XIV. FUNERAL CEREMONIES

XIV. FUNERAL CEREMONIES

Having now gone through the whole circle of private life among the Hellenes, we shall consider them in the hour of death, and during the ceremonies with which dust was committed to dust. From a great variety of causes, the dissolution of the body was regarded by the pagans of antiquity with less terror and apprehension than modern nations experience. Their belief in the continuance of existence was not perhaps more unshaken than that of pious men in Christian countries, but the life to come was contemplated as more nearly resembling the present; and they imagined that, by the performance of certain rites and ceremonies, and through the favour of the gods in various ways obtained, they might easily secure to themselves a blissful immortality, which, according to their creed, was denied to none but the incorrigibly flagitious. In earlier times, moreover, before the birth of the sceptical systems of philosophy, no chilling doubts had been thrown on the doctrine of immortality. Ignorant they might be of the Divine nature, of the relations of man to his Creator, of the true duties, obligations, and rules of life; but they were so fully convinced of the existence of a race of superior beings, that they might almost be said to feel its truth as they did that of their own existence. These beings they believed to be everlastingly occupied with human, or rather with Hellenic, concerns; for it seems evident that most of the gods were looked upon more as the parents and guardians of the Grecian race than as remote and general watchers over the whole universe. To pass out of life, therefore, was but to pass out of the domains of one god into those of another; to exchange the protection of the celestial for that of the infernal Zeus. Everywhere and on all occasions Gods were supposed to attend their footsteps, but more especially at the moment of their decease, when a cloud of heavenly messengers hovered around them, some to accomplish the separation between soul and body, others to lead and protect the spirit in its descent to the subterranean world, and others again to watch over its happiness while there, sharing along with it the same dwelling-place, and bearing the same relation to it as a monarch does to his subjects.

Possessed firmly by persuasions of this kind, it is little to be wondered at that the ancient Greek experienced less reluctance to enter upon the domains of the dead than is now too commonly felt.[2658] He had, besides, another motive to cheer his departure. It was his firm expectation to be welcomed on his entrance to the Elysian fields by his parents or friends or companions, by all, in short, whom he had loved in life, and who had preceded him to that sacred and serene abode. Thinking and feeling thus, death seemed scarcely death, but a mere shifting of the scene or change of locality. It was but falling asleep in one place to wake in another where their happiness could know no change; where God would wipe away tears from all eyes, and where there should be no more trouble or sorrow or suffering for ever.

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Footnote 2658:

Plat. Tim. t. vii. p. 121, sqq.

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These, nevertheless, must be regarded as the habitual convictions of the mind, which, however they might influence the actions and resolutions of men, could by no means stifle their feelings, or prevent that sorrow and regret which must always be experienced by persons about to be separated from those they love. Hence the death-bed of the Greeks presented not a scene of stoical indifference. All the tenderness and sympathy of which the human heart is capable was usually awakened. The friends, and more especially the women of the family, crowded about the couch to press the dying hand, and catch the last breath as it fluttered in broken murmurs from the lips.[2659] Most persons, when about to bid an eternal adieu to the world, desired to lay some command on their sorrowing friends, not as an imperious task but as a labour of love, by performing which they might be reminded of the departed. Such commands as these the Grecian women were most anxious to receive, that they might treasure them up in their souls, and by pondering on them incessantly, day and night, keep vividly alive in their memory the idea of those who had once been all in all to them. Nor when the spirit had departed did they forsake the corpse, nor abandon it to the care of menials. With their own hands they closed the beloved eyes,[2660] and tied up the mouth from which words of kindness or comfort were never more to sound. Putting a severe restraint upon their feelings, they straightened,[2661] laved, anointed, and laid out the corpse,[2662] covered it with costly garments,[2663] and placed crowns of flowers upon its head: it was then borne to the vestibule of the mansion and laid with the feet towards the door,[2664] to intimate that it was about to proceed on its last journey, and take up its abode in the house prepared for all living. Vessels of lustral water[2665] were then placed beside it; that, being accounted unclean, all those who passed in or out and might be supposed to be reached by the effluvia which exhaled from the dead, might sprinkle and purify themselves. Branches of laurel and acanthus, with locks of hair, were suspended over the doorway, each being a symbol speaking to the imagination of that lively people. While thus exposed the corpse was watched day and night by its natural guardians, until the moment arrived for bearing it forth to the funeral pile or the grave. It was then laid in a coffin, generally of cedar or cypress-wood,[2666] which, being placed upon a bier,[2667] was borne away, the mourning friends and family attending.

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Footnote 2659:

Il. ω. 743. Kirchman. de Funer. Romanor. p. 34.

Footnote 2660:

Odyss. λ. 425. Eurip. Phœn. 1465. Virg. Æn. ix. 486.

Footnote 2661:

Eurip. Alcest. 160. Gal. de Method. Medend. xiii. 13. Plat. Phæd. t. v. p. 123.

Footnote 2662:

Eurip. Hyppol. 786, seq. Il. ο. 350.

Footnote 2663:

Ælian. Var. Hist. i. 16. Eurip. Troad. 1134.

Footnote 2664:

Il. τ. 211, sqq. Τοὺς νεκροὺς οἱ ἀρχαῖοι προετίθισαν πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν καὶ ἐκόπτοντο. Sch. Aristoph. Lysist. 611.

Footnote 2665:

Eurip. Alcest. 99.

Footnote 2666:

Plin. Nat. Hist. xxiv. 5. Thucyd. ii. 34. Horat. Od. ii. 14. 23. Epod. v. 18. Meyer, p. 12. Cf. Dem. adv. Bœot. § 11. Euripid. Orest. 1052.

Footnote 2667:

Cf. Hesych. v. κλιματηφόρος.

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At Athens[2668] this ceremony took place immediately before day-break,[2669] numerous individuals bearing the mortuary torches, preceding the bier,[2670] and lighting up its melancholy way. The men next of kin marched silently in the rear of the coffin to intimate that they should shortly follow in the same track, and the women who kept together in a body,[2671] closed the procession, weeping and lamenting as they went. Stationed here and there in the crowd, were certain funeral musicians playing airs solemn and sad, but with an intermixture of enthusiastic notes, upon Lydian or Phrygian flutes. Sometimes the company was mounted in chariots or upon horses, but when especial honour was intended to the dead, everybody accompanied the hearse on foot. And surely a group like this, moving along by night through the narrow winding streets of Athens skirting the rocks of the Acropolis, flitting across the agora, between its silent booths and stately plane-trees, and issuing forth through the city gates into the sepulchral suburbs of the Cerameicos, where a forest of tombs stretched a considerable distance along the said way, to deposit, as if by stealth, the dust of a human being in the bosom of the earth, must have exhibited a striking and a solemn spectacle; more particularly if we suppose that, roused by the mournful music, thousands of neighbours and fellow-citizens hurried to their casements to behold their countryman carried to his long home. Having reached the destined spot, the body, if to be interred, was laid in the grave with its face looking towards the west.[2672] The earth was then thrown upon the coffin, and a monument, in most cases, speedily erected over it. If by special desire of the deceased, or for any other reason, cremation[2673] was preferred, they constructed a funeral pile of unctuous and odoriferous woods upon which oil and sweet unguents were commonly poured.

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Footnote 2668:

Demosth. adv. Macart. § 15.

Footnote 2669:

Cf. Theocrit. xv. 132.

Footnote 2670:

The same practice still prevails in modern times. Chandler, ii. 153.

Footnote 2671:

Terent. Andria. i. l. 90, seq. Lys. de Cæd. Eratosth. § 2.

Footnote 2672:

They likewise sacrificed to the ghosts of the dead with their faces towards the west, to the Uranian gods, with their faces eastward. Scol. Apoll. Rhod. i. 589.

Footnote 2673:

Cf. Plut. Themist. § 8. Schol. Thucyd. ii. 34.

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On the summit of this the corpse was then placed, and a torch having been applied to the pyre by some near relation of the dead, the whole was reduced to ashes. Before, however, the flames were quite extinguished, custom required that a little wine should be cast upon them, after which if any bones of the dead remained unconsumed they were carefully collected together with the ashes, and deposited in an urn, which in Greece was usually committed to the earth.[2674] All the surviving relations now returned mourning to their dwelling, where, towards evening, a funeral feast was celebrated in honour of the dead.[2675] Twice during the same month were sacred rites performed at the tomb, and afterwards for ever on the anniversary of the deceased’s birth, as well as on a certain day of the festival of Anthesteria, when unfading flowers were strewed around, and heaps of crowns and garlands suspended on the monument. The outward tokens of the grief felt inwardly consisted of black garments,[2676] heads partially shorn and a sad and neglected countenance.

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Footnote 2674:

Numerous bassi-relievi representing these funeral banquets have been preserved both at Athens and in the island of Chios, where the custom has prevailed in modern times of fixing such pieces of antiquities in the walls, over doors and gateways. Chandler, ii. 39.

Footnote 2675:

Kirchman. p. 502, sqq.

Footnote 2676:

Quintil. Declam. x.

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In nearly all parts of the world, the moment death sets the impress of his seal on the human clay it appears to acquire an awful and mysterious sanctity, which none but the hardened and base will consent to violate. Belonging to the grave, its everlasting calm and silence seem already to brood over it. It presents itself to our eyes like the inhabitant of another world, and therefore though voiceless it reveals to us, as it were, some particulars respecting a state of being of which we know nothing, but feel necessarily the most devouring curiosity. Besides, when the deceased has been dear to us in life, we regard his corpse as the deserted mansion of a friend, as the tabernacle of a soul scarcely different, though divided from our own. On this account the ancient Greeks, a people beyond most others pious, imaginative, and affectionate, cultivated with peculiar care the duties which we owe the dead. Ancient writers abound with illustrations of this truth. When the Thebans, after the defeat of Adrastos and Polyneices refused burial to the fallen Argives, it was considered by the Athenians a sufficient cause for declaring war against Bœotia. It was not pretended that the invaders had been engaged in an honourable war; but having expiated their transgression by death, their remains had passed under the protection of the infernal deities, and to refuse them the rites of sepulture was not so much to insult them as Pluto, and the other gods of Hades, whose subjects they were now become. The unburied corpse was, moreover, a polluting object which defiled the temples of the celestial divinities, and therefore they also were interested in watching over the rights of the dead; for dogs and beasts of prey might carry their flesh or bones into the fanes, and thus render them unclean. And this sentiment, which constituted one of the most amiable parts of the Greek character, tended likewise to confer imperishable beauty and interest on the Hellenic land. For, the numerous tombs, public and private,[2677] which clustered over and hallowed its surface, addressed themselves still more powerfully to the heart than to the eye. Everywhere the devotion of the people clung around them. They were at once the creations and the monuments of human love, of public gratitude, of holy reverence for intellect and virtue.

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Footnote 2677:

Cf. Demosth. adv. Call. § 4.

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The same observation, indeed, applies universally. The pyramid, the solitary barrow, rising like a hillock on the plains of Asia, the crowded cemetery, the vast suites of sepulchres excavated beneath the surface of the earth, each and all of these must ever be regarded by men of sensibility and unsophisticated understanding as so many unequivocal tokens of the ineradicable goodness of human nature. Examples without number might be adduced in illustration. When a North American chief was urged to cede to the European invaders the hunting-ground of his tribe, he stated his objection in these words: “How can we abandon the country in which all our ancestors lie interred? Shall we say to the bones of our forefathers, ‘Arise, and go along with us into a strange land’?” In many countries a more absorbing interest attaches to the abodes of the dead than to the habitations of the living. Who, for example, can traverse, without the most profound emotion, those suites of subterraneous palaces at Thebes denominated the Tombs of the Kings? You seem, in these vast painted halls and dusky passages, to hold actual converse with death. The grave unfolds its mysteries on all sides around. The imagination is kindled and takes a colour from the unearthly creations presented to it, and you return with something like reluctance to the glare and turmoil and busy passions of the world. Among the Greeks, as we have observed, the dead were invested with a sanctity which all good men esteemed inviolable, and this persuasion acquired additional force from the belief, that, though separated, the spirit and the body were not yet wholly independent of each other. For, upon the treatment experienced by its remains the state of the soul was in some measure regulated in the realms below. If these received the rites of interment, the spirit was allowed freely to traverse that stream, dusky and inviolable, which surrounded the realm of Hades. If not, the ghost, cold and desolate, wandered along its hither shore during the space of a hundred years; after which, the laws of Orcus relented, and permitted it to taste of happiness amid the groves of Asphodel,[2678] and those blissful bowers where poets and sages devoted the circle of eternity to the culture and pure delights of wisdom. From this persuasion, the ghosts of persons denied the rites of sepulture[2679] are represented by the poets hovering around their corses and presenting themselves in visions to their surviving friends, requesting them to sever, by the performance of their obsequies, the sad links which still bound them to their dwellings of clay. Thus Homer introduces Elpenor[2680] conjuring Odysseus to perform this last sad office for his remains. Often when, by shipwreck or murder, the body was cast on some solitary shore, or abandoned in the recesses of some forest or mountain, inhumation was solely dependent on chance. But if fortune conducted any stranger to the spot, it was considered incumbent on him to discharge, in one way or another, the ties of humanity to the dead. But, because he might not be able to dig a grave or consume the body on a funeral pile, it was reckoned sufficient to cast three handfuls of dust upon the corpse, of which one, at least, was to be sprinkled on the head. Thus we find, in Horace,[2681] the manes of the Pythagorean philosopher, Archytas, intreating the mariners, who had found his body on the beach, to honour it with this rite:

Quamquam festinas, non est mora longa, licebit Injecto ter pulvere curras.

Though great thy haste, this will not much delay; Cast thrice the dust, then hasten hence away.

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Footnote 2678:

Hesiod. Opp. et Dies, 169, sqq. Pind. Olymp. ii. 70, sqq.

Footnote 2679:

Cf. Lys. Epitaph. § 4.

Footnote 2680:

Odyss. ξ. 66, sqq.

Footnote 2681:

Od. i. 28. 36. Quintil. Declam. v. 6. Cœlius Rhodiginus, xvii. 20. Potter. ii. 166.

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In order the more certainly to secure this act of humanity from the passer-by[2682] persons about to perish by shipwreck were accustomed to tie around their body gold, or jewels, or whatever else they possessed of value, that it might defray the expenses of their interment, and reward him who undertook it.

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Footnote 2682:

Meurs. in Lycoph. Cassand. 367.

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There were, however, certain classes of men who, by their open or secret wickedness, were supposed to be placed beyond the expansive circle of human sympathy, on whom it would have been criminal to lavish sepulchral rites. These were, in the first place, individuals struck by lightning, whom the gods were believed thus to have destroyed,[2683] from a knowledge of their guilt, though hidden from all other eyes. Corpses of this kind were usually covered with earth where they lay without the slightest ceremony, unless they happened to have fallen in some public temple, or agora, or highway, under which circumstances a hook was fastened to the body, by which it was dragged and cast into some pit. On other occasions the carcase was hedged round and so left. Men guilty of suicide were likewise denied the honours of burial, but more especially those of the funeral pile. Their carcases were simply thrown into a pit and covered over, to prevent their becoming a nuisance to the living. Villains who committed sacrilege, and traitors to their country were not suffered to enjoy in death the protection of those divinities whom they had outraged, or the refuge of a grave in a country which they had basely betrayed to the enemy.[2684] Their dishonoured bones were cast beyond the borders, nor was it permitted any citizen to celebrate for them the rites of burial. Thus King Pausanias, who sought to enslave his country to the Persians, was treated by the Lacedæmonians, Aristocrates by the Arcadians, and Phocion by the people of Athens,[2685] though in this last case, perhaps, through error and misapprehension. The last and worst class were tyrants[2686] equally objects of hatred to gods and men, who usually when overcome by their subjects expiated their guilt by the most unheard-of torments, while, in the nether world, the worst pangs of Tartarus were reserved for them. To deposit in the bosom of the earth the carcases of malefactors so heinous would of itself have been esteemed a crime of a very deep dye. The remains were, therefore, trodden under foot, subjected to every other species of indignity, and then cast forth to be devoured by the dogs and vultures. Nay, if we may interpret the expression of Plato literally, the punishment of men who even aimed at tyranny in a free state and failed in the attempt was tremendous: they were tortured and mutilated, had their eyes burned out, suffered every imaginable insult and injury, and at last crucified, or covered with pitch and burned alive: their wives and children suffered the same punishment—the innocent being confounded with the guilty. To protect their ashes from insults such as the above, the kings of Egypt who erected the pyramids and were in character fierce and tyrannical, are supposed by Herodotus not to have entrusted their bones to the keeping of those structures. A wild story is also related of Periander of Corinth,[2687] who, conscious of having ruled his countrymen with a rod of iron, dreaded the effects of their resentment on his corpse. Effectually to conceal the place of his interment he is said to have directed two of his satellites to go forth at night on a certain road and kill and bury clandestinely the first man they should meet. Four others were despatched to execute the same vengeance upon them, and another crowd of assassins received orders to exterminate and bury these four. Periander, then old and infirm, presented himself to the first murderers, was slain and buried, and the place, from the sudden death of all who might have known it, thus remained undiscovered for ever.

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Footnote 2683:

Artemidor. ii. 8. Eurip. Suppl. 945. Persius, ii. 27.

Footnote 2684:

Diod. Sicul. xvi. 6.

Footnote 2685:

Plut. Phoc. § 37.

Footnote 2686:

Odyss. γ. 256.

Footnote 2687:

Diog. Laert. i. 96.

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Most opposed to these were those honourable citizens[2688] who fell for their country in defence of its liberty and laws, whom their fellow-citizens followed to the tomb with every conceivable mark of public gratitude and honour, and whose names future generations were taught to reverence like those of gods. In some sense, indeed, they were actually deified. Rites and ceremonies and sacrifices were performed annually in their honour, and by their great and heroic spirits future generations swore as by the most ancient inhabitant of Olympos. Sometimes, as on the plain of Marathon, the remains of the warriors were collected together, and with holy rites enclosed in one common barrow, calculated by its dimensions to be co-lasting with the world. On other occasions their remains were brought to the city and buried there. Thus, at the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war, the first citizens who fell received the distinguished honours of a public funeral. Their remains were enclosed in coffins of cedar, and laid in open hearses, drawn by horses carefully caparisoned, and covered with garlands, were conveyed to the Cerameicos, the whole population of the state attending. When they had been there committed to the earth, Pericles, the greatest statesman and orator of those times, ascended a bema, and, in words which must thrill through the hearts of all posterity, pronounced on them an encomium to merit which most brave men would cheerfully have bartered life.

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Footnote 2688:

Thucyd. ii. 34. Cf. J. D. H. Meyer. Pericl. ap. Thuc. Orat. p. 10, sqq. On some occasions the bodies of the dead were followed with great pomp to the grave, accompanied by the sound of many instruments and voices. Athen. xiii. 67. The bodies of the dead were at other times, apparently in the field of battle, stretched out on beds of leaves or rushes, and a festive banquet with drinking cups was placed before them, and crowns upon their heads. § 2.

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The modes of sepulture prevalent in different ages among the Hellenes were various in like manner as the monuments erected in honour of the dead. Originally, when public security was weak, men buried their dead within the walls of their own dwellings, where alone, perhaps, they could hope to preserve their resting-place inviolable. In accordance with this pious feeling a law was anciently enacted at Thebes in Bœotia, that whoever built himself a house should construct within or adjoining it a repository for the dead. But when states grew up and acquired strength, and the shadow of their protection fell around far and wide, it was found practicable to consult the public health without infringement of the reverence due to the divinities of Hades, and the habitations of the departed were erected, like a sacred circle, round the city walls.

Afterwards, in the period of Grecian decrepitude, the cities once more opened their gates to their ancestors, and permitted that they should share with themselves the imperfect security which was the lot of all in those degenerate times.

Much has been said on the custom which obtained among both Greeks and Romans, of extending their cemeteries along the high roads leading countrywards from the city gates.[2689] Their object appears to have been twofold: first, by erecting the monuments of deceased friends in sight of all persons entering or quitting the city to render their memory more enduring; secondly, that by witnessing the honours paid to the brave and good of past times, those who came after them might be incited to imitate their example.

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Footnote 2689:

Cf. Xenoph. Hellen. iii. 2. 14.

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But no place was deemed too sacred to admit the remains of good or great men, which were occasionally enshrined within the precincts of temples or sacred groves.[2690] Thus the children of Medea were buried in the temple of Hera, Œdipos found a tomb in the grove of the Eumenides at Colonos,[2691] and Hesiod, whose body comes floating to the shore while the Samians are engaged in the performance of sacred rites, is honoured with a funeral in the grove of the Nemean Zeus.[2692] Euchides, likewise, who died in consequence of the extraordinary celerity with which he performed the journey to and from Delphi in quest of the sacred fire, was interred by the Platæans in the temple of Artemis Euclea. Among the Spartans the practice commonly prevailed of burying around sacred edifices; nor did they, even in later times, banish their dead to the suburbs; the design of this departure from the fashion elsewhere established being to eradicate from the mind of youth all apprehensions of spectres, and reluctance to move, whether by night or by day, among tombs and graves. In all parts of Greece, families, at least when above the humblest in rank, possessed each their burial grounds, whether standing wholly apart in orchards or gardens,[2693] or forming so many separate portions of the general cemetery.[2694] But nowhere does so great stress appear to have been laid on this distinction of families in death as at Sparta, as may be inferred from the account of that battle in which, animated by the songs of Tyrtæos, the youth bound about their right arms tablets inscribed with their own names and those of their fathers, that so, should they all perish, their friends might be able to select from among the heaps of slaughter the bodies of their relatives, and inter them with scarlet mantles and olive-leaves in the cemeteries of their clans.[2695]

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Footnote 2690:

Eurip. Med. 1378.

Footnote 2691:

Soph. Œdip. Col. 1584, sqq.

Footnote 2692:

Plut. Sept. Sap. Conv. 19, and see Lobeck, Aglaopham. p. 281. Goëttling. Pref. Hesiod. ix.

Footnote 2693:

Dem. adv. Call. § 4.

Footnote 2694:

The tombs in these burial-grounds were often so many flat slabs with inscriptions. Chandler, ii. 123.

Footnote 2695:

Ælian. Var. Hist. vi. 6. Plut. Lycurg. § 27.

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Frequently the remains of distinguished persons were consigned to the dust in picturesque situations, remote from towns and the habitations of men, where chapels were in many instances erected to their memory. Thus we find the heroon of Androcrates[2696] shrouded in thick copses and trees amid the spurs of Mount Cithæron, on the western extremity of the field of battle of Platæa. In a situation very similar stood the tomb and temple of Amphiaraos, and the heroon of Drimacos in the island of Chios. Among the Cretans, likewise, the sepulchre of Zeus occupied the lofty summit of a mountain, where its ruins are still pointed out to the traveller. A poetical sentiment, moreover, has, in modern times, given rise to the persuasion that the ruins of Themistocles’ tomb are still to be seen amid that line of ancient sepulchres which run along the surf-beaten rocks near the point of Cape Halimos. On this supposition is based the well-known passage of Byron:

“No breath of air to break the wave That rolls below the Athenian’s grave; That tomb which, gleaming o’er the cliff, Just greets the homeward-veering skiff, High o’er the land he saved in vain:— When shall such hero live again?”

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Footnote 2696:

Plut. Aristid. § 11.

