzling magenta-crimson, about as large as a sixpence; corymb cymose, terminal, many-flowered. Summer. l. radical, linear, acute, pilose. h. 6in. Peru, 1826. A very charming half-hardy biennial. See Fig. 316. (P. M. B. 12, 271.)

Other species occasionally met with are: compressa, micrantha, and procumbens; they are, however, inferior to those described above.

=CALANTHE= (from kalos, beautiful, and anthos, a flower). ORD. Orchideæ. SEC. Vandæ. A very handsome genus of stove terrestrial orchids. They may be characterised as robust-growing plants, producing large, broad, many-ribbed, or plaited leaves, which are, with one or two exceptions, evergreen, and long spikes, bearing many flowers, distinguished by their calcarate lip, which is attached to the column, and by the eight thick, waxy pollen masses adhering to a separate gland. Calanthes should be special favourites with amateurs, as, in the first place, they produce an abundance of showy flowers, which last a long time in perfection; and, secondly, because they are so easily managed. In potting these plants, it will be necessary to depart from the usual style of potting orchids, and, instead of elevating them above the rim of the pot upon a cone of peat and sphagnum, they must be kept below the rim, as in potting ordinary plants. In place of the usual soil and moss, these plants should have a mixture of loam, leaf mould, and peat, broken up rough, to which may be added some silver sand and dried cow manure. During the growing season, they require abundant supply of water, and in winter even this element must be administered freely to the evergreen kinds; whilst the deciduous ones, on the contrary, enjoy a thorough rest after blooming. Good drainage is essential to all. Little more need be said upon the cultivation of Calanthes during the summer months. When growing, they enjoy strong heat and plenty of moisture; but, when growth is complete, a cooler situation is most beneficial. They are subject to the attacks of various insects, which must be continually searched for, and, when found, destroyed; for, if neglected in this particular, the bold and handsome leaves will be much disfigured, and rendered far from ornamental. Propagated by suckers and divisions. About forty species are known, of which the following are a selection:

=C. curculigoides= (Curculigo-like). fl. beautiful orange-yellow, disposed in an erect spike. Summer and autumn. l. large, evergreen, plaited. h. 2ft. Malacca, 1844. (B. R. 33, 8.)

=C. Dominyi= (Dominy's).* fl., sepals and petals lilac; lip deep purple. This fine hybrid is a cross between C. Masuca and C. veratrifolia. (B. M. 5042.)

=C. furcata= (forked). fl. creamy white, very freely produced; spikes erect, 3ft. long. June to August. Luzon Isles, 1836. An excellent exhibition plant.

=C. Masuca= (Masuca).* fl., sepals and petals deep violet colour, with an intense violet-purple lip; numerously produced on spikes 2ft. long. June to August. India, 1838. (B. M. 4541). The variety grandiflora differs from the type in its greater size both of spike and individual flower; the gigantic spikes are from 3ft. to 4ft. high, and continue blooming for three months.

=C. Petri= (Peter Veitch's).* fl. whitish-yellow. Said to be very like C. veratrifolia, but bearing leaves a little narrower, and a system of five curious sulcate yellowish calli on the base of the lip, without the single lamella and teeth which are proper to that species. Polynesia, 1880.

=C. pleiochroma= (many-coloured). fl. whitish, purplish, ochre, orange. Japan, 1871.

=C. Regnieri= (Regnier's). fl., sepals and petals white; lip rosy-pink; middle lobe short, wedge-shaped, and emarginate. Pseudo-bulbs jointed, Cochin China. fausta is a fine variety, with the base of the tip and column a warm crimson.

=C. Sieboldii= (Siebold's).* fl. yellow, large; spikes erect. l. broad, dark green, plaited. h. 1ft. Japan, 1837. An elegant evergreen dwarf-growing species. (R. H. 1855, 20.)

=C. Textori= (Textor's). fl. cream-white, washed with violet on the petals and column, as well as on the base of lip, where the calli are brick-red, changing later on to ochre-colour, excepting the white-lilac base of sepals and petals and the column; lip very narrow. Japan, 1877.

=C. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* fl. rich bright rose, with a white throat; spikes often attaining a height of 3ft., and bearing an immense quantity of flowers. Winter. l. large, plaited, light green, deciduous. Pseudo-bulbs flask-shaped. This very beautiful hybrid is the result of a cross between C. vestita and C. rosea (SYN. Limatodes rosea). See Fig. 317. (B. M. 5375.)

=C. veratrifolia= (Veratrum-leaved).* fl. pure white, except the green tips of the sepals and the golden papillæ on the disk of the labellum; spikes 2ft. to 3ft. high, freely produced on well-grown plants. May to July. l. 2ft. or more long, dark green, broad, many-ribbed, with wavy margins. India, 1819. See Fig. 318. (B. M. 2615.)

=C. vestita= (clothed).* fl., sepals and petals pure white, numerously produced in a many-flowered, nodding spike. l. deciduous. Pseudo-bulbs large, whitish, h. 2-1/2ft. Burmah. (B. M. 4671.) The varieties of this species are very numerous.

=C. v. igneo-oculata= (fire-eyed).* fl., base of the column purplish, over which is a dazzling fire-colour, the blotch in the base of the lip of the same colour. Borneo, 1876.

=C. v. nivalis= (snowy).* fl. pure white, entirely destitute of any colour on the lip. Java, 1868.

=C. v. rubro-oculata= (red-eyed).* fl. delicate white, with a blotch of rich crimson in the centre; upwards of 2in. across; spikes long, drooping, having a white downy covering, and rising from the base of the silvery-green pseudo-bulbs, when the latter are without leaves. October to February.

=C. v. Turneri= (Turner's).* fl. pure white, with rose-coloured eye, larger, and produced on longer flower-spikes than the other kinds; form of flowers more compact. Java. This is considered by some authorities, to be a distinct species.

=CALATHEA= (from kalathos, a basket; in reference to the basket-shaped stigma, or to the leaves being worked into baskets in South America). ORD. Scitamineæ. This genus of very ornamental-leaved stove plants is distinguished from Maranta by mere botanical characters; and the two genera are often confounded. Flowers in terminal spikes, bracteate; perianth six-cleft, outer segments lanceolate, inner ones blunt and irregular; stamens three, petal-like. Leaves large, springing from the contracted stem, near the root. They delight in a rich, loose, open soil, consisting of peat, loam, and leaf soil, in about equal proportions, with the addition of a good sprinkling of sand, to keep it open and porous. The mixture should be used in a rough, lumpy state, so that the roots, which are of large size, may be able to travel with freedom. Nearly all the species admit of easy increase by division. July is a favourable time to set about it, or it may be carried out any time between that and the spring months. In order to make the necessary separation without damaging the roots, the plants should be shaken out from the soil, when they may be divided into as many pieces as there are separate crowns. Whether an increased stock be desired or not, Calatheas require fresh soil annually; and, if not reduced by division, they become much too thickly foliaged to properly develop, unless they are shifted into larger-sized pots, which can always be done if large specimens are required. When making divisions, see that each crown is well furnished with roots, so that they may at once commence sending up fresh young foliage. Although Calatheas require an abundant supply of water while growing, a stagnant moisture is most injurious; good drainage is, therefore, essential. To have the leaves in fine, healthy condition, plenty of atmospheric moisture must be maintained during their growth; and, if syringing is resorted to for the purpose of securing this, clear soft water should be used, or an unsightly deposit will be the result, by which the beauty of the plants, unless they are frequently sponged, will be spoiled. These plants require, in addition to plenty of moisture, moderate shade during the summer, as they dislike strong sunshine, and may, therefore, be grown among ferns, under creepers, in situations that would be of little use for other purposes. Calatheas are not subject to insects if properly supplied with water while growing, and a sufficiently moist atmosphere is at all times maintained; but, if either of these are lacking, red spider soon put in an appearance, and quickly disfigure the leaves.

=C. applicata= (inclined). fl. white. Brazil, 1875. SYN. Maranta pinnato-picta. (B. H. 1875, 18.)

=C. arrecta= (erect).* l. rich satin-green on the upper side, and heavy ruby colour on the under side. Ecuador, 1872. A fine species, with a very elegant growth. (I. H. 1871, 77.)

=C. Bachemiana= (Bachem's). l. silvery, with green lines and blotches. Brazil, 1875.

=C. Baraquinii= (Baraquin's).* l. ovate-lanceolate; ground colour bright green, relieved by beautiful bands of silvery white. Amazons, 1868.

=C. bella= (handsome).* l. greyish-green, with the margins and two series of central patches deep green. Brazil, 1875. SYN. Maranta tessellata Kegeljani.

=C. crocata= (saffron-coloured). fl. orange. Brazil, 1875.

=C. eximia= (choice). 1857. SYN. Phrynium eximium. (R. G. 686.)

=C. fasciata= (banded).* l. 8in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 8in. wide, broadly cordate; ground colour bright green, with broad bands of white running across from midrib to the margin; the under side pale green, tinged with purple. h. 1ft. Brazil, 1859. (R. G. 255.)

=C. hieroglyphica= (hieroglyphic). l. broadly obovate, obtuse; ground colour rich dark velvety green, which, towards the midrib, shades off into light emerald green; primary veins oblique, and the spaces between them ornamented with irregular streaks and bars of silvery white; under surface of a uniform dark vinous purple. Columbia, 1873. Dwarf and distinct. (I. H. 1873, 122.)

=C. illustris= (bright).* l. somewhat obovate; upper surface of a bright pea-green, streaked with transverse bands of a deeper green; midrib pink, with two irregular blotches of white traversing the leaves from base to point, midway between the margin and costa; under surface deep purple. Ecuador, 1866.

=C. Kerchoviana= (Kerchove's).* l. cordate, oblong, obtuse, shortly and abruptly acuminate, greyish-green, with a row of purplish blotches on each side of the midrib. h. 6in. Brazil, 1879. SYN. Maranta leuconeura Kerchoviana.

=C. Legrelliana= (Le Grell's). l. very dark green, relieved by a feathery band of white, extending the whole length between the midrib and margin. Ecuador, 1867.

=C. Leitzei= (Leitze's). l. oblong-lanceolate, deep metallic green, and shining on the upper surface, with feather-like markings of deeper colour, purplish-violet beneath. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. 935.)

=C. leopardina= (leopard).* l. oblong, pale or yellowish-green, marked on each side of the costa with several oblong acuminate blotches of deep green. h. 2ft. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. 893.)

=C. leuconeura= (white-nerved). A synonym of Maranta leuconeura.

=C. leucostachys= (white-spiked). h. 1ft. A fine species, allied to C. Warscewiczii. Costa Rica, 1874. (B. M. 6205.)

=C. Lindeni= (Linden's).* l. oblong, 6in. to 12in. long, deep green, with blotches of yellowish-green on each side of the midrib; under surface purplish-rose, through which the markings of the upper side are visible. Peru, 1866. Very handsome and free-growing. (I. H. 1871, 82.)

=C. Luciani= (Lucian's). l. shining green, the midrib festooned with silvery white. Tropical America, 1872.

=C. Makoyana= (Makoy's).* l. oblong, somewhat unequal-sided, 6in. to 8in. long, upwards of 4in. broad; outer margin deep green, the central portion semi-transparent, beautifully blotched with creamy-yellow and white; the central part is also ornamented between the transverse veins with oblong blotches of deep green; petioles slender, purplish-red. Tropical America, 1872. SYN. C. olivaris. (G. C. 1872, p. 1589.)

=C. Massangeana= (Massange's).* l. beautifully covered with rich marking, presenting a somewhat similar appearance to the wings of certain butterflies. The outer portion is olive-green; the middle, on both sides of the costa, of a delicate silvery-grey colour, from which the whitish side veins run out in a well-defined and regular manner; the portion of the leaf surrounding the silvery centre is ornamented with large blotches of dark velvety purplish-maroon, occasionally shaded with brownish-crimson; the whole of the leaf being marked with silky and sparkling reflections. Brazil, 1875. It is of neat habit, growing in close tufts, its ample foliage covering the ground.

=C. medio-picta= (middle painted). l. oblong-acute, tapering to the base, dark green, with a feathered white central stripe. Brazil, 1878.

=C. micans= (glittering).* l. oblong-acuminate, 2in. to 3in. long, a little over 1in. in breadth, dark shining green, with a white feathery stripe down the centre. Tropical America. The smallest species of the genus with a spreading habit, and quickly forming dense and beautiful tufts. There is a variety of this named amabilis. Brazil.

=C. nitens= (shining).* l. oblong, green, with a bright glossy surface, marked on each side of the midrib with a series of oblong acute bars, alternating with numerous lines of a dark green on a pale bright green ground. Brazil, 1880. An elegant and small-growing plant.

=C. olivaris= (olive-green). Synonymous with C. Makoyana.

=C. ornata= (ornamented).* l. oblong acuminate, 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. or more broad, yellowish-green, relieved by broad transverse bands of dark olive-green; under side tinged with purple. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Columbia, 1849.

=C. o. albo-lineata= (white-lined). Columbia, 1848. SYN. Maranta albo-lineata.

=C. o. majestica= (majestic). Rio Purus, 1866. SYN. Maranta majestica.

=C. o. regalis= (royal). Peru, 1856. SYNS. Maranta regalis and M. coriifolia.

=C. o. roseo-lineata= (rosy-lined).* h. 1ft. 1848. SYN. Maranta roseo-lineata.

=C. pacifica= (Pacific). l. oblong ovate, of a fine dark green on the upper surface, olive-brown beneath. Eastern Peru, 1871.

=C. pardina= (leopard).* fl. yellow, large, handsome, produced in great abundance. l. 10in. to 18in. long, 5in. to 6in. wide, ovate, pale green, with dark brown blotches on each side the midrib, and which occur at regular intervals the whole length of the leaf. New Grenada. (F. d. S. ii., 1101.)

=C. prasina= (leek-green). l. with a yellow-green central band. Brazil, 1875.

=C. princeps= (magnificent).* l. 12in. to 18in. long; centre rich dark green, broadly margined with yellowish-green, purple beneath. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1869. A superb large-growing species.

