XXXIII. THE MEDICAL HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF ORANGE…

XXXIII. THE MEDICAL HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF ORANGE

By John T. Howell, M.D.

The early history of Orange County is intimately connected with the physicians who practiced there, and had they undertaken the task, it is logical to assume that no citizens could have narrated the history of their day and locality better than they. Unfortunately the duties and hardships then attendant upon the practice of medicine so limited outside literary work as to have left even the annals of medicine bare of many important facts which it would seem ought to have been recorded. It is stated that at one time Dr. David R. Arnell expressed his intention to write a history of Orange County, but he failed to carry out this undertaking which he was so well qualified to perform.

In the earlier periods of the county's existence medical education began to feel the impulse of independence and the wider knowledge resulting therefrom, developed a higher standard of practice.

This advancement was undoubtedly favored by the self-dependence brought out in practice through widely separated settlements, and Orange County early established a reputation for skillful physicians. The renowned traits and ability of many of these physicians remain only in tradition, but the anecdotes told of some of them show that they were men of more than ordinary attainments. Among those physicians best known in the early history of the county are Dr. Cadwallader Colden, who, besides being a medical author of note, was honored with the title of Lieutenant-Colonial Governor; Dr. Moses Higby, who is remembered by his successful use of an emetic in the case of a British spy, and Dr. Benjamin Tusten for his heroism at the battle of Minisink. Other physicians have no doubt rendered equally meritorious services in less conspicuous ways, but being unrecorded remain uncredited in history.

Some interesting statistics have been collected by Dr. W. L. Cuddeback regarding the average length of stay of about ninety physicians who settled in Port Jervis and vicinity. Of these, sixty-five per cent, removed or died within five years; eighty per cent, before ten years; eighty-five per cent, before fifteen years, and ninety per cent, before the end of twenty years of practice there. The reasons for this well known lack of permanency and short longevity of physicians are best understood by those who really know the peculiar trials, dangers and discouragements of the daily life of a doctor. The character developed by the experiences of thirty or forty years of medical practice is logically one worthy of admiration and emulation and this is proven by the appreciative and unshaken position uniformly held by the old family physician "Our doctor."

A perusal of the older records reveal many interesting customs and practices of the physicians of those days. Travel was generally on horseback and the distances were often so great that meal hour or nightfall compelled the weary doctor to accept the proffered hospitality of his patients. Saddle bags were made to hold a veritable armamentum and the doctor must tarry long enough to put up his own prescriptions. Bloodletting, blistering and emetics were remedies often employed and were, perhaps, as potent for good as some other extreme measures which were later substituted with greater confidence and found after all to have but a limited field of usefulness. The average physician has but little time for public affairs, but a number of the Orange County doctors have held public offices both in the County and as representatives in the State and National legislatures. In times of war, too, our doctors names are found enrolled in the military lists and their records there have been most creditable. Other physicians seem to have found time for literary pursuits; but these efforts have been mostly along medical lines. The patriotic gift of the Minisink Monument by one of their number is a matter of great pride and satisfaction to the physicians of this county.

The records of the Orange County Medical Society, although abbreviated, present the local history of medicine more fully than it is to be found elsewhere. Even here we may search in vain for data which the busy physicians who have acted as secretaries have failed to record. However, extending as they do over nearly the whole of the last century we can find many facts of interest, especially in the earlier years of its existence. No county society was formed until after the passage of an act of the Legislature, April 4, 1806. This law, under which the Orange County and twelve other county societies were soon incorporated, permitted each licensed physician in the county to become a charter member and each society to elect a representative to the State society, which was to be composed of such delegates. The county society had the right to examine both physicians desiring to practice in the county and students of medicine who applied for licenses.

Upon the first pages of the minutes is found a concise report of the organization of the Medical Society of the County of Orange, with the names of the founders and officers elected. It reads in part as follows:

"Agreeable to a law of the State of New York, passed the fourth day of April, 1806, entitled 'An Act to incorporate Medical Societies for the purpose of regulating the practice of Physic and Surgery in this State,' the physicians and surgeons of Orange County met at the Court House in Goshen on Tuesday, the first day of July, 1806.