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But the learning of Colonel Leake has clearly shown, that the monument of this illustrious statesman stood within the horns of the great port of Aphrodisium. In the city of Magnesia, where he died, his tomb stood in the agora, which was customary when extraordinary honour was designed the dead.[2697] Thus the monument of Timoleon,[2698] surrounded by porticoes and other public buildings, was erected in the agora of Syracuse; and that of Harmodios and Aristogeiton occupied the same place in the city of Athens, where, in more ancient times, the tombs of distinguished personages were hewn out in the face of the cliffs, lined with marble, and otherwise sumptuously adorned. Solon, however, sought to repress the luxury of cemeteries[2699] by ordaining that no tomb should have an arched roof, or require more labour than could be performed by ten men in three days. But this law, in all probability, was never strictly observed; for the Cimonian sepulchres, still seen high amid the rocks overlooking the hollow valley which divides the Areopagos from the Pnyx, seem to have been of dimensions too spacious to have been hewn out within the legal term.[2700] Afterwards, moreover, mortuary monuments of extraordinary magnificence were erected at Athens, as that, for example, of the hetaira Pythonicè. But it was in barbarous countries that funereal structures exhibited the greatest splendour, which reached possibly its acmè in the tomb of Mausolos, king of Caria, an edifice consisting of a pyramid erected on a square basis, adorned on all sides with sculptured figures in relief, and surmounted by a chariot drawn by four horses. The tomb of the mistress of Gyges, though for materials inferior, probably exceeded in dimensions this seventh wonder of the world. It was erected, too, as a memorial of affection; for, when the woman who, during her life, had ruled both him and his kingdom, had been removed from earth, that shepherd king collected together, we are told, the whole of his subjects, and threw up so vast a barrow over her remains, that, in whatever part of his realm he might be, within Mount Tmolos, he might enjoy the melancholy pleasure of beholding her grave.

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Footnote 2697:

Chandler, vol. i. p. 143.

Footnote 2698:

Plut. Timol. § 39.

Footnote 2699:

Cf. Cicero, de Leg. ii. 64.

Footnote 2700:

Chandler, vol. ii. p. 99.

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In the structure of their tombs, as well as their mode of interment, the various nations of antiquity observed each a different style. Thus, in the purification of Delos, the monuments of the Carians were easily distinguished from those of the Greeks by the manner in which their remains were deposited in the grave. Certain sepulchral mounds, found in Peloponnesos, were distinguished by some characteristic features from those of the natives, and denominated the Tombs of the Phrygians; and the burying places of certain foreigners on whom the Greeks bestowed the name of Amazons, exhibited as long as they endured some distinctive marks[2701] by which they were known to cover the ashes of some barbarous people. Over the tomb of Hippolyta, indeed, a pillar was erected in the Grecian manner; but at Chalcis, where there was an Amazonium, the structure would appear to have exhibited some peculiar features, as well as the tomb of these warlike ladies, which was shown in the Megaris, between the agora and a spot named Rhus, in the form of a lozenge,[2702] resembling their shields. Similar in shape, likewise, were probably the Amazonian monuments found near Scotussa in Thessaly, as well as those on the banks of the rivulet Hermodon, in the neighbourhood of Cheronæa.[2703] On the plains of Troy the Amazon Myrinna reposed under a vast barrow.[2704]

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Footnote 2701:

Plut. Thes. § 27. Paus. i. 41. 7. Petit, de Amazon, p. 185.

Footnote 2702:

Plut. Thes. § 27.

Footnote 2703:

Petit, de Amazon. p. 313. 184.

Footnote 2704:

Hom. Il. β. 814.

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The structures thus erected in honour of the dead might have proved more durable but for the practice common among the ancients, of interring jewels, gold, precious vases,[2705] and other treasures with the corpse, which afterwards roused the cupidity of profligate men, and tempted them to rifle the last houses of their forefathers; for it is one of the most odious and debasing features of civilisation, at certain stages of it, that death is habitually desecrated, and the grave ceases to be a refuge. Thus the tombs of the Macedonian kings were plundered by the Gauls[2706] in the alliance of Pyrrhos. Again, the colony of Roman freedmen sent to raise Corinth from its ashes, discovering by chance that the catacombs contained bronze and fictile vases of great beauty, rifled the whole cemetery, and filled Rome with the spoils, which were denominated Necrocorinthia. Even the obolos[2707] placed beneath the tongue, and the simple ornaments of the humbler dead, proved sufficient to excite the avarice of a certain class of robbers, denominated from their practices tomb-spoilers.[2708] When, however, the dust of the departed has reposed in its cerements for many ages, to disturb and plunder it becomes the pursuit of learned men, and is regarded as a branch of the science of antiquities. Thus the sepulchres of the Egyptian kings have been spoiled and polluted by travellers, who have burned by thousands the wooden gods of the Pharaohs in their kitchens, sawed off the faces of pillars, dragged forth bodies and coffins from their last hiding-place in order to pilfer the golden ornaments suspended around the necks of the dead. In Etruria, too, the same scientific havoc has been carried on, and the museums of Europe have been enriched by what was once a capital offence. Even in our own country, barrows have been habitually opened, and the bones of our ancestors dislodged from their homes. Very curious relics of antiquity, however, have thus been brought to light. Similar tumuli in the East, denominated topes, have been examined in Affghanistân. Beneath the centre is usually a well, in which the ancient remains, consisting of metallic vases, small cylinders of gold, rings, jewels, and gold pins, appear to be found.[2709]

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Footnote 2705:

Hence the idea of the vast riches of Charon subsisting in the legends of the East. Vigne, Trav. in Affghanistân, p. 206.

Footnote 2706:

Plut. Pyrrh. § 26.

Footnote 2707:

Suid. v. καρκάδοντα. t. ii. p. 1374. e. Hesych. v. δανάη. Etym. Mag. v. δάνα. Aristoph. Ran. 141. Besides the piece of money, a honey cake is said to have been put into the mouth for Cerberus. Suid. v. μελιτοῦττα. t. ii. p. 126. a. Aristoph. Lysist. 601. Virg. Æneid. vi. 417.

Footnote 2708:

Arg. ii. in Dem. Mid. Growing bold by degrees, sacrilege at length broke into the temples, and shore the golden tresses from the very statues of Zeus himself. Luc. Jup. Trag. § 25. Cf. § 10.

Footnote 2709:

Vigne, Ghuzni, Cabul, &c., p. 141.

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It was customary among the Greeks, not only while their grief was yet new, but habitually for many years, to visit the graves of the dead, to suspend garlands and crowns and fillets of wool upon their head-stones, or possibly, as is still the custom in Burgundy, to place wreaths or other ornaments of pure wool upon the grave itself,[2710] and to protect them by a trellis-work of willow boughs. Hither, too, were brought baskets full of all fair and fragrant flowers, more particularly roses, myrtles, amaranths,[2711] and lilies, to be strewed upon the beloved spot. Sometimes graves were covered by a netting of wild thyme,[2712] which, like those characters that are ennobled by affliction, yielded forth a delicious perfume beneath the foot of the mourner. In cool and shady spots, graves were sometimes adorned with the small everlasting,[2713] and the white flower called pothos.[2714] Public cemeteries were likewise, in many places, beautified by trees, selected in some cases for their thick foliage and spreading form, as the elm; in others, for their graceful shape and evergreen leaf, as the poplar and the cypress. Other trees, also, whether planted by the hand of man or springing up spontaneously, covered the walks or spots of green sward found in the cemeteries of Greece, supplying in abundance that sombre shade into which grief loves to retire, and where the sepulchral plants chiefly delight to grow.

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Footnote 2710:

Varro, Ling, Lat. l. vi. ap. Kirckman. de Funer. Rom. p. 500.

Footnote 2711:

Philost. Heroic. xix. 14. p. 741. Eurip. Electr. 324. Vict. Var. Lect. xvi. 2. Mag. Miscell. ii. 17.

Footnote 2712:

Schol. Aristoph. Pac. 168.

Footnote 2713:

Dioscor. iv. 90, if we read τάφοις for τάφροις.

Footnote 2714:

Theoph. Hist. Plant. vi. 8. 3.

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Such spots so shaded, so verdant, and full of fragrance, so consecrated to silence and repose, probably first suggested the idea of the Elysian Fields or Islands of the Blessed, which the poets of Greece assigned to be the abode of happy souls. At first perhaps the ghosts were believed to dwell in the cemeteries, retiring by day to the depths of the tombs and issuing forth during the dark and tranquil hours of night to enjoy, by the light of the moon or the stars, the sight of the world they had partially quitted. From this notion flowed all the modifications observable in the internal structure of tombs. First, care was taken that the earth should not press heavily on the corpse, somewhere within the dimensions of which the ghost was supposed[2715] habitually to reside. Sentiments not greatly dissimilar still survive among ourselves. I once remember to have read on the gravestone of a little girl standing near the stile by which you enter the shady churchyard of Newport, in Monmouthshire, the following epitaph, in which this idea is clearly embodied:

Here a pretty baby lies, Sung asleep with lullabies; Pray be silent, and not stir The easy earth that covers her.

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Footnote 2715:

Among the Mohammedans of Persia like notions are found to exist. “I often saw groups of people uttering the most doleful lamentations and bedewing with their tears the dry sod which they surrounded. They imagine the dead to be capable of hearing but not of answering their plaints.” Fowler, Three Years in Persia, i. p. 31.

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Secondly spacious and elegant chambers were frequently constructed for the spirit’s use, where food was likewise placed, and lamps were kindled which, furnished with wicks of amianthos[2716] and supplied with inexhaustible fountains of oil, were believed to burn on everlastingly. A similar notion leads many Mohammedan nations to turn a small arch in the stone basement of their tombs to accommodate the ghost with free ingress and egress. Connected also with this article in the creed of the ancients[2717] was the opinion, that spirits might often be seen gliding in shadowy shapes among the tombs, which may be regarded as a notion almost co-extensive with humanity itself.

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Footnote 2716:

Kirchman. de Funer. Rom. l. iv. 4.

Footnote 2717:

Cf. Hesiod. Opp. et Dies, 122, sqq.

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In their modes of sepulture the barbarous nations[2718] of the ancient world differed widely from each other and from the Greeks. The Syrians, Egyptians, and even Persians, wholly eschewing the funeral pile, buried their dead, having first embalmed them with various conservative and aromatic substances, as myrrh and aloes, and cedar-gum,[2719] and honey, and salt, and wax, and asphaltus, and resin, mingled with perfumes and precious unguents. Among the Pythagoreans, who adopted foreign rites in preference to those of their country, it was customary to wrap the dead in leaves of myrtle, poplar, and aloes, and thus to commit them to the earth. The Albani put money into the coffins with the corpse; the Taxilli, the Brahmins, and the Thracians, like the modern Parsees, exposed the bodies of their relations to be devoured by vultures; the Barchæi, a people inhabiting the borders of the Black Sea, followed the customs of these nations in the case of such of their countrymen as fell in war; but when they happened to be so effeminate as to die peaceably in their beds, they were condemned to the flames. Dogs and carnivorous birds constituted the sepulchres of the Parthians, Magians, Hyrcanians, and other savage nations, who, however, were careful to inter the bones which were left undevoured. Among these philosophical people no thought was more habitual than that of death, since men walked daily beside their graves; for persons of condition, who could afford to be luxurious in matters of this kind, fed and pampered huge dogs for the express purpose of being devoured by them after death, such mode of interment being among them esteemed the most honourable. The Essedones, the Calantii, the Massagetæ, the Derbices, and the Hybernians, on this point very strongly resembled in taste and habits the Battas of Sumatra, the custom among them having been to honour their parents and friends with a far superior sepulchre to that of the foregoing people, since they ate them themselves. It is remarked, however, in the case of the Essedones, that the skulls were carefully cleansed, gilded, and laid by, to be produced on their solemn annual festivals. The Derbices somewhat improved upon the method of their neighbours; for, when their old people were found to live too long, they hastened the approach of death in the case of the men, by slaughtering them like victims, and in that of the old women, by strangling them.

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Footnote 2718:

Alex. ab Alex. iii. 2. p. 114. a. sqq. Kirchman. de Fun. Rom. append. 2. p. 590.

Footnote 2719:

Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxi. 19. xxiv. 5. xxii. 24. Herod. ii. 86, sqq. i. 140. Xenoph. Hellen. v. 3. 19. Dioscor. i. 105. Kirchman. de Funer. Rom. l. i. 8.

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Among the Hyperboreans the practice was, when old people lived so long as to be thought troublesome, to give them a farewell feast, and then, having crowned their brows with chaplets, to pitch them over steep cliffs into the sea. The Caspians adopted a different method of bringing down the population to a level with the means of subsistence; for, when their parents and friends exceeded the age of seventy, they either exposed them in remote and desolate places, as infants in many countries were, or shut them up in huts to perish of hunger and thirst. The mode of disposing of the dead adopted by one of the Scythian nations was, to bind their corpses to the trunks of trees, where they remained a long time, congealed in the midst of ice and snow: to have interred them in the earth they would have regarded as a crime. Not greatly dissimilar was the Phrygian mode, according to which the dead were placed upright on ranges of stones fifteen feet high. A large cemetery of this kind, having many ranges of rude columns, each with its corpse or skeleton, viewed by the dubious light of the moon, with flights of ravens or vultures preying upon the bodies recently set up, must have presented a terrific spectacle. The Nasamones, a people of northern Africa, buried their dead in a sitting posture, which, as I am informed by General Miller, is still the custom among the Araucanian Indians, who, binding the corpse in the necessary posture with cords, excavate for it a grave beneath their own beds. In some parts of the world, as in Thrace, for example, and India, persons greatly advanced in years, more especially such as were distinguished for the cultivation of wisdom frequently ascended voluntarily the funeral pile, like the Yoghee Calanos, and Perigrinos who affected the airs of a philosopher, terminated their existence with composure, or even an appearance of gaiety in the flames. A certain tribe said to have inhabited the coast of the Red Sea, beyond the Æthiopians and the Arabs, interred their friends in the sand, within high-water mark, so that their graves should constantly be overflowed by the surge. The Æthiopians either cast the bodies of the deceased into the Nile, or enclosed them in glass coffins, through which the mouldering form might ever be contemplated. In some parts of Upper Nubia a similar practice still prevails; for the corpse being laid on the sand, a wall of loose rocks is built up around it, and secured with a slab atop. Through numerous apertures in the sides, of dimensions to admit light but exclude the jackals, the skeleton may easily be seen.

According to a tradition preserved by Ælian,[2720] Belos was interred in a glass coffin, which, when Xerxes caused his tomb to be opened, was found nearly filled with oil, wherein the body lay floating. Beside it stood a small column, on which was this inscription, “Woe to him who having broken into this sepulchre shall fail to fill my coffin.” At this Xerxes was troubled, and immediately gave orders that oil should be poured into the sarcophagus, but to no purpose; for, though they made the attempt once and again, it rose no nearer to the brim than before. Conceiving that some grievous calamity was impending over him, the king at length desisted, and quitted the monument in the deepest dejection. He shortly afterwards, adds the historian, undertook his unhappy expedition into Greece, at the conclusion of which, flying back to his own country, he was there assassinated, as believed, by his own son.

The Pœonians cast their dead into marshy pools; the Ichthyophagi into the sea. Very different was the custom of the Troglodytæ, who, tying their corpses neck and heels with the twigs of some flexible shrub, in this manner carried them forth, and raising over them heaps of stones, as the Phoceans did over Laïos and his servants, fixed, with laughter and merriment, the horns of goats upon the tumulus. Similar tombs exist at this day in Affghanistân, in which are stuck sticks bearing wreaths and shreds of cloth, together with tusks of the moufflon, the ibex, and markhur.[2721] In China, at the annual festival in honour of the dead, the sepulchres are decorated with streamers of red and white paper. Dead bodies, in the Balearic isles, were jointed, cut up, and stowed in urns on which huge piles of rock were thrown. The Panebi, a people of Libya, had a custom resembling in part that of the Essedones: on burying the bodies of their kings they gilded their skulls, and suspended them in their temples as ornaments. The Sindi, a people of Scythia, doubtless a branch of the Ichthyophagi, used to bury in the graves of their warriors a small fish for every enemy he had slain in battle, which must, doubtless, if they were a brave people, have rendered their cemeteries anything but odoriferous.[2722]

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Footnote 2720:

Var. Hist. xiii. 3.

Footnote 2721:

Vigne, pp. 88, 89.

Footnote 2722:

The remains of shell-fish are at this day found in great abundance in the barrows of Guernsey. See Duncan’s History of that island.

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From the enumeration of these fantastic and barbarous rites we may perceive how striking was the contrast between the manners of the Hellenes and those of most other ancient nations. At one time, however, a practice, little inferior in atrocity to those above described, is said to have prevailed in the island of Ceos,[2723] where men on reaching sixty years of age were constrained to drink hemlock or opium, in order to economise the means of subsistence. But this law, if it ever existed, must be thrown back to very remote times, it being wholly inconsistent with even the smallest advances of civilisation.

-----

Footnote 2723:

Strab. x. 5. t. ii. p. 387. Val. Max. ii. 6. 8.

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The ceremonies and symbols by which among the Hellenes sorrow was expressed for the loss of friends were numerous and significant. In the first place, all tokens of pleasure and enjoyment were suppressed, that affliction might seem to have extinguished every spark that might thereafter have kindled joy. From wine and sumptuous viands and whatever else brings gratification to the mind at ease, they abstained as though wholly unworthy to be honoured with even the semblance of a capacity to mitigate their sorrow for the departed. They banished all instruments of music which happened to be in the house, to intimate that they thenceforward renounced the delights derivable from sweet sounds.[2724] The same practice precisely prevailed among the Arabs under the Kalifat. Thus “Haroon-er-Raschid, wept, we are told, over Shemselnihar, and, before he left the room, ordered all the musical instruments to be broken.” They excluded the light from their chambers, and retired to sob and lament in gloomy recesses, as different as possible from the spots which in the company of the beloved and lost object they were accustomed to frequent. They neglected the care of their persons, suffered in some places the hair and beard to grow, or disfigured themselves by cutting off a portion of their locks, casting ashes on their heads, and wrapping themselves in coarse and black apparel.[2725] In consequence we find, that the very manes[2726] of their mules and horses were shorn. Alexander, during the paroxysm of his grief for the loss of Hephæstion,[2727] even demolished the battlements of cities, and, exaggerating the cruelty and barbarism of remoter ages, crucified the physician who had attended the youth, prohibited all music in his camp, and undertaking an expedition against certain tribes hitherto unsubdued, offered up whole hecatombs to the manes of his minion.[2728] The mourning of the Lacedæmonians on the death of their kings partook largely of the spirit of barbarism. As soon as the event occurred, horsemen were despatched to make it known throughout the Lacedæmonian territories, while crowds of women paraded up and down the city, beating or sounding kettle-drums. From every family two persons, one of either sex, were then selected, who were compelled under grievous penalties to smear and disfigure themselves.[2729] In fact, assembling in great numbers, Spartans, Laconians, and Helots, together with their wives, they beat their foreheads and uttered strange howlings, ever and anon affirming, amid their well-acted grief, that the last king was the best. When the prince happened to fall in battle, his effigy was borne home on a bier sumptuously adorned, and to this the same honour was paid as to the real corpse. During the ten days immediately succeeding the funeral no public business was transacted. For private individuals, the Lacedæmonians scarcely mourned at all, their system of ethics requiring them to suppress every more tender feeling of the heart.

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Footnote 2724:

Eurip. Alcest. 354.

Footnote 2725:

Il. ψ. 135. Eurip. Orest. 128, 451.

Footnote 2726:

Plut. Aristid. § 14.

Footnote 2727:

Plut. Alex. § 72.

Footnote 2728:

Cf. Luc. Calum. non Tem. Cred. § 17. Xenoph. iii. 3. 1.

Footnote 2729:

This was forbidden at Athens. Cf. Plut. Solon. § 21. Eurip. Orest. 691. Androm. 826. Hom. Il. τ. 288. Eurip. Hec. 655. Klausen, Comm. in Æschyl. Choeph. p. 86.

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The ceremonies designed to perpetuate the memory of brave men can scarcely perhaps be regarded as envious, but the glory which was like the Shekina on their land, appeared to purify and ennoble their descendants by inflaming them with the love of country and liberty. Grecian manners abounded with rites of this kind, but none seem more worthy of commemoration than those observed annually by the Platæans, in honour of the warriors who fell around their city. It is well-known that the Greeks regarded the spirits of good men of former ages as guardian genii, to whom belonged religious veneration amounting perhaps to worship. Their gods, in truth, were in many cases colonists from earth, which can surprise no one who observes, that among them the principle of life was deified, and this, derived from gods to mortals, resided for a time on earth, and then, by continuing to move on in the circle, returned to the heavens from which it sprang. They seem to have regarded the earth as a sort of nursery-ground in which the seeds of divinity were sown, to be afterwards transplanted and bloom elsewhere. But among the offspring of earth none appeared to them so nearly akin to deity as those in whom courage and energy shone preëminently, who loved passionately the soil from which they sprang, and who sought cheerfully in its breast a refuge from dishonour. Hence the apotheosis and adoration of the brave; hence the Platæan ceremonies, which, down even to Roman times, inspired the youth of Greece with admiration for their ancestors, and called to their mind those glorious days when their country teemed with freemen ready at any moment to shed their blood for the institutions and the land which those institutions alone rendered holy.[2730] These anniversary rites were celebrated on the sixteenth day of the month Maimacterion, the Alalcomenios of the Bœotians. The procession moved forth from the city in the grey of the morning, having at its head a trumpeter sounding the signal of battle. Numerous chariots followed, filled with myrtle-branches, and wreaths, and garlands, succeeded by a black bull. Vessels of wine, and jars of milk, and vases of oil and odoriferous essences were borne next by a number of free youths, no slave being permitted to take part in these solemnities performed in honour of men who had died for liberty. Last in the procession came the archon, habited in a scarlet robe and armed with a sword, though on all other occasions he was forbidden the touch of steel, and went clad in white. In his hand he bore a water-jar taken from the Hall of Archives. In this he drew water from a fountain, and having laved therewith the pillars which surmounted the tombs, he perfumed them with the essences: next slaying the bull at the altar, and addressing his prayers to Zeus and the Chthonian Hermes, he invoked to partake of the funeral repast and the streams of blood, the spirits of those valiant men who had fallen for their country. Then, filling a goblet with wine and pouring it forth in libations, he concluded with these words: “I drink to the warriors who died for the liberties of Greece.”[2731]

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Footnote 2730:

See the description of a tomb of honour in Plat. de Legg. xii. t. viii. p. 292, where Suidas seems to suppose the arch to have been built of precious stones, v. ψαλίδα t. ii. p. 1165. c.

Footnote 2731:

Plut. Aristid. § 21.

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INDEX

A.