=C. pulchella= (pretty). l. bright green, with two series of deep green blotches, alternately large and small. Brazil, 1859. This much resembles C. zebrina in general appearance, but is not so strong a grower, and the leaves are not so dark.

=C. rosea-picta= (rose-coloured). l. somewhat orbicular, of a rich glossy green; midrib of a lovely rose-colour, between the margin and midrib are two irregular bands of the same colour, traversing the entire length of the leaf. Upper Amazon, 1866. (R. G. 610.)

=C. Seemanni= (Seemann's). l. about 1ft. long, 6in. broad, satiny emerald-green; midrib whitish. Nicaragua, 1872.

=C. splendida= (splendid). l. large, oblong-lanceolate, deflexed, 10in. to 18in. long, rich dark olive-green, with distinct blotches of greenish-yellow. Brazil, 1864.

=C. tubispatha= (tube-spathed).* l. somewhat obovate, obtuse, 6in. to 12in. long, pale greenish-yellow, beautifully relieved by a row of rich brown oblong blotches, set in pairs on each side of the midrib, throughout the entire length of the leaf. West Tropical America, 1865. An elegant species. (B. M. 5542.)

=C. Vanden Heckei= (Van den Heck's).* l. rich dark glossy green, shaded with transverse bands of a lighter green; midrib broadly margined with silvery-white, two bands of the same colour traverse the leaf from base to apex, midway between midrib and margin; under side of a uniform purplish-crimson. Brazil, 1865. Very distinct and handsome.

=C. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* l. large, ovate elliptic, over 1ft. long, very rich glossy green, marked along each side the midrib with crescent-shaped blotches of yellow, softened by shades of green and white; under surface light purple. h. 3ft. W. Tropical America, 1865. Probably the handsomest of the genus. See Fig. 319.

=C. virginalis= (virginal). l. large, broadly ovate, light green; midrib white, also with a white band on each side; the under side of a greyish-green. Amazons, 1857. Habit dwarf and compact.

=C vittata= (striped). l. ovate-acuminate, 9in. long, very light green, with narrow transverse bars of white on each side of the midrib. Brazil, 1857.

=C. Wallisii= (Wallis's).* l. rather large, of a rich and pleasing light green, beautifully relieved with a ray of rich dark green. South America, 1867. A handsome and distinct sort, but somewhat rare.

=C. W. discolor= (two-coloured). l. bright velvety green, with the centre and margins grey. South America, 1871.

=C. Warscewiczii= (Warscewicz's).* l. 2ft. long, about 8in. wide, deep velvety green in colour, relieved by a feathery stripe of yellowish-green on either side the midrib, and extending from the base to the apex. h. 3ft. Tropical America, 1879. A fine sort. (R. G. 515.)

=C. Wioti= (Wiot's). l. bright green, with two series of olive-green blotches. Brazil, 1875.

=C. zebrina= (zebra).* l. 2ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 8in. wide, beautiful velvety light green on the upper side, barred with greenish-purple; under side of a dull greenish-purple. h. 2ft. Brazil, 1815. This is a very old inhabitant of our stoves, and, for general usefulness is not much surpassed. See Fig. 320. (B. R. 385.)

=CALATHIAN VIOLET.= See =Gentiana Pneumonanthe=.

=CALCARATE.= Spurred, or having a spur.

=CALCEOLARIA= (from calceolus, a little slipper, in allusion to the form of the corolla; the form calceolarius, shoemaker, probably chosen to include a reference to F. Calceolari, an Italian botanist of the sixteenth century). Slipperwort. ORD. Scrophularineæ. A genus of hardy or half-hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs or herbs. Peduncles one or many-flowered, axillary or terminal, corymbose; corolla with a very short tube; limb bilabiate; upper lip short, truncately rounded, entire; lower lip large, concave, slipper-shaped. Leaves opposite, sometimes three in a whorl, rarely alternate.

SHRUBBY SECTION. In addition to the widely-known utility of this class for bedding purposes, they are fine decorative plants when well grown, and useful alike in conservatory or dwelling house. It will be found more convenient to grow these in a pit or frame, as in such places they are less liable to the attacks of fly, and make sturdier growth. If large plants are required, cuttings should be taken in August, placed in a cold frame facing the north, in sandy soil, and, when rooted, potted off into 3in. pots. They should then be placed in a light sunny frame, where they may remain until the middle of February. The points should then be pinched out. When the plants break, they must be shifted into 48-sized pots. If there are from four to six breaks to each plant, it will be sufficient; but, should such not be the case, the plants must be stopped again, when the requisite number will probably be obtained. Directly the roots touch the pots, the plants should be transferred to 7in. or 8in. pots, in which they will flower, and the shoots must be tied out so as to develop fully. Every effort should be exerted to keep the foliage green to the base of the plants, and they should be fumigated on the first appearance of green fly. As the flower-spikes are thrown up, weak liquid manure, applied two or three times a week, will prove beneficial. For potting, the following compost is most suitable: One-half good fibrous loam, one-eighth thoroughly rotted manure, and the remainder leaf soil, with enough sharp sand to keep the whole open. During frosty weather, of course, it will be necessary to protect the frames with mats, and to water judiciously, to avoid damping. Those plants intended for bedding will not require to be repotted, but should be inserted, about 3in. apart, in sandy soil, in a cold frame. The tops must be taken off early in March; and from the middle of April to the middle of May, they may be planted out where they are to remain. Should frosty weather, accompanied by drying winds, ensue, the plants will require the protection of inverted flower-pots, with pieces of slate or crock placed over the holes. A good soil, abundantly enriched with rotten manure, is most desirable for them.

Varieties. These are very numerous. The best of them are the following: BIJOU, dark red, very free; GAINE'S YELLOW, rich deep yellow, extremely free; GENERAL HAVELOCK, crimson-scarlet, very fine; GOLDEN GEM, bright yellow, perhaps the best; SPARKLER, crimson-gold, dwarf; VICTORIA, dark maroon, very attractive.

HERBACEOUS SECTION. These, like the preceding, are very useful, both for house and conservatory decoration (see Fig. 321). A packet of seed from a first-class firm will, if properly managed, produce a good percentage of excellent flowers. The seed may be sown from June to August, when large batches are required (when only one sowing is made, July will be the best month), on pans of light, sandy soil, which should be soaked with water before sowing. Care must be taken to make the surface of the soil level, and also to sow the seed as evenly as possible. It is better not to cover with soil, but a sheet of glass should be laid over the pan, which must be placed in a shady part of the greenhouse or cold frame until the young plants show the first leaf. The glass can then be gradually removed. When large enough to handle, the seedlings must be pricked out, about 2in. asunder, in pans or boxes, and placed in a close, shaded situation. As soon as of sufficient size, they must be placed singly in 3in. pots, returned to the frame, kept close for a few days, and as near the glass as possible, to make them sturdy. When necessary, they should be shifted into 5in. pots, in which they may be kept through the winter; or the later batches may be placed in small pots. By the end of October or early in November, the plants will be strong and fit for wintering; at this stage, the best place for them is in a dry, frost-proof pit, or on an airy shelf of the greenhouse, giving them sufficient water to prevent flagging. All dead leaves must be removed. On the first appearance of green fly, the plants should be fumigated with tobacco. From the end of January onwards, in order to encourage growth, the plants should be removed into 7in. or 8in. pots, giving plenty of drainage, and a compost consisting of one-half good light fibrous loam, one-fourth thoroughly decayed sheep manure, and one-fourth leaf soil, to which must be added sufficient coarse sand to keep the whole open. After potting, the plants must be again placed in the same position, and, as they require it, plenty of room given. Careful attention to watering is necessary, as they must not be allowed to get dry. Air must be given on all suitable occasions. The flower-stems, as they require it, should be supported with small neat sticks. About May, the plants will commence to bloom, and continue to do so for a couple of months. The best flowers should be selected, and cross-fertilised with a camel-hair pencil, in order to produce a good strain of seed for future sowing. The attention of horticulturists appears to be almost wholly confined to the innumerable hybrids raised from amplexicaulis, arachnoidea, corymbosa, integrifolia, purpurea, thyrsiflora, and a few others. Very few pure species are seen in cultivation, although most of them are well worth growing.

=C. alba= (white). fl. white; peduncles elongated, racemose, dichotomous. June. l. linear, remotely serrated. Plant suffruticose, clammy, and resinous. h. 1ft. Chili, 1844. Shrubby. (B. M. 4157.)

=C. amplexicaulis= (stem-clasping).* fl. yellow, umbellately fascicled; corymbs terminal; pedicels pilose. l. stem-clasping, ovate-oblong, acuminated, cordate, crenately-serrated, pilose. h. 1-1/2ft. Peru, 1845. Half-hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 4300.)

=C. arachnoidea= (cobwebby).* fl. purple; peduncles terminal, twin, elongated, dichotomous. June to September. l. lingulately-oblong, a little toothed, narrowing downwards into long winged petioles, which are connate at the base; about 5in. long, wrinkled. Stem herbaceous, branched, spreading, clothed with white cobwebbed wool, as well as the leaves and other parts, except the corolla. h. 1ft. Chili, 1827. (B. M. 2874.)

=C. bicolor= (two-coloured).* fl. in large terminal cymes; upper lip yellow, small; lower lip large, gaping, conchiform, the front clear yellow, the back white. July to November. l. broadly-ovate, sub-acute, coarsely crenated, wrinkled. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Stem much branched, woody at the base. Peru, 1829. SYN. C. diffusa. (B. R. 1374.)

=C. Burbidgei= (Burbidge's).* fl. rich yellow, with large lower lip. Autumn and winter. l. ovate, distinctly obtusely biserrate, sub-acute, with a narrow wing running down the petiole; both surfaces downy. h. 2ft. to 4ft. This is a handsome hybrid between C. Pavonii and C. fuchsiæfolia, raised by F. W. Burbidge, Esq., Trinity College Botanic Gardens, Dublin, 1882.

=C. chelidonioides= (Chelidonium-like). fl. yellow. June. h. 1ft. Peru, 1852. Annual.

=C. corymbosa= (corymbose). fl. yellow, marked with purple dots and lines, corymbose. May to October. l., radical ones ovate and cordate, petiolate, doubly crenated, white beneath; cauline ones few, cordate, half amplexicaul. Stems herbaceous, leafless at bottom, but dichotomous and leafy at top. Plant hairy. h. 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1822. (B. R. 723.)

=C. deflexa= (bending). Synonymous with C. fuchsiæfolia.

=C. diffusa= (spreading). A synonym of C. bicolor.

=C. flexuosa= (flexuose). fl., corolla yellow; lower lip large, ventricose; peduncles axillary and terminal, many-flowered; pedicels umbellate. l. cordate, unequally and bluntly crenated, petiolate, remote. Plant shrubby, rough, beset with glandular hairs. h. 3ft. Peru, 1847. (B. M. 5154.)

=C Fothergillii= (Fothergill's).* fl., upper lip of corolla yellowish; lower lip sulphur colour, having the margins spotted with red, four times the size of the upper one; peduncles scape-formed, one-flowered. May to August. l. spathulate, quite entire, pilose above, about 1in. long. Stem herbaceous, a little divided near the root. h. 3in. to 6in. Falkland Islands, 1777. (B. M. 348.)

=C. fuchsiæfolia= (Fuchsia-leaved).* fl. yellow, disposed in terminal panicles; upper lip nearly as large as the lower one. Spring. l. lanceolate, glandless. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Peru, 1878. This is a very handsome winter-flowering shrubby species, but it is difficult to keep the foliage in anything like good condition. SYN. C. deflexa. (Garden, March, 1879.)

=C. Henrici= (Anderson-Henry's). fl. yellow, disposed in terminal corymbose cymes; both lips of corolla much inflated, so as to entirely close the mouth. l. rather large, elongate-lanceolate, downy beneath. h. 2ft. Andes of Cuenca, 1865. Shrubby evergreen. (B. M. 5772.)

=C. hyssopifolia= (Hyssop-leaved).* fl. in terminal cymes; upper lip clear yellow, about half the width of the lower, and meeting closely to it; lower lip clear canary-yellow above, nearly white beneath. May to August. l. sessile, linear-lanceolate, sub-acute, entire. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Chili. Shrubby. (B. M. 5548.)

=C. integrifolia= (entire-leaved). Synonymous with C. rugosa.

=C. lobata= (lobed). fl. yellow, disposed in erect, loosely-branched cymes; lip curiously folded on itself, and spotted on the inner surface. l. palmately lobed. h. 9in. Peru, 1877. Herbaceous species. (B. M. 6330.)

=C. Pavonii= (Pavon's).* fl. rich yellow and brown, in large terminal clusters; upper lip small; lower lip large, widely gaping. l. perfoliate, the petioles connected by a broad wing, running all their length; blade broadly ovate, coarsely serrate-dentate; both sides covered with soft down. h. 2ft. to 4ft. Herbaceous. (B. M. 4525.)

=C. pinnata= (pinnate). fl. sulphur-coloured; peduncles twin or tern, panicled. July to September. l. pinnate; leaflets or segments toothed, lower ones pinnatifidly toothed. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1773. Annual, clothed with clammy hairs. (B. M. 41.)

=C. pisacomensis= (Pisacomanese). fl. rich orange-red, large; lower lip of corolla so bent upwards as to close the mouth; cymes produced from all the upper axils, forming long leafy panicles. l. ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate. h. 3ft. Peru, 1868. A sub-shrubby perennial, of strong, erect habit.

=C. plantaginea= (Plantain-like).* fl. yellow; lower lip of corolla large, hemispherical; upper one small, bifid; scapes generally two to three-flowered, pilose. August. l. radical, ovate, rhomboid, rosulate, serrated. Plant herbaceous, stemless, pubescent. h. 1ft. Chili, 1826. (B. M. 2805.)

=C. purpurea= (purple). fl., corolla of an uniform reddish-violet, rather small; corymbs terminal, many-flowered. July to September. l. wrinkled, hispid; radical ones cuneate-spathulate, serrated, quite entire behind, petiolate, acutish; cauline ones cordate, decussate, with a few long scattered hairs on their surfaces. Stems herbaceous, many from the same root. h. 1ft. Chili, 1826. There are several hybrids between this and other species. (B. M. 2775.)