"Drs. Jonathan Swezy, Chairman (pro tem), Thomas Wickham, Clerk (pro tem), Elijah Randall, William Elmer, William Elliott, Samuel S. Seward, Benjamin S. Hoyt, Nathaniel Elmer, Elisha Du Bois, Charles Fowler, David R. Arnell, Samuel Warner, William McCoppin, Aaron M. Smith, William Gourley, Elihu Hedges, Eleazer Gedney, Ethan Watson, Cornelius Roosa, James Bradner, Henry I. Hornbeck and Elijah Welch were present and produced their several licenses to practice physic. The Society then proceeded to organize and elect officers when the following gentlemen were elected for the ensuing year: Dr. Jonathan Swezy, President; Dr. Samuel S. Seward, Vice-President; Dr. Nathaniel Elmer, Secretary; and Dr. Thomas Wickham, Treasurer.

"Drs. Anthony Davis, Joseph Houston, Joseph Whelan and Jonathan Hedges were, upon examination, licensed to practice physic and surgery in this State and admitted members to this Society. Dr. David R. Arnell was elected delegate to the Medical Society of the State of New York.

"Drs. Anthony Davis, Elisha Du Bois, Charles Fowler, Joseph Whelan and Cornelius Davis were appointed censors."

The minutes of the earlier meetings were admirably kept and are still in an excellent state of preservation.

The autographs of the founders and other members who signed the by-laws form an interesting and valuable collection. The by-laws were carefully drawn and consisted of twenty-six articles. Meetings were held semi-annually or quarterly, and, as indicated by the titles, the papers read and discussed were of a high order. Notwithstanding such evidences of proficiency I find that these physicians were very poorly paid. In a rate list adopted by the society in 1807, the charge for a visit of less than one mile was but twenty-five cents, with a corresponding low charge for medicines furnished, and, the largest fee asked for any operation was one hundred dollars.

Dr. Arnell, who may be called the father of the Orange County Medical Society, was elected president of the society eight times and was a charter member of the State Society. In 1818 he presented a library to the society. It contained fifty volumes, which, with five of the best medical periodicals, were circulated among the members throughout the county. This collection formed a nucleus for subsequent additions and a valuable and useful library was maintained for many years.

In 1830 the membership of the society numbered sixty, of whom twenty-five attended the annual meeting.

Among notable resolutions passed was one in 1830 endorsing the American Temperance Society and the tenets of temperance in general; in 1832 the formation of health boards in each town; and in 1839 a resolution recommending a change in the method of examining and licensing students of medicine, the whole to be placed in the hands of the Regents, was forwarded to the State Medical Society. Such efforts were highly creditable and progressive, as is shown by the fact that the law providing for the last named recommendation was not passed until 1893.

An important amendment to the by-laws adopted at a meeting in 1840 marks the beginning of a prolonged and troublesome epoch of controversy over medical ethics, especially in regard to sectarian forms of practice, including homeopathy, then being introduced in this vicinity.

The status of practice among the members of the society having always been regular (i. e., belonging to the general school of scientific medicine and not restricted by any sect or pathy), much criticism was aroused by the attempt of some of the local physicians to practice according to Hahnemann's Laws of "Like cures like." "Medicinal potency increased by dilution," etc.

An application for membership to the society from a physician who practiced that system was promptly rejected at the next meeting and much discussion ensued. The subject was frequently referred to in the minutes of the meetings for a number of subsequent years, and in 1851 several members were expelled from the society for practicing homeopathy. Rules forbidding members to consult with homeopathic physicians were passed, and in 1856 there was prepared and printed for public information a system of popular ethics, explaining fully the position of the society regarding the whole subject of ethics. Feeling ran high over the matter for a long time, as is shown by the lengthy discussions and resolutions devoted to the subject in the minutes, year after year. Gradually, as it became evident that there was an increasing abandonment of sectarian practice, a reaction came; but it was not until 1883 that this society, following the lead of the State Society, adopted a new code which permitted, under reasonable restrictions, consultations between regular and sectarian practitioners.

Dr. Merritt H. Cash, by his will in 1861, left a legacy to the State Society of five hundred dollars which is known as "The Merritt H. Cash Fund." The fund now amounts to seven hundred and fifty dollars and the interest is devoted to a prize essay written by members of the county medical societies throughout the State. Dr. Cash also left four thousand dollars for the monument erected at Goshen in honor of those who fell at the battle of Minisink. The society was, of course, much interested in this event and was accorded a prominent place at the unveiling of the monument July 22, 1862.