Abdera, slaves of, iii. 32. Abortion, i. 125. Absolution, sold in ancient times, i. 357. Acacalis, from Egypt, iii. 387. Acacia-gum, from Egypt, iii. 387. Academy, gymnasium of the, i. 193. Acarnania, formerly called Curetis, i. 1, n. 17. exports of, iii. 340. Accoucheurs, i. 115. Achaia, exports of, iii. 333. Acharnæ, charcoal of, iii. 172. Achillean barley, ii. 2, n. 1711. Achilles, his filial piety, i. 31. his swiftness in the chase, i. 211. his cup, ii. 114. Achradina, sun-dial of, iii. 308. Acoluthos, or attendant on travellers, iii. 34. Aconite, iii. 211. of Italy, iii. 373. Acorns eaten in ancient times, ii. 125-127. exported from Epeiros, iii. 340. Acratisma, ii. 171. Acratopotes, honours paid to, ii. 169. Acropolis of Athens, i. 77. of Sparta, i. 93. Acting, seasons of, ii. 268. Actors, various classes of, ii. 236. bad character of, ii. 241. description of, ii. 232, sqq. salary of, ii. 240. costume of, ii. 260. Adarces, a cosmetic, iii. 136. from Cappadocia, iii. 345. Adonis, gardens of, ii. 322. Adriatic, barn-door fowls from, iii. 369. Adulteration of wine, iii. 115. Adultery unknown at Sparta, i. 394. Ægæan, extreme blueness of, i. 55. Ægaleus, a mountain in Attica, i. 66. Ægidæ, quarter of the, at Sparta, i. 95, 105. Ægina, description of, i. 67. dimensions of, i. 68. population of, i. 69. commerce of, iii. 253. Æginetan pottery, iii. 329. wares, iii. 256. Æginetans, engaged in foreign trade, iii. 257. Ægis, an ornament for the bosom, ii. 64. Ægosthena, wine of, iii. 331. Æolia, purple fish from, iii. 352. Æropos, a royal lampmaker, iii. 194, n. 1148. Æsakos, or branch of song, ii. 209. Æschylus, his style and characters, i. 329. Æsopic fables, i. 166. Æsopos, the actor, ii. 242. Æthiopia, exports of, iii. 381. Æthiopians, their mode of sepulture, iii. 435. Æthiopis, a plant, iii. 332. from Mount Ida, iii. 352. Ætolia, called Curetis, i. 5. exports of, iii. 340. Ætolians, called Curetes by Homer, i. 6. Affghanistân, topes or barrows of, iii. 431. Africa, productions of, iii. 381. Agaric from Sarmatia, iii. 345. Agates from Sicily, iii. 373. Agatharchos, a scene-painter, ii. 232. Agathocles, an amateur of cups, ii. 113. Age at which children walked, i. 136. Agelæ, i. 279. Agnodice, story of, i. 115. Agnus-castus, crowns of, ii. 2, n. 1250. Agora of Athens, description of, iii. 120. of Sparta, i. 96. situation of, i. 103. foreigners excluded from, iii. 99. Agoranomoi, iii. 127. Agrenon, a curious garment worn on the stage, ii. 262. Agriculture, science of, ii. 363. of Laconia, iii. 41. Agrigentum, bitumen from, iii. 376. Air, dryness of, in Greece, i. 44. Akinetinda, a game, i. 153. Alabandine, from Miletos, iii. 348. Alalcomenios, Bœotian for Maimacterion, iii. 440. Alastor, i. 363. Albani, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433. Alcestis, i. 333. Alcinoös, his orchard, ii. 133, 318. Alcisthenes, his rich mantle, iii. 219, n. 1314. Aleipterion, i. 196. Aleision, fair of, iii. 274. Alexander, his power of drinking, ii. 195. his patronage of actors, ii. 234, 235. his grief for the loss of Hephæstion, iii. 438. Alexandria, game-cocks of, iii. 388. Alexis, his picture of a poor family, iii. 95. Algidum, radishes from, iii. 374. Allowance to the poor, iii. 72. Almond-crackers, ii. 163. Almonds, ii. 163. from Syria, iii. 390. from Naxos, iii. 366. Aloes, from Andros, iii. 364. from Egypt, iii. 389. Aloes-wood, from Arabia, iii. 401. Alopecidæ, a breed of dogs, i. 214. Altar of Artemis, boys flogged at, i. 274. to the unknown gods, i. 75. Altars in the agora, iii. 120. Alum, from Phrygia, iii. 349. Alysson, from Africa, iii. 384. virtues of the, iii. 206. Amasis, privileges granted by him to the Greeks, iii. 258. Amazonium at Chalcis, iii. 429. Amber, from Liguria, iii. 373. goblets, ii. 111. Ambracian Gulf, i. 56. Amiæ, from the Black Sea, iii. 312. Amianthos, asbestos quarries near, iii. 362. Aminian vine, ii. 342. Ammoniac, from Africa, iii. 383. Amomites, a kind of frankincense, iii. 399. Amomon, from Pontos, iii. 344. from Persia, iii. 408. Amorgos, linen of, ii. 54, iii. 337. flax of, iii. 216. Ampelitis, from Syria, iii. 394. from Rhodes, iii. 366. from Illyria, iii. 370. Amphiaraos, tomb of, i. 98, iii. 427. Amphidromia, i. 128. Ampyx, a fillet, ii, 59. Amulets, ii. 63. iii. 406. for vineyards, i. 1, n. 341, ii. 350. Amylæ, slippers of, iii. 337. Anaclinopale, i. 201. Anacreon and the nurse, an anecdote, i. 139. Anactoria, a name of Miletos, i. 15. Anadendrides, appearance of a vineyard of, ii. 347. trained on trees, ii. 346. Anadesma, a gilded fillet, ii. 61. Anazarbos, olive grounds of, ii. 2, n. 1338. Anchises, his meeting with Aphrodite, ii. 416. Anchovies from the Lipari islands, iii. 376. from Athens, iii. 329. Anchusa, root of, from Syria, iii. 393. Ancients, their theory concerning the Pelasgi, i. 3. Andalusia, productions of, iii. 379. Andania, Dii Kabyri worshipped at, i. 19. Androcrates, heroon of, iii. 427. Andros, aloes of, iii. 364. Androsaces, from Syria, iii. 393. Anemonies, ii. 2, n. 1304. Angling in Homeric times, ii. 132. Animal food, ii. 137. Animals, protected by the gods, i. 358. breed of, ii. 280. flesh of young, when not eaten, ii. 150. Anis, from the Grecian islands, iii. 364. Anklets, ii. 63. Ankula, a term in the game of Kottabos, ii. 213. Antandros, a Pelasgian city, i. 13. Antecœnium, or whet, ii. 156. Anthedon, wine of, iii. 338. Anthema, a dance, ii. 257. Anthesteria, festival of, iii. 419. Anthias, a sacred fish, iii. 234. fishery, iii. 242. Anthosmias, a wine, ii. 166, iii. 116. Anticyra, hellebore of, iii. 339. Antidotes, iii. 211. Antigenes, season of reed-cutting in his time, ii. 189. Antigone, i. 331. Antioch, cucumbers from, iii. 394. Antiope, children of, where exposed, i. 123. Aoidoi, i. 319. Aones, i. 11. Apageli, i. 278. Aparctias, iii. 322. Apetiotes, iii. 321. Aphamiotæ, Cretan serfs, iii. 63. Aphetæ, street of, i. 98, 104. Aphetæ, the, iii. 56. Aphrodision, iii. 308. a basin of the Peiræeus, i. 74. Aphrodite, character of her beauty, i. 309. her appearance to Anchises, ii. 416. Aphroselenon, from Arabia, iii. 395. Apia, a name of Peloponnesos, i. 17. Apiaries, fences of, ii. 295. Apodyterion, i. 196. in the baths, ii. 90. Apokinos, a dance, ii. 255. Apollo, altar of, at the theatre, ii. 226. Apollonia, asphaltos from, iii. 370. Aposeisis, a dance, ii. 255. Apothetæ, i. 121. Appetite, repressed at Sparta, i. 267. Apple trees, ii. 316. in Ithaca, ii. 133. Apples, ii. 159. grafting of, ii. 320. from Phocis, iii. 359. Apragmosune, a flower, i. 194. Apulia, capparis from, iii. 374. Aquitania, gold from, iii. 377. Arabia, productions of, iii. 399. Arcadia, overland traffic with, iii. 254. exports of, 332. description of, i. 57. home of the Pelasgi, i. 18. superstition in, i. 364. Arcadian hat, iii. 223. Arcadians older than the moon, i. 18. their love of music, i. 285. Arcadian serfs, iii. 66. Archæanassa, beloved by Plato, ii. 45. Archery, i. 201. Archestratos the gastronomer, ii. 201. Archias Phugadotheras, ii. 242. Archimedes, vast ship built by him, iii. 306. Architecture preceded painting and sculpture, i. 303. in the heroic ages, ii. 77. Archytas, manes of, iii. 422. Argeioi, iii. 55. Argestos, iii. 320, 322. Argive money, iii. 262. Argo, expedition of to Colchis, i. 3. Argol, iii. 199. from the Grecian islands, iii. 364. Argolis, description of, i. 58. Argonautic expedition commercial, iii. 247. Argos, pottery of, iii. 329. its manufacture of arms, iii. 104. exports of, iii. 333. women of, i. 396. Ariadne and Dionysos, a dance, ii. 137. Ariæan slaves, iii. 67, 67, n. 274. Arisaron from Egypt, iii. 386. Aristocratic feeling, iii. 102. Aristophanes, his genius and defects, i. 334. his attack upon Socrates, i. 337. his peculiar powers, i. 335. his immorality, i. 336. his poetry, i. 336. Aristotle, his opinion of the Spartan women, i. 384. Aristoxenos, his lettuces, ii. 327. Arithmetic, study of, i. 182. Armour, iii. 162. used in decorating houses, ii. 121. Armourers, trade of, iii. 157. Arms, manufactured at Argos, iii. 104. of primitive hunters, i. 207. exported from Athens, iii. 327. their export prohibited, iii. 291. Aromatic wines, iii. 128. Arrows of reeds, iii. 162. Arrow-heads, iii. 161, n. 916. Art, progress of, i. 396. philosophy of, i. 307. causes of its excellence in Greece, i. 297. spirit of, i. 291. periods of, i. 293. works of exported, iii. 330. of war when neglected, i. 112. Artemis Brauronia, worship of, i. 403. her epithets, i. 1, n. 742. character of her beauty, i. 310. Orthia, i. 103, 104. Artichoke, on the banks of the Indus, iii. 410. from Persia, iii. 406. Artists in Greece appreciated by the public, i. 302. judges of beauty, i. 298. highly esteemed, i. 301. Arts of the Pelasgi, i. 26. Artizans kept in farms, ii. 331. Aryballos, a kind of goblet, ii. 115. Ascoliasmos, a rustic game, i. 156. Ascoma, iii. 289. Ash-props for vines, ii. 346. Asia Minor, exports of, iii. 347. Askolia, a Dionysiac festival, i. 156. Aspalathos from Syria, iii. 393. from Illyria, iii. 370. Asparagus, ii. 328. from Lybia, iii. 384. Aspasia, her character and genius, ii. 46. Asphodel, groves of, iii. 421. Ass, the inventor of pruning, ii. 350. hoof of, how used, iii. 332. head, a rustic talisman, ii. 326. Asses, ii. 285. Arcadian and Argive, iii. 333. milk of, iii. 212. Asbestos from Cypros, iii. 362. Astragal, the sides of, how distinguished, i. 161. Astragalismos, a game, i. 160. Astronomy, study of, i. 182. its origin among shepherds, ii. 408. Astu, i. 76. Astypalæa, snails from, iii. 367. Asylum for slaves, iii. 22. Athena Polias, chapel of, i. 81. colossal statue of, i. 73. Chalciæcos, i. 96. character of her beauty, i. 310. Athenian Agora, iii. 120. bread, iii. 110. education, superior excellence of, i. 288. married pair, ii. 32. commerce, iii. 277. ladies, their condition, i. 401. Athenophanes, a buffoon, iii. 404. Athens, law of, in favour of industry, iii. 97. extent of its walls, i. 72. description of, i. 70. called Hellas, i. 2. Atlantic citron wood, iii. 308. Atmosphere of Laconia, i. 95. Atossa, her desire for Grecian slaves, iii. 5. Attagas, or francolin, ii. 152. Attendants in baths, ii. 89. Attic sheep, ii. 429. exports, iii. 329. Attica, peopled by the Pelasgi, i. 21. form assumed by slavery in, iii. 18. commerce of, iii. 276. population of, i. 68. description of, i. 61. Auction-mart in the Agora, iii. 123. Aulis, pottery of, iii. 102, 238, 329. Autocabdali, extemporaneous actors, ii. 239. Autochthoneïty of the Pelasgi, i. 3. Axe for wood-cutting, iii. 179. Axletrees, with what wood made, ii. 381.

B.

Babylon, dimensions of, i. 72. Babylonia, soil of, iii. 405. Babylonian slaves, iii. 64. Baby, origin of the word, i. 140. Babyx, bridge of, at Sparta, i. 105. Bachelors, disreputable at Sparta, ii. 6. excluded from the gymnasium, i. 387. Bactriana, emeralds from, iii. 406. Bactriasmos, a dance, ii. 255. Bætica, production of, iii. 379. Baggage of travellers borne by slaves, iii. 35. Baioulos, or nurse father, i. 136. Baker, trade of the, iii. 108. establishment of, 109. slaves did the work of, iii. 30. Baking, process of, iii. 109. Balaneia, i. 197. Balaneion, ii. 88. Balls, games with, i. 157. for children, i. 145. Balm of Gilead, iii. 391. Balsam gardens, iii. 391. Ban dogs, ii. 77. Barbers, their shops, iii. 139. their reputation, iii. 138. Barchæi, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433. Bards, sacred in Greece, i. 317. Barley bread, iii. 28, n. 128. duration of its seeds, ii. 387. Barn-door fowls, from the Adriatic, iii. 369. Barrow on the plains of Troy, i. 15. Bars and bolts, ii. 94. Barter, iii. 249. Basilinda, a game, i. 154. Basil-gentle, when watered, ii. 2, n. 1301. Basket-work round flasks, iii. 114. Bastard emerald, iii. 150. Bathing-room, ii. 88. Baths, ii. 89. Baths, frequented by the poor, ii. 89. architectural arrangements of, ii. 90. Battle-axes, iii. 161. of the Issos, i. 304. pieces, i. 308. Baukides, ii. 65. Baukismos, a dance, ii. 255. Bazar in the Peiræeus, i. 74. Bdellion, from Arabia Felix, iii. 400. Beans, food of cocks, ii. 2, n. 1114. from Philippi, iii. 342. Bear, hunting of, i. 224. where found, i. 225. his habits, &c., i. 226. an enemy of the bee, ii. 295. Beards, worn long at Sparta, ii. 71. perfumed before dinner, ii. 175. Beasts of burden, iii. 252. Beautiful, our ideas of the, i. 291. Beauty, the ideal of, i. 292. stages of, i. 43. decline of, i. 301. estimation in which it was held, i. 297. honours to, in men, i. 300. of the Spartans, i. 279. of Grecian women, i. 370. of the modern Greeks, i. 1, n. 1051. Beccaficoes, &c., pie made of, iii. 111. Bed-chambers, ii. 84. coverings, ii. 104, 105. Beds of Spartan youths, i. 271. of flowers, ii. 304. from Miletos, iii. 104. from Chios, iii. 104. Bedsteads, ii. 102, 106. wood employed in making, iii. 184. Bee, natural history of the, ii. 291. Beef, how rendered tender in boiling, iii. 122. Bees, wild, ii. 290. three kinds of, distinguished by Aristotle, ii. 296. attention to their comforts, ii. 293. their alleged aversion to smells, ii. 293, 2, n. 1207. how known by their owners, ii. 298. how robbed, ii. 298. Pontic race, white, ii. 297. Bee-keepers, ii. 291. Bees’-wax from Cypros, iii. 367. Beer, iii. 119. Beggars, costume of, iii. 90. song of, iii. 92. Belgium, pierre franche from, iii. 377. Bellows, ii. 124. of the smith, iii. 156. Belos, the glass coffin of, iii. 436. Βηλὸς, the name bestowed by the Dryopes on Mount Olympos, i. 13. Bembyx, or top, i. 147. Bena, jet from the neighbourhood of, iii. 342. Bendideion, i. 76. Benefit clubs, iii. 75. Betrothment, ii. 11. Bibasis, a kind of dance, i. 388. Bills pasted in the agora, iii. 126. Birds in the farm-yard, ii. 279. what kinds eaten, ii. 151. in orchards, ii. 316. manure of, ii. 383. their language, i. 367. Biscuits, iii. 109, n. 455. Bithynians, serfs of the Byzantines, ii. 66. Bitumen, smeared over vines, ii. 351. burnt in lamps, iii. 197. brought from the Dead Sea, iii. 394. Blackberries eaten, ii. 162. Black sheep, ii. 429. shepherds, ii. 2, n. 1818. slaves, iii. 333. Sea, exports from the, iii. 342. puddings, ii. 154. Blindman’s buff, i. 149. Blinds, ii. 82. Blocks of stone of vast dimensions, i. 81. Blood, circulation of, iii. 213. used instead of soap, iii. 139, n. 739. stones from Africa, iii. 381. Boar-spears, i. 207. Bœotia, chariots of, iii. 104. exports of, iii. 337. Bœotian commerce with Athens, iii. 124. Boiling meat, ii. 129. Bolsters, ii. 104. Bolting flour, iii. 106. Book-shelves, ii. 84. Boots, or half-boots, ii. 65. Boöneta, i. 96, iii. 250. Booths in the agora, iii. 121. Boreas, iii. 320. Borysthenes, salt fish from, iii. 343, n. 1973. Bosom, generally covered, ii. 67. Bosporos, crossed by the Pelasgi, i. 4. exports from the, iii. 342. abundance of fish in, iii. 236. Bottiæa, inhabited by the Pelasgi, i. 7. Bouagor, the, at Sparta, i. 271. Boughs, what trees raised from, ii. 325. Boundary olives, ii. 314. Bous, a didrachma, iii. 251. Bows, iii. 161. Bowstring, iii. 161. Laconian, iii. 336. Boxing, i. 202. not allowed in the gymnasia at Sparta, i. 276. but taught to virgins, according to Propertius, i. 386. Boys admitted into the gymnasia, i. 193. drank wine, ii. 136. why scourged when detected in theft at Sparta, i. 273. Bracelets, ii. 63. Brahmins, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433. Brains eaten, ii. 151. Bran, how removed from flour, iii. 106. Brass, used before iron, iii. 153. sword of, iii. 158. Brazen fly, a game, i. 150. Bread, ii. 128. materials employed in making, iii. 107. Bread-baskets of silver, ii. 129. ivory, ii. 22. Bread-making, process of, iii. 109. Breast-plates for horses, iii. 164. Breed of animals, ii. 280. dogs, i. 214. horses attended to by Spartan ladies, i. 389. Breeding-time, chase pursued during, i. 216. Brenthion, an unguent, iii. 134. Bridal costume, ii. 15. gifts, ii. 26. Bride-cake, ii. 20. Brick-kilns, inspector of, ii. 95. Bricks, iii. 176. manufacture of, ii. 95. Bright-smiths, assembly of, iii. 98. Broccoli, ii. 329, iii. 121, n. 566. Brokers had pots and kettles for hire, ii. 123. Bronteion, a machine for mimicking thunder on the stage, ii. 229. Bronze of Corinth, iii. 273. vessels from Cypros, iii. 367. salvers, ii. 21. Brood mares, studs of, ii. 280. Bryallicha, a Spartan dance, i. 389, ii. 255. Bryton, a kind of wine, iii. 118, n. 521. Buffoons, ii. 25. their character, ii. 182. Burials, iii. 417. Burning glasses, iii. 152, 175. Bustles, ii. 56. Butcher, trade of the, iii. 111. anecdote of one at Miletos, iii. 112. Butchers’ shops, iii. 112. Butler, ii. 237. Byzantium, monopoly at, iii. 287.

C.