=C. rugosa= (wrinkled). fl. yellow; panicles terminal, corymbose, pedunculate. August. l. ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, denticulated, wrinkled, opaque, rusty beneath; petioles winged, connate. h. 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. Chili, 1822. Shrubby species. SYN. C. integrifolia. (B. R. 744.) Two varieties of this are angustifolia, and viscosissima.

=C. scabiosæfolia= (Scabious-leaved).* fl., corolla pale yellow; lower lip large, ventricose; peduncles terminal, corymbose. May to October. l., lower ones pinnate; superior ones pinnatifid, three-lobed, or simple, the terminal segment always the largest. Plant rather hairy. Peru, 1822. Evergreen trailer. (B. M. 2405.)

=C. tenella= (small). fl. golden yellow, with orange-red spots within the lower lip; corymbs few-flowered. l. opposite, ovate, acuminated. h. 6in. Chili, 1873. Hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 6231.)

=C. thyrsiflora= (thyrse-flowered). fl. yellow, downy inside; thyrse terminal, crowded; peduncles compound, umbellate. June. l. linear, attenuated at both ends, serrate-toothed, sessile, 2in. long, and two lines broad. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Chili, 1827. Shrubby, clammy. (B. M. 2915.)

=C. violacea= (violet).* fl., corolla pale violet, spotted with deeper violet beneath; lip spreading in a campanulate manner; peduncles terminal by threes, corymbose; pedicels one to two-flowered. June. l. petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrated, white beneath. h. 2ft. Chili, 1853. Shrubby. (B. M. 4929.) See Fig. 322.

=CALCEOLATE.= Shaped like a slipper or round-toed shoe.

=CALDASIA.= See =Galipea heterophylla=.

=CALDCLUVIA= (named after Alexander Caldcleugh, F.R.S. and F.L.S., who collected and sent to this country many plants from Chili). ORD. Saxifrageæ. A greenhouse evergreen tree. Flowers panicled, terminal. Leaves opposite, simple, serrate, glabrous; pedicels jointless; stipules twin, sub-falcate, toothed, caducous. It thrives well in a compost of peat and loam, and may be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots, planted in sand, under a hand glass, and placed in a very gentle bottom heat.

=C. paniculata= (panicled). fl. white. June. Chili, 1831.

=CALEA= (from kalos, beautiful; referring to the flowers). ORD. Compositæ. A genus of stove evergreen herbs or small shrubs. Pappus hairy; receptacle paleaceous; involucre imbricated. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Side shoots root readily, if placed in sand, under glass, and with bottom heat; seeds may be sown in March. Warmer parts of New World.

=CALEANA= (named after G. Caley, Superintendent of the Botanical Garden, St. Vincent). ORD. Orchideæ. A genus of greenhouse terrestrial orchids, natives of Australia. Flowers few, greenish-brown; column broad, thin, concave; sepals and petals narrow, reflexed; lip posticous, peltate, unguiculate, highly irritable. In fine weather, or if left undisturbed, this lip bends back, leaving the column uncovered; but in wet weather, or if the plant is shaken, the lip falls over the column, securely fastening it. Leaves solitary, radical. They are of easy culture, in a compost of fibry peat, lumpy loam, and a little charcoal.

=B. major= (greater). fl. green-brown. June. 1810.

=C. minor= (less). fl. green-brown. June. 1822.

=C. nigrita= (blackish-flowered). fl. dark.

=CALECTASIA= (from kalos, beautiful, and ektasis, extension; in allusion to the star-like perianth segments). ORD. Juncaceæ. An elegant greenhouse suffruticose perennial, with dry, permanent, starry flowers. It thrives best in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by divisions.

=C. cyanea= (blue). fl. bright blue, solitary, on short terminal branches. June. l. needle-shaped, sheathing at the base. Australia, 1840. (B. M. 3834.)

=CALENDULA= (from calendæ, the first day of the month; in allusion to the almost perpetual flowering). Marigold. ORD. Compositæ. A genus of showy greenhouse and hardy annuals, and some few greenhouse shrubby species. Pappus none; receptacle naked; involucre of one or two series of sub-equal, acuminate, generally scarious-edged bracts. The shrubby species are propagated by cuttings, and thrive best in a compost of loam and peat.. For culture of the annuals, see =Marigold=.

=C. arvensis= (field). fl.-heads yellow. Pericarps urceolate, obovate, smooth; outer lanceolate-subulate, muricated at back. h. 2ft. Europe, 1597. Hardy annual.

=C. maderensis= (Madeira).* fl.-heads orange. Pericarps cymbiform, incurved, muricated; outer five ovate-lanceolate, membranous, toothed at edge. h. 2ft. Madeira, 1795. Hardy. SYN. C. stellata.

=C. officinalis= (officinal).* Common Marigold. fl.-heads orange. June to September. Pericarps cymbiform, all incurved, muricated. h. 3ft. South Europe, 1573. Hardy annual. See Fig. 323.

=C. o. prolifera= (proliferous). A garden form, analogous to the Hen and Chickens Daisy. See Fig. 324.

=C. stellata= (stellate). A synonym of C. maderensis.

=CALICO BUSH.= See =Kalmia latifolia=.

=CALIFORNIAN EVERGREEN REDWOOD.= See =Sequoia sempervirens=.

=CALIFORNIAN MAYBUSH.= See =Photinia arbutifolia=.

=CALIFORNIAN PEPPER-TREE.= See =Schinus Molle=.

=CALIFORNIAN POPPY.= See =Platystemon californicus=.

=CALIPHRURIA= (from kalos, beautiful, and phroura, prison; from the handsome spathe inclosing the flowers). ORD. Amaryllideæ. Pretty half-hardy greenhouse bulbs. Tube of perianth narrow, funnel-shaped, nearly straight; limb regular, stellate; stamens furnished with a bristle on each side. They thrive best in a compost of sandy loam, a little peat, leaf soil, and sand. Propagated by offsets. After flowering, the plants should have a slight heat; and, when starting into new growth, should be repotted.

=C. Hartwegiana= (Hartweg's).* fl. greenish-white; umbels seven-flowered; scape nearly terete, glaucous. May. l. petiolate, depressed, ovate, sub-plicate, green. h. 1ft. New Grenada, 1843. (B. M. 6259.)

=C. subedentata= (rarely-toothed).* fl. white, funnel-shaped, disposed in a truss, on a long scape. Winter. l. stalked, ovate-oblong. h. 1-1/2ft. Columbia, 1876. See Fig. 325. (B. M. 6289.)

=CALISAYA BARK.= See =Cinchona Calisaya=.

=CALLA= (from kallos, beauty). SYN. Provenzalia. ORD. Aroideæ (Araceæ). A monotypic genus. The species is a native of Central and Northern Europe and North America, has creeping or floating stems, and cordate entire leaves. C. palustris is sometimes grown in collections of aquatics or bog plants; and, although, perhaps, hardly worth cultivating as a pot plant, is well worth a place in open ornamental waters. Richardia æthiopica is frequently erroneously called Calla æthiopica.

=C. palustris= (marsh). fl., spadix protected by a flat white spathe, upper ones female, lower hermaphrodite, with numerous thread-like stamens. l. stalked, emerging from a sheath. h. 6in. Hardy aquatic, naturalised here and there in Britain. See Fig. 326.

=CALLI.= Small callosities, or little protuberances.

=CALLIANDRA= (from kallos, beauty, and andros, a stamen; referring to the elegant long, silky, purple or white stamens). ORD. Leguminosæ. A genus of beautiful stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers usually borne on stalked globose heads; corollas small, hidden by the numerous filaments of the stamens. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets varying in size and number. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by cuttings of rather firm young wood, inserted in sand, under a hand glass, in heat.

=C. Harrisii= (Harris's). fl. pink; peduncles axillary, fascicled, glandularly downy. February. l. bipinnate; leaflets obovate, falcate, downy; stipules small, falcate. Branches puberulous. h. 10ft. Mexico, 1838. (B. M. 4238.)

=C. Tweediei= (Tweedie's).* fl. red; peduncles longer than the petioles; bracts linear. March and April. l. with three or four pairs of pinnæ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear, acutish, ciliated, pilose beneath; stipules ovate, acuminate. Branches and petioles pilose. h. 6ft. Brazil, 1840. (B. M. 4188.)

=CALLICARPA= (from kallos, beauty, and karpos, fruit; referring to the beautiful berries). SYN. Porphyra. ORD. Verbenaceæ. A genus of stove, greenhouse, or nearly hardy evergreen shrubs, closely allied to Petræa. Flowers inconspicuous, disposed in axillary cymes; corolla-tube short, with the limb four-lobed. Fruit a very ornamental small juicy berry or drupe. The following mode of culture has been recommended: "After the old plants have been cut back in the spring, and started into growth, the young shoots will strike as readily as a Fuchsia, and with exactly the same treatment. In order to make good plants, short-jointed cuttings should be selected; and, as soon as these are struck, they should be potted into 2-1/2in. pots, using a compost of equal parts loam and peat, with a little charcoal and river sand. When they commence to grow, after being potted, remove to a pit or house with a temperature ranging from 60deg. to 75deg. Pinch out the tops of the plants as soon as they have three pairs of leaves, and whenever each of the laterals has made two pairs of leaves, pinch out their points, and continue this operation with all the rest of the shoots till the beginning of August, at the same time keeping off all the flower-buds. The next shift will be into 4in. or 5in. pots. They should always have plenty of light and air, but more especially after they come into flower."

=C. americana= (American). fl. red, small, in axillary cymes. Berries violet-coloured. l. ovate-oblong, toothed, silvery beneath, with a scurf of tomentum. h. 6ft. South America, 1724. Greenhouse.

=C. japonica= (Japanese). fl. pink. August. l. stalked, ovate, oblong, acuminate, serrate. h. 3ft. Japan, 1850. Stove. (L. & P. F. G. ii., p. 165.)

=C. lanata= (woolly). fl. purplish. June. Berries purple. l. sessile, ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath. h. 3ft. India, 1788. Stove. (S. F. d. J. 1861, p. 96.)

=C. purpurea= (purple). fl. insignificant, borne in cymose clusters, upon axillary footstalks. Berries very numerous, bright glossy deep violet coloured. l. opposite, ovate, acuminate; edges serrated; profusely clothed, as well as the stem, with hairs. h. 3ft. India, 1822. Stove. (Garden, June, 1833.)

=C. rubella= (reddish). fl. red. May. l. sessile, obovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, hairy on both surfaces. h. 2ft. China, 1822. Half-hardy. (B. R. 883.)

=CALLICHROA= (from kallos, beauty, and chroa, colour; referring to the bright yellow colour of the flowers). ORD. Compositæ. This genus is now usually included under Layia. Hardy annual, of easy culture in common garden soil. Seeds may be sown in March, on a slight hotbed, and transplanted to the open border early in May; or if sown out of doors in April, it will flower in the autumn.

=C. platyglossa= (broad-tongued). fl.-heads yellow, solitary, pedunculate; ray florets large, cuneate. Autumn. l. alternate, sessile, ciliated. h. 1ft. California, 1836. SYN. Layia platyglossa. (B. M. 3719.)

=CALLICOMA= (from kallos, beauty, and kome, hair; in reference to the tufted heads of flowers). ORD. Saxifrageæ. A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Flowers capitate; heads terminating the tops of the branchlets, pedunculate, globose. Leaves simple, coarsely serrated, stalked. Stipules membranous, bidentate, caducous. It thrives well in a sandy peat soil. Half ripened cuttings will root if placed in the same sort of soil, under a hand glass.

=C. serratifolia= (saw-leaved). Black Wattle. fl. yellow. May to August. l. lanceolate, acuminate, hoary beneath, attenuated at the base. h. 4ft. New South Wales, 1793. (B. M. 1811.)

=CALLIGONUM= (from kallos, beauty, and gonu, a knee-joint; in reference to its leafless joint). ORD. Polygonaceæ. SYNS. Pallasia, Pterococcus. A genus containing about a score species of very curious, erect, evergreen, hardy shrubs, found growing in dry, arid, sandy spots in Northern Africa and Western Asia. They will thrive in any well-drained sandy loam. Cuttings will root in spring or autumn if placed under a hand glass.

=C. Pallasia= (Pallas's). fl. whitish, in groups. May. fr. winged; wings membranous, curled and toothed, succulent, acid, edible. l. simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous, caducous, minute. Shoots rush-like, smooth, green. h. 3ft. to 4ft. Caspian Sea, 1780.

=CALLIOPSIS.= See =Coreopsis=.

=CALLIPRORA= (from kallos, beauty, and prora, a front; referring to the front view of the flower). ORD. Liliaceæ. A very pretty little bulbous plant, now often referred to Brodiæa. It thrives in a well-drained spot on the lower flanks of rockwork, in dry, rich, sandy soil. Propagated by offsets, which should remain on the parent bulbs until they are a good size.

=C. lutea= (yellow).* Pretty Face. fl., segments purplish-brown in the middle on the outside. Summer. l. linear-lanceolate, acuminated, channelled, longer than the flower-stem; bracts sheathing, scarious, much shorter than the pedicels. h. 9in. North California, 1831. SYNS. Brodiæa ixioides, Milla ixioides. (B. M. 3588.)

=CALLIPSYCHE= (from kallos, beauty, and psyche, a butterfly; alluding to the handsome flowers). ORD. Amaryllidaceæ. Ornamental greenhouse bulbs; requiring shade, and a compost of rich sandy loam and leaf mould, with good drainage. Propagated by seeds and offsets. They should have plenty of water when growing, and, during the winter, be kept moderately dry, but not dried off, so as to cause them to shrivel. As the leaves wither, water should be gradually withheld.

=C. aurantiaca= (orange).* fl. deep golden-yellow, several in an umbel, spreading, much flattened sideways; stamens green, twice the length of the perianth; scape erect, nearly 2ft. high. l. few, oblong-acute, bright green, conspicuously veined, stalked, 6in. long. Andes of Ecuador, 1868. (Ref. B. 167.)