Four members represented this society and served as surgeons with credit and distinction during the Civil War: Dr. R. V. K. Montfort and Dr. J. H. Thompson in the 124th, Dr. Solomon Van Etten in the 56th, and Dr. Theodore Cooper (assistant surgeon) in the 156th regiment of volunteers.

In 1879 the society received a special invitation to attend the celebration of the centennial of the battle of Minisink. This invitation was in recognition of the county's obligation to the donor, Dr. Merritt H. Cash, and for the patriotic and heroic services rendered by Dr. Benjamin Tusten at the battle of Minisink, July 22, 1779, where his life was sacrificed in the actual performance of his professional duties.

The last quarter of the century is notable in the history of the society for a renewal of interest and increased literary work. This was the developmental era of antiseptic and aseptic surgery, and the records, as shown by the papers read and the cases reported, were creditable to the progressive spirit and practice of the members of the society.

A resolution to the effect that all members of the society, in good standing for thirty years, be constituted honorary members was adopted in June, 1887. This honor was accordingly bestowed upon Dr. Bartow Wright, whose membership dated from 1834, and upon Dr. Harvey Everett, who joined the society in 1839. The former died in 1890 and the latter April 8, 1899, having been a member of the society for sixty years.

In 1895 revised by-laws were adopted, one of which admitted to membership any licensed physician who declared his full abnegation of sectarian principles and practice. This invitation was an expression of a principle and belief which it is hoped will in the near future rally all physicians to a broad standard of practice, and the recent law enacted, which provides but one board of examiners to grant State licenses to physicians of all schools, is another hopeful sign of medical unity.

In 1898, at the breaking out of the war with Spain, Dr. James R. Wood, a member of this society, volunteered and accompanied the 101st Regiment to Cuba. There he afterwards died in the performance of his duties, which were those of endeavoring to render sanitary the almost impossible conditions at Guanajay.

In February, 1901, the Orange County Medical Association was organized, about which time a successful effort was made to complete the organization of associations in those counties where they had not been formed when the State Association split off from the State Society, because of the code question in 1882. The two sets of organizations had not been long maintained, however, when a comparison of their ethical standards revealed the fact that twenty years had so modified opinions as to have practically removed the differences. The associations, however, had the advantage of the recognition of the American Medical Association, which had never been accorded the societies since their adoption of the new code of ethics. In order to avail themselves of membership in the national association many of the members of the societies joined the associations, too, and the barriers between the two organizations eventually became completely broken down.

The first meeting of the amalgamated county societies was held at Newburgh, January 25, 1906, the combined membership being seventy-nine.

The society had three hundred and thirty-eight members and forty-eight honorary members during one hundred years. Of these sixty-two were elected to the office of president one or more times, twenty-three to the office of secretary, and twenty-three to the office of treasurer.

The centennial celebration of the society was held at Goshen, Monday, July 2, 1906. The first part of the exercises consisting of addresses and an historical sketch--were conducted in the board of supervisors room in the County Building, which stands on the same ground once occupied by the old Court House, in which the society was organized, July 1, 1806. A collation, followed by short speeches, was afterwards held in Music Hall, which had been decorated for the occasion with flags and bunting. Eighty-five members and guests were present.

(A list of the officers and members of this society will be found in the chronological table.)

The second medical society formed in the county was the Homeopathic Medical Society of Orange County.

This society was organized November 12, 1851, at the time when considerable local interest had been awakened in this system of practice and the controversy heretofore mentioned was going on between the new and old schools. The first meeting was held in Newburgh when by-laws were adopted and the following officers elected:

Drs. A. Gerald Hull, president; Dewitt C. Jayne, vice-president; Ira T. Bradner, secretary and treasurer; and W. A. M. Culbert, corresponding secretary. A committee was also appointed to prepare an address to the public in answer to that on ethics published by the Orange County Medical Society.

Quarterly meetings were held during the first year, but no records of subsequent meetings are again found until January 11, 1870. The meetings were at first resumed semi-annually, but after three years, more interest seems to have been taken and the society met every three months. From time to time papers were read by members of the society bearing upon important topics and the society continued active for a number of years. After 1888 the meetings were held but twice a year, and interest waned until 1891, when they were discontinued.

(A list of the officers and members of this society will be found in the chronological table.)

The Tri-States Medical Society.--This society was organized in September, 1871, by a number of physicians living in Port Jervis and the adjacent counties of the three States, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, which join near there. Drs. Solomon Van Etten, Isaac S. Hunt, O. A. Carroll and P. G. McCabe represented Orange County in the formation of the society.