Cabbage, its origin, ii. 306. an enemy to Dionysos, ii. 348. -seed from Rhodes, iii. 336. Cabbages, ii. 328. Cabinet-makers, woods used by, iii. 183. Cables of vast dimensions, iii. 316. Cactus for hedges, ii. 2, n. 1328. from Cilicia, iii. 351. pickled, from Sicily, iii. 373. Cadmia, from Cypros, iii. 360. Cæcias, iii. 320. Cakes, shapes of, iii. 111. Calabis, a Spartan dance, i. 388. Calabria, pitch of, iii. 373. Calamus from Syria, iii. 393. Calantii ate their parents, iii. 434. Calasiris, a Persian tunic, ii. 73. Callicrates, the Spartan, iii. 151. Callipedes, the actor, ii. 242. Calves, weaning of, ii. 286. Calydonian boar, i. 297. Camel, instrument of civilisation, iii. 246. Camp stool of Dædalos, i. 84. Camp stools, iii. 188. Cancamon, a gum from Arabia, iii. 396. Candelabra, ii. 120. Candelabrum of gold, i. 82. Candlestick of wood, ii. 121. Canes, Laconian clouded, iii. 334. Cannibals, ii. 127. in Peloponnesos, i. 11. Canopic muscles, iii. 388. Cantharos, a basin of the Peiræeus, i. 74. Caper bushes, ii. 330. Caphesias, the flute-player, i. 187. Capnodoche, ii. 92. Cappadocia, lapis specularis of, iii. 346. orpiment of, iii. 348. Cappadocian baker, iii. 109. Caprification, ii. 322. Caps, manufacture of, iii. 322. Caranos, his marriage feast, ii. 29. Caravans, course of, iii. 412, 413. Carbuncle, iii. 148. Carbuncles, iii. 334. from Marseilles, iii. 377. Arcadian, iii. 332. Carcanets of rose pastilles, iii. 137. Cardamums from Syria, iii. 393. Caria, exports of, iii. 353. Carian sepulchres, i. 14. serfs, iii. 66. mercenaries, i. 16. conquests, i. 16. Carians, Pelasgi, i. 4. a Lelegian tribe, i. 15. dwelt in rocky places, i. 1, n. 54. Carnelian ring, iii. 148. Carpathos, island of, i. 219. Carpenters’ tools, iii. 180. Carpets, manufacture of, ii. 109, iii. 218. of Sardis, ii. 104. from Persia, iii. 407. Carts, of what wood made, iii. 181. Carriage melody, ii. 18. Carriages, ladies rode in, ii. 2, n. 107. Carrying trade, iii. 296. Carthage, carbuncles from, iii. 383. its carpets and pillows, ii. 109. its commerce, iii. 384. Carthaginians, their trade with the interior, iii. 385. Caryatides, dance of, ii. 256. Caryatides, earrings, ii. 62. Carystos, amianthos of, iii. 356. Caspians, exposed their parents, iii. 434. Casques, iii. 163. Cassander, son of Antipater, a sportsman, i. 228. Cassia, from Arabia, iii. 401. Casting statues with pitch, iii. 120, n. 553. Castor oil, making of, ii. 355. Castorides, a breed of dogs, i. 213. Castes, did not exist at Athens, iii. 100. Catillus ornatus, a cake, iii. 111. Cats, exported from Bœotia, iii. 337. Cattle, how fattened, ii. 289. fed on fish, ii. 289. stalls, ii. 2, n. 1081. Caucons, Pelasgi, i. 4, 7. of Paphlagonia, i. 4, 12. a Trojan tribe, i. 14. in Elis, i. 20. Caunacè, costume of the Phallophoroi, ii. 240. Cavalry-parade in the Agora, iii. 127. Cecrops, not the institutor of marriage, ii. 2. Cedar-gum, the life of the dead, iii. 218. Celibacy, disreputable, ii. 5. Ceilings, ii. 82. Celtiberian steel, iii. 155. Celtic eranos, iii. 79. spikenard, iii. 371. Cement, iii. 176. statues of, iii. 177. Cemeteries, hallowed, iii. 426. Centaurs, Pelasgi, i. 5. in Thessaly, i. 10. Centaury, Peloponnesian, iii. 332, 333. gathering of, iii. 295. Ceos, old men poisoned in, iii. 437. Ceremonies of marriage, ii. 13. at Sparta, i. 393. Cerinthos, earth from, iii. 368. Chæremon, a picture from him, ii. 412. Chairs, ii. 101. Chair-makers, price of, iii. 24. Chairman of an Eranos, iii. 81. Chalcedon, white rock of, iii. 239. Chalcophonos, stone used in the masks, ii. 264. Chalk, medicinal, from Thessaly, iii. 339. Chalkismos, a game, i. 159. Chalybean steel, iii. 155, 346. Chalybes, excelled in the manufacture of steel, iii. 154. Chandeliers, ii. 121. Chaones, Pelasgi, i. 7. in Epeiros, i. 8. Chaonia, i. 54. Character of the Greeks, i. 29. energy and excellence of, i. 46. Characteristics of the various states, i. 40. Charcoal, ii. 124. preparation of, iii. 172. used in smelting furnaces, iii. 172. sellers of, in the Agora, iii. 124. Chares, his entertainment of the citizens, iii. 86. Charges in public baths, ii. 91. Chariots, where made, iii. 104. Charitable Eranæ, iii. 81. institutions, iii. 79. Charms, iii. 206. Charonian staircase in the theatre, ii. 231. Chase, setting out for the, ii. 215. of the wild boar, i. 221. Chastisement of slaves, iii. 20. Chastity, uncommon in Sparta, i. 390. Cheerfulness of the Greek character, i. 49. Cheese in Homeric times, ii. 132. quality of, ii. 287, 288. used in pastry, iii. 113. how preserved, ii. 288. Gythian and Tromileian, iii. 331. from Sicily, iii. 375. moulds for, ii. 2, n. 1184. Cheimera occupied by the Chaones, i. 8. Chelichelone, a game, i. 151. Chelidonian rocks, iii. 318. Chelonis, her story, i. 398, 400. Chelysma, or false keel, iii. 314. Chemise, ii. 54. Chenoboscion, ii. 274. Cherries, grafting of, ii. 320. Chervil, from Cilicia, iii. 351. Chestnuts, ii. 163. from the Black Sea, iii. 341. Chests, of what manufactured, iii. 185. Chian earth, iii. 363. beds, iii. 104. wine, iii. 116. Chians, possessed only barbarian slaves, iii. 12. slave-traders, iii. 7. servile wars of, iii. 12. Childbirth, i. 116. Childhood, its representative, i. 310. Child-sacrifice in Syria, i. 1, n. 372. Children, care of, commenced before their birth, i. 113. of fallen citizens supported by the state, iii. 69. of disabled soldiers supported by the state, iii. 69. where exposed at Delphi, i. 122. denied clean linen at Sparta, i. 171. Chimneys, ii. 92. Chiton, ii. 53. Chitonea, dance so called, ii. 259. Chlaina, a garment, ii. 69, 70. Chlamys, a garment, ii. 2, n. 70. Choaspes, water of, ii. 134. Chœnix-measurers, iii. 67, n. 273. Chœrinæ, a cake, iii. 111. Choke-weed, its growth how subdued, ii. 388. Chopping-blocks, ii. 124. Choreutæ, costume of, ii. 259. Choros, part of the Agora at Sparta, i. 96. Chorus, history of, ii. 250, seq. its origin, ii. 248. number of, ii. 249. Chrysocolla, from Thrace, iii. 342. Chrysonetæ, Cretan slaves, iii. 63. Chytra, ii. 122. exposure of infants in, i. 121. a form of salute, i. 152. Chytrinda, a game, i. 151. Cider, ii. 361, iii. 118. Cilicia, exports of, iii. 351. Cilician pirates, i. 16. Cimolian earth, iii. 358, 199. Cimolos, water coolers of, iii. 114. Cimon, his generosity to the Athenians, iii. 86. Cinnabar, manufacture of, iii. 349. Spanish, iii. 378. Attic, iii. 330. Cinnamon, from Arabia, iii. 401. Circulation of the blood, iii. 213. Cisterns, where placed, ii. 372. Cistus, two species of in gardens, ii. 331. Cithara, of what materials made, iii. 191. Citharistæ, i. 186. Citharœdi, i. 186. Citron tree, ii. 160. Citron, an antidote, ii. 161. Citrons, ii. 321. Civilisation, causes of, i. 208. Clans, iii. 101. Clarotæ, Cretan serfs, iii. 63. Classes of slaves, iii. 26. Clazomenè, wine of, iii. 116. Cleanthes, the parasite, ii. 200. Cleinias, the Pythagorean, i. 187. Clematis, ii. 313. Clepsydra, i. 85. Climate and soil, effect of, i. 43. force of in Greece, i. 45. its variations in Greece, i. 51. of Attica, i. 63. Clothing of shepherds, ii. 407. Clouds of Aristophanes, how represented on the stage, ii. 245. Clover, time of sowing, ii. 390. Clubs at Athens, iii. 76, 161. Cnidos, pottery of, iii. 163. Coal, use of, iii. 174. mines of Liguria, iii. 373. Cock-fighting, i. 190. Coffins, of what woods made, iii. 417. Colchis, cucumbers of, iii. 346. Collections, private, of works of art, i. 304. Colonies from Egypt and Phœnicia, fabulous, i. 28. Colophon, resin from, iii. 349. Colophonians, luxury of, ii. 74. Columbary, construction of, ii. 279. Columns, why fluted, ii. 83. Comedy, origin of, ii. 221. scenery requisite for, ii. 227. Commerce of remote antiquity, iii. 248. of Attica, iii. 276. of Doric states, iii. 245. Commercial court, iii. 281. Conchyliatæ vestes, iii. 226. Confinement, period of, i. 114. Conflagration of the world, a dance, ii. 258. Conger fish at table, ii. 179. Congers, Spanish, iii. 379. Conon feasts the people, iii. 86. Consanguinity, disregarded in primitive marriages, ii. 6. Consul, iii. 282. Conversation at entertainments, ii. 204. Convulsions in children, i. 133. Cook, Athenian, his character, ii. 197, 199. Cooking in the Homeric ages, ii. 129. Cooks, &c., lived in the Agora, iii. 125. Cooper, trade of, iii. 182. Copais, eels of, iii. 338. Copses of myrtle, &c., ii. 303. Copper bolts, iii. 307. dross, from Cypros, iii. 366. laminæ in walls of houses, ii. 80. used instead of iron, iii. 153. burnt, from Egypt, iii. 389. Coral, from Sicily, iii. 375. black, from the Sea of Marmora, iii. 345. Cordax, a kind of dance, i. 389. Corinna, influence of her beauty, i. 298. Corinth, manufactures of, iii. 273. pottery of, iii. 103. commerce of, iii. 272. exports of, iii. 333. Corinthian slaves, iii. 67, n. 273. Cork tree, account of, ii. 313. Corn, in what islands produced, iii. 356. ploughed into the field, ii. 384. trod out by oxen, ii. 394. grinding of, iii. 105. how eaten in early ages, iii. 104. amount of importation at Athens, iii. 293. from the Black Sea, iii. 342. -chandlers in the Agora, iii. 124. -flag in bread, iii. 107. -jars, iii. 194. -laws, iii. 293, 296. -market, iii. 128. -ships, iii. 257, 305. -trade, iii. 292. Corporal punishment of boys, i. 169. Corpses, care of, iii. 416. ominous of evil, i. 368. Corpulence, a crime at Sparta, i. 271. Corselets, iii. 163. Corsica, timber from, iii. 376. Corycian cave, saffron of the, iii. 350. Corythalistriæ, i. 142. Cos, fabrics of, iii. 214. wine of, ii. 167, iii. 116. exports of, iii. 366. silkworms of, iii. 217. Cosmetics, conversation concerning, ii. 33. use of, iii. 134. Cosmo, invented a liquid to harden steel, iii. 155. Costume of the Greeks, ii. 50. of Athenian youth, ii. 72. of a hunter, i. 212. of choreutæ, ii. 259. Cothon, bastard emerald from, iii. 383. Cothons, Laconian, iii. 335. Cothurni, use of on the stage, ii. 260. Cottabos, see Kottabos. Cotton, Egyptian, iii. 388. manufacture in India, iii. 411. -tree, in Tylos, iii. 402. Counterpanes, ii. 106. Country houses, ii. 271. Courage of the stag, i. 221. Courts of houses, ii. 77. Coverlets of peacocks’ skins, ii. 103. Cows, ii. 286. Cradles, i. 117, 136. Cranaans, Pelasgi, i. 7. the Pelasgi of Attica so called, i. 22. Crane dance, so called, ii. 258, and 2, n. 1016 or Geranos, a machine used upon the stage, ii. 230. Cratesiclea, her death, i. 397. Credit, iii. 280. Creion, a cake, i. 393. Cremation, iii. 418. Crenides, mines of, iii. 340. Crestona, inhabited by Pelasgi, i. 7. Crests, iii. 163. Cretan marksmen, i. 227. serfs, their divisions, i. 63. their condition, iii. 65. education, i. 109. Cretans, their attempt to subjugate Attica, i. 22. Crete, a commercial station, iii. 258. dittany from, iii. 364. Cribanos, a cake, i. 393, iii. 109. Criers, iii. 126. Crimes committed in the wars of Greece, i. 48. Crocomagma from Syria, iii. 393. Crocotion, a robe, ii. 58. Crowns, use of, ii. 304. Crows, round the Acropolis, i. 1, n. 249. Cruelty of Spartans towards their slaves, iii. 45. Crypteia, institution of the, i. 275, iii. 49. Cucumbers, forcing of, 326. extraordinary ones, ii. 327. Cuirasses, iii. 163. Cumin, from Galatia, iii. 350. Cunei of the theatre, ii. 2, n. 872. Cup-bearers, ii. 191. slaves, iii. 30. engravers, ii. 115. Cupboard, description of the, ii. 111. Cups, number of, drunk, ii. 194. their various dimensions, ii. 192. Curds, ii. 288. Curetes in Eubœa, i. 5. worsted in a contest for the Lalantian plain, i. 5. fly across the Euripos, i. 5. the Ætolians called by this name in Homer, i. 1, n. 17. take refuge in Acarnania, i. 6. Curetis, ancient name of Ætolia, i. 5. Acarnania, i. 1, n. 17. Cushions, ii. 104, 2, n. 752. Cutlery, quality of, iii. 156. Cyclops, a Pelasgian caste, i. 18. Cydonian slaves, iii. 64. wine, iii. 116, and n. 13. Cynisca sent chariots to Olympia, i. 389. Cynosarges, gymnasium of, i. 195. children exposed there, i. 124. Cynosuræ, quarter of the, i. 94, 105. Cyphi, a perfume, iii. 134. Cypresses, legend connected with, ii. 305. Cypros, exports of, iii. 357. productions of, iii. 361. hairy sheep from, iii. 368. Cypselos, prize of beauty proposed by, i. 299. Cyrenaica, productions of, iii. 384. Cyrenè, silphion from, iii. 383. Cythera, commerce of, iii. 269. Cytherodices, iii. 270. Cytisus, food of sheep, ii. 2, n. 1856. of fowls, ii. 278. Cyzicos, a Pelasgian city, i. 1, n. 11, 13. melilot from, iii. 344.

D.

Daggers, varieties of, iii. 159. Dalmatia, wild turnips from, iii. 369. Damon, remark of his upon education, i. 187. Danaos, said to have taught the art of digging wells, ii. 372. Dances, practised by women, i. 1, n. 1144. mimetic, in the theatre, ii. 252. at entertainments, ii. 186. performed by the Choros, ii. 251. classification of, ii. 253. Dancing, study of, at Sparta, i. 287. its character at Sparta, i. 388. a portion of gymnastics, i. 203. Dancing-girls at entertainments, ii. 184. Dardanian slaves, iii. 45. Dates, ii. 165. Dates from Syria, iii. 390. from Arabia, iii. 396. Day-lily, in bread, iii. 107. Dead, duties to the, iii. 419. buried in private cemeteries, ii. 270. Dearness of fish, ii. 143. Death, Greek notion of, iii. 415. Declaration of love, i. 419. Decoy-dove, ii. 2, n. 1126 Decoys, in hunting, i. 230. Deicelistæ, Spartan actors, ii. 238. Deicelistic dance at Sparta, i. 389. Deigma in the Peiræeus, i. 75. Deimalea, a dance, ii. 255. Deipnocletor, his office, ii. 172. Deipnon, ii. 171. Deity delights in lofty mountains, i. 13. Delian games, i. 416. Delos, purification of, iii. 429. Delphian cutlery, iii. 157. Demetrius, his magnificent chlamys, iii. 219, n. 1314 Demi of Attica, i. 64. Democracy, its struggles with oligarchy, i. 47. confers undue influence on women, ii. 36. Demosthenes, his character as an orator, i. 346. Dentifrices, iii. 138. Depilatory preparations, iii. 141. Derbices, ate their parents, iii. 434. Deshabille, indecorous, what, ii. 38. Desposionautæ, iii. 56. Dessert, iii. 181. Devices on shields, iii. 166. Diamonds from Æthiopia, iii. 382. Dicæa, a celebrated mare, ii. 282. Didaskaloi, not respected, i. 179. Dielkustinda, a game, i. 155. Dill, exported from Egypt, iii. 387. Dining-rooms, ii. 87. Dinner, preparations for, ii. 174. Diodotos, oration of Lysias for the children of, i. 406. Diogenes, reduced to slavery, i. 171. his system of education, i. 172. Dionysiac theatre, ii. 221. artificers, ii. 233. Dionysios, a beggar, iii. 90. Diopos, an earring, ii. 62. Diphtheræ, clothing of shepherds, ii. 407. Diploïdion, a garment, ii. 57. Dipodia, a Spartan dance, i. 388. Disabilities of slaves, iii. 19. Disapprobation, mark of, at the theatre, ii. 224. Discipline of Spartan education, i. 267. Dishes, number of, ii. 181. eaten hot, ii. 180. Disreputable callings, iii. 99. Districts set apart for the chase, i. 217. Divans, iii. 83. method of reclining on, ii. 177. Divers, their arts, iii. 234. Divination, i. 367. Diving-bell, first notion of, iii. 235. Division of labour, iii. 99. Dmoës, origin of the name, iii. 4. Dodona, oracle of, i. 6. a place of this name in Thessaly, i. 1, n. 18 Dodonæan Zeus, fane and oracle of, i. 56. Does, suckling their fawns, i. 220. Dog-rose, gathering of, iii. 204. skin-cap worn by Helots, iii. 45. Dogs, i. 213. of what countries famous, i. 214. of Sparta, iii. 334. crossed with the tiger, i. 214. employed as guardians, ii. 77. in hunting, i. 209. used by shepherds, ii. 406. killed during the dog-days at Argos, iii. 211. Dolopians, Pelasgi, i. 8. Dolops, son of Hermes, i. 1, n. 32 Domestic medicine, iii. 206. Door-handles, ii. 95. keepers, ii. 77. pivots, iii. 181. Doors, materials of, ii. 94. Dorian women, their beauty, i. 382. Dorians, their intellectual cultivation, i. 280. Dove-cotes, construction of, ii. 279. Doves, shot with arrows, i. 210. from Cypros, iii. 368. from Sicily, iii. 375. Draco, his laws against vagabondage, iii. 96. Dragonwort eaten, iii. 108. Drains, ii. 93. Dramatic exhibitions, origin of, ii. 220. Drawing, for what purpose taught, i. 188. Dreams of evil omen, i. 368. faith in, ii. 2, n. 1780 frightful, how obtained, iii. 213. Dress, object of, ii. 68. Drimacos, story of, iii. 13. heroon of, iii. 427. Drinking, laws of, ii. 196. bouts among the Macedonians, ii. 194. horns, ii. 116, 118. Dromos of Sparta, i. 101. a part of the theatre, ii. 225. Drones, how expelled from hives, ii. 296. Dryopes, in Doris, i. 10. in Thessaly, i. 10. in Epeiros, i. 10. in Peloponnesos, i. 10. Ducks, wild, ii. 150. care of, ii. 277. Dutch, their laws concerning slavery, iii. 39, n. 164. Duty on corn, fixed, iii. 296. Dwellings of private people not mean, ii. 75. Dyeing, iii. 223. hair, iii. 141.

E.

Eagle, its war with the hare, i. 216. stones from Arabia, iii. 395. Early rising, ii. 79. Earrings, ii. 61. Earthenware, boats of, iii. 301. Earthquakes, foretold by birds, i. 2, n. 1670 Earths, painters’, iii. 199. Ebony, from Africa, iii. 381. Ecbatana, i. 72. Eccyclema, a machine upon the stage, ii. 227. Echeia of the theatre, ii. 264. Echinos, or sea-chestnut, anecdote concerning, ii. 147. Echo, disliked by bees, ii. 293. Eclactisma, a dance, ii. 255. Education, theory of, i. 107. at Athens, not national, i. 111. of the Greeks excellent, i. 166. of the world, i. 262. of girls, i. 403. of shepherds, iii. 402. of slaves, iii. 26, 30. of the Spartans, Cretans, Arcadians, &c., i. 265. at Sparta in the hands of the state, i. 266. objects of at Sparta, i. 288. Lycurgus’s idea of, i. 385. at Sparta, martial and severe, i. 270. of Spartan girls, i. 385, 389. Eel fisheries, iii. 233. Eels, ii. 148. Eggs, how eaten, ii. 156. Egypt, its exports, iii. 386. gold mines of, iii. 168. charcoal of, iii. 174. Egyptian vines, ii. 337. marble, iii. 390. fig-tree, ii. 2, n. 1390 Egyptians, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433. Eilapinè, or grand dinner, ii. 172. Eileithyia, i. 114. Eiresionè, iii. 92. Eiscyclema, a machine upon the stage, ii. 228. Elatea, wheat of, iii. 339. Elba, iron ore from, iii. 377. Electra, i. 334. Elementary instruction, i. 164. Elephant, a cup, ii. 117. Elephantinè, undeciduous vines of, ii. 337. Elis, the Holy Land of the Hellenes, i. 57. exports of, iii. 332. Eloquence, study of, i. 235. Elymœan hares, i. 219. Elysian fields, iii. 432. Emancipation of the Helots, iii. 39. Emathea, occupied by Pelasgi, i. 7. Embroidery, iii. 219. in Homeric times, i. 379. Emerald, engraved for rings, iii. 149. lions’ eyes made of, iii. 238. from Egypt, iii. 389. from Bactriana, iii. 406. Emetics, iii. 212. Employments of slaves, iii. 30. Emporiæ, lines of the, iii. 377. Empusa, &c., i. 140. fear of, conquered in children, i. 135. Empusæ ludus, i. 156. Enallos, story of, ii. 113. Encotyle, a game, i. 151. Endymion, beloved by Sleep, i. 424. Engraving gems, iii. 151. Enigmas, ii. 215. Entertainments, ii. 170. picture of, ii. 179. Entimos of Gortyna, his history, ii. 106. Epeiros, peopled by Pelasgi, i. 6. included in Greece, by Homer, i. 1, n. 177 exports of, iii. 340. Epeunactæ, iii. 61. Ephebeion, i. 196. Ephedrismos, a game, i. 150. Ephentinda, a game, i. 163. Ephesos, exports of, iii. 354. Epiblema, a garment, ii. 57. Epicnemidian Locrians, i. 11. Epidamnian commerce, iii. 275. Epigoneion, a musical instrument, iii. 192. Episitioi, iii. 87. Epitaph on a cat, i. 1, n. 621 Epithalamium, ii. 26. Epomis, a garment, ii. 57. Epostrakimos, a game, i. 153. Equine beauty, conception of, ii. 283. Eranistæ, members of Eranoi, iii. 76. Eranoi, iii. 75. money regulations of, iii. 83. Erectheion, description of, i. 80. Erectheus, chapel of, i. 80. sea of, i. 85. Eretrian earths, iii. 363. Erichthonios, i. 81. Erinæan jet, iii. 375. Erinnyes, their duties, i. 360, 361. Eructeres, iii. 55. Essedones, ate their parents, iii. 434. Etesian winds, iii. 322. Etrurian plate, iii. 104. Eubœa, adventures in, ii. 418. exports of, iii. 367. Eubœan walnut wood, iii. 180. Eumenides, representation of, i. 412. Eumolpos, settles at Eleusis, i. 22. Eunostos, the god of mills, iii. 107. Eunuchs, porters, iii. 32. trade in, iii. 17. from Sardis, iii. 354. Eunus, story of, iii. 13, n. 60 Euphorbia from Laconia, iii. 334. from Mount Atlas, iii. 384. Euripides, character of his intellect, i. 332. Euros, iii. 320. Eurotas, banks of the, i. 1, n. 284 Euryleonis, sent chariots to Olympia, i. 390. Eurypontidæ, tombs of, i. 98. Euthydemus, specimens of sophistical arguments from the, i. 255. Euxine, traces of the Pelasgi on its southern shore, i. 4. Evergreens, ii. 311. Exchange, or Deigma, iii. 298. Exercise necessary for children, i. 144. Exercises of youth, i. 189. Exhibitions of art, i. 303. of industry, iii. 98. of leeks, ii. 332. Exomis, a garment, ii. 57, 69. Exports and imports of Greece, iii. 326. Exports of Athens, iii. 278. Exposure of infants, iii. 121. Eyes, i. 43. what coloured preferred for, i. 1, n. 1053

F.

Fable of the lion, i. 165. Fables, i. 165, 166. Façade, ii. 80. Fair of Komana, iii. 347. Fairs, iii. 274. Falconry, i. 228. in Thrace, i. 229. Fallowing, ii. 385. Fallow-grounds, ii. 386. Families at Sparta, iii. 427. Family, internal regulation of the, ii. 29. Fans from Phocis, iii. 339. Farce, acted during the vintage, ii. 351. Farmer, his studies, ii. 362, sqq. Farm-house, interior of, ii. 279. Fastenings of doors, ii. 94. Fat tyrant, story of, i. 1, n. 872 Fatness, how avoided, ii. 56. Fawn hunting, i. 219, 220. Fawn-skin buskins, iii. 222. Feast of the Fifth Day, i. 128. Features, uniformity of, among the Scythians, i. 1, n. 149 Felloes of wheels, with what made, ii. 381. Felt, Laconian, iii. 336. Female education at Sparta, i. 385. beauty not easily represented, i. 312. slaves, their employments, iii. 33. Fermentation, the second, how checked, iii. 116. Ferocity of the Spartans, iii. 53. Ferret, used in rabbit-hunting, i. 218. Ferrymen, iii. 103, n. 419 Fertility of parts of Laconia, i. 60. Festivals, attended by women, i. 404. Fighting cocks, ii. 155. Fig-wine, iii. 118. Figs, ii. 158. various kinds of, ii. 323. Attic, iii. 327. how used in the nursery, i. 137. from Paros, iii. 356. tree, grafting of, ii. 319. planted outside vineyards, ii. 349. Filial piety, i. 30. Fine Arts, their influence on education, i. 289. Fingerlings for archers, iii. 165. Fire, how procured, ii. 123, iii. 175. Fish, list of, ii. 149. dearness of, ii. 143. their sleep, iii. 242. eaten in Homeric times, ii. 131. much eaten in later times, ii. 138. given to cattle, ii. 289. buying, ii. 139. market, ii. 139. laws of, ii. 142. Fisheries, iii. 232. Fisherman’s life, iii. 103. Fishing in Homeric times, ii. 132. with hooks, i. 210. at night, iii. 237. Fishmongers in the agora, iii. 125. disreputable trade, 99. Fish-pond on board ship, iii. 308. Flail, sometimes used, ii. 395. Flambeau-sellers in the agora, iii. 125. Flambeaux, iii. 197. Flap, used for a bellows, ii. 124. Flasks, made by prisoners, iii. 114. Flax, grown in Elis, iii. 215, 333. Flesh-food, ii. 129. Flies, what, ii. 173. Flocks of even numbers, ii. 432. number of, ii. 405, and n. 5. Floor of kitchen, ii. 93. Flooring, ii. 81. Florentine kiss, i. 152. Flour, how produced, iii. 104. merchants in the agora, iii. 124. Flower garden, ii. 302. beds, ii. 304. dance, ii. 257. girls, iii. 128. sellers in the agora, iii. 123. Flowered tissues, iii. 218. Flowers used in crowns, ii. 2, n. 1258 mythological association of, ii. 305. profusion of, ii. 310. what kind loved by the bee, ii. 292. Flute, music of the, i. 186, iii. 190. players in the agora, iii. 125. Folding seats, iii. 188. Food, ii. 125. classification of, ii. 128. working for, iii. 87. of the poor, iii. 94. of slaves, iii. 28. of the bear, i. 226. Football, English game of, i. 157. Footsnares, i. 222. Foreigners, could not sell in the agora, iii. 99. Four-post bedsteads, ii. 103. Fowl-house, ii. 278. Fowling, i. 206. cruelty in, i. 230. Fowls, ii. 150. care of, ii. 277. food of, ii. 278. Frankincense, from Arabia, iii. 396. Freckles, how removed, iii. 136, seq. Freedom, how obtained by Attic slaves, iii. 19. Free states, spirit of education in, i. 238. Friendship, aptitude of the Greeks for, i. 32. Frontlets for horses, iii. 164. Fruit trees, ii. 316. shops in the agora, iii. 121. what kinds eaten, ii. 158-165. how preserved, ii. 358-361. how moulded by gardeners, ii. 323. exportation of, iii. 327. Fruits, how forced, ii. 321. Fuel, ii. 124, iii. 173. Fullers, trade of the, iii. 232. Fullers’ earth, iii. 199. Fund of the Erani, iii. 80. Funeral ceremonies, iii. 414. pile, iii. 418. Furies, their costume on the stage, ii. 260. Furniture, ii. 97. of what woods made, iii. 183. Furs, imported by Persia, iii. 408. Future rewards and punishments, i. 356.