=C. eucrosiodes= (Eucrosia-like).* fl. scarlet and green; stamens very long, incurved; scape about ten-flowered, glaucous. March. l. few, green, tessellated, pitted, 4in. wide. h. 2ft. Mexico, 1843. (B. R. 1845, 45.)

=C. mirabilis= (wonderful)*, fl. greenish-yellow, small, with stamens three times as long as the perianth, and spreading out on all sides; disposed in an umbellate head of about thirty blooms; scape 3ft. high. l. about two, oblong-spathulate, green, 1ft. long. Peru, 1868. An extremely curious plant. (Ref. B. 168.)

=CALLIPTERIS= (from kallos, beauty, and pteris, a fern). ORD. Filices. A genus of stove ferns, founded upon the sub-genus Diplazium, which is now included under Asplenium.

=CALLIRHOE= (of mythological origin, from Callirhoe, a daughter of the river-god Achelous). Poppy-Mallow. Allied to Malva. Species belonging to this genus have been erroneously referred to Malva and Nuttallia. ORD. Malvaceæ. A genus of elegant annual or perennial herbs, natives of North America. They are of extremely easy cultivation, thriving in a compost of light, rich, sandy loam. Propagation of the perennial species may be effected by means of both seeds and cuttings; of the annuals, by seeds only. Seeds should be sown in spring, either outside, or in pans in a cold frame. Young cuttings should be taken and dibbled in sandy soil in a frame.

=C. digitata= (fingered).* fl. reddish-purple; peduncles long, axillary, one-flowered. Summer. l. sub-peltate, six to seven-parted, with linear-entire or two-parted segments; upper ones more simple. h. 2ft. to 3ft. 1824. Perennial. (S. B. F. G. 129, under the name of Nuttallia digitata.)

=C. involucrata= (involucrate).* fl. crimson, nearly 2in. across, loosely panicled. Summer. l. divided nearly to the base, three to five-parted; segments narrow, lanceolate, three to five-toothed, hairy on both surfaces. Habit procumbent; stems hairy. h. 6in. Perennial. (G. W. P. A. 26.) SYN. Malva involucrata (B. M. 4681).

=C. Papaver= (Poppy-like).* fl. violet-red; sepals ovate-acute, ciliated. Summer. l., root leaves lobed or pedate; lower stem leaves palmato-pedate, upper digitate or simple. h. 3ft. Louisiana, 1833. Perennial. SYN. Nuttallia Papaver. (B. M. 3287.)

=C. pedata= (pedate-leaved). fl. cherry-red, panicled. August. l. laciniately-pedate; upper ones trifid. h. 2ft. to 3ft. 1824. Annual. (R. H. 1857, 148.)

=C. triangulata= (triangular-leaved). fl. pale purple. August. 1836. Perennial. SYN. Nuttallia cordata (under which name it is figured in B. R. 1938).

=CALLISTACHYS.= See =Oxylobium=.

=CALLISTEMMA.= See =Callistephus=.

=CALLISTEMON= (from kallos, beauty, and stemon, a stamen; in most of the species, the stamens are of a beautiful scarlet colour). ORD. Myrtaceæ. Handsome greenhouse evergreen shrubs or trees, having the inflorescence rising from the old branches in crowded spikes, as in the species of Melaleuca, but with the stamens free, as in Metrosideros. Leaves elongated, stiff, alternate, usually lanceolate. All the species of this genus are very ornamental and neat in habit. They are well adapted for a conservatory. The soil best suited for them is a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Ripened cuttings strike root in sand, under a hand glass; seeds are frequently produced on large plants, and these may also be used to increase the stock, but they do not produce flowering plants for a considerable time; whereas plants raised from cuttings, taken from flowering plants, come into flower when small.

=C. linearis= (linear-leaved).* fl. scarlet; calyces clothed with velvety pubescence. June. l. linear, stiff, acute, keeled beneath, channelled above, villous when young. h. 4ft. to 6ft. New South Wales, 1788.

=C. lophanthus= (crest-flowered). Synonymous with C. salignus.

=C. salignus= (willow). fl. straw-coloured, distinct, spicate, nearly terminal; petals rather pubescent, ciliated; calyx pilose. June to August. l. lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, mucronate, one-nerved, villous when young, as well as the branches. h. 4ft. to 6ft. Australia, 1806. SYN. C. lophanthus. (L. B. C. 1302.)

=C. speciosus= (showy).* fl. scarlet; calyx villous. March to July. l. lanceolate, mucronate, flat, middle nerve rather prominent; when young, rather silky from adpressed villi, and reddish. h. 5ft. to 10ft. West Australia, 1823. SYN. Metrosideros speciosa. See Fig. 327. (B. M. 1761.)

=CALLISTEPHUS= (from kallistos, most beautiful, and stephos, a crown; in allusion to the appendages on the ripe fruit). China Aster. SYN. Callistemma. ORD. Compositæ. A hardy annual, requiring an open situation and a rich loamy soil. Involucre of many fringed bracts; receptacle naked, pitted; pappus double. Propagated by seed, sown in a hotbed in March, the seedlings being hardened off and transplanted in May. For culture of these much grown plants and their varieties, see =Aster=.

=C. chinensis= (Chinese).* fl-heads dark purple. July. l. ovate, coarsely toothed, stalked; stem ones sessile, cuneate at the base. Stem hispid. Branches with single heads. h. 2ft. China, 1731. See Fig. 328.

=CALLITRIS= (probably altered from kallistos, most beautiful; referring to the whole plant). ORD. Coniferæ. SYN. Frenela. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs or small trees, with long, very slender-jointed branches, and often very minute, scale-like, persistent leaves. Flowers monœcious. Fruit globular, composed of four to six--rarely eight—-unequal, woody, valvate scales, with one or two seeds at the base of each. All the species are somewhat tender, in England, except in the more southern districts. They require a sandy loam compost. Propagated by cuttings, inserted under a handlight in autumn, and protected by a cold pit; or by seeds.

=C. quadrivalvis= (four valved). Arar-tree; Sandarach Gum-tree. fl., female catkin tetragonal, with four oval valves, each furnished with a point, and two of which bear seeds. February to May. l. flattened, articulate. h. 15ft. to 20ft. Barbary, 1815.

=CALLIXENE.= See =Luzuriaga=.

=CALLOSE.= Callous, hardened.

=CALLOUSLY-GLANDULAR.= Having hardened glands.

=CALLOUSLY-SERRATED.= Having hardened serratures.

=CALLUNA= (from kalluno, to sweep, from the use of the plant in brooms). Common Ling; Heather. ORD. Ericaceæ. A small hardy spreading shrub, very common throughout Northern and Central Europe. Corolla campanulate, four-lobed, shorter than the calyx. For culture, see =Erica=.

=C. vulgaris= (common).* fl. disposed in long, terminal, spicate racemes. July to September. l. trigonal, obtuse, very short, imbricating in four rows, having the margins revolute and the base sagittate. h. 1ft. to 3ft. Britain. There are numerous very ornamental varieties of this species, which are admirably adapted for planting in borders and clumps. The white-flowered (alba, Serlii, and Hammondi), flesh-coloured (carnea), and double-flowered varieties (fl.-pl.) are all well worth growing in shrubberies; aurea and argentea, with gold and silver coloured shoots, are also very ornamental. The value of the common form can scarcely be over-estimated for planting on barren hill sides or spaces; it affords excellent shelter for game, and food for bees.

=CALLUS.= The new formation at the end of a cutting before it puts forth roots; when the Callus is formed, it shows that the cutting is in a healthy state.

=CALOCHILUS= (from kalos, beautiful, and cheilos, a lip; referring to the beauty of the labellum or lip). ORD. Orchideæ. Interesting greenhouse terrestrial tuberous-rooted orchids, allied to Epipactis. Sepals yellowish-green; lip purple, covered with rich brown hairs. For culture, see =Bletia=.

=C. campestris= (field). fl. greenish and brown. April to June. l. narrow, oblong, pointed. Stem leafy, slender, terete. h. 9in. Australia, 1824. (B. M. 3187.)

=C. paludosus= (marsh).* fl. very similar in colour to those of C. campestris, but rather larger. May and June. l. rather broader. h. 9in. Australia, 1823. (F. A. O., part 4.)

=CALOCHORTUS= (from kalos, beautiful, and chortos, grass; referring to the leaves). Mariposa Lily. ORD. Liliaceæ. Handsome bulbous plants. Flowers showy, on erect scapes; perianth deciduous; three outer segments sepaloid, three inner ones much larger and broader, and bearded on the inside. Leaves ensiform. Bulbs tunicated. These have not, hitherto, been generally grown in the open air with much success; but in warm localities and sheltered positions, they may be flowered outside. A frame, in a sunny situation, is the best possible place for their cultivation. Here they may be fully exposed to the sun and air, during mild weather, through the winter; and, when expedient, they may be protected from excessive moisture, as that is the primary cause of failure, rather than cold, for they are perfectly hardy, and capable of enduring all the frost we are likely to get. From May onwards, the lights might be wholly removed. From the end of June to August, the bulbs will be in bloom, when, if necessary, the flowers should be fertilised to secure seed; and when the capsules are forming, material assistance would be given by placing the lights on again, allowing plenty of air. Assuming that fresh bulbs are being planted, they should be in the soil early in the autumn, as nothing is more prejudicial than keeping them dry through the winter. A good depth of soil should be provided, composed of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and sand, in equal proportions, in a well-drained position. The bulbs must be planted 3in. deep, and some sand placed about them; they may be left undisturbed for years. Of course, where no frame can be provided, they may be planted in a well-drained, sunny position in the same soil. They are also easily managed in pots, but it is necessary to pot in the autumn, and keep in a frame. Through the winter, they must never be allowed to get dry, until the leaves are withering in the autumn, when water may be withheld.

Propagation. This may be effected by seeds or offsets, and by the tiny bulbs frequently produced on the upper portion of the stem. Sow seeds in pans, in a cool house or frame, as soon as ripe, or in the early part of the year, and keep the plants close to the glass during their early stages, as they are very liable to damp off. Sow thinly, so as to enable the young plants to pass a second season in the seed pots or pans. Early in the third season, pot off and plant out singly, encouraging them to grow freely. Propagation by offsets is the most usual method. With liberal treatment, most of the species increase pretty freely. The offsets are best removed when the plants are in a dormant state. They may be either grown in pots or pans, or planted out in pits or frames, until they reach flowering size. During the season of rest, it is the safest plan, with those in pots, to keep them in the earth in which they were grown.

=C. albus= (white).* fl. snow-white, with a rich blotch, bearded and ciliated, large, globose, pendent; umbels many-flowered, on stems from 1ft. to 1-1/2ft. high. California, 1832. This handsome species is rare. SYN. Cyclobothra alba. (B. R. 1661.)

=C. Benthami= (Bentham's).* fl. rich yellow; petals obtuse, densely covered with yellow hairs; stem three to six-flowered. July, August. l. linear, much elongated. h. 4in. to 8in. Sierra Nevada. SYN. C. elègans lutea.

=C. cœruleus= (bluish).* fl. lilac, more or less lined and dotted with dark blue, the petals covered and fringed with slender hairs; stem two to five-flowered. July. l. solitary, linear. h. 3in. to 6in. Sierra Nevada.

=C. elegans= (elegant).* fl. greenish-white, purplish at base; stems three-flowered; petals not ciliate on the margin, or sparingly so. June. h. 8in. California, 1826. This is a rare species.

=C. e. lutea= (yellow). A synonym of C. Benthami.

=C. Gunnisoni= (Gunnison's).* fl. light lilac, yellowish-green below the middle, with a purple band encircling the base of the perianth; large, 2in. to 3in. in diameter. Rocky Mountains.

=C. Leichtlinii= (Leichtlin's). A synonym of C. Nuttallii.

=C. lilacinus= (lilac).* fl. pale pink, hairy below the middle, 1-1/2in. across, with three segments narrow and three broad; scape slender, leafy, bearing one to five flowers. l. solitary, narrow lanceolate, radical. h. 6in. to 8in. California, 1868. SYN. C. umbellatus. (B. M. 5804, under the name of C. uniflorus.)

=C. luteus= (yellow).* fl. terminal, two or three together; exterior segments of the perianth greenish; the inner yellow, bordered with purple hairs. September. h. 1ft. California, 1831. (B. R. 1567.)

=C. l. oculatus= (eyed). fl. very charming bright yellow, with a bold eye on the inside of each petal.

=C. macrocarpus= (large-capsuled). fl. very large, lavender-coloured, on stems 1ft. high. August. California, 1826. (B. R. 1152.)

=C. Maweanus= (Mawe's). fl., sepals purplish, broadly obovate acute; petals white or bluish-purple, longer than the sepals, the surfaces more or less covered with long purplish hairs. June, July. l. glaucous, linear. Stem three to six-flowered. h. 6in. to 10in. San Francisco, &c. (B. M. 5976, figured under the name of C. elegans.)

=C. Nuttallii= (Nuttall's).* fl. large, 2-1/2in. across; the three smaller segments of the perianth of a greenish colour streaked with red; the three larger segments pure white, with a purple spot at the base on the inner surface; two or three flowers on a stalk. June. l. linear, glaucous. h. 6in. California, 1869. SYN. C. Leichtlinii. (B. M. 5862.)

=C. pulchellus= (beautiful).* fl. bright yellow, globular, drooping; umbels three to five-flowered, on stems from 10in. to 12in. high. Summer. California, 1832. A lovely species. (B. R. 1662.) SYN. Cyclobothra pulchella.

=C. purpureus= (purple).* fl., outer segments of the perianth green and purple outside and yellow within; inner segments purple outside and yellow within. August. h. 3ft. Mexico, 1827. (S. B. F. G. ser. ii., 20.)

=C. splendens= (splendid).* fl. clear lilac, large. August. h. 1-1/2ft. California, 1832. (B. R. 1676.)

=C. umbellatus= (umbelled). A synonym of C. lilacinus.

=C. venustus= (charming).* fl. large, white, nearly 3in. in diameter, yellow at the base, deeply stained with crimson, and blotched on each segment with crimson. h. 1-1/2ft. California, 1836. See Fig. 329. (B. R. 1669.) There are three varieties of this species, viz., brachysepalus (short-sepaled), lilacinus (lilac), and purpureus (purple-flowered).

=CALODENDRON= (from kalos, beautiful, and dendron, a tree). ORD. Rutaceæ. A very handsome greenhouse evergreen tree. Flowers in terminal panicles. Leaves large, opposite, simple, crenated. It will grow freely in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of half-ripened wood root in sand if placed under a bell glass, in gentle bottom heat.

=C. capensis= (Cape). fl. flesh-coloured; pedicels compressed, dilated under the flower; panicle trichotomously divided. Branches opposite, or three in a whorl. h. 40ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1789. This is supposed to be one of the finest trees at the Cape of Good Hope. (G. C., 1883, xix., 217.) See Fig 330, for which we are indebted to Mr. Bull.

=CALODRACON.= See =Cordyline=.

=CALONYCTION.= See =Ipomœa=.

=CALOPHACA= (from kalos, beautiful, and phake, a lentil; in allusion to the beauty of the plant, and to its being one of the leguminous kind). ORD. Leguminosæ. A hardy deciduous shrub, with axillary pedunculate racemes of yellow flowers, and impari-pinnate leaves. This is well adapted for the front of shrubberies. It is somewhat difficult to propagate, except by seeds, which, however, in fine seasons, are produced in abundance. Grafted high on the common Laburnum, it forms an object at once singular, picturesque, and beautiful, whether covered with blossoms, or with its fine reddish pods.

=C. wolgarica= (Volga).* fl. yellow. May, June. l., leaflets six or seven pairs, orbicular, velvety beneath, as well as the calyces. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Siberia, 1786. (W. D. B. 83.)

=CALOPHANES= (from kalos, beautiful, and phaino, to appear; alluding to the flowers). ORD. Acanthaceæ. A genus of about thirty species, widely distributed, principally in the tropical regions of both hemispheres. The best garden plant is that mentioned below; it is an interesting hardy herbaceous perennial, excellent for growing in borders, in loam and peat, or sandy loam soil; and may be propagated by dividing the roots, in March.

=C. oblongifolia= (oblong-leaved).* fl. blue; corolla funnel-shaped, throat ventricose, limb bilobed, nearly equal; tube of corolla one-half longer than the calyx; pedicels axillary. August. l. opposite, oblong-spathulate, entire, acuminated. h. 1ft. Florida, &c., 1832. (S. B. F. G., ser. ii., 181.)

=CALOPHYLLUM= (from kalos, beautiful, and phyllon, a leaf; the leaves are large, of a beautiful green, and elegantly veined). ORD. Guttiferæ. Fine stove evergreen trees. Flowers disposed in axillary racemes. Leaves furnished with numerous transverse, parallel nerves. They thrive in a compost of loam, sand, and peat. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots will root in sand, if placed under a glass, in bottom heat.

=C. Calaba.= Calaba-tree. fl. white, sweet-scented, loosely racemose; racemes lateral, very short. fr. green. l. obovate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate. h. 30ft. West Indies, &c., 1780.

=C. inophyllum= (fibrous-leaved). fl. snow-white, sweet-scented, loosely racemose; racemes axillary; peduncles one-flowered, usually opposite. fr. reddish, the size of a walnut. l. oblong or obovate, obtuse, but usually emarginate. Branches round. Tropics of the Old World, 1793. A medium-sized tree.

=CALOPOGON= (from kalos, beautiful, and pogon, a beard; in reference to the fringe on the lip). ORD. Orchideæ. Very pretty, hardy, tuberous-rooted orchids, admirably suited for a good shady position at the foot of the rockwork, or for an open situation in a hardy fernery. Propagated by offsets, taken from the tuberous roots; but this method of increase is very uncertain. Perhaps the only species in cultivation is the following:

=C. pulchellus= (beautiful).* fl. purple, with a very pretty pale yellow beard or tuft of hairs growing from the lip; two or three to a plant. Late summer. l. few, radical, grass-like. h. 1-1/2ft. North America. 1791. SYN. Limodorum tuberosum. (S. B. F. G. 115.)

=CALOSANTHES INDICA.= A synonym of Oroxylum indicum.

=CALOSCORDUM= (from kalos, beautiful, and skorodon, garlic). ORD. Liliaceæ. A genus of half-hardy bulbs, allied to Allium, but now referred to Nothoscordum. For culture, see =Calochortus=.

=C. nerinæflorum= (Nerine-flowered).* fl. rose; umbels about twelve-flowered; spathe one-valved. June and July. l. narrow, semi-terete, channelled above. h. 6in. Chusan, 1843. (B. R. 1847, 5.)

=CALOSTEMMA= (from kalos, beautiful, and stemma, a crown). ORD. Amaryllidaceæ. Handsome greenhouse bulbous plants, natives of New Holland. Flowers funnel-shaped, irregular; perianth with the orifice surmounted by a corona; stamens erect, united by their dilated bases; ovary three-celled, many-seeded. Leaves linear-lorate.

=C. album= (white). fl. white. May. l. ovate, acute, 3in. to 5in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad. h. 1ft. 1824.

=C. luteum= (yellow). fl. yellow. November. l. strap-shaped, narrow. h. 1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2101.)

=C. purpureum= (purple). fl. purple. November. l. like those of C. luteum. h. 1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2100.)

=CALOTHAMNUS= (from kalos, beautiful, and thamnos, a shrub; in reference to the elegance of the shrubs, from their scarlet flowers and terete leaves). ORD. Myrtaceæ. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers scarlet, axillary and solitary, sessile. Leaves scattered, crowded, terete. They require much the same culture as Callistemon. Cuttings of young wood, firm at the base, will root in sand, if covered by a hand glass, which requires to be occasionally taken off and wiped, to prevent damp.

=C. quadrifidus= (four-cleft). fl. scarlet, somewhat secund; bundles of stamens four, distinct, equal. July. l. glabrous (as well as the flowers). h. 2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1803. (B. M. 1506.)

=C. villosa= (villous). fl. scarlet, quinquefid; bundles of stamens equal, distinct. July to September. l. villous (as well as the fruit). h. 2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1823. (B. R. 1099.)

=CALOTIS= (from kalos, beautiful, and ous, otos, an ear; in reference to the chaffy scales of the pappus, or seed-head). Allied to Bellium. ORD. Compositæ. Greenhouse or half-hardy herbaceous perennials, rarely annuals, all natives of Australia. Receptacle naked; involucre nearly equal, many-leaved, in a single or double row. They may be grown successfully in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by divisions of the root.

=C. cuneifolia= (wedge-leaved).* fl.-heads blue, solitary, terminal. July and August. l. cuneate, cut, toothed at end. h. 1ft. 1819. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. (B. R. 504.)

=CALOTROPIS= (from kalos, beautiful, and tropis, a keel; literally "beautifully twisted," apparently in reference to the corolla of C. gigantea). ORD. Asclepiadeæ. A genus of stove evergreen shrubs, or small trees. The three species bear large handsome flowers, in interpetiolar umbels. They thrive best in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Young cuttings, thinly dibbled in a pot of sand, strike root freely under a hand glass, in heat. Care must be taken that they do not receive an excess of moisture, or they will rot.

=C. gigantea= (gigantic).* fl. very handsome, a mixture of rose and purple; corona shorter than the gynostegium, obtuse, circinately recurved at the base; umbels sometimes, though rarely, compound, surrounded by several involucral scales. July. l. decussate, broad, wedge-shaped, bearded on the upper side at the base, woolly-downy on the under side, 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad. h. 6ft. to 15ft. India, &c., 1690. (B. R. i. 58.)

=C. procera= (tall). fl. white; petals spreading, marked at the top by a purple spot. July. l. obovate-oblong, on short petioles, whitish from wool. h. 6ft. Persia, 1714. (B. R. 1792.)

=CALPICARPUM.= See =Kopsia=.

=CALPIDIA.= A synonym of =Pisonia= (which see).

=CALTHA= (a syncope of kalathos, a goblet; in allusion to the form of the perianth, which may be likened to a golden cup). Marsh Marigold. ORD. Ranunculaceæ. Hardy herbaceous perennials, of easy culture on the margin of a piece of water, or in a marshy bog, or in the ordinary border, where their showy blossoms look very brilliant. Propagation is readily effected by dividing the roots, in early spring, or in summer after flowering.

=C. leptosepala= (slender-sepaled).* fl. pure white, one to two upon erect, scape-like peduncles. May, June. l. radical, cordate, the margins nearly entire, or sometimes crenate. h. 1ft. Northwestern America, 1827. (H. F. B. A. 1, 10.)

=C. palustris= (marsh).* fl. golden-coloured, large; peduncles furrowed. Spring. l. cordate, somewhat orbicular, roundly-crenate, with rounded auricles. Stems dichotomous, erect. h. 1ft. Great Britain. (Sy. En. B. 40.) The double forms of this species, under the names of nana plena and monstrosa plena (see Fig. 331) are excellent plants, and, though growing best in the immediate vicinity of water, and most appropriate for rough scenery, they, like the type, do very well in ordinary well-enriched soil. A variety named purpurascens, from Southern Europe, is also showy, more erect, and branching; the shoots and pedicels purplish.

=C. p. biflora= (two-flowered). A twin-flowered variety of C. palustris. North America, 1827. This is not quite so tall as the type, and the flowers are rather larger.

=C. p. parnassifolia= (Parnassia-leaved). fl. yellow, on few-flowered peduncles. April, May. l. cordate-ovate, crenated. h. 3in. to 4in. North America, 1815.

=C. radicans= (rooting).* fl. bright yellow, several in small cyme. April, May. l. reniform-cordate, sharply crenate-serrate, spreading. h. 6in. Scotland. (Sy. En. B. 41.)

=CALTROPS.= See =Tribulus=.

=CALTROPS, WATER.= See =Trapa natans=.

=CALUMBA, FALSE.= See =Coscinium fenestratum=.

=CALUMBA ROOT.= See =Jateorrhiza Calumba=.

=CALUMBA WOOD.= See Coscinium fenestratum.

=CALYCANTHACEÆ.= A natural order of shrubs, with square stems, having four woody axes surrounding the central one. Flowers solitary, lurid; calyx of numerous coloured sepals compounded with the petals. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipulate. The two genera known are Calycanthus and Chimonanthus.

=CALYCANTHUS= (from kalyx, kalykos, a calyx, and anthos, a flower; in reference to the calyx being coloured, and appearing like a corolla). Allspice. ORD. Calycanthaceæ. A genus of hardy, deciduous, North American shrubs. Flowers lurid purple, axillary, and terminal, stalked, sweet-scented; stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, oval or ovate-lanceolate, entire, generally rough on the surface; sweet-scented. All are handsome and well worth growing. They thrive best in a peaty compost, but grow freely in almost any soil. Increased by layers, put down in the summer; or by seed, sown as soon as ripe, or in spring, in a cold frame.

=C. floridus= (Floridan).* Carolina Allspice. fl. with a sweet apple scent. May. l. ovate, downy beneath, as well as the branchlets. Branches spreading. Wood and roots smelling strongly of camphor. h. 4ft. to 6ft. Carolina, 1726. See Fig. 332. (B. M. 503.) There are several varieties of this species.

=C. glaucus= (glaucous).* fl. lurid purple, not strongly scented. May. l. ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, glaucous and pubescent beneath. h. 4ft. to 6ft. Carolina, 1726. SYN. C. fertilis. (B. R. 404.) C. oblongifolius is a variety with ovate-lanceolate elongated leaves.

=C. lævigatus= (smooth-leaved).* fl. lurid purple. May. l. oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, bright green, and glabrous, or nearly so, on both sides, or rather pale beneath. Branches strictly erect. h. 3ft. to 6ft. Mountains of Pennsylvania, &c., 1806. See Fig. 333. (B. R. 481.)

=C. macrophyllus= (large-leaved). A garden synonym of C. occidentalis.

=C. occidentalis= (Western).* fl. brick-red, sweet-scented, 3in. to 4in. across, each petal about 2in. long and 1/2in. broad. June to October. l. oblong or ovate-cordate, acuminate, slightly pubescent on the veins only beneath. h. 6ft. to 12ft. California, 1831. In California, this is called the Sweet-scented Shrub. SYN. C. macrophyllus, of gardens. (B. M. 4808.)

=CALYCIFLORÆ.= A sub-division of dicotyledonous plants, having the stamens inserted on the calyx or disk.

=CALYCIFORM.= Formed like a calyx.

=CALYCINE.= Of, or belonging to, the calyx.

=CALYCOPHYLLUM= (from kalyx, a calyx, and phyllon, a leaf; in allusion to one of the teeth of the calyx being expanded into a large petiolate coloured leaf). ORD. Rubiaceæ. Stove evergreen shrubs, requiring a compost of loam, peat, and a little sand and charcoal. Cuttings of half ripe shoots will root in sand if placed under a bell glass, in bottom heat.

=C. candidissimum= (whitest).* fl., corolla white, campanulate, with a bearded throat, three together, the middle one bearing a petiolate leaf, but the two lateral ones naked; corymbs terminal. l. ovate, bluntly acuminated, 2in. to 3in. long. h. 30ft. Cuba, 1830.

=CALYCOTOME= (from kalyx, kalykos, calyx, and tome, a section; lips of calyx fall off). ORD. Leguminosæ. A small genus of hardy, divaricately-branched, spiny shrubs, formerly included as a section of Cytisus. Flowers yellow, disposed in short branched leafy fasicles. For culture, see =Cytisus=.

=C. spinosa= (spiny). fl. yellow. June and July. l., leaflets obovate-oblong. Branches angular, spiny. h. 5ft. to 6ft. Genoa, Corsica, &c., 1846. (B. R. 55.)

=CALYCULATE.= Having bracts so placed as to resemble an external or additional calyx.

=CALYMMODON.= See =Polypodium=.