G.

Gadflies, ii. 2, n. 1835 Gaia, mystic navel of, i. 56. Galatia, wine of, iii. 117. Galbanum, from Syria, iii. 392. Galleys, iii. 302. Gall-nuts, for staining wood, iii. 159. Gamelion, or nuptial month, ii. 9. Gamelios, or bride-cake, ii. 20. Games of children, i. 149, 163. Game eaten in the Homeric times, ii. 130. cocks of Alexandria, iii. 388. Garden of the Greeks, ii. 79, 301. Gardens of Adonis, ii. 322. Alcinoös, of the Hesperides, and of Midas, ii. 318. Garlands, use of, ii. 304. Garlic, ii. 332. eaten in Homeric times, ii. 133. from Megara, ii. 155. from Egypt, iii. 386. Gastronomers, list of celebrated, ii. 201. Gaul, exports of, iii. 377. Geese, feeding, ii. 274. how fattened, ii. 275. their livers how enlarged, ii. 276. sagacity of, ii. 2, n. 1099 Gems, engraved for signets, iii. 148. Genii of eating and drinking, ii. 169. Geometry, study of, i. 183. Geranion, or crane’s bill, a sort of truffle, ii. 333. Germander, from Pontos, iii. 344. Gerula, or under-nurse, i. 136. Gethyllis, a species of leek, ii. 332. Ghosts, belief in, i. 364. Gift-bearers, or serfs, iii. 61. Gilding, art of, ii. 80, iii. 146. Ginger, iii. 201. from Arabia, 400. Gingidium, from Syria, iii. 393. Gingra, a dance, ii. 257. Gingras, a flute, iii. 190. Giraffe, from Æthiopia and India, iii. 381. Girls, their education, i. 403. Glass, manufacture of, iii. 195, 196. coloured, iii. 196. malleable, iii. 196. from Alexandria, iii. 390. cups, ii. 115. dishes, ii. 23. mirrors, ii. 119. windows, ii. 82. Gloves, iii. 220. worn by rustics, ii. 383. Glycera, bon mot attributed to her, ii. 44. the queen of Harpalos, ii. 45. Gnathena, her witty repartees, ii. 44. Goad, use of the, ii. 385. Goatherds, ii. 427. Goats, ii. 280. cheese of, i. 227. horns, why placed at the feet of vines, ii. 343. Goat-skin cloak, ii. 407. Goblets of amber, ii. 111. God, belief in, i. 350. nature of, incomprehensible, i. 354. his attributes, i. 354. belief in his unity, i. 353. Goddesses, their form and beauty, i. 311. wherefore draped, i. 313. Gods, beneficent, i. 30. character of, i. 311. borrowed some of their glory from the human mind, i. 290. of the shepherd race, ii. 2, n. 1781 Gold mines on the shores of the Euxine, i. 4. on the shores of Thrace, i. 5. of Thasos, iii. 356. of Egypt, iii. 168. Gold, at Sparta, iii. 263. plate, ii. 110. plates on walls of houses, ii. 80. thread, iii. 220. Golden age, food of the, i. 12, ii. 128. water in Persia, ii. 135. statues, iii. 144. Goldsmiths, iii. 142. Goose’s liver, ii. 152, 276. Gorgias, account of, i. 246. under whom he studied, i. 247. his pupils, i. 248. ambassador from Leontium, i. 247. his golden statue at Delphi, i. 249. Goslings, care of, ii. 274. Gourd, eaten, ii. 326. Government, origin of the Greek notions on, i. 38. Grace before meat, ii. 176. Graces, dance of the, ii. 259. Grafting, first mention of, iii. 318. Grain, various kinds of, iii. 107. how preserved in granaries, ii. 397 sqq. how eaten in ancient times, ii. 128. choice of, for sowing, ii. 387. pickers, iii. 91. Grammateion, a kind of cup, ii. 116. Granaries, preparation of, ii. 396. of Syra, Northern Africa, and the Azores, ii. 2, n. 1770 Granite, Theban, iii. 388. Grapes, ii. 165. the kinds now cultivated in Greece, ii. 2, n. 1601 how produced without stones, ii. 341. medicinal, how produced, ii. 341. how preserved fresh, ii. 356. smeared with lime, ii. 317. Grass, beds stuffed with, ii. 103. Graves, how adorned, iii. 431. Greaves, iii. 165. Greece, called Hellas, i. 1. Greece, its varied surface, i. 53. Greeks, their superiority in the arts, i. 290. Greengrocers in the agora, iii. 121. Grinding corn, iii. 104. Griphoi, ii. 215. Griphos, definition of, ii. 216. Groups of statues in the Acropolis, i. 79, 80. Groves, around houses, ii. 271. Gruel, ii. 153. Guardian spirits, i. 364. Guardians of estates, ii. 400. Guests, departure of the, ii. 219. number of, fixed by law, ii. 173. Guild of actors, ii. 233. Guinea-fowls, Ætolian, iii. 340. Gunpowder, iii. 199. Gyges, story of, ii. 410. vast barrow thrown up by him, iii. 429. Gymnasia, general description of, i. 195. of Athens, i. 193. exercises of, i. 191. Gymnasiarch, i. 176. Gymnastics, object of, i. 191, 192. at Sparta, i. 275. enthusiastically studied, i. 204. first step in, i. 197. Gymnopædia, i. 287. Gynæconitis, ii. 80. Gypones, certain dancers, ii. 256. Gypsum, from Epeiros, iii. 340. for windows, ii. 82. Gythium, the port of Sparta, iii. 268.

H.

Hair, care of, ii. 66. colour of, i. 1, n. 1053 how dyed, iii. 141. how preserved and strengthened, iii. 140. worn long at Sparta, ii. 71. garments of, iii. 217. Halcyonion, from the shores of the Propontis, iii. 345. Half-doors, ii. 94. Haliacmon, valley of, i. 5. Halicarnassos, ii. 167. Halimos, procured milk to nurses, i. 1, n. 407 Hamadryads, i. 362. Hams, &c., sold in the agora, iii. 123. from Gaul, iii. 377. from Cyrenè, iii. 381. from Phrygia, iii. 353. Hand-mill, invention of, iii. 104. mirrors, ii. 119. Hands, perfumed before dinner, ii. 175. Hangings, ii. 80. Hare-hunting, i. 217. Harrows, ii. 382. Harvest, sacrifices preceding, ii. 390. Hatching, time of, ii. 278. Hats, ii. 72. manufacture of, iii. 222. Hawking vegetables in the street, iii. 88. Hay, ii. 389. Thracian trade in, iii. 341. fields, moss how removed from, ii. 389. harvest, ii. 389. Head-nets, from Achaia, iii. 333. Healths, drinking of, ii. 192. Hecatè, sacrifices to, eaten by the poor, iii. 91. Hecaterides, a dance, ii. 255. Hedges, ii. 313. Hedge-flowers, ii. 314. Heducomos, a dance, ii. 255. Heir apparent, at Sparta, exempted from punishment when a boy, i. 270. Helen, goblet of, ii. 112. Heliotrope, wherefore it turns towards the sun, ii. 2, n. 1460 Helix, an ornament, ii. 62. Hellas, signification of, i. 1. a city of Thessaly, i. 1. original inhabitants of, i. 1. progress of the name, i. 1. Hellebore, eaten by shepherds, iii. 210. Hellenes, not the original inhabitants of Hellas, i. 2. their origin, i. 27. Hellenion, a place at Sparta, i. 98. at Naucratis, iii. 258. Helmets, iii. 162. Helot nurses sold, iii. 40. derivation of the word, iii. 37. wars, iii. 52. Heloteia, iii. 36. Helots, their condition, iii. 38. lived on the estates, iii. 43. Greeks, iii. 38. in the army, iii. 44. their position in the scale of society, iii. 42, n. 177 obtained wealth, iii. 41. instructors of children, i. 267. purposely demoralised, iii. 48. compelled to intoxicate themselves, iii. 47. how supported, iii. 40. classes of, iii. 55. modern opinions on, iii. 36. Hemicycle, a machine upon the stage, ii. 230. Hemlock, Attic, iii. 328. Megaric, iii. 330. Hemp, cloths of, iii. 216. Hen’s milk, ii. 152. Hephæstion, grief of Alexander for, iii. 438. Hera, character of her beauty, i. 310. Heraclea, serfs of, iii. 61. Heraclean all-heal, iii. 332. honey, iii. 343. Heracles, the discoverer of the purple, iii. 224. his bowl, ii. 114. Herald-slaves, iii. 32. Heralds, hereditary at Sparta, iii. 102. dance of the, ii. 259. Herb-mastic, in Magnesia, iii. 350. Herbs, exportation of, iii. 328. Herdsman’s life, ii. 421, seq. his superiority to the shepherd, ii. 426. Herdsmen, hunters, i. 206. Hereditary goblets, ii. 112. trades, iii. 101, 162. Hermæan festival, freedom of slaves during, iii. 64. Hermata, or earrings, ii. 61. Hermes, Pelasgian statue of, i. 83. Hermione, purple of, iii. 229. Herodes Atticus, slaves of, iii. 1, n. 3 Herodotus, his character as a writer, i. 338. Heroes of the Argo confounded with the Pelasgi, i. 4. Heroic shepherds, ii. 403. Heroon of Lelex, at Sparta, i. 19. Herpyllis, beloved by Aristotle, ii. 48. Herrings from the Black Sea, iii. 343. Hesperisma, ii. 171. Hestiator, his duties, iii. 84. Hetairæ, their condition, ii. 40. the vicissitudes of their lives, ii. 42. honourable actions of, ii. 48. mistresses of the philosophers, ii. 45. from the poorer classes, iii. 88. Hexecontalithoi, from Africa, iii. 382. Hides from Cyrenè, iii. 385. Hiero, vast ship built for him, iii. 306. Hieroduli, iii. 25. Hilarodos, a kind of actor, ii. 238. Hill of the Spartan Acropolis, i. 103. of the Agora, iii. 126. of Attica, i. 62. Hills of Attica, i. 62. of Sparta, i. 103. Hilts of swords, iii. 159. Himanteligmos, a game, i. 159. Himation, ii. 52. Hindù falconry, i. 229. Hippagretæ, three hundred followers of, i. 278. Hippas, a game, i. 151. Hippocampia, earrings, ii. 62. Hippodameia, an agora in the Peiræeus, i. 74. Hippodrome of Sparta, i. 103. Hippophorbos, iii. 190. Hippothoös, or Pelasgian, i. 1, n. 51 Hireling shepherds, ii. 2, n. 1817 Hives, position of, ii. 292. materials of, ii. 294. average produce of, ii. 298. lids of, ii. 298. in the age of Hesiod, ii. 290. Hobbes, his opinion of the philosophers, i. 1, n. 809 Hog, first animal eaten by man, ii. 137. from Sicily, iii. 375. flesh, eschewed by the Cretans, ii. 286. Holidays, none given to boys, i. 168. Homer, his character as a poet, i. 327. his school at Chios, i. 180. the preceptor of Hellas, i. 326. public recitations of, at Sparta, i. 283. Homeric poems, by whom written, i. 325. horses, food of, ii. 283. Homeridæ, i. 323. Hones, from Mount Taygetos, iii. 334. from Crete, &c., iii. 356. Honey, three different kinds of, ii. 299. what quantity produced by one hive, ii. 297. of Attica, i. 63, ii. 290, iii. 327. of Heraclea, iii. 343. of Hybla, iii. 375. of Hymettos, ii. 2, n. 1204 of Corsica, bitter, ii. 293. unsmoked, ii. 291. use of by confectioners, iii. 110. dew, ii. 297. how collected in Syria, ii. 299. Hoops, used by children, i. 147. Hormos, a necklace, ii. 63. a Spartan dance, ii. 258. Horn lanterns, ii. 121. windows, ii. 82. Horns, used as drinking cups, ii. 116. Horses, sold in the agora, iii. 123. price of, iii. 129. sacrifice of, ii. 281. branded, ii. 285. for what purposes employed, ii. 280. fables concerning, ii. 281. diminutive, ii. 2, n. 1151 breaking in of, ii. 284. countries famous for, ii. 282. Arcadian, iii. 333. Astypalæan, iii. 367. of Achilles, ii. 282. Hospitality, origin of, i. 34. of Turkish shepherds, ii. 2, n. 1837 of an Eubœan shepherd, ii. 422. Hours, dance of the, ii. 259. House-painting, iii. 178. Hunting, i. 206. Hunting, Eubœan, ii. 408. apparatus, i. 213. Hyacinthine road, i. 94. Hyaline floors, ii. 81. Hyantes, i. 11. ancient name of the Ætolians, i. 1, n. 17 Hyantis, ancient name of Ætolia, i. 1, n. 17 Hybernation of the Spartan youth, i. 274. Hybernians ate their parents, iii. 434. Hybla, honey of, iii. 375. Hybrias, song of, iii. 65. Hydromel, iii. 118. Hymeneal lay, ii. 19. Hymettos, its food for bees, ii. 2, n. 1204 honey of, ii. 292, n. 6, iii. 327. marble of, iii. 330. Hypekooi, Cretan subject peasantry, iii. 63, 64. Hyperboreans, their filial piety! iii. 434. Hyperides, his famous rhetorical artifice, ii. 47. Hypogypones, certain dancers, ii. 255. Hypogramma, a pigment for the eyebrows, iii. 136. Hyporchema, invented by the Pelasgi, i. 26. Hyporchematic dance of Sparta, i. 389. Hyposcenion, a part of the theatre, ii. 225. Hyrcanians, their mode of sepulture, iii. 434. Hyssop of Cilicia, iii. 351.

I.

Iamos, birth and exposure of, i. 124. Iapyx, iii. 320. Iasian ichthyophagi, iii. 233, n. 1417 Ideal, i. 309. Idleness, respected at Sparta, iii. 96. Illyria, exports of, iii. 376. iris from, iii. 369. Illyrians, Pelasgi, i. 7. Imitation on the stage, ii. 244. Immorality of certain women, ii. 37. Immortality, belief in, iii. 414. Impenitence, vengeance against, i. 359. Imports of Athens, iii. 278. Implements of husbandry, ii. 381, seq. Inachos, son of the Ocean, i. 17. India, commerce of, iii. 408. Indian oxen, iii. 411. jugglers, i. 1, n. 467 marble, iii. 312. purple fishery, iii. 229. Indigo, from India, iii. 411. Industry, how encouraged at Athens, iii. 97. Infants, new-born, how treated, i. 116. Infanticide, i. 118-127. Theban laws concerning, i. 125. Initiation, doctrine of, i. 361. its power, iii. 318. Ink, manufacture of, iii. 200. Innovation in toys condemned, i. 145. Inspection of children, Plato’s idea of, i. 169. Inspectors of women, iii. 115. Institutions of Sparta unfavourable to chastity, i. 391. Instruction in the open air, i. 176. how imparted to women in Homeric times, i. 374. Interest, rate of, iii. 299. Interior economy of a school, i. 178. Intrigues, how conducted, ii. 38. Inula from Egypt, iii. 386. Inventions of the Pelasgi, i. 26. Ionia, carobs from, iii. 352. Ionian costume, ii. 73. Ionic women, their position, i. 401. Irene, her devotion to Ptolemy, ii. 48. Iris, from Illyria, iii. 369. from Pamphylia, iii. 353. fetidissima, gathering of, iii. 205. Iron money, iii. 154. invention of, iii. 154. Ischomachos, ii. 30. Isinglass from Pontos, iii. 344. Islands, medicinal plants of, iii. 364. game on, i. 216. wines of, iii. 355. of the Blessed, i. 83, iii. 432. Isocrates, his opinion of the Spartan Crypteia, iii. 49. Issorion at Sparta, i. 100. Istria, wines of, iii. 370. Italian method of reaping, ii. 393. wines, iii. 378. Italians, their character compared with the Greeks, i. 37. Italy, preference given to the soil of, by Varro, i. 51. snails eaten in, iii. 372. Itinerant fishmongers, iii. 99. Iton, a kind of truffle, ii. 333. Ithyphalli, actors, ii. 239. Ivory feet of tables, ii. 100. from Africa, iii. 381. stained by a Pelasgian woman, i. 26. how worked, iii. 186. Ivory-handled knives, iii. 157.

J.

Jackdaws, how caught, i. 232. Bœotian, iii. 337. in farm-yards, ii. 280. Jambs of doors, ii. 94. Jars from Egypt, iii. 388. multitude of, iii. 193. Jason, anecdote of him, ii. 130. Jasper, an amulet, i. 141. Javelin darting, i. 201. Javelins, iii. 160. Jet, from Bena, iii. 342. from Lycia, iii. 348. Jewellers, iii. 142. their quarter in the agora, iii. 121. Johur, performing, i. 396. Jugglers, their performances, ii. 186. in great request, i. 1, n. 166 sold magic rings, iii. 148.

K.

Kabobs, eaten hot, ii. 202. Kalyx, an ornament, ii. 60. Kapnian wine, iii. 116. Kapparis, food of the poor, iii. 95. Karides, a city of Chios, foundation of, i. 1, n. 67 Katabaukalesis, specimen of, i. 138. Katagogis, a garment, ii. 57. Katanocophori, serfs of Sicyon, iii. 66. Katastiktos, a garment, ii. 57. Katatomè, a part of the theatre, ii. 222. Kekruphalos, an ornament, ii. 59. Kerasbolos, ii. 387. Keraunoscopeion, a machine for mimicking lightning on the stage, ii. 229. Kerkenna, gold from, iii. 382. Kermes, iii. 230. from Phocis, iii. 339. from Attica, iii. 328. from Asia Minor, iii. 256. from Spain, iii. 377. from Africa, iii. 382, n. 2415 Kernophoros, a dance, ii. 254. Keys, &c. ii. 94, iii. 156. Kid, presented to a club by a tavern-keeper, iii. 113. Kidnapping, origin of, iii. 6. Killicon, story of, iii. 112. Killicyrii, serfs of Syracuse, iii. 66. Killios, a robe, ii. 59. Kismis, stoneless grapes in Persia, ii. 2, n. 1521 Kissing, contest in, i. 300. Kitchen garden, ii. 326. utensils, ii. 122-124. Kitchens, ii. 91-93. Knife-handles, iii. 157. Knismos, a dance, ii. 255. Knives, iii. 157. Knockers, ii. 95. Knowledge, the stream of, flowed through Thrace into Greece, i. 5. with what object pursued, i. 239. Kobaloi, i. 142. Kolias, pottery of, iii. 193. Kollabismos, a game, i. 150. Komana, fair of, iii. 347. Konisterion, i. 196. Kopis, a banquet of nurses, i. 142. Κόσμου εκπύρωσις, ii. 258. Kottabos, a game, ii. 212. Kottabos Katactos, a game, ii. 213. Krade, a machine upon the stage, ii. 228. Kranion of Corinth, i. 71. Kubesinda, a game, i. 151. Kulikeion, or cupboard, ii. 111. Kurdistân, horses and mules from, iii. 390. Kynæthes, why expelled from Arcadia, i. 287. Kyndalismos, a game, i. 155. Kynitinda, a game, i. 152. Kyrittoi, i. 143.

L.

Labour, division of, iii. 99. Labra of the baths, ii. 88. Lacedæmonian nurses, i. 134. mourning, iii. 438. Lacedæmonians, their mode of preserving the fruits of the earth, iii. 259. Laconia, cheese of, iii. 331. productions of, iii. 334. description of, i. 58. steel of, iii. 156, 336. Laconic sayings, i. 282. Lacydes, the philosopher, anecdote of him, iii. 14. Ladanum, collection of, iii. 365. Ladies’ summer mantles, iii. 334. Lagenophoria, an Alexandrian festival, iii. 80, n. 319 Lagobolon, i. 213. Laïs, anecdote concerning her, ii. 43. Lalantian plain, contest for, i. 10. Lambs, protected by law, ii. 130. Lamia, story of, i. 141. Lamprey fisheries, iii. 233. Lamps, ii. 120. manufacture of, iii. 194. Lamp-wicks, iii. 197. Bœotian, iii. 338. Lances, iii. 160. Language of Macedonia identical with that of Greece, i. 9. the Pelasgi, i. 26. Thrace identical with that of Greece, i. 9. Lanterns, iii. 186. of horn, iii. 121. Lapdogs from Malta, iii. 368. Lapis lazuli, from Scythia, iii. 346. Lapis specularis for windows, ii. 82. Lapithæ, Pelasgi, i. 5. overcome the Perrhæbians, i. 9. Larch resin, iii. 397. Larissa, in Mysia, i. 13. Larissa, cities so named, i. 10. Cremaste, i. 10. in Thessaly, i. 10. Latagè, a term in the game of kottabos, ii. 213. Latax, ᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧ”ᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧ”ᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧ”ᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧᚧ ii. 213. Lattice work, ii. 82. Laughter, story of the man who had lost the power of, ii. 188. Laura of Samos, i. 74. Laurel staff, its miraculous powers, i. 368. legend connected with, ii. 305. Laurion, mines of, iii. 168. Laws of the fishmarket, ii. 142. Leaping as an exercise, i. 199. Leather dyed, iii. 222. Leda, egg brought forth by, i. 102. Leeks, from Ascra, iii. 338. Legend of a cup, ii. 113. Legends of the mythology taught to children, i. 164. Lelegeis, ancient name of Miletos, i. 15. Leleges, Pelasgi, i. 47. slaves of the Carians, i. 24. in Doris, Locris, &c., i. 11. in Laconia, i. 19. serfs of the Carians, iii. 66. in Caria, i. 14. fortifications of, i. 14. Lelex, an autochthon of Laconia or Leucadia, i. 19. Lemnian wine, iii. 116. earth, iii. 200. Lemnos, earths of, iii. 358. wine of, iii. 249. Lending money, iii. 292. Lentiscus, cultivation of, iii. 364, n. 2197 Leroi, ornaments, ii. 64. Leros, Guinea fowl from, iii. 368. Lesbian wine, iii. 116. Lesbos, myrtle-berries of, iii. 366. Leschæ, places of refuge for the poor, iii. 89. Lesche Pœcile at Sparta, i. 102. Leschenorios, an epithet of Apollo, iii. 89. Letters, little cultivated at Sparta, i. 288. Lettuces from Paphos, iii. 366. how blanched, ii. 326. Leucolithos in Judea, iii. 394. Libations before dinner, ii. 176. to absent friends, ii. 193. to mistresses, ii. 193. Library, ii. 84. Libs, South-west wind, iii. 321. Lightning, its import, ii. 377. Light-houses, iii. 324. Ligurian all-heal, iii. 371. Lilies in Grecian gardens, ii. 309. from Pisidia, iii. 352. succession of, how produced, ii. 309. Lily, dance so called, ii. 259. Limnatæ, quarter of the, i. 94, 104. Linen corslets, iii. 164. Lion hunting, i. 208. a dance, ii. 257. and shepherds, ii. 404. where found, i. 226. Lipari islands, exports of, iii. 376. Liquorice vetch, iii. 331. Literature, its lofty character, i. 318. little esteemed at Sparta, i. 281. its effect on our fancy, i. 295. character of the Hellenic, i. 314. Grecian, varied character of, i. 315. its influence on education, i. 1, n. 970 Loans, iii. 281. Loaves, size of, iii. 110. Lobsters from Egypt, iii. 388. Locks of the ancients, iii. 156. Locrians possessed no slaves, iii. 11. Locust eating, iii. 95, n. 388 Locusts from Africa, iii. 383. Logeion, a part of the theatre, ii. 225. Logic, study of, i. 235. Logistæ, iii. 128, n. 611 Long walls, i. 76. Longevity, Greece the abode of, i. 45. Loom, labours of the, share of the women, i. 376. Lotus-tree in Africa, iii. 385. where found, ii. 330. in bread, iii. 107. wine, ii. 361, iii. 118. Love, mode of declaring, i. 419. elevated conception of, i. 423. Love-chamber at Sparta, i. 192. Lovers wrote the names of their mistresses on trees, i. 418. Lucanians, a law of theirs, i. 1, n. 145 Lunar influences regarded in marriage, ii. 10. rainbow, iii. 1, n. 5 Lupins, ii. 330. Lustral font, i. 367. Lute-strings, Laconian, iii. 336. Lyceum, gymnasium of, i. 194. Lycia, a Pelasgian settlement, i. 7. Lycion, from Cappadocia, iii. 351. Lycurgos, his object in legislation, i. 383. aimed at extinguishing avarice, iii. 260. Lydia, steel of, iii. 156. Lydian slaves, iii. 7. bakers, iii. 108. Lyncurios, iii. 150. Lysias, his speech for a poor man’s allowance, iii. 71. Lysiodos, a kind of actor, ii. 236. Lysippus invented a new kind of vase, i. 116.