=CALYPSO= (from the beautiful nymph, Calypso, or from Greek kalypto, to conceal; in reference to its place of growth). ORD. Orchideæ. An elegant terrestrial monotypic genus. It thrives well in half-shady spots on the margins of a rock garden or artificial bog, in a light, moist, vegetable soil, composed of peat, leaf soil, and sand, mulched with cocoa-nut fibre refuse in winter. Propagated by offsets.

=C. borealis= (Northern).* fl. solitary, delicate rose and brown, with a yellow crest on the lip; labellum longer than the sepals, the lateral lobes cohering in their upper part over the saccate central one, which is usually bifid at the tip, resembling those of a Cypripedium. Summer. l. solitary, thin, many-nerved, ovate or cordate. Stems usually thickening into pseudo-bulbs. h. 1ft. High latitudes of Northern hemisphere, 1820. (B. M. 2763.)

=CALYPTRA.= Literally an extinguisher; applied to the hood which covers the theca in mosses.

=CALYPTRANTHES= (from kalyptra, a covering, and anthos, a flower; in allusion to the operculum of the flower). ORD. Myrtaceæ. Strong-growing stove evergreen shrubs or small trees. Peduncles axillary, many-flowered. Leaves feather-veined. They are of easy culture, in a compost of loam and peat, and may be propagated by layers, or by cuttings, placed in heat.

=C. Chytraculia= (Chytraculia). fl. white, small, glomerate; peduncles axillary and terminal, trichotomous, panicled, and are, as well as the flowers, clothed with rufous velvety down. March. l. ovate, attenuated at the apex, stiffish, glabrous. h. 10ft. Jamaica, 1778. (N. S. 1, 26.)

=C. Syzygium= (Syzygium). fl. white, on short pedicels; peduncles axillary, trichotomous, many-flowered. May to July. l. ovate, obtuse, stiff. h. 10ft. to 12ft. Jamaica, 1779.

=CALYPTRARIA.= See =Centronia=.

=CALYPTRATE.= Resembling an extinguisher.

=CALYPTRIFORM.= Shaped like an extinguisher.

=CALYPTRION.= See =Corynostylis=.

=CALYPTROCALYX= (from kalyptra, an extinguisher, and kalyx, a calyx, in allusion to the form of the outer perianth segments). ORD. Palmeæ. A monotypic genus of stove palms. For culture, see =Calamus=.

=C. spicatus= (spiked). fl., spadices elongated, spicate, leafy at base; spathe opening longitudinally. l. terminal, pinnatisect; segments reduplicate, linear, acuminate, bifid at the apex; petiole fibrous at the base. Caudex finally smooth. h. 12ft. Moluccas. SYNS. Areca and Pinanga globosa.

=CALYPTROGYNE= (from kalyptra, an extinguisher, and gyne, a woman--pistil--in allusion to the form of the pistil). Including Calyptronoma. ORD. Palmeæ. A small genus comprising five species of handsome stove palms, allied to Geonoma (which see for cultivation).

=C. Ghiesbreghtiana= (Ghiesbreght's). fl., peduncles erect, overtopping the leaves, bearing a single cylindrical, undivided spadix, 9in. to 12in. in length. l. pinnate, 2ft. to 5ft. long; pinnæ opposite or alternate, sessile, of unequal breadth, the narrower ones one to two-nerved, the broader ones six to ten-nerved, usually from six to twelve on each side of the rachis; the intervals between the pinnæ vary from 1in. to 2in.; petiole broadly sheathing at the base, from a few inches to 1-1/2ft. long. Stem short or absent. Mexico. A very elegant dwarf-growing species. SYNS. Geonoma Ghiesbreghtiana, G. magnifica and G. Verschaffeltii. (B. M. 5782.)

=C. spicigera= (ear-bearing). l. irregularly pinnate, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. broad, deeply bifid at apex, rich bright green; petioles short, sheathing at the base, flat on the upper side, rounded below. Stems stout. h. 5ft. Guatemala. A very elegant species.

=C. Swartzii= (Swartz's). l. equally pinnatisect; pinnæ deeply reduplicate at the base, bifid at the top. Trunk smooth. h. 50ft. to 60ft. Jamaica, 1878. A handsome plant when young, and useful for general decorative purposes. SYN. Calyptronoma Swartzii.

=CALYPTRONOMA SWARTZII.= See =Calyptrogyne Swartzii=.

=CALYSTEGIA= (from kalyx, a calyx, and stege, a covering; in reference to the two large persistent bracts enclosing the calyx). Bearbind. ORD. Convolvulaceæ. Hardy, glabrous, twining or prostrate herbs. Peduncles solitary, one-flowered; corolla campanulate, five-plicate. All the species are of easy cultivation in common garden soil. Propagation may be effected by dividing the plants; or by seeds, sown in spring.

=C. dahurica= (Dahurian).* fl., corolla of a rosy-purple; sepals lanceolate, acute, the two outer ones broadest; peduncles tetragonal, tomentose; bracts broad-ovate, acute, longer than the calyx. July. l. glabrous or hairy, oblong-cordate, having the margins and nerves on the under side tomentose. Dahuria, 1826. (B. M. 2609.)

=C. inflata= (inflated). Synonymous with C. sepium incarnata.

=C. pubescens flore-pleno= (downy, double-flowered).* fl. 2in. to 3in. across; petals long, narrow, wavy, and reflexed, flesh-colour, but ultimately bright rose; pedicels 2-1/2in. to 3-1/2in. long. Summer and autumn. l. alternate, hastate, downy. China, 1844. See Fig. 334.

=C. sepium= (hedge). Common Bindweed. fl. white, sometimes tinged with red; peduncles tetragonal, exceeding the petioles; bracts cordate, keeled, acute, longer than the calyx, but one-half shorter than the corolla. Summer. l. sagittate or cordate, very acute; hind lobes obtuse, or truncate, entire. Britain. A very troublesome weed. (Sy. En. B. 924.) There is a variety named incarnata, with rose-coloured flowers. North America. SYN. C. inflata. (B. M. 732.)

=C. Soldanella= (Soldanella-like).* Sea Bells. fl. pale red, with five longitudinal, yellowish plaits, large; peduncles angular, angles winged; bracts large, ovate, blunt, mucronate, generally shorter than the calyx. June. l. rather fleshy, reniform, entire or a little angular. Sea-shores, Britain. This pretty species can only be grown with success in a very sandy soil. (Sy. En. B. 925.)

=CALYTHRIX= (from kalyx, a calyx, and thrix, a hair; in reference to the lobes of the calyx, which each end in a long hair). ORD. Myrtaceæ. A genus of very pretty and interesting greenhouse Heath-like shrubs, natives of Australia. Flowers small; bracteoles two under each flower; they are either free or joined together at the base, sometimes in the form of an operculum. Leaves scattered, crowded, opposite, full of dots, axillary, solitary, almost sessile. They grow well in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, with good drainage and firm potting. Cuttings, made from young shoots, will root in April or May, if placed in sand, under a bell glass, in a cool house.

=C. ericoides= (Heath-like). A synonym of C. tetragona.

=C. glabra= (glabrous). A synonym of C. tetragona.

=C. tetragona= (tetragonal).* fl. white; bracts one-half shorter than the tube of the calyx. l. scattered, petiolate, glabrous; stipules deciduous. h. 2ft. 1825. SYNS. C. ericoides, C. glabra. (B. R. 409.)

C. angulata, aurea, and breviseta are other species which have been introduced, but are not worth house room when that described above is grown.

=CALYX.= The external whorl of floral leaves.

=CAMARIDIUM= (from kamara, an arched roof; in reference to the arched tip of the stigma). ORD. Orchideæ. A pretty stove orchid, allied to Cymbidium. It thrives best if grown in a shallow basket, or raised above the surface of the pots with sphagnum and broken pots.

=C. ochroleucum= (yellowish-white).* fl. yellowish-white. July. l. ligulate. Pseudo-bulbs oblong, compressed, smooth. h. 1ft. Trinidad, 1823. SYN. Cymbidium ochroleucum. (B. M. 4141.)

=CAMAROTIS.= See =Sarcochilus=.

=CAMASSIA= (from Quamash, so called by the North American Indians, who eat the bulbs). SYN. Sitocodium. ORD. Liliaceæ. A small genus (two species) of handsome bulbous plants. Perianth of six segments, slightly connected at base, and spreading out horizontally, but not equally. Leaves narrow, about 1ft. long, grooved down the inside. They thrive best in a sheltered, partially-shaded situation, but will do fairly well in almost any ordinary good garden soil. A compost of loam and leaf mould, with a liberal mixture of sharp sand, suits them best. They need not be disturbed for several years; but a top-dressing of rich soil or well-rotted manure may be given yearly. Propagated by offsets and seeds. The plants are so hardy that they ripen seeds in warm situations. These may be sown as soon as ripe, or the following spring, either in a warm situation out of doors, or in pots or boxes, under glass. The young plants make rapid progress, and should remain for at least two years in the seed beds. The best time for final transplanting is in February. Offsets are produced very freely, and should be removed either when in a dormant condition, or just previously to starting into fresh growth, and arranged in clumps or lines, placing a little sand about them.

=C. esculenta= (edible).* Camash or Quamash. fl. blue, about 2in. across; racemes loose, ten to twenty-flowered, borne on stout scapes; perianth six-cleft, the five upper segments close together, the sixth standing by itself. Summer. l. linear, about 1ft. high. Columbia, &c., 1837. The colour of the flowers varies from a deep blue to nearly white. See Fig. 335. (B. R. 1486.) The white-flowered form is figured in B. M. 2774, under the name of Scilla esculenta flore albo.

=C. e. Leichtlini= (Leichtlin's).* fl. creamy-white, larger than those of the type, with more numerous nerves in the keel of the segments of the perianth; racemes longer, and sometimes compound. Spring. h. 2ft. Columbia, 1853. This also differs from the type in its more robust habit and broader leaves. SYN. Chlorogalum Leichtlini. (B. M. 6287.)

=C. Fraseri= (Fraser's).* fl. pale blue, smaller than those of C. esculenta; pedicels and scape much more slender. l. narrow, acute; capsule more acutely angled. h. 1ft. Eastern States of North America. A smaller and more slender plant. (B. M. 1574, as Scilla esculenta.)

=CAMBESSEDESIA= (named after James Cambessedes, coadjutor of Auguste St. Hilaire, in his "Flora Brasiliæ Meridionalis," and author of several botanical memoirs). ORD. Melastomaceæ. A genus of elegant, erect, or ascending, dichotomously branched stove shrubs or herbaceous plants. Flowers terminal and axillary, in paniculate cymes; petals five, obovate; calyx bell-shaped. Leaves sessile, opposite or verticillate, obovate, oblong or linear. They thrive best in a compost of peat and sand. Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, which root freely in a similar mixture, if placed in heat and under a hand glass. There are about eight species known to science, but probably that mentioned below is the only one in cultivation.

=C. paraguayensis= (Paraguay). fl. rose-red, 2/3in. in diameter, in terminal corymbose, glandular, hairy panicles. July. l. nearly 1in. long, sessile, ovate, acute, three-nerved, pale green, with entire ciliate margins. Stem annual, herbaceous, leafy. h. 10in. to 18in. 1880. (B. M. 6604.)

=CAMBIUM.= The formative fluid found between the bark and wood of Exogens, in spring.

=CAMBUY FRUIT.= See =Eugenia=.

=CAMELLIA= (named in honour of George Joseph Camellus or Kamel, a Moravian Jesuit and traveller in Asia, who wrote a history of the plants of the Isle of Luzon, which is inserted in the third vol. of John Ray's "Historia Plantarum"). Japanese Rose. Including Thea. ORD. Ternstrœmiaceæ. A genus of elegant hardy or nearly hardy evergreen shrubs or trees. Flowers large; sepals five or six, gradually passing from bracts into petals, the latter slightly cohering at the base; stamens numerous. Leaves coriaceous. By close attention to a few particulars in the management of these beautiful plants, much disappointment may be avoided, and a succession of flowers obtained from October till the following July. The fact of the buds frequently dropping off, deters many would-be growers from attempting the culture of the Camellia. Dryness of the atmosphere, and want of water at the roots, are generally the primary causes of failure; the remedy for these evils rests with the cultivator. The roots are apt to get matted together, compressing the earth around them into a hard ball, impervious to water; hence attention is necessary to see that the water poured into the pot thoroughly moistens all the soil. In order to form handsome plants, they should be trained with single stems to rods, and pruned, so as to make them throw out side branches from every part of the stem; they must not be placed too close to each other on the stage, or when planted out. A liberal supply of water is always necessary, but especially so during the flowering period. Plants that are required to flower early may remain in the warm house till they commence to blossom, when they should be removed to a cold place, such as the back of a greenhouse, giving them plenty of light. Those kept in a hothouse or vinery during summer, will flower in the beginning or middle of October; and a large plant, having from fifty to one hundred buds, will continue in flower till the month of January. Those that are removed early, will blossom in January, and so succeed the others. The plants that have finished flowering should be brought back to the hothouse, where they will begin to make new wood, and be ready to come in succession next season. By thus shifting the plants from a warm to a cold situation, a regular succession will be secured from October to July. The soil should be kept constantly moist, and in the summer months the leaves occasionally syringed. Camellias flower best when kept in small pots or tubs. In order to raise and exhibit these handsome plants to the best advantage, they should be grown in a separate house, of ample height, as they never look so well as when 6ft. or 8ft. high, trained in a conical form, with branches from the root upwards; and the plants should be raised near to the glass on a movable stage, which should be lowered as they grow. In summer, they may either be placed in the open air in a sheltered spot, or the glass roof of the house can be taken off. The hardier sorts, such as the Double-red, Blush, and Pæony-flowered, succeed in the bed or border of a conservatory, if the roof can be taken off in summer, so as to admit air. If this cannot be managed, they are better grown in portable pots or boxes. The most suitable time for shifting Camellias is directly after flowering; they should then be put into a vinery or hothouse, where there is a little heat; or the warmest part of a greenhouse. They will soon begin to make new wood, where they should be allowed to remain, amply supplied with water, till they form their flower buds, at the extremity and sides of the young growth. A few should then be removed to a cold place, and shaded during strong sunshine. In a few weeks afterwards, others may also be transferred, so as to have a regular succession of flowering plants.

Propagation. The red Camellias are generally propagated by layers, but cuttings will also succeed; the single red Camellia being raised by either cuttings, layers, or seeds. This latter forms suitable stocks on which to inarch or graft the rarer kinds. The ripened shoots of the preceding summer should be taken off in August, cutting them smoothly at a joint or bud. Two or three of the lower leaves should be taken off, and the cuttings planted firmly in the soil with a dibble. Some growers use peat earth and sand to strike in, while others prefer a loam mixed with sand and peat. The pans containing the cuttings should be kept in a plant or cold frame, without being covered with glasses, but shaded during powerful sunshine. In the following spring, such as have struck will begin to push, when they need to be placed in a gentle heat. The following September or October, the rooted plants will be fit to pot off, and in the second or third spring they may be used as stocks. Inarching or grafting is done in early spring, as soon as growth commences. When this process is completed, care must be taken to fix the pot containing the stock so that it may not be disturbed during the connection of the scion with the parent plant. The grafting being clayed over, is then covered with moss, to prevent its cracking. When independent grafting is resorted to, the mode called "side grafting" is generally employed, as in the case of Orange-trees; but the operation of tongueing is generally omitted, as tending to weaken the stock. Liquid or other manure is not required; nor is it desirable to apply it, as it often, sooner or later, causes the destruction of the plants. As a rule, insects do not trouble this class of plants; but scale will sometimes appear, and can easily be removed by hand. Thrips occasionally put in an appearance, but a little smoke will quickly get rid of them.

=C. euryoides= (Eurya-like). fl. white; peduncles lateral, one-flowered, scaly. May to July. l. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrated, silky beneath. Branches hairy. h. 4ft. China, 1822. (B. R. 983.)

=C. japonica= (Japanese).* Common Camellia. fl. variously coloured, axillary, sessile. l. ovate, acuminate, acutely serrated. h. 20ft. Japan and China, 1739. The innumerable hybrids are chiefly the offspring of this species. See Fig. 336.

=C. j. anemonæflora= (Anemone-flowered). All, or nearly all, the stamens, &c., in this variety are transformed into small petaloid bodies, and the flower has the general aspect of a double Anemone. See Fig. 337. (B. M. 1654.)

=C. oleifera= (oil-yielding).* fl. white, very numerous, fragrant, solitary. November. l. elliptic-oblong, acute, serrated, coriaceous, shining. h. 6ft. to 8ft. China, 1820. See Fig. 338. (B. R. 942.)

=C. reticulata= (netted-leaved). fl. bright rose, large, semi-double. l. oblong, acuminated, serrated, flat, reticulated. h. 10ft. China, 1824. There is a form of this species with full double flowers.

=C. theifera= (Tea-bearing). fl. white, spreading, of five sepals and five petals, axillary. November to spring. l. elliptical-oblong, obtuse, serrated, more than twice as long as broad, dark green. h. 2ft. to 6ft. China, Japan, and India, 1780. This species varies very considerably. In different countries, it has become modified by cultivation. The Green and Black Teas, formerly supposed to be produced by different species, are obtained from the same bushes, but subjected to different processes.

Less-known species are: drupifera, lanceolata, rosæflora, and Sasanqua.

The true species are rarely seen in cultivation. The following is a selection of the best forms of C. japonica; the list is a limited one, and is capable of great extension:

ALBA PLENA,* double white; ARCHIDUCHESSE AUGUSTA, petals deep red, veined with blue, a white band; ARCHIDUCHESSE MARIE,* flowers bright red, banded with white, imbricated; AUGUSTE DELFOSSE, bright reddish-orange, stripes down the centre of petals; AUGUSTINA SUPERBA,* flowers clear rose, free bloomer; BEALII ROSEA, one of the best and latest deep crimson varieties known; BICOLOR DE LA REINE, white and rose; BONOMIANA,* ground colour white, banded with intense deep red; CARYOPHYLLOIDES,* white, marbled with rosy-carmine, flowers very large; CHANDLERII ELEGANS,* flowers large, light rose; COMTE DE GOMER,* petals soft rose, striped with crimson, beautifully imbricated; COMTE DE PARIS, rich pink, large and full; CONTESSA LAVINIA MAGGI, pure white, broadly flamed with rosy-cerise; CONTESSA LAVINIA MAGGI ROSEA, flowers rich rosy-red, fine form, a superb variety; CORRADINO, rose, veined with salmon, centre delicate blush pink; COUNTESS OF DERBY,* beautifully imbricated, white, striped with rose; COUNTESS OF ELLESMERE,* colour varying from pure white to flesh, streaked with carnation; COUNTESS OF ORKNEY, pure white, striped with carmine, sometimes pink, shaded with deep rose; CUP OF BEAUTY,* pure white and rose, a beautifully imbricated flower; DAVID BOSCHI, clear pink, shaded with deep rose; DE LA REINE, petals white, striped with carmine; DONCKELAARII,* large flowers, semi-double, rich crimson, marbled white; DUCHESSE DE NASSAU,* flowers light pink, very large, and of superb form; DUCHESS OF BERRY, pure white, and cupped, beautifully imbricated, one of the most beautiful of all the double whites; EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, large crimson; FANNY BOLIS, white, striped and splashed with deep crimson; FIMBRIATA ALBA,* similar to Alba plena, outer petals notched at the edges; GENERAL CIALDINI, beautifully imbricated, bright carmine, flaked with red; HENRI FAVRE, flowers rosy-salmon, finely imbricated; HOVEY, C. H.,* bright crimson, well imbricated; HOVEY, C. M.,* deep velvety crimson, darkly shaded, very distinct; HOVEY, MRS.,* delicate pink, very smooth in outline, medium size; IL CYGNO, flowers pure white, petals Ranunculi-formed and imbricated; IL 22 MARZO, clear rose, the petals sometimes banded with white; IMBRICATA, deep carmine, occasionally variegated; JARDIN D'HIVER, a fine variety, flowers beautifully imbricated, colour bright rose; JEFFERSONII, fine crimson; JENNY LIND,* flowers imbricated to the extreme centre, broad, and of good substance, white, striped and marbled with rose; JUBILEE,* flowers very large, with broad, round, imbricated petals, white, marbled with rose, centre pure white; LADY HUME'S BLUSH,* flowers flesh-colour, and of excellent form; LA MAESTOSA, rose, mottled with white; LEEANA SUPERBA, flowers salmon-red, very fine; LEON LEGUAY, rich crimson; MADAME AMBROISE VERSCHAFFELT,* white, shaded with blush, and dotted with red; MADAME LEBOIS, bright rose, finely imbricated, and of good form; MATHOTIANA,* flowers brilliant red, and beautifully imbricated, extra fine; MATHOTIANA ALBA, flowers large, finely imbricated to the centre, pure white; MONTIRONI,* a fine pure white flower; MRS. ABBEY WILDER, ivory-white, striped with rose, well imbricated; MRS. COPE,* white, delicately shaded with pink, and striped with rose; MRS. DOMBRAIN,* shape and substance excellent, colour beautiful soft pink; NAPOLEON III., flowers rose, beautifully veined with deep rose, and edged with pure white; PRINCE ALBERT, white, beautifully flaked with carmine; PRINCESS BACCIOCCHI,* rich velvety carmine; PRINCESS FREDERICK WILLIAM,* flowers white, tipped with bright carmine; QUEEN OF ROSES, flowers delicate rose; REINE DES BEAUTÉS,* very delicate clear rose, fine form, extra fine variety; REINE DES FLEURS,* finely imbricated, petals of good substance and perfect symmetry, colour vermilion-red, flaked occasionally with white; RUBENS, deep rose-white stripes; SACCOIANA,* a finely imbricated flower, colour very variable, occasionally clear rose, at other times spotted with pure white; SARAH FROST, flowers bright red; STORYI, outer petals bright rose, centre almost white; TARGIONI, flowers beautifully imbricated, pure white, striped with cerise; TEUTONIA, flowers sometimes red, at other times white, but occasionally half red and half white; THOMAS MOORE,* flowers 4-1/2in. across, perfectly round, and well imbricated, petals also round, and well filled up in the centre, colour rich carmine, shaded with crimson; TRICOLOR DE MATHOT, flowers red, marbled with white, semidouble; TRICOLOR IMBRICATA PLENA, blush white, flaked with carmine and rose; VALTEVAREDA, colour bright rose, often spotted with snowy white; WILDERII,* soft rose, of excellent form.

=CAMOENSIA= (named in honour of Luis Camoens, a celebrated Portuguese poet). ORD. Leguminosæ. A genus containing a couple of handsome species. C. maxima is the largest-flowered leguminous plant known. It thrives well in rich loam and leaf mould. Cuttings root in sandy loam, in bottom heat, if placed under a bell glass. It has not yet flowered in this country. The other species has not been introduced.

=C. maxima= (greatest).* fl. cream-colour, yellow, 1ft. long, in short axillary racemes. Angola, 1878. (T. L. S. 25, 36.)

=CAMOMILE.= See =Chamomile=.

=CAMPANEA= (from campana, a bell; alluding to the shape of the flowers). ORD. Gesneraceæ. Stove herbaceous climbing perennials, the only one at present introduced being C. grandiflora. For cultivation, see =Gesnera=.

=C. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* fl. in axillary tufts, at ends of long, axillary, and terminal peduncles; corolla white, lined and dotted with crimson. June. l. opposite, oval, acuminated, oblique, soft, crenated, stalked. Plant hairy. h. 2ft. Santa Fé, 1848. (R. H. 1849, 241.)

=CAMPANULA= (diminutive of campana, a bell; in reference to the shape of the flowers). Bell-flower; Slipperwort. ORD. Campanulaceæ. A genus of mostly perennial--rarely annual or biennial--herbs. Flowers blue or white, for the most part pedunculate, usually racemose, rarely spicate or glomerate. Radical leaves usually different in form from the cauline ones, especially in size. All the species of this genus are elegant when in flower (see Fig. 339), and are very largely grown. The dwarf varieties make excellent subjects for pot culture, rockeries, or the fronts of borders. A rather rich sandy loam, with plenty of drainage, suits these plants. The forms of C. pyramidalis may be kept in cold frames during the winter, and firmly repotted in summer, the crown of the plant being kept just a trifle raised above the soil, or they are at times liable to damp off, through the water lodging around the necks. During hot weather, the pots should be plunged in a bed of ashes. Campanulas are easily raised from seeds, which should be sown in spring.

General Culture. As a rule, few plants are so easily cultivated as these. The strong-growing kinds may be grown with the greatest success in ordinary garden soil, well enriched with manure, while the alpine kinds are easily managed on the rockery. Sow seeds of the annuals in April, and of the biennials in June, in the open, or in a cold frame. The perennials are chiefly propagated by dividing the roots, or by young cuttings, in spring--the latter is by far the best method of propagation with many of the species--or by seeds. Those kinds requiring special treatment are particularised, and those suitable to the rockery are so designated. Perennials, except where otherwise mentioned.

=C. Adami= (Adam's). fl. bluish, nearly erect, one on the top of each stem; corolla funnel-shaped. July. l. slightly ciliated; radical ones on long petioles, cuneate-spathulate, coarsely toothed at the apex; cauline ones sessile, obovate or linear. h. 6in. Caucasus, 1821. Alpine.

=C. Allionii= (Allioni's).* fl. usually blue, rarely white, subnutant, large, solitary. July to September. l., radical ones linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, ciliated; lower ones rosulate, bluntish. Stem rather pilose. Root creeping. h. 3in. to 4in. Piedmontese Alps, &c., 1820. A little gem, requiring a well-drained position, in rich sandy loam, with plenty of grit in it, and an abundance of moisture when growing. SYNS. C. alpestris and C. nana. (B. M. 6588.)

=C. alpestris= (rocky). A synonym of C. Allionii.

=C. alpina= (alpine).* fl. deep blue, few or numerous, scattered in a pyramidal manner along the whole stem. July. l. linear-lanceolate, repandly-crenate, woolly; radical ones crowded, narrowed at the base. Stem glabrous or woolly. h. 3in. to 9in. Europe, 1779. Rockery. (B. M. 957.)

=C. americana= (American). fl. erect, one to three from the axil of each bract; corollas blue, a little longer than the calycine lobes. July. l., radical ones rosulate, ovate, acute, a little cordate, petiolate, serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate, acuminated at both ends, serrulated. h. 3ft. to 6ft. North America, 1763. Borders.

=C. barbata= (bearded).* fl. nutant, disposed in a loose, often secund raceme; pedicels one-flowered, rising from the axils of the superior leaves; corolla pale blue or white (in the variety alba), glabrous outside, but woolly in the mouth. June. l. villous, nearly entire; radical ones crowded, lanceolate; cauline ones few, ligulate. h. 6in. to 18in. European Alps, 1752. This is best grown on the rockery. The white variety is very handsome. (B. M. 1258.)

=C. Barrelierii= (Barrelier's). A synonym of C. fragilis.

=C. betonicæfolia= (Betony-leaved).* fl. terminal and axillary, the branchlets usually bearing three; corollas purplish-blue, with a pale yellow base, tubular. May. l. elliptic-oblong or ovate, acute, crenate-toothed; radical ones shortly petiolate. Stems much branched. Plant pilose. h. 1-1/2ft. Mount Olympus in Bithynia, 1820. Borders. (S. F. G. 210.)

=C. bononiensis= (Bononian).* fl. bluish-violet, rather small, numerous, disposed in long racemes. July. l. serrulated, ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale beneath; radical ones cordate, petiolate; upper ones stem-clasping. h. 2ft. to 3ft. Europe, 1773. Borders. There is also a very showy white-flowered variety.