M.

Macedonia, exports of, iii. 340. Macedonian sportsmen, i. 228. language identical with that of Greece, i. 7. Macedonians, Pelasgi, i. 7. Machinery, description of that used on the stage, ii. 227. Madder, from Caria, iii. 351. from Galilee, iii. 393. Macrones, Eubœan Pelasgi, i. 5. Macronian slaves, iii. 8. Madonia, Bœotian, iii. 338. Magadaris, from Syria, iii. 393. Magados, a kind of actor, ii. 236, 237. Magians, their mode of sepulture, iii. 434. Magic rings, i. 363. Magnet from Bœotia, iii. 338. from Heraclea, iii. 349. Magnificence, love of, i. 35. Magodis, a stringed instrument, iii. 192. Mail, shirts of, iii. 162. Maize, return of, iii. 407. Malabathron, from India, iii. 409. Malaria, iii. 168. Mallows, ii. 2, n. 1459 Malta, lap-dogs of, iii. 368. Mandrake, digging of, iii. 205. Manes, a term in the game of kottabos, ii. 214. Mantinean radishes, iii. 333. Mantle of Athenian ladies, ii. 55. Manufactures of Corinth, iii. 273. of Bœotia, iii. 338. Manumission, iii. 9. Manure, ii. 383. pits of, ii. 383. for vines, ii. 340. Manuscripts, description of, i. 84. how laid up, ii. 84. Maple tables, ii. 100. tree, furniture made of, iii. 183. Marathon, fishery of, iii. 244. Marathonian bull, i. 207. Marble of Paros, iii. 356. Mareotic vines, ii. 337. wine, ii. 167, iii. 117. Mariners, their political predilections, iii. 319. Marjoram, from Egypt, iii. 386. Market, description of the, iii. 120, 128. regulations of, iii. 280. (See fish-market.) of slaves, iii. 23. Marmarica, capparis from, iii. 384. Marocco leather, iii. 391. Maronean wine, iii. 116. Marriage of Alexander and Roxana, i. 303. invention of, ii. 2. Marriage a portion of the education of women, i. 409. reverence of, at Athens, ii. 5. preliminaries of, i. 409. age at which contracted, ii. 8. of brothers and sisters, ii. 8. sometimes interested, i. 410. in what month contracted, ii. 9. ceremonies of, ii. 13. gifts, ii. 11. feasts, ii. 19, 174, n. 1. feast of Caranos, ii. 20. of slaves, iii. 21. at Sparta, i. 391. Married women, condition of, ii. 28. people occupied the same beds, ii. 35. Marseilles, carbuncles from, iii. 377. Maryandinians, serfs, iii. 61. Maschalister, a belt, ii. 64. Masks, materials of, ii. 265. classification of, ii. 266. of the stage, ii. 263, 266. varieties of, ii. 267. used during vintage time, ii. 353. Massacre of the Helots, iii. 51. Massagetæ, their woollen cloths, iii. 232. ate their parents, iii. 434. Masters, their authority over slaves, iii. 8, 10. Masts, iii. 304. Matchmaker, her office, ii. 1. Materia medica, iii. 203, 209. Mats, Bœotian, iii. 338. Mattrasses, ii. 104. Mausolos, tomb of, iii. 428. Mead, iii. 118. Meadows, formation of, ii. 389. Meadow-saffron, iii. 211. Messenian, iii. 332. Measures, iii. 129, 130. of wine, iii. 114. Meat, trade in, iii. 112. Mechanè, a machine upon the stage, ii. 228. Mechanism, curious specimen of, ii. 24. Medical maxims, iii. 206, 209. Megalesian unguent, iii. 134. Megara, i. 66. pottery of, iii. 203. Megarean, contraband commerce, iii. 224. sheep, ii. 429. cucumbers, ii. 326. Megaris, trade of, ii. 330. Melas, productions of the, iii. 337. Melian earth, iii. 199. Melilot, from Chalcedon, iii. 344. Attic, iii. 328. Melilotus, ii. 330. Melimela, ii. 320. Melitta, a keen repartee attributed to her, ii. 45. Melitturgos, ii. 291. Melolanthe, a kind of beetle, i. 149. Melos, kids from, iii. 368. Memphis, stones exported from the neighbourhood of, iii. 389. Men, their dress, ii. 69. Mendæan wine, ii. 116, iii. 117. price of, iii. 115. Menecrates, of Syracuse, anecdote of, ii. 198. Menelaides, a breed of dogs, i. 214. Menelaus, his riches, iii. 261. Menestæ, or Penestæ, iii. 62. Mercers’ quarter of the agora, iii. 121. Merchandise in the agora of the Peiræeus, i. 74. Merchantmen, iii. 303. Merino rams, ii. 280. Merops, an enemy of the bee, ii. 295. how taken in Crete, iii. 368. Mesogeites, a wine, iii. 116. Messenia, description of, i. 61. Messoatæ, quarter of, i. 95. Metals, value of, understood, iii. 249. Metheglin, iii. 118. Metopion, perfume from Egypt, iii. 387. Microscope, known to the ancients, iii. 151. Midas, his gardens, ii. 318. Migrations from Central Asia, i. 3. Milch cows, ii. 286. Milesian beds, iii. 104. wool, ii. 105. sheep, ii. 429. cypress, iii. 312. Miletos, exports of, iii. 354. Military games among the Spartans, i. 276. Milk in Homeric times, ii. 137. substitutes for, i. 137. how preserved, ii. 287. pails for, ii. 286. pans, ii. 286. Milking time, ii. 286. Milky column, i. 126. Miller, trade of the, iii. 104. Millet, duration of, in granaries, ii. 396. Mills, by whom invented, iii. 104, n. 424 public and private, iii. 105. worked by women, i. 380, iii. 4, n. 9 by slaves, iii. 105. by animals, iii. 106. Millstones, description of, iii. 106. Milton compared with Homer, i. 327, 328. Mimicry of the sounds of nature, ii. 244. Mines worked by the Pelasgi, i. 4. of gold and silver, i. 4. worked by slaves, iii. 20. of gold on the shores of Thrace, i. 5. of Spain, iii. 378. of Macedonia, iii. 340. Mining, iii. 167. Minium from Cappadocia, iii. 346. Minos, tribute of slaves paid to, iii. 10. Mint, legend concerning, ii. 306. Minyans expelled from Lemnos, i. 16. Miraculous images, &c., i. 366. Mirrors, ii. 118. Misthios, the place where servants were hired, iii. 126. Mistletoe, food of the ox, ii. 313. from the Grecian islands, iii. 364. Misu, a kind of truffle, ii. 333. Mnoia, a class of Cretan bondsmen, iii. 64. Models of Grecian artists, i. 310. Molos, worship of his body, i. 366. Molossia, i. 54. Molossian dogs, ii. 280. Molossians, Pelasgi, i. 8. Monarchies, spirit of education in, i. 237. Monaulos, a musical instrument, iii. 190. Money, iii. 250. whether prohibited at Sparta, iii. 260, 268. allowed to Spartan travellers, iii. 265. Mongas, a dance, ii. 254. Monkeys, their tricks at entertainments, ii. 188. from Africa, &c., iii. 382. Monopolies, iii. 286. Monoxyla, iii. 301. Monstrous fruit, ii. 323. vegetables, ii. 327. Moon, influence of, on fruit, ii. 2, n. 1406 Moral precepts for the use of agriculturists, ii. 363. Morality of early ages, ii. 415. Morals, first lesson in, learned from the poets, i. 234. of the Sophists, i. 261. Moriæ, or sacred olives, ii. 315. Morochthos, from Egypt, iii. 389. Morphasmos, a dance, ii. 254. Morrille, eaten by the ancients, ii. 333. Mortars, ii. 382, iii. 176. Mosaic work, ii. 81. Moss roses, from Cyrenè, iii. 385. Mothaces, who they were, i. 268. account of them, iii. 59. Mother of pearl, Acarnanian, iii. 340. language of the Greek, Sanskrit, &c., i. 3. obedience paid to her, i. 175. Mothers of Sparta, their real character, i. 394. Mothon, a dance, ii. 255. Mourning, iii. 437. Mowing time, ii. 389. Muïnda, a game, i. 149. Mulberry tree, wood of, iii. 184. grafting of, iii. 319. bread of, iii. 108. Mules, price of, iii. 129. Mullets, from Abdera, iii. 342. Munda, palmati from, iii. 378. Munychia, i. 75. Murænas, Spanish, iii. 379. Musæos, i. 317. Mushrooms, ii. 332. eaten, ii. 154. danger of eating them, ii. 157. poisonous, remedy against, iii. 209. how produced, ii. 332. from Italy, iii. 373. Music, branch of education, i. 181. estimation in which it was held, ii. 240. influence of, on character, i. 285. its effect on the character of the Arcadians, i. 286. importance of, in education, i. 184. healing powers of, i. 187. loved by shepherds, ii. 2, n. 1778 study of, at Sparta, i. 281. Musical instruments, iii. 188. of shepherds, ii. 406. measures, i. 185. Musicians of the theatre, ii. 252. at entertainments, ii. 183. stood for hire in the agora, iii. 125. Mussels, ii. 146. from the Black Sea, iii. 343. Mustard, iii. 201. Mycenæ, ancient capital of Argolis, i. 18. Myles, inventor of mills, iii. 104, n. 424 Myndos, wine of, ii. 167. Myrmecides, the Milesian, iii. 151. Myrobalans, from Egypt, iii. 387. Myron, his account of the Helots, iii. 46. Myrrh, from Arabia, iii. 397. Myrtle-berries, ii. 2, n. 1312 Myrtle, legend connected with, ii. 305. Mys, a cup engraver, ii. 115. Mysia, exports of, iii. 353. Myttotos, a dish, ii. 2, n. 756

N.

Naming children, i. 129, sqq. Names of goblets, ii. 115. on what principle given, i. 131. whence derived, i. 132. Naphtha, from Mesopotamia, iii. 403. anecdote concerning, 404, seq. Napkins, ii. 2, n. 740, iii. 216. Narcaphthon, from India, iii. 409. Narcissus, season of its blooming, ii. 2, n. 1297 Nardon, an unguent, iii. 134. Narycia, tar of, iii. 340. Nasamones, their mode of sepulture, iii. 435. National education, i. 109. Nations, their various food, ii. 125. Naucratis, an Egyptian port, iii. 258. Nausicaa, her character in Homer, i. 374. Nautodikæ, iii. 281. Navigation, iii. 300. cultivated by the Pelasgi, i. 26. Naxos, milch goats from, iii. 368. Necklace, a dance so called, ii. 258. Necklaces, ii. 62, iii. 145, n. 813 Necrocorinthia, iii. 430. Nectar, ii. 166, 168. Nenuphar, iii. 333. Neodomades in the army, iii. 44. who they were, i. 268. account of them, iii. 57. Nepenthè, iii. 213. Nets used in Homeric times, ii. 132. Nettle, eaten, ii. 154. Neurospastæ, i. 146. Night-fishing, iii. 237. Nightingale, blue, in Crete, iii. 368. Nikostrateios, kind of grape, ii. 165. Nisæan horses, ii. 282. Nisyros, pumices of, iii. 357. Nitre, iii. 199. Egyptian, iii. 389. from Philadelphia, iii. 349. Nonacris, poisonous water of, iii. 332. Nooses or lassos, iii. 161. North wind, prevalence of, i. 44. Notos, iii. 320. Nuptial ceremonies at Sparta, i. 392. rites, ii. 18. Nurse, her songs, i. 137. Nursery, i. 136. -governess, i. 136. songs, i. 138. tales, i. 140. of young vine plants, ii. 342. Nurses, iii. 207, n. 1237. Lacedæmonian, i. 134. Nuts from the Black Sea, iii. 343. Nymphæa Lotus, Egyptian, iii. 388. nelumbo, ii. 330. from Thessaly, iii. 339, n. 1915 Nymphs, i. 362. founders of a temple of Hera, i. 15. their love of mortals, i. 363.

O.

Oa, female apartments, ii. 86. Oaths of ladies, i. 390. Ochres, iii. 199, n. 1186. Ochthoiboi, ii. 64. Oclasma, a dance, ii. 254. Octogenarian dancers, ii. 25. Ocribas, a part of the theatre, ii. 225. Odd and even, i. 162. Œagros, the actor, ii. 242. Œdipos, i. 332. Œta, the rocks of, peopled by Pelasgi, i. 5. Oil in wine, ii. 2, n. 1592 of olives, how made, ii. 357. merchants of, in the agora, iii. 25. merchants of, iii. 197. Olen, the Lycian, comes to Greece, i. 7. Oligarchy, spirit of education in, i. 237. and democracy, their struggles, i. 47. Olive gathering, ii. 357. -grounds, trees how planted in, ii. 315. best situation for, ii. 315. oil, iii. 327. -trees, ii. 2, n. 1334 -wood, image of Athena, i. 82. Olives, iii. 327. planting of, ii. 2, n. 1339 Olympias, iii. 320. Olympos, i. 13. nine mountains of that name, i. 13, and n. 47. inhabited by Pelasgi, i. 5. Olynthos, earth exported from, iii. 343. Olyra, ii. 129. Omens, i. 368. during marriage ceremonies, ii. 16. Omphacomel, iii. 118. Omphakinon, a robe, ii. 58. Onagrinos, a robe, ii. 59. Onions, from Cypros, iii. 366. Onyx shells, iii. 406. from India, iii. 410. Ophella, army of, iii. 386. Ophthalmia, bees troubled with, i. 225. Opisthosphendone, an ornament, ii. 61. Opium, iii. 212. Opopanax, iii. 342. Opsonomoi, ii. 144. Oracle of Dodona, i. 6. concerning education, i. 1, n. 318 Oral teaching, i. 233. Orange-trees, ii. 316. Orators of Greece, i. 345. unknown at Sparta, i. 282. Orchard of Alcinoös, ii. 133. of the Greeks, ii. 313. Organs, invention of, iii. 191. Oriental civilisation, iii. 248. colonies, iii. 247. Origin of slaves in the East, iii. 5. Ornaments for the head, ii. 59. Ornithias, the name of a wind, i. 1, n. 153 Ornithiæ, or bird-winds, iii. 322. Orphans, how educated and treated by the state, iii. 74. Orpheus sings his wisdom to the Hellenes, i. 7. Orphic pantheism, i. 1, n. 993 Orpiment of Pontos, iii. 346. Orthopale, i. 201. Oryx, from Carthage, iii. 385. Ossa, inhabited by Pelasgi, i. 5. Ostrakinda, a game, i. 155. Ostrich-eggs, iii. 142, n. 791 -feathers from Africa, iii. 382. Ostrya, an ominous wood, i. 1, n. 322 Othryades, story of, i. 280. Otos, or bustard, i. 231. Ousoös, iii. 300. Outhouses, ii. 271. Oven, heating of, iii. 109. Owls, catching of, i. 230. Ox, figure of, impressed on money, iii. 251. when first eaten, ii. 137. Oxen employed in threshing not muzzled, ii. 394. from Epeiros, iii. 340. how employed, ii. 286. how defended from flies, &c., ii. 286. Oxyrunchi, from the Black Sea, iii. 343. Oysters, eaten in Homeric times, i. 210. from Abydos, iii. 352. how eaten, ii. 147.

P.