=C. cæspitosa= (tufted).* fl. drooping, terminal, solitary, and sometimes three to four at the top of each stem; corollas deep blue or pure white (in the variety alba). May to August. l., radical ones crowded, on short petioles, ovate, glandularly toothed, shining. Stems numerous, tufted. Root fibrous, creeping. h. 4in. to 6in. Temperate parts of Europe, 1813. Rockery, delighting in rich fibrous loam and leaf mould.

=C. carpathica= (Carpathian).* fl. blue, broadly campanulate, disposed in loose panicles, on long peduncles, which are elongated, naked, and terminated by an erect flower. June to August. l., lower ones on long petioles, ovate-roundish, cordate, toothed; upper ones on short petioles, ovate, acute. Stems leafy, branched. h. 9in. Transylvania, 1774. Borders or rockery. See Fig. 340. (B. M. 117.)

=C. c. alba= (white).* fl. quite white, otherwise like the type. See Fig. 339.

=C. c. pelviformis= (pelvis-formed).* fl. lilac, nearly 2in. across, numerously produced in lax panicles on much-branched stems, 9in. to 18in. high; fragrant. August. l. ovate, cordate, toothed. A distinct seedling from C. c. turbinata. See Fig. 341.

=C. C. turbinata= (top-shaped).* fl. nearly 2in. across, erect; corolla deep purple, campanulate. Summer. l. ovate, rigid, greyish-green, toothed, and pointed, with cordate bases, in stiff tufts. Stems short, erect. h. 6in. to 12in. Transylvania, 1868. Borders or rockery. See Figs. 339 and 342. There is also a desirable variety named pallida, with very pale purple flowers.

=C. c. t. Hendersoni= (Henderson's). fl. rich mauve, in large pyramidal racemes, rather open. July to September. l., lower ones cordate, or ovate cordate, slightly crenulated, on long stalks; upper ones oblong, sessile. h. 1ft. Very handsome hybrid for borders.

=C. caucasica= (Caucasian). fl. few, terminal and axillary, drooping; corollas glabrous outside, but bearded inside, of a violaceous-blue colour. July. l. crenulated; lower ones obovate, obtuse, petiolate; upper ones lanceolate, sessile. Stems erect, branched, terete, scabrous, pilose. h. 6in. to 9in. Caucasus, 1804. Rockery; very pretty.

=C. celtidifolia= (Nettle-tree-leaved).* A synonym of C. lactiflora.

=C. cenisia= (Mont Cenis).* fl. deep blue, solitary, terminal, erect. June. l. entire; radical ones rosulate, obovate, obtuse; cauline ones ovate-oblong. Stems numerous, glabrous, or slightly pilose. h. 3in. Italy, &c., 1775. A rare little rockery gem, requiring a deep gritty loam and leaf soil, between stones. (A. F. P. 3, 6.)

=C. Cervicaria.= Throatwort. fl. blue, pilose outside; heads terminal, round, bracteate. July. l. crenately serrated; radical ones linear-lanceolate, bluntish, on short petioles; cauline ones linear-acuminated. Stem simple. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Mountains of Europe, 1768. Biennial. Borders. (L. B. C. 452.)

=C. collina= (hill).* fl. deep blue, funnel-shaped, few, secund, disposed in a long raceme. July. l., lower ones on long petioles, ovate-oblong, crenulated; middle ones lanceolate; upper ones linear-acuminated. Stems simple, rather pilose. h. 1ft. Caucasus, 1803. Borders. (B. M. 927.)

=C. colorata= (coloured). fl. purple; corolla tubular, velvety; peduncles elongated, terminal and axillary. September. l. scattered, lanceolate, acute, repandly denticulated. Stem branched, downy. Sikkim Himalayas, 1849. This requires frame protection during winter. (B. M. 4555.)

=C. dichotoma= (forked). fl. bluish-purple, with a paler tube, drooping, terminal, solitary in the forks of the branches and stem. July. l., cauline ones ovate, acute, a little crenated. Stem erect, with dichotomous branches. Plant clothed with stiff hairs. h. 6in. South-western Europe, 1820. Annual. Borders. (S. F. G. 211.)

=C. drabifolia= (Draba-leaved). fl. pedicellate, opposite the leaves; corolla inflated, with a white tube and a violaceous-blue limb. July. l. elliptic-oblong, toothed. Stem many times forked, slightly erect. Plant hispid. h. 3in. Island of Samos, 1823. Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G. 215.)

=C. Elatines= (Elatine).* fl. scattered over the upper part of the plant, sometimes racemose, and sometimes panicled; corollas bluish-purple. June to August. l. cordate, coarsely and acutely toothed, ovate-acute; lower ones roundish. Stem branched. Plant downy. h. 3in. to 6in. Piedmont, 1823. Rockery. (A. F. P. 3, 7.)

=C. Erinus= (Erinus).* fl. terminal and axillary, situated in the angles of the forks of the branches; corollas of a pale bluish-rose-colour, or white, pilose at the base, tubular. May to August. l. obovate or ovate, toothed. Stem much branched. Plant hispid. h. 3in. to 9in. Europe, 1768. Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G. 214.)

=C. excisa= (excised). fl. drooping; stem one-flowered; corollas blue, funnel-shaped. June. l. entire, or remotely-denticulated, linear-acuminated. Stems numerous, erect, slender, simple, naked at top. h. 3in. to 6in. Switzerland and Transylvania, 1820. Rockery. A rare species, requiring to be treated like cenisia. (L. B. C. 561.)

=C. floribunda= (many-flowered). A synonym of C. isophylla.

=C. fragilis= (fragile).* fl. clear lilac-purple, white in the centre, solitary or in pairs, axillary, erect, or nearly so, on spreading branches. July and August. l., radical ones reniform, or roundish-cordate, rather deeply lobed; cauline ones broadly-ovate, slightly cordate, all stalked. h. 4in. to 6in. South Italy. SYN. C. Barrelierii. (B. M. 6504.)

=C. garganica= (Gargano).* fl. axillary, in fascicles; corollas blue, rotate, deeply five-lobed. May to September. l., radical ones reniform, on long petioles; cauline ones cordate, all crenately toothed, downy. h. 3in. to 6in. Italy, 1832. An extremely variable species. Rockery, in rich sandy loam. (B. R. 1768.)

=C. glomerata= (clustered).* fl. sessile, disposed in terminal heads on the branches and stems; corollas bluish-violet or white, glabrous, except the nerves outside, funnel-shaped. May to September. l. serrulated; radical ones ovate, acute; bracts ovate, acuminated. Stems simple, or branched. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Britain, &c. Borders. See Fig. 343. (Sy. En. B. 866.) A double-flowered variety, and also a white-flowered form, are very desirable. There are numerous varieties of this species which are frequently described as distinct species. The following are among the number:

=C. g. cervicaroides= (Cervicaria-like). fl. bluish-violet, terminal and axillary. Lower leaves on long petioles. Stem flexuous, hairy.

=C. g. elliptica= (elliptical). fl. blue, large, capitate. l. on long petioles, elliptic; bracts large, often longer than the flowers.

=C. g. nicæensis= (Nice). fl. bluish-violet, disposed in short, dense spikes. l. approximate, ovate, acute, sessile.

=C. g. pusilla= (diminutive).* fl. few, capitate. l. round, cordate. h. 1in. to 2in. In addition to these, there are aggregata and speciosa (= dahurica). The latter is an excellent variety, with large heads of deep-coloured flowers.

=C. grandiflora= (large-flowered). See =Platycodon grandiflorum=.

=C. grandis= (large).* fl. pale violet-blue, broadly bell-shaped, with large pointed divisions, axillary and alternate, on the upper part of the stem. June. l. sessile, lanceolate, serrated. Stem simple, furrowed. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Siberia, 1842. Borders. There is also a very showy white-flowered variety named alba.

=C. haylodgensis= (Hay Lodge). fl. light blue, rather open, bell-shaped, few, at the ends of the stems. August. l., radical ones tufted, roundish-cordate, with the margins slightly indented; cauline ones ovate-cordate, conspicuously toothed, light green. h. 6in. to 9in. Rockery. This is a hybrid, raised by Mr. Anderson-Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh, probably between C. carpathica and C. pusilla.

=C. hederacea= (Ivy-like). See =Wahlenbergia hederacea=.

=C. Hostii= (Host's).* A synonym of C. rotundifolia Hostii.

=C. isophylla= (equal-leaved).* fl. numerous, erect, disposed in a corymb; corolla lilac-blue, with a grey centre, large, salver-shaped, deeply five-lobed. August. l. broadly ovate, cordate, and toothed. Stems firm. North Italy, 1868. Borders and rockery. SYN. C. floribunda. (B. M. 5745.)

C. i. alba (white).* fl. pure white; in other respects like the species. It is a charming rockery plant, flowering very freely.

=C. laciniata= (cut-leaved). fl. long-stalked, in lax panicles. Stem erect, branchy, somewhat hairy. h. 1ft. Islands in Grecian Archipelago, 1790. This biennial species is impatient of much moisture during winter, and is therefore best kept in a cold frame. See Fig. 344.

=C. lactiflora= (milk-coloured-flowered).* fl. in loose panicles; peduncles erect, short, usually three-flowered; corollas erect, milk-coloured, tinged with blue, or quite blue, as in the variety named cœrulea. July to September. l. sessile. ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrated. Stems branched. h. 2ft. to 6ft. Caucasus, 1814. Borders. SYN. C. celtidifolia. See Fig. 339. (B. R. 241.)

=C. Langsdorffiana= (Langsdorff's). fl. blue, either solitary or in few-flowered panicles, not unlike those of C. rotundifolia. l. either entire or toothed. h. 3in. to 9in. Mountains of Northern Asia and America. Perennial. See Fig. 345.

=C. latifolia= (broad-leaved). fl. disposed in spicate racemes; peduncles erect, one-flowered; corolla blue, but sometimes white (in the variety alba) campanulately funnel-shaped, large. July. l. large, doubly serrated; radical ones petiolate, cordate, ovate-oblong; cauline ones sessile, ovate-acuminated. Stems simple, smooth. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 868.)

=C. l. eriocarpa= (woolly-fruited). fl., tube of calyx very hispid. l. less acuminated. Stem and leaves pilose and pale. Caucasus, 1823. Borders.

=C. l. macrantha= (large-flowered).* fl., corollas purplish-blue, larger than those of the type. Stem and leaves rather pilose; teeth of leaves more distinct. A hybrid. Borders.

=C. Loefflingii= (Lœffling's). fl. solitary, terminating the naked branchlets, loosely panicled, drooping; corolla blue or violaceous, with a deeper-coloured zone beneath the middle, white at the base, both inside and out, funnel-shaped. July. l. crenulated; lower ones ovate-reniform; superior ones ovate, stem-clasping. Stem much branched. Annual. h. 6in. to 18in. South-west Europe, 1818. (B. R. 29, 19.)

=C. Loreyi= (Lorey's). A synonym of C. ramosissima.

=C. lyrata= (lyrate). fl. disposed in a long, many-flowered, loose raceme; corolla blue, tubular, with rather pilose nerves. June. l., lower ones petiolate, cordate, ovate, acute, crenated; superior ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate-toothed. Stem branched. Eastern Europe, Levant, &c., 1823. Borders.

=C. macrostyla= (large-styled). fl. dull purple, reticulated with violet, solitary, on stout stalks; hairy towards the base. July. l., lower ones ovate-oblong, acute; upper ones ovate-lanceolate, recurved, small for the size of the plant, hispid on both surfaces, and ciliated with bristles. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Taurus Mountains. Annual. Borders. The rigid habit, bristly, almost prickly, stem and leaves, curious calyx appendages, short gaping corolla, and wonderful stigma, mark this as the most singular Campanula hitherto introduced. See Fig. 346.

=C. Medium= (middle-sized).* Canterbury Bells. fl. numerous, large, disposed in racemes; corolla blue, purple, and white, campanulate, inflated, single and double. July. l. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, crenately toothed. Stem erect, branched. h. 1ft. to 4ft. South Europe, 1597. See Fig. 347. A well-known and very handsome biennial, of which there are numerous varieties. Borders.

=C. muralis= (wall).* A synonym of C. Portenschlagiana.

=C. nana= (dwarf). A synonym of C. Allionii.

=C. nitida= (shining).* fl. blue or white, disposed in spicate racemes; corolla campanulately rotate. Summer. l. in rosettes, leathery, very dark and shining green, oblong, crenated; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, almost entire. Stem simple. h. 3in. to 9in. North America, 1731. Borders. There are also double blue and white flowered forms of this species. SYN. C. planiflora.

=C. nobilis= (noble).* fl. drooping, crowded towards the ends of the branchlets; corollas reddish-violet, or white, or cream-coloured, spotted, 3in. or more long. July. l. hairy; lower ones petiolate, ovate, toothed; upper ones lanceolate, nearly or quite sessile. h. 2ft. China, 1844. Borders. (B. R. 32, 65.) There is also a white-flowered variety.

=C. patula= (spreading). fl. panicled, terminal, and axillary, on long pedicels, large, erect; corollas blue or white, funnel-shaped. July. l., radical ones crowded, obovate, crenated; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire. Stems branched. Branches diverging. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 873.)

=C. peregrina= (foreign).* fl. disposed in a dense spicate raceme, sessile; corollas of a dark violet colour at the base, not so deep in the middle, and paler towards the margins, funnel-shaped. July. l. crenated; lower ones obovate; superior ones ovate, acute. Stem simple, angular. h. 2ft. Mount Lebanon, 1794. Borders. (B. M. 1257.)

=C. persicæfolia= (Peach-leaved).* fl. terminal and axillary, pedunculate, solitary, inclined, racemose; corollas blue and all the intermediate shades to white, large, broadly campanulate. July. l. glabrous, stiff, crenulated; radical ones lanceolate-obovate; cauline ones linear-lanceolate. Stems nearly simple. h. 1ft. to 3ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 871.) The forms of C. persicæfolia are very numerous in gardens. The following are well worth growing: alba, pure white, single-flowered; alba coronata, pure white, semi-double; alba fl.-pl., flowers very double and Camellia-like, constituting one of the best hardy flowers for cutting; cærulea coronata, blue, in form like the white; cærulea fl.-pl., flowers semi-double.

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