Packsaddles, iii. 182. Pactolos, gold dust in the, iii. 347. Pæan, singing of, at entertainments, ii. 209. Pædagogues, slaves, i. 169. their duties and character, i. 170. Pædonomos, his authority at Sparta, i. 268. Pædotribæ, i. 193. Paint, ii. 68. Painters’ materials, iii. 199. Painting cloths, iii. 231. its rise and character, i. 306. on walls, ii. 81. Paints, iii. 99. Palaces of Homeric times, ii. 76. Palæstra, i. 193, 196. Palm wine, iii. 118. Palmati, from Spain, iii. 378. Pamphila, daughter of Plates, iii. 217. Pan, his hour of slumber, ii. 431. Panathenaia, treatment of the poor during, iii. 85. Pancration, not allowed at Sparta, i. 276. Pancuphos, i. 85. Pandoura, an instrument with three strings, iii. 192. Pandrosion, i. 81. Pandrosos, chapel of, i. 84. Pangæos, mines of, iii. 340. Panoply of gold, iii. 162. Panteus, his wife, story of, i. 397. Pap, feeding children with, i. 137. Papaver spinosum, from Syria, iii. 393. Paper, from Egypt, iii. 387. Paphian prince, his luxurious bed, ii. 104. Paphlagonia, exports of, 353. Paphlagonian slaves, iii. 7, n. 26 Paphos, lettuces of. iii. 300. Papyrus, barks of, iii. 301. Paralourges, a garment, ii. 58. Parapechu, a garment, ii. 58. Parasites, ii. 173, 202, sqq. their poetical quotations, ii. 200. Parasitical plants, ii. 313. Parasols, iii. 187. Parents, their influence on education, i. 74. Parion, sea-urchins from, iii. 353. Parmeniscos, how he regained the power of laughter, ii. 188, 189. Parodoi, parts of the theatre, ii. 226. Parrot, sacred in India, iii. 411, n. 2647 Parsley-borders, ii. 325. how sown, ii. 329. Parthenope, dance representing, ii. 257. Parthenon, description of, i. 86, sqq. view from the roof of, i. 90. Parthian court, ferocity prevailing in, i. 1, n. 143 hedges, ii. 314. Parthians, their tombs, iii. 434. Parties, political, in Greece, i. 46. Paruphes, a garment, ii. 58. Passion of love, i. 420. Passions, art of commanding them, i. 263. Pastoral life, glimpses of, in Homer, ii. 404. ii. 401, sqq. picture, ii. 423. Pastry, made by women, iii. 110. Patræ, fabrics of, iii. 215. Pay of actors, ii. 240. Peaches, Persian, iii. 407. Peacocks, from India, iii. 411. skin-coverlets of, ii. 303. in the farm-yard, ii. 278. Pear-trees, ii. 321. in Ithaca, ii. 133. Pearl-fishery in the Persian Gulf, iii. 395. Pectis, a stringed instrument, iii. 192. Pedlars, iii. 125. Peiræeus, a closed port, i. 73. commerce of, iii. 278. Pelamydes, iii. 240, n. 1447 Pelamys, how taken, iii. 241. Pelanos, a piece of money, 262. Pelasgi, derivation of the name, i. 2, 3. migrate from Central Asia, i. 3. take possession of Cyzicos, i. 1, n. 11 expelled from Cyzicos by the Tyrrhenians, i. 1, n. 11 among the defenders of Troy, i. 4. approached Greece over the Bosporos, i. 5. their settlements on both sides the Bosporos, i. 5. Pelasgi, expelled from Thessaly by the Ætolians, i. 1, n. 11 cross over into Eubœa, i. 5. called Macrones and Curetes in Eubœa, i. 5. in the valley of the Haliacmon, i. 5. on Olympos, Ossa, and Pelion, i. 5. called Centaurs and Lapithæ, i. 5. enter Epeiros, i. 6. settle round Dodona, i. 6. in Bottiœa, i. 7. in Emathea, i. 7. at Crestona, i. 7. at Miletos, i. 15. in Lydia, i. 15. at Ephesos, i. 15. inhabit the whole western coast of Asia Minor, i. 14. in Cypros, i. 16. in Rhodes and Samos, i. 16. in Chios, in Lesbos, &c., i. 16. in Crete, i. 17. land at Argos, i. 17. at Epidauros and Hermione, i. 18. in Messenia, i. 19. in Achaia and at Corinth, i. 20. how they found their way into Attica, i. 21. build the walls of the Acropolis, i. 22. piratical, expelled from Attica, i. 23. cross into Italy, i. 23. piratical, i. 4. masters of the seas, i. 4. a general appellation including several tribes, i. 7. Nomades, but not miserable, i. 1, n. 42. considered a wandering people, i. 25. inventors of the arts of primary necessity, i. 24. slaves in Italy, i. 24. serfs in Italy, iii. 66. possessed a knowledge of the true God, i. 25. made the first step in the arts, i. 25. Pelasgia, derivation of the name, i. 2. an ancient name of Scyros, i. 17. the ancient name of Thessaly, i. 10. an ancient name of Chios, i. 16. an ancient name of Lesbos, i. 1, n. 75 a name of Peleponnessos, i. 7. Pelasgian Argos, i. 10. laurel, i. 13. wall, i. 23. love of music, ii. 406. Pelasgiotis, i. 10. Pelasgos, from whom descended, i. 3. king of Hemonia, i. 5. Pelion, inhabited by Pelasgi, i. 5. Pellenian cloaks, iii. 333. Pellitory of the wall, where planted, ii. 2, n. 1121 Peloponnesos, general description of, i. 57. Pelorian festival, origin of, i. 9. Peloros, a slave, i. 9. Penestæ, iii. 62. Penitence, power of, i. 359. Pennyroyal, Bœotian, iii. 333. Pentachordon, a musical instrument, iii. 192. Pentalitha, a girl’s game, i. 160. Pentathli, the, i. 201. Pentelic marble, i. 86, and n. 266. Peplos, what, i. 82. a garment or veil, ii. 57. Pepper from India, iii. 409. Pepperwort, root of, eaten, iii. 108. Perfume, use of, at repasts, ii. 175. how used at repasts, ii. 184. exported from Athens, iii. 327. price of, iii. 133. variety, iii. 132. Perfumed oil, ii. 2, n. 1606 Perfumers sat under umbrellas, iii. 125. their shops, iii. 131. Perfumer’s-trade, disreputable, iii. 91. Periactoi, a portion of the stage machinery, ii. 227. Periœci, Spartan trade, not in the hands of, iii. 264. Peritrachelion, a collar, ii. 62. Perirrhansis, i. 367. Periscelides, ii. 63. Peristyle, ii. 79. Peron, the perfumer, iii. 132. Perrhæbians, Pelasgi, i. 8. Perry, ii. 361, iii. 118. Persea, used by Cabinet makers, iii. 164. Persia, luxury of, ii. 106. Persian kings, their drink, ii. 135. dresses, ii. 73. Persians, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433. Peter, the czar, brutality of, i. 1, n. 143 Petroleum, from the sea of Marmora, iii. 345. Pestle and mortar, iii. 104. Phæninda, a game at ball, ii. 158, 375. Phaleron, i. 75. Phallophori, actors, ii. 240. Pharos, of Alexandria, iii. 324. Phaselis, baths of, ii. 91. ‘Phaselitan,’ a ‘for a farthing,’ ii. 91. Phaselitans, their bad reputation, iii. 280. Phasis, horses and pheasants from, iii. 343. horses from, ii. 2, n. 1171 Pheasant, eaten, ii. 152. Pheasants in the farmyard, ii. 279. Pheidias, his reputation, i. 302. Phemios, his school at Smyrna, i. 179. Phiditia, iii. 84. Philadelphos, or Parthian hedges, ii. 314. Philemon, his character of a cook, ii. 197. Philias, an engineer of Taurominium, iii. 310. Philip the jester, anecdote of him, ii. 182. of Macedon, his numerous wives, ii. 4. Philippos, divine honours paid to his beauty, i. 298. Philiscos, the wild man, his studies of the bee, ii. 290. Philochoros, opinion of, on the Pelasgi, i. 3. Philon, arsenals built by, i. 74. Philosophers working in mills, iii. 105. their love of show, ii. 73. Philosophy, by whom invented, i. 41. its comprehensive nature, i. 235. Philoxenos, the parasite, ii. 201. Phlius, wine of, iii. 331. Phocian commerce, iii. 1, n. 2 Phocians possessed no slaves, iii. 11. Phocis, exports of, iii. 339. Phœdra, dance representing, ii. 257. Phœnicia, exports of, iii. 390. Phœnician bakers, iii. 109. Phœnicians, their commerce, iii. 246. Phorbeiai, ii. 2, n. 977 Phreattys, i. 75. Phriel, a talismanic wood, ii. 387. Phructorion, a machine upon the stage, ii. 229. Phrygia, exports of, iii. 353. Phrygian dyers, iii. 231. measures, i. 185. slaves, iii. 7. Phrygians, their mode of sepulture, iii. 435. Pelasgi, i. 4. tombs of the, iii. 429. Phryginda, a game, i. 155. Phrynè, golden statue of her at Delphi, ii. 48. her celebrated beauty, ii. 47. Phthiotis, called Hellas, i. 1. peopled by Pelasgi, i. 5. a Pelasgian settlement, i. 1, n. 37 Phygelites, a wine, iii. 116. Physical sciences, study of, i. 240. organization of the Greeks, i. 42. studies of the philosophers, i. 349. Physicians, their opinions concerning wine, iii. 119. Picenum, reaping at, ii. 393. Pickles, iii. 201. Picture-gallery, ii. 84. when exhibited, ii. 176. Piety of the Greeks, i. 92. Pig offered up at rustic marriages, ii. 414. Pigs, fattened near the hearth, ii. 274. Pilanatæ, the quarter of, i. 9. Pillar of infamy, i. 1, n. 353 Pillows of Sicily, ii. 3. Pimples, how removed, iii. 130. Pinakides, dance so called, ii. 259. Pine, legend concerning the, ii. 300. Pinna marina, or silkworm of the sea, iii. 217. Pipe of barley-straw, iii. 271. Pirate luggers, iii. 304. Pisidia, lilies from, iii. 352. Pissasphaltos from Apollonia, iii. 370. Pistachio nuts from Syria, iii. 393. Pitch from Rhodes, iii. 366. making of, iii. 198. in wine, iii. 117. Pitfalls for the lion, i. 227. i. 221. Pithyllos, the parasite, ii. 203. Pituoussa, a name of Miletos, i. 15. Placia, a Pelasgian city, i. 13. Plane tree in the agora, iii. 120. trees, isle of, i. 95. Plangonian unguents, iii. 134. Planting trees, ii. 324. vines, season for, ii. 344. Plants, when watered, ii. 2, n. 1301 Platæa, women of, i. 396. Platæans, rites celebrated by them in honour of the brave, iii. 439. Platane tree, description of, ii. 2, n. 1248 evergreen, ii. 2, n. 1318 tree of vast dimensions, ii. 2, n. 1372 Platanistas, the, i. 101. battle in, i. 277. Plate from Etruria, iii. 104. ii. 109. varieties of, iii. 145. enormous quantity of, iii. 143. Plato, his account of the Crypteia, iii. 54. his conception of philosophy, i. 353. his opinions concerning the stage, ii. 246. Pleasure barge of Ptolemy Philopater, iii. 311. Plecte Anadesme, ii. 59. Plectron, or clavis, i. 148. Pleiades, why noted by the farmers, ii. 373. Plinthinè, the cradle of Dionysos, ii. 336. Ploughing, ii. 384. by night, ii. 385. vineyards, ii. 349. Ploughs, ii. 382. Plundering expeditions, iii. 272. Plutarch, his description of the Crypteia, iii. 50. Podismos, a dance, ii. 257. Poetry, legal in Crete, i. 281. Poetry, its rise, i. 319. Poetry, element of education, i. 181. Poets, high honour in which they were held, i. 323. wronged by Plato, i. 234. wandering, in ancient times, i. 324. in some sense rhapsodists, i. 322. their influence, i. 234, 316. how tyrannized by actors, ii. 241. how quoted by the parasites, ii. 200. Poisoning fish, iii. 236. wild beasts, i. 227. Poisons, iii. 210. Polenta, geese fattened with, ii. 276. Poletes of Epidamnos, iii. 275. Political institutions, their influence, i. 384. Politics of the sophists, i. 259. why studied, i. 235. Polos, his style of acting, ii. 243. Polycrates, his attention to the breed of animals, ii. 280. Polygamy in very ancient times, ii. 3. Polypi, large in Spain, iii. 379. Polytheism, i. 352. creation of, i. 25. Pomegranate wine, ii. 361, iii. 118. Pomegranates, ii. 164, 360. from Cypros, iii. 366. Pompeii, remains of a baker’s shop at, iii. 106. Pompholyges, ii. 64, iii. 215, n. 1292 Pompos, commerce in the time of, iii. 254. Pontos, exports from, iii. 344. Poor, allowance to, iii. 71, 73. corn distributed to, iii. 85. their food, iii. 94. their fare during the Panathenaia, iii. 85. citizens, their employment, iii. 88. condition of the, iii. 68. supported by piracy, iii. 1, n. 1 Poppy-seed, iii. 213. in bread, iii. 108. Poppysma, i. 368. Population of Attica, i. 68. Porch of Homeric times, ii. 80. Porches, ii. 78. Pork, from Northern Italy, iii. 374. Porphyrion, a bird, ii. 153. Porphyris, a bird, ii. 153. Porphyry, cutting of, iii. 156. quarries at Cythera, iii. 269. Port wine, iii. 117. Portals of the stage, ii. 226. Portents, i. 368. Porters, ii. 77. slaves, iii. 32. Portico in the Peiræeus for the use of corn-merchants, iii. 128. Porticoes, ii. 78. of the theatre, ii. 225. Porticoes, of the gymnasia, i. 196. Portions, ii. 11. Poseidoniatæ, curious custom of, i. 1, n. 115 Potter’s exhibition, iii. 98. Potters, iii. 193. Pottery, Attic, iii. 328. prohibitions of, iii. 297. of Athens, &c., iii. 103. Poultry, ii. 150. brought from Bœotia, iii. 124. Pounding corn, iii. 104. Prætutian wine, iii. 370. Pramnian wine, iii. 116. Prangus or silphion, iii. 383, n. 2425 Prayer, notions concerning, i. 357. duty of, ii. 364. Praying for children, i. 113. Precedence at table, ii. 178. Presents at marriage-feasts, ii. 21. Price of fish, ii. 145. of slaves, ii. 145. of wine, iii. 115. Prices in ancient Greece, iii. 129, 298. Priests, influence of, on religion, i. 351. Primitive Worship, i. 65. Prisoners of war reduced to slavery, iii. 5. Prize of singing, ii. 211. to the solver of a griphos, ii. 217. in the game of kottabos, ii. 214. Productions of Cythera, iii. 270. Prognostications concerning the seasons, ii. 2, n. 1652 Prohibition to export, iii. 282, 289. Promachos, cake so called, i. 278. Promenade in the agora, iii. 126. Prometheus, iron ring of, iii. 147. Pronomos of Thebes, iii. 191. Propator, or slave broker, iii. 1, n. 1 Prophetesses, i. 367. Props for vines, ii. 345. Propylæa, i. 77, 78. Proscenion, a part of the theatre, ii. 225. Prospelatæ, iii. 67. Protagoras professed himself a sophist, i. 244, 245. account of, i. 251. Πρόξενοι, public entertainers of ambassadors, i. 1, n. 145. Proxenos, or consul, iii. 282. Pruning learnt from an ass, ii. 350. the anadendrades, ii. 2, n. 1558 vines, when performed, ii. 344. Prytaneion of Athens, iii. 97. proverb concerning, i. 1, n. 145 Psammitichos, his present to the Athenians, iii. 86. Psimmythion, iii. 135. Psophis, Heraclean all-heal of, iii. 332. Public baths, ii. 89. buildings in the agora of Sparta, i. 97. Public slaves, iii. 25. mills, iii. 165. Puelos, ii. 88. Pummice-stone from Melos, iii. 357. Pump-makers, iii. 182. Punishments of slaves, iii. 8, n. 32 Puppets, i. 145. Purple fishery, iii. 225. fish eaten, ii. 146. caught at Cythera, iii. 269. discovery of, iii. 224. from Africa, iii. 382. dye, preparation of, iii. 227. Puss, her nightly frolics, i. 215. Pylæon, an ornament, ii. 60. Pyreion or Trypanon, ii. 123. Pyrites, Acarnanian, iii. 340. Pyrrhic, a dance, i. 279, 287, ii. 256. Pythagorean diet, iii. 94. Pythagoreans, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433. Pythionica, tomb of, i. 73, iii. 428. Python, the orator, anecdote concerning, ii. 35. Pyxodoros, discoverer of the marble of Ephesos, iii. 347.

Q.

Quail-fighting, i. 1, n. 621 Quails, catching of, i. 232. Quarrying, iii. 176. Queen-bees, ii. 296. Quercus suber, ii. 313. Quicksilver, Attic, iii. 330. Quince wine, iii. 118. Quinces, ii. 159. Corinthian, iii. 334. Quoit-pitching, i. 200.

R.

Rabbit-hunting, i. 218. Radishes, iii. 329. Rain, signs of, ii. 374. water, how collected, ii. 372. Rainbows, their import, ii. 377. Raisins, ii. 354. Rams, how prevented from butting, ii. 432. Rathe figs, ii. 322. Rattle, invention of, i. 145. Reading, art of possessed by women, i. 405. Reapers, where hired, ii. 391. Reaping, process of, ii. 391. in Umbria, &c., ii. 393. in Homer, ii. 392. naked, ii. 391. Reaping, time of, ii. 390. with a cart in Gaul, ii. 392. Reed-props for vines, ii. 345. Reeds for pipes, iii. 189. Bœotian, iii. 337. javelins of, iii. 160. where they grow, ii. 2, n. 1542 Refuge, place of, for slaves, iii. 22. Registration of children, i. 131. Regulations of commerce, iii. 279. of Spartan nurses, i. 135. Regulators of the women, ii. 39. Relics, preserved in temples, i. 1, n. 263 Religion of Greece, its spirit, i. 349. an element of education, i. 108. its connexion with the fine arts, i. 290. Religious philosophy, i. 350. education, i. 236. Rennet, ii. 288. Reserve of women, to what extent carried, i. 372. Resin from Colophon, iii. 349. in wine, iii. 117. Resinated wine, ii. 353. Respirators over the mouths of slaves, iii. 31. Resurrection, traces of, in the doctrine of the Magi, i. 355. Retail dealing, iii. 297. Rha, from Pontos, iii. 344. Rhabduchi, the, of the theatre, ii. 252. Rhapsodists, i. 320. what poems they sang, i. 321. Rheitæ, right of fishing in the, iii. 244. Rhenea, tables of, ii. 100. Rhinoceros, from Æthiopia, iii. 381, n. 2404 Rhodes, pottery of, iii. 103, 329. exports of, iii. 366. Rhodian cups, ii. 117. Rhodians, mercantile laws of, iii. 324. Rhododendron, ii. 2, n. 1309 See n. 4. Rhodope, representation of, in the orchestra, iii. 257. Rhossican porcelain, iii. 194. Rice, from Egypt, iii. 366. Riddles, origin of, ii. 216. Rings, ii. 64. manufacture of, iii. 147. Rivers depend on forests, ii. 370. Rizotomists, iii. 203. Roasting, ii. 129. Rocket, used in seasoning dishes, iii. 380. Roman infanticide, i. 126. Rome, reaping, how performed near, ii. 393. Roof of the theatre, ii. 2, n. 875 houses, ii. 91. Roosts for fowls, ii. 278. Rose, whence brought, iii. 341. leaves, for what purpose used, iii. 137. Rose plantations, ii. 307. varieties of the, ii. 308. its origin, iii. 341, n. 1940 its flavour communicated to wine, iii. 118. campion, legend concerning, ii. 306. root, Macedonian, iii. 341. the symbol of spring, ii. 307. how preserved, ii. 308. how rendered sweet, ii. 308. early, ii. 308. antiquity of, ii. 306. Rouge, use of, ii. 67, iii. 135. Rudder, the, of ships, iii. 303. Ruddle, iii. 200. specimen of, ii. 217, 218. Rue, of the mountain, gathering of, iii. 204. Macedonian, iii. 341. borders of, iii. 325. how sown, ii. 329. Running in the Dromos, i. 198. Rural life, ii. 269. Ruscino, mullet from, iii. 377. Rustic cups, ii. 115. Rustics, their cloaks, ii. 69.

S.

Sabæa, frankincense from, iii. 398. Sacæan festival, iii. 65. Sacred slaves, iii. 25. Saddles, iii. 182. Saffron, iii. 133. Ætolian, iii. 340. from Lycia, iii. 350. from Sicily, iii. 375. Sagdas, an unguent, iii. 134. Sailors, their character, iii. 316. Sails, iii. 315. from Egypt, iii. 387. Salad, found on fallow lands, ii. 386. eaten by the poor, iii. 95. Salamis, i. 66. Salmydessos, wreckers of, iii. 323. Salt-lickers, ii. 134. from Illyria, iii. 370. fish, ii. 144. meat sold in the agora, iii. 123. from lake Tatta, iii. 349. called divine, ii. 133. Saltiæti, linen of, iii. 377. Sambuke, ii. 22. Samian, earth, iii. 199. servile war, iii. 18. Samians, luxury of, ii. 74. Samos, mines of, iii. 168. pottery of, iii. 329. peacocks from, iii. 368. Samothrace, peopled by Pelasgi, i. 6. Sanctuary for slaves, iii. 22. Sandals, ii. 63, 64. from Patara, iii. 354. Sapphire, from India, iii. 408. Sarcocolla, or flesh-glue, iii. 406. Sardis, scarlet of, iii. 231. Sarmatians, their cuirasses, iii. 164. Saturnalia, origin of, i. 9. Satyros, the actor, ii. 241. Sauces, iii. 201. Saunterers in the agora, iii. 126. Scales, a representation of, iii. 129, n. 622 Scapte Hyle, mines of, iii. 340, n. 1935. Scarcities, iii. 294. Scarecrows, ii. 388. Scarlet dye, iii. 230. Scene, a part of the theatre, ii. 226. painters, ii. 232. Schœnophilinda, a game, i. 154. School-houses, i. 176. of great dimensions, i. 177. room, representation of, i. 176. hours, i. 167. apparatus, i. 178. age at which children were sent to, i. 166. picture of children going to, i. 167. Schools, regulations concerning, i. 175. Sciathos, mullets from, iii. 368. Scink, from Egypt, iii. 388. from Africa, iii. 385. from Arabia, iii. 402. Sciron, iii. 320. Scissors, &c., iii. 157. Scolia, or drinking songs, ii. 207. Scombros, how eaten, ii. 145. Scops, a dance, curious form of, ii. 252. Sculpture, its character, i. 307. Scylace, a Pelasgian city, i. 13. Scyros, milch-goats from, iii. 368. Scytale, Laconian, iii. 187. Scythia, Asiatic, connexion of the Greeks with, i. 4. Scythian nations, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433. Caucons, i. 13. Sea-sickness, cure for, iii. 319. weed, used as manure, iii. 384. dog, fishery of, at Miletos, iii. 243. water in wine, iii. 117. Sealed earth, iii. 359. Seals, of emerald, iii. 149. Seasons, prognostications concerning, ii. 374. Seats, ii. 83. of the theatre, ii. 223, 224. in the agora, iii. 121. before doors, ii. 78, 79. Seed, what trees renewed by, ii. 325. scattering of, ii. 387. how preserved in the earth, ii. 388. when sown, ii. 325. Sekitai lambs, ii. 432. Selangeus, his office in the mines, iii. 171. Selymbrian monopoly, iii. 287. Selli, round the lake of Dodona, i. 8. Sensibility of the Greeks, i. 283. Sensitive plant, iii. 387. Sepulture to whom denied, iii. 422. modes of, among barbarous nations, iii. 433. importance of, iii. 421. various modes of, among the Hellenes, iii. 425. Serangion, i. 75. Serfs of Sparta, Crete, &c., iii. 36. Serpents, worship of, i. 83. charmers of, i. 363. bite of, how cured, iii. 209. Servile vocabulary, iii. 26. wars, iii. 12. Sesamum of Babylonia, iii. 407. Seseli Peloponnesian, iii. 332. Sexes, when separated, i. 403. Shakespeare compared with Homer, i. 327, 328. Shaving, iii. 140, n. 741 Shearing, ii. 432. Sheaths of ivory, iii. 159. Sheds for calves, ii. 420. Sheep, ii. 282. clothed, ii. 429. cotes, ii. 428. food of, ii. 428. names given to, ii. 431. how protected against serpents, ii. 428. bedding of, ii. 428. with large tails, ii. 2, n. 1848 Shell-fish, ii. 146. Shepherds, condition of, ii. 402. pipe, ii. 406. tales of, ii. 411. their vices and virtues, ii. 414, seq. princes, ii. 403. dogs, ii. 406. their knowledge of plants, iii. 408, n. 2621 their costume, ii. 407. Shepherdesses, ii. 411. Shields, invented by the Pelasgi, i. 26. manufacture of, iii. 163. Ship, timber for, iii. 306, 314. cables, iii. 316. building of, iii. 302. Shipping, of various cities, iii. 257. Shoe-makers, iii. 221. Shoes, ii. 64, iii. 221. of Sicyon, iii. 333. dispensed with at Sparta, i. 270. Shops of the barbers, iii. 139. of the perfumers, iii. 132. Shores, of Greece, i. 52. Short measures, iii. 113. Shrimps, ii. 180. Sicilian Dorians, corrupted by music, i. 284. servile wars, iii. 12, n. 57 Sicily, exports of, iii. 374. chariots of, iii. 104. Sickle, ii. 392. Sicyon, exports of, iii. 333. shields of, iii. 166. Sicyonian serfs, iii. 66. Sideboard, furniture of, ii. 99. Sieve, flour passed through, iii. 106. Signets, iii. 148. use of, iii. 14. Signs of rain, ii. 374, sqq. Silk, iii. 215. importation of, from Asia, iii. 411. worms, iii. 217. Silphion, from Cyrenè, iii. 363. Silver fir, iii. 180. mirrors, ii. 119. mines, on the shores of the Euxine, i. 4. threads, in weaving, iii. 219. tables, ii. 100. smiths, iii. 142. from the country of the Halizones, iii. 346. Attica, iii. 330. Silybos, from Cilicia, iii. 351. Simples, collection of, iii. 203. Singers at entertainments, ii. 183. Singing at table, ii. 210. practised by ladies in Heroic times, i. 377. Sinks, ii. 93. Sinopè, steel of, iii. 156. Sinopic minium, iii. 346. Siphnian stone, iii. 363. Sisyræ, ii. 108. Site of a farm, selection of, ii. 272. Sitophylaces, iii. 128. Sixty, the name of a club, ii. 190. Skaperda, a game, i. 159. Skates, from the Black Sea, iii. 343. Skeleton of silver, i. 146. Skeptinda, a game, i. 163. Skias, a building at Sparta, i. 98. Skimming milk, ii. 287. Skin, how rendered clear, iii. 136. Skistas, a dance, ii. 255. Skreen for enclosing hunting-grounds, i. 228. Slates, ii. 96. Slave heralds, iii. 32. markets, iii. 23. trade, of the Black Sea, iii. 7. Slavery, in Attica, iii. 18. opinions of the ancients concerning, iii. 2. origin of, iii. 4. Slaves, punishment of, iii. 7, n. 32 creed of, iii. 29. their employment, iii. 30. education of, iii. 26. daily value of, iii. 25. household, of Spartans, iii. 43. employed to watch estates, ii. 400. from the Black Sea, iii. 343. affections of, iii. 2, n. 6 condition of, iii. 1. their food, iii. 26. early mention of, iii. 3, n. 8 various classes of, iii. 26. worked in corn-mills, iii. 105. their price, iii. 23. love of, towards their masters, ii. 3. sold in the agora, iii. 123. bakers, iii. 31. punishment of, iii. 7, n. 27 Store-room, ii. 98. Slings, iii. 161. Slippers, ii. 65. of Amyclæ, iii. 337. Smelting-furnaces, iii. 172. Smilax, Arcadian, iii. 133. Smith, his workshop, iii. 156. forges frequented by the poor, iii. 90. Smiths, iii. 153. Smyrna, fishing in the gulf of, iii. 243. Snails, from Chios, iii. 367. from Liguria, iii. 371. still eaten in Italy, iii. 372. eaten, ii. 154. Snares, i. 221. Snow, wine cooled in, ii. 169, iii. 113. used in cooling the hands, ii. 2, n. 738. carried along with armies, iii. 114. Soap, substitute for, iii. 139, n. 734. Sobas, a dance, ii. 255. Socks, iii. 220. Socrates, saying of his concerning perfumes, ii. 184. had two wives, ii. 4. his visiting costume, ii. 174. Soil, knowledge of, ii. 365. character of, how detected, ii. 366. Soldiers ate cheese, ii. 267. Solon, his laws concerning industry, iii. 98. concerning disabled soldiers, iii. 70. Song of the swallow, iii. 93. of the crow, iii. 92. Songs at entertainments, ii. 204. of nurses regulated by philosophers, i. 138. Sons of the people, i. 1, n. 411. Sophists, their corrupt influences, i. 242. coveted by an Indian king, i. 264. their rise, i. 241. their morals, i. 261. their style of arguing, i. 254. their arts, i. 263. their disguises, i. 244. their mercenary character, i. 258. travelled over Greece, i. 244. their real origin, i. 243. merry, i. 253. Sophocles, criticism of his writings, i. 330. his female characters, i. 331. Sophronistæ, i. 176. Sory-stone, iii. 361, 382. Sostratos, a merchant, iii. 257. Sotades, the poet, his fate, ii. 237. Soul, its immortality, i. 355. transmigration of, i. 356. Soups, ii. 153. Sowing sieve, ii. 387. time, ii. 2, n. 1712. rules of, ii. 386. Spain, productions of, iii. 377. mines of, iii. 168. Spanish broom, iii. 306, 379. Sparta, study of music and singing at, i. 285. actors of, ii. 238. plans of, i. 1, n. 281. site of, i. 59. manufactures of, iii. 336. topography of, i. 92. infanticide at, i. 120. dogs of, iii. 334. its trade, iii. 259. Spartan character, iii. 53. commerce, iii. 263. poor, iii. 84. money, iii. 261. nurses sold, iii. 40. serfs, iii. 36. dogs, ii. 280, iii. 334, 335. education, i. 110, 265. dances, ii. 255, 258. Spartans buried round sacred edifices, iii. 426. their social character, i. 50. their beauty, i. 277. Spartium, or Spanish broom, iii. 308, 379. Spear-heads, iii. 160. Spears, iii. 160. Spectral armies, i. 365. Spell cast over a vineyard, ii. 339. to defend seed in the ground, ii. 388. Spermologoi, iii. 91, n. 371, iii. 124. Sphæristerion, i. 196. Sphendone, an ornament, ii. 61. Spikenard from India, iii. 408, 409. Spinning, i. 379, iii. 214. gold chafers, i. 148. Spirit, care for its comfort, iii. 433. Spirituality, deficiency of, in Greek literature, i. 315. Spits, ii. 124. Spodium, from Cypros, iii. 361. Spokes, of what wood made, iii. 181. Sponge, use of, in the kitchen, ii. 123. Sponge, fisheries of, iii. 234. beds of, ii. 103. how blanched, iii. 232. used in cleaning tables, ii. 100. Springs, how discovered, ii. 2, n. 1639. in volcanic countries, ii. 2, n. 1630. Squills, of Minturnæ, ii. 373. Stables, ii. 284. Stag-hunting, i. 219. Stage, architecture of, ii. 226. scenery of, ii. 232. singular representations introduced upon, ii. 245, 247. costume of the, ii. 259, 283. mimicry on, ii. 244. machinery of, ii. 227. Star of Bethlehem, iii. 108. Stars, movements of, imitated by a dance, ii. 257. States, diminutive, in Greece, how formed, i. 36. Statue of Athena, i. 89. Statues in private houses, ii. 120. of women, i. 402. of wood, iii. 184. character of Greek, i. 294. Stealing allowed to boys at Sparta, i. 272. in baths, ii. 90. Steel, invention of, iii. 154. Laconian, iii. 336. of Cypros, iii. 361. best, where obtained, iii. 156. Homeric swords of, iii. 154. Stephanos, a page of Alexander’s, iii. 404. Stimmis, iii. 136. Stings, cure of, iii. 208. Stock of a wine merchant, iii. 116. Stock-fish from Anthedon, iii. 338. Stocks, choice of, for grafting, ii. 319. Stone parsley, iii. 352. Storms, signs of, ii. 379. Story of the Eubœan hunter, ii. 419. Stratonicos, anecdote of him, iii. 32. Straw, value of, ii. 393. Strawberry tree on Mount Helicon, ii. 2, n. 1316. Street-door, ii. 93. Stringed instrument, iii. 191. Strolling actors, ii. 234. Stromata, ii. 108. Stropheion, a machine upon the stage, ii. 231. Strophion, a band, ii. 60. Stuffs, variegated, iii. 218. Style of the sophists, i. 252. Styracinon, from Syria, iii. 393. Styrax, iii. 352. Subscriptions for charitable purposes, iii. 82. Substances, various, used in making bread, iii. 107. Suckers, what trees propagated by, ii. 325. Suckling children, i. 133. Sudarium, ii. 90. Sugar, Indian, iii. 409. called honey by Theophrastus, ii. 299. Summer apartments, ii. 86. Sumpter animals, iii. 252. Sumptuary laws, ii. 38. Sun invoked by children, i. 149. Sunian, servile wars, ii. 20. Sunset, description of, ii. 2, n. 1656. Superstition of shepherds, ii. 409. Superstitions, i. 362, 368. Supply of corn, iii. 294. Surgery, interior of, in ancient times, iii. 202. Swaddling-bands, i. 116. Swarming, time of, ii. 296. Swearing, ladies addicted to, at Sparta, i. 390. Sweet Ancon of Sardis, i. 74. wine, making of, ii. 2, n. 1590. mint, ii. 330. Sweetmeats exported from Attica, iii. 329, n. 1779. from Lydia, iii. 393. of what composed, iii. 111. Swimming taught, i. 190. Swine, care of, ii. 285. Sword cutlers, price of, iii. 24. importance of, iii. 158. Sycamore, or Egyptian fig-tree, ii. 2, n. 1390. Syloson, scarlet cloak of, iii. 230. Synnada, marble of, iii. 348. Synodon, a fish, ii. 180. Syntrophoi, i. 269. Syracuse, vast ship constructed at, iii. 306. Syracusan serfs, iii. 66. Syria, productions of, iii. 390. Syrian costus, iii. 392. slaves, footstools, iii. 35. gardeners, ii. 318. Syrians, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433.

T.

Tabaitas, wooden bowls, ii. 299. Table dogs, i. 209. Table of the sun, iii. 91, n. 372. Tables, ii. 99. Tablets for painting, &c., iii. 185. Tænaros, marble of, iii. 334, n. 1851. Tæniotic wine, ii. 167. Talc, for windows, ii. 82. Talent of gold, iii. 251. Talismans of rustics, ii. 326. Tamarisk wood, cups of, iii. 387. Tanagra, honours there paid to beauty, i. 298. Tanning, iii. 221. Tantheuristos Hormos, ii. 63. Tapestry of Miletos, ii. 108. Tar, from Zacynthos, iii. 363. from Thrace, iii. 341. Tarentum, fabrics of, iii. 214, 373. Tasters at repasts, ii. 2, n. 750. Taurominian marble, iii. 308. Tavern-keepers, iii. 113. Teak, iii. 402, n. 2593. Tecmessa, i. 331. Telescope, iii. 152. Temessa, bronze of, iii. 373. Tempe, valley of, i. 55. Temples, dead buried in the precincts of, iii. 426. Tepidarium, ii. 90. Terebinth-wood, from Syria, iii. 394. Terms of schoolmasters, i. 179. Tethæan oysters, iii. 342. Tetracomos, a dance, ii. 257. Tetras, export of, iii. 375. Tettix in olive ground, ii. 315. Thalamos, ii. 85, 87. Thales, and the oil-presses, iii. 286. Thamyris, the Thracian, traverses Hellas, i. 7. Thapsia, iii. 357. gathering of, iii. 204. Thargelos, a cake, ii. 400. Thasian wine, iii. 117. Thasos, wines of, ii. 166. productions of, iii. 356. marbles of, iii. 367. Thatch, ii. 96. Theatre of Sparta, i. 100. origin of its form, ii. 251. of Bacchos, description of, ii. 222, sqq. Theatres, remains of ancient, ii. 2, n. 866. frequented by women, i. 408, 411, 415. Thebaid, wines of, ii. 168. Thebans, discouraged infanticide, i. 119, 125. Theilopedon, for making raisins, ii. 355. Theocrines, his reputation, ii. 242. Theodoros, the actor, his caprices, ii. 241. Theodosia, importation of corn from, iii. 293. Theogamia, ii. 10. Theologeion, a gallery on the stage, ii. 230. Theomelida, a place at Sparta, i. 100. Thericlean cups, ii. 117. Thermaustris, a dance, ii. 254. Theseion, a refuge for slaves, iii. 22. Thesmothetæ, iii. 281. Thesprotians, Pelasgi, i. 8. Thessalian serfs, iii. 62. Thessalians, patronised the sophists, i. 249. Thessaly, movements of the Pelasgi therein, i. 9. description of, i. 54. exports of, iii. 339. Thessaly, called Hellas, i. 1. the plain of a lake, i. 5. Thetes, iii. 10, 87, n. 354. their condition, iii. 40, n. 168. Thiasi, religious associations, iii. 78. Thiasotæ, members of Thiasi, or Eranæ, iii. 76, 78. Tholos, or fstore-room, ii. 98. Thracian falconry, i. 229. slaves, iii. 7, n. 26. bread, iii. 108. language identical with that of Greece, i. 7. Thracians, their mode of sepulture, iii. 433. inhabited both sides of the Bosporos, i. 5. entirely of Pelasgian origin, i. 6. Thrasyas, of Mantinea, iii. 210. Thrasymachos, his character as a sophist, i. 257. Thrasymedes, story of, i. 417. Threshing, ii. 393. machine, ii. 393. floor, ii. 393, 394. Thrion, how made, ii. 154. Thrones of the Persian kings, ii. 101. of the Gods, ii. 101. Thrush feeding, ii. 279. eaten, ii. 150. Thucydides, his defects, i. 341. his daughter, i. 405. his philosophy, i. 340. the gloominess of his pictures, i. 342. character of his genius, i. 339. Thuia, a tree, iii. 184. Thunder, by what signs foretold, ii. 377. Thunny fishery, iii. 237. how taken on the coast of Chili, iii. 241. migrations of, iii. 239. season for, iii. 240. fed on acorns in Spain, iii. 379. Thurii, exports of, iii. 373. Thyites, from Egypt, iii. 389. Thyme, loved by the bee, ii. 292. Attic, iii. 328. its flavour communicated to wine, iii. 118. Thymele, a part of the theatre, ii. 225. Thyrocopicon, a dance, ii. 255. Tiasa, a brook, i. 93. Tight rope, i. 203. Tiles, ii. 96, iii. 177. Timagoras, of Athens, ii. 107. Timber for house-building, iii. 178. Tin, known to the Greeks, iii. 154. Tiryns, walls of, i. 18. Tirynthians, the, ii. 80. Tissues, variegated, iii. 214. Tithenidia, feast of nurses at Sparta, i. 142. Tmolos, touchstone from, iii. 348. Toilette, processes of, ii. 65. of Grecian ladies, ii. 50. Tokens, left with exposed infants, i. 122. Tomb spoilers, iii. 430. Tombs of the Phrygians, i. 14. luxury of, reproved by Solon, iii. 428. Tonnage, iii. 304. Toothpicks, iii. 138. Tortoiseshell, bedsteads ornamented with, ii. 102. Touchstone, from the river Tmolos, iii. 348. Tower of the winds, iii. 320. Town-houses, ii. 80. Toys of children, i. 145. Trade, freedom of, iii. 283, 286. Trades, what disreputable, iii. 99. no man allowed to be of two, iii. 99. Trading vessels, iii. 304. Tragedy, origin of, ii. 223. Tragic poets, their temper and character, i. 328. Tragoriganon, from Crete, iii. 364. Transmigration, doctrine of, i. 356. Traps for the bear, i. 224. Travelling on foot, iii. 34. Treasury of Athens, i. 18. Trees, importance of, in Greece, ii. 370. what injurious to, ii. 339. names of lovers inscribed on, i. 418. of precious metals, iii. 143, seq. Trespass forbidden even during the chase, i. 216. Tribon, a variety of the himation, ii. 70. Trichiasis, a disorder of nurses, i. 133. Trinasos, the harbour of Gythium, iii. 268. Triopia, earrings, ii. 62. Tritopatores, i. 113. Trœzen, carbuncles of, iii. 333. Trœzenian slaves, iii. 64. Troglodytæ, their mode of sepulture, iii. 436. myrrh in the country of, iii. 384. Troisa, a game, i. 162. Trophimoi, i. 269. Truffle, how discovered, ii. 334. seed, whence imported, ii. 334. eaten by the ancients, ii. 333. Thracian, iii. 342. from Cyrenaica, iii. 384. Trumpet, invented by the Tyrrhenians, iii. 188. Trygodiphesis, i. 157. Trypanon, ii. 123. Tumblers, ii. 185. Tumuli in Tartary, i. 14. Tunics, sleeveless, ii. 72. Turkomân falconry, i. 229. Turners, iii. 187. Turnips, ii. 329. Theban, iii. 338. Tutty, from Cypros, iii. 360. Twelve Gods, their statues in the agora, iii. 120. Tylos, productions of, iii. 402. Tyrants, denied the rites of sepulture, iii. 423. Tyre, its imports, iii. 390. purple of, iii. 224, 229. Tyrrhenians, infanticide unknown among them, i. 119, seq. expelled from Cyzicos by the Milesians, i. 1, n. 11. inventors of the trumpet, iii. 188.

U.

Umbracula, constructed near the threshing-floor, ii. 395. Umbrellas, iii. 187. Umbria, method of reaping in, ii. 393. Unguent of marjoram, iii. 345. preparation of, iii. 133.

V.

Valerian, Attic, iii. 328. Valley of the Eurotas, i. 1, n. 185. Vane, on ships, iii. 305. Vanity, ludicrous example of, ii. 99. Vases, curious, iii. 154, n. 868. Vegetable garden, iii. 326. Vegetables, in the interstices of vineyards, ii. 348. variety of, ii. 331. between orchard-trees, ii. 325. ii. 155, 158. sold in the agora, iii. 121. Veil, ii. 56. Velarium of the theatre, ii. 2, n. 875. Veneration for the Divinity, i. 29. Venus’s ears from Egypt, iii. 388. Vercelli, gold mines of, iii. 374. Vermilion, from Spain, iii. 379. Vices of the Greek character, i. 33. Vine, grafting of, ii. 321. how propagated, ii. 340. origin of, ii. 335. grafted, on cherry-tree, &c. ii. 342. in gardens, ii. 312. varieties of, ii. 344. planting of, ii. 340. in what countries it flourished, ii. 336. importance of in France, ii. 2, n. 1487. props for, ii. 345. -bird pie, iii. 111. what soil preferred for its cultivation, ii. 336. its prodigious productiveness, ii. 355. occasionally of a vast size, ii. 348. affected by the winds, ii. 338. of Egypt, ii. 337. cultivated without props, ii. 349. Vineyards, how formed, ii. 339. their situation in Greece, ii. 337. selection of, ii. 338. boys set to keep watch over, ii. 400. Vintage, season of, ii. 351. sports of, ii. 353. description of, ii. 352. Vintners, iii. 113. Violets, varieties of, ii. 309. country of, ii. 2, n. 1294. Vipers, iii. 209. Virgins, their secluded life, i. 410. raced naked at Sparta, i. 386.

W.

Wages of mariners, iii. 317. Waggons, construction of, ii. 381. Wainscoting, ii. 80. Wake-robin, when sown, ii. 332, iii. 392. Walking-sticks, iii. 187. Laconian, iii. 336. Walls of orchards, ii. 314. War, passion of the Greeks for, i. 33. galleys, iii. 302. the chief of sciences, i. 112. Warm baths, ii. 88. Washing hands, ii. 173. Water, how purified, ii. 373. how discovered, ii. 367. why poisonous, iii. 339, n. 1917. indications of, ii. 369. drinking of, ii. 134. superior for the quenching of steel, iii. 155. -caltron, bread of, iii. 108. coolers for, iii. 114. how cooled, ii. 2, n. 1651. -melons, ii. 326. -mills, iii. 105, n. 427. Water mingled with wine, iii. 113. Watery milk, ii. 269. Wax, from Sardinia, iii. 376. Weaning children, i. 143. calves, ii. 286. Weasel, about farms, ii. 2, n. 1765. Weather, observations concerning, ii. 373. Weaving, iii. 214. origin of the art, iii. 215. Weaving and dyeing in Laconia, iii. 337. Weeding, ii. 388. Weights, iii. 129. Wells in Attica, ii. 371. Whale-fishery at Cythera, iii. 269. Whales, iii. 234. Wheat, from Spain, iii. 379. of Elatea, iii. 339. from Sicily, iii. 374. Bœotian, iii. 338. Wheelwrights, iii. 181. Whip, of great service at Sparta, i. 385. used in scourging slaves, iii. 20, n. 79. from Elis, iii. 33. White bees, ii. 297. Wicker lanterns, ii. 121. Wife of Panteus, story of, i. 397. on what terms she lived with her husband, ii. 31. possessed the control of the house, i. 407. Wigs, iii. 140. Wild boars, from Argos, iii. 33. chase of, i. 221. ducks, how caught, ii. 277. thyme, planted in gardens, ii. 2, n. 1298. spikenard, iii. 344. Wind, signs of, ii. 380. their effect on vines, ii. 338. names of, 319. violent, iii. 323. Wine, adulterated, iii. 115. Peloponnesian, iii. 331. early use of, ii. 135. varieties of, ii. 169. how drunk, ii. 190. watered, iii. 113. drunk clandestinely by boys, i. 167. drunk by women, ii. 36. miraculous production of, ii. 336. -press, ii. 352. with what plants flavoured, ii. 118. invention of, ii. 165. its qualities, iii. 119. price of, iii. 115. sold in the agora, iii. 121. of Asia Minor, iii. 354. of the islands, iii. 355. of Italy, iii. 370. Winnowing, ii. 392. Winter apartments, ii. 88. Wits’ club, ii. 189. Wives, borrowing of, at Sparta, i. 394. how chosen, at Sparta, i. 392. Women, their thrifty habits, i. 379. of Sparta, not courageous, i. 395. worked handmills, iii. 105. wives of the state in Sparta, i. 383. their position among the Ionians, i. 401. business habits of, i. 1, n. 1156. frequented the theatre, i. 408, 411, 415. not present at entertainments, ii. 174. their authority, ii. 35. their sway, i. 407. liberty enjoyed by them in Homeric times, i. 372, 373. performed religious rites, i. 403. fought on horseback among the Sauromatæ, i. 1, n. 143. fetched water, in Heroic times, i. 380, 382. in the Heroic ages, i. 369. drank wine, ii. 136. made bread, i. 380. what festivals they attended, i. 404. their position in society, i. 32. worked before the introduction of slaves, iii. 4. idea of their beauty, i. 371. respect paid to them, i. 33. freedom among the shepherds, ii. 412. of Doric states, i. 382. present at the theatre, ii. 2, n. 972. said to have danced on the stage, ii. 2, n. 968. their dress, ii. 53. their form, i. 369. vain and luxurious, ii. 39. Wood sold in the agora, iii. 123. of Attica, i. 62. Wooden tables, ii. 100. bowls, ii. 115. Wool, Megarian, iii. 331. Italian, iii. 374. dyeing of, iii. 331. Work-baskets, i. 379. World, education of the, i. 289. Wormwood, wine flavoured with, iii. 119, 342. Wreaths, use of, ii. 304. Wreckers, iii. 323. Wrestling, i. 201. Writing, art of, possessed by women, i. 406, 407. early understood by the Greeks, iii. 248. how taught, i. 180. little stress laid on at Sparta, i. 280. Written characters on fruit, ii. 324.

X.

Xaintonges, wormwood from, iii. 377. Xanion, an ornament, ii. 61. Xenophon, his character as a writer, i. 342. his historical character, i. 344. his minor writings, i. 344. Ξένος, signification of, i. 1, n. 145. Xysta, i. 197. Xystoi, i. 197. Xystos, i. 196, 197.

Y.

Yew trees, of Italy, iii. 372. Yokes of maple-wood, ii. 381. Young men, their ambition, i. 243. Youth entrusted to the care of slaves, iii. 47. their desire of knowledge, i. 234.

Z.

Zacynthos, tar of, iii. 363. Zea, a basin of the Peiræeus, i. 74. Zephyr, iii. 321. Zephyros, iii. 320. Zetreion, or slaves’ prison, iii. 13, n. 59. Zeus, the companion of the wanderer, i. 1, n. 145. statue of, i. 89. a Pelasgian god, i. 17. tomb of, iii. 427. his priest chosen for his beauty, i. 297, 298. of Pheidias, i. 305. Zoilos, coats of mail manufactured by him, iii. 162. Zoma, ii. 58. Zygian maple, iii. 183.

FINIS.

LONDON: Printed by S. & J. BENTLEY, WILSON, and FLEY, Bangor House, Shoe Lane.

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Transcriber’s Note

The printer employed the cursive forms of beta (ϐ) and theta (ϑ), sometimes in the same passage with the standard β and θ. These have been replaced with the standard forms.

Some place names appear with slight spelling variations. In the interest of text searches, these have been modified to the most frequently used version. Compound words sometimes appear with or without a hyphen, e.g., ‘corn-chandler’ / ‘cornchandler’. Where hyphenation occurs on a line break, the hyphen is retained only if there is a clear preference elsewhere.

Punctation errors and inconsistencies in the footnote and index apparatus have been corrected with no further mention here.

Index entries refer to topics in all three volumes of this text. Notes were numbered sequentially from ‘1’ on each page. In this medium, the footnotes have been re-sequenced for uniqueness, and any references to footnotes in the index employ those new numbers.

Index entries in Greek sometimes do not include diacritical marks. These have been changed to match the referenced text, to facilitate text searches.

Comments

80.5.7 The third footnote on p. 80 (note 317) contains a Greek quotation from Theophrastus’ Characters c. 1.: “πρὸς τοὺς δανειζομένους καὶ ἐρανίζοντας, ὡς οὐ =πωλείφήσεν=.” The passage as it appears in the Perseus collection ends with “ὡς οὐ =πωλεῖ, καὶ= μὴ πωλῶν.”

124.n8.9 The opening quotation mark was printed several lines down at ‘“élémens de la classe...’.

474.61 In the original entry regarding the lack of stress on writing in Sparta, there was no volume reference, and the page reference was to p. 180. It was found at iii. 280.

446.16 The entry ‘cattle stalls’ refers to the first note on p. 291 of Vol ii. The note was found on p. 271.

466.42 The entry for ‘Rhododendron’ includes a reference to ‘note 4’, without a volume or page reference. The only other reference in these volumes is at iii. 344 n. 1 (note 1982 here).

466.13 The note referring to ‘Relics preserved in temples’ at i. 34 n. 2 is found at p. 84 of Vol. i., now note 263.

Other errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original. Corrections within notes are denote with ‘n’ and the original note number.

32.n1.2 ὦ[᾿´]νδρες, ἀπολελῦσθαί Removed. 32.n5.10 ε[υ/ὐ]νοῦχός Replaced. 32.n5.14 σ[ό/ο]φισταί Replaced. 32.n5.20 Ἀλλ’ [ὦ ’/ὠ]γαθέ, ἔφην Replaced. 34.32 which, more[o]ver was prohibited Inserted. 34.n5.1 παρα τοις Αθηναίο[ι]ς Inserted. 42.8 the express[s]ion of the historian Removed. 45.36 those amon[g]st them Inserted. 56.18 at the same time, [“]a portion of land Removed. 76.n5.12 [ὀι[/οἰ]νηστήρια Replaced. 76.n5.16 et publico annulo signatos fuisse.[”] Added. 89.n5.8 Απολλαδωρος Απολλ=ό=δωρος? 102.n2.10 τῆς εἰς τὰ[ί] καλὰ ῥαθυμὶας Removed. 103.n3.25 Tota abit hora.[”] Added. 111.n3.1 [α/ἀ]μπελιῶνας Replaced. 118.n1 observes Pallas, [“]is partly converted Added. 124.n8.30 un salaire raison[n]able Inserted. 137.n22.5 χρῆσις δὲ α[ῦ/ὐ]των ἐστιν Replaced. 151.20 most elabo[bo]rately wrought. Removed. 184.8 abounding in Cyren[e/è] Replaced. 194.n5.4 Æropos, king[ /of] Macedon Restored. 198.n2.3 Barthelémy, Ana[r]charsis Removed. 200.n6.12 libros impositos fuisse[./,] Replaced. 203.1 knowle[d]ge Inserted. 250.22 [ἐ/ἑ]κατόμβοι Replaced. 250.28 [ἐ/ἑ]κατόμβοι Replaced. 274.2 used as a dent[r]ifice Removed. 315.32 i[ ’/’ ]th[ ’/’ ]eyes Spaces adjusted. 340.n18.1 Diod[ro/or]. Sicul. xvi. 8 Transposed. 347.n2.1 Τὰ μὲν ο[ὗ/ὖ]ν Κόμανα Replaced. 347.n2.10 ἐπιτελοῦντες τ[ῆ/ῇ] θεῷ. Replaced.] 373.n7.1 [Ε/Ἐ]νθα ἄριστος γίνεται Replaced. 399.28 a species[,] of frankincense tree Removed. 416.n6.1 τῶν θυρῶν καὶ ἐκ[ο/ό]πτοντο Replaced. 427.33 [“]No breath of air Added. 434.32 by strangling them[.] Added. 436.9 on which was this in[s]cription Inserted. 444.44 Bards, sacred in Gree[e/c]e Replaced. 454.18 free[e]dom of slaves Removed. 462.3 Ostrich-eggs, i[ii]. 791 Added. 464.5 Pellenian cloaks, iii. 33[8/3]. Replaced. 466.44 Protagor[o/a]s professed himself Replaced. 466.45 Πρ[ο/ό]ξενοι Diacritic added.

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