Quarterly meetings were held and fifty physicians became members during the first ten years. The society flourished for about eighteen years but was finally discontinued, probably because of a renewed interest in the county societies. Several Orange County physicians served as officers of the society.

(A list of the officers and members of this society residing in Orange County will be found in the chronological table.)

The Newburgh Bay Medical Society.--This society was organized September 10, 1895. The first meeting was held at the Palatine Hotel, Newburgh.

There were present Drs. A. E. Adams, John Deyo, A. V. Jova, C. E. Townsend and J. T. Howell. Dr. Adams was elected temporary chairman and Dr. Townsend, secretary. Committees were appointed to secure additional members and draft a constitution and by-laws, after which the meeting adjourned until October 8th next. At that meeting there were present, besides the above mentioned, Drs. E. H. Borst, W. L. Carr, E. F. Brooks, W. S. Gleason, R. V. K. Monfort, G. Garlzman and M. C. Stone.

The society was named and by-laws adopted. The object of the society was declared to be the banding together of congenial physicians residing in Newburgh and vicinity for the purpose of study and discussion of medical and surgical topics and scientific subjects relative thereto, and the promotion of social intercourse among its members.

The society was incorporated November 8, 1897, and at that time had twenty-nine members. Since then interest in the society has been fully maintained, as is evidenced by the unusual record of individual work and attendance on the part of the members. The present membership numbers forty-two, of whom twenty-six are residents of this county. The meetings are held bi-monthly and are usually at Newburgh.

(A list of the officers and members of this society will be found in the chronological table.)

The Orange County Medical Association was organized February 12, 1901, in Middletown, by Drs. M. C. Connor, W. E. Douglas, A. W. Preston. C. I. Redfield, William Evans, E. A. Nugent, L. G. Distlar and F. D. Myers. The following officers were elected: Drs. M. C. Connor, president; F. W. Dennis, vice-president; Charles I. Redfield, secretary and treasurer. A committee on by-laws was appointed and the meeting adjourned until March 12, 1901, to perfect the organization. At the adjourned meeting the appointment of committees was completed and the membership found to be sixteen, including those already belonging to the New York State Association. The additional members not mentioned above were: Drs. E. F. Brooks, J. B. Hulett, W. L. Purdy, R. A. Taylor, C. E. Townsend, H. E. Wise, and E. D. Woodhull. Meetings were held monthly in the different larger places of the county and much interest was maintained by securing the uniform presence of some recognized authority on a special subject for each meeting.

On December 9, 1905, the New York State Medical Association and Medical Society were amalgamated and the formal union of the corresponding county organizations took place, as heretofore stated, at Newburgh, January 25, 1906. The association at that time had thirty-seven members, a number of whom belonged also to the county society.

(A list of the officers and members of this association will be found in the chronological table.)

Homeopathic Medical Society of Dutchess, Orange and Ulster Counties.--The above-named society was formed in response to a suggestion of the Dutchess County Homeopathic Society. The first meeting was held in Poughkeepsie, but the society was not regularly organized until a meeting held at Newburgh June 24, 1902. Since that time the members have met regularly at Newburgh in the months of May and October each year, and much interest has been manifested. The present number of members is twenty-four, eighteen of whom reside in Orange County. Dr. William E. Reed, of Washingtonville, is now president, and Dr. F. A. Jacobson, of Newburgh, secretary and treasurer of the society.

(A list of the officers and members of this society residing in Orange County will be found in the chronological table.)

MIDDLETOWN STATE HOSPITAL.

During the past thirty-seven years several hospitals have been built and conducted in the different larger places of the county. First among these was the Middletown State Hospital (homeopathic) for the care and treatment of the insane, which was incorporated in 1869. Funds were collected by Dr. George F. Foote, and a farm purchased near Middletown as a site for the present hospital. About seventy-five thousand dollars was raised by private subscription, a part of which was used in hospital construction. The following year, 1870, the first appropriation was made by the State and the main building was opened for the reception of patients in the spring of 1874, with Dr. Foote as superintendent. After a brief service Dr. Foote resigned and Dr. Henry R. Stiles was appointed superintendent, which position he held until 1877, when he resigned, and Dr. Selden H. Talcott was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. Talcott served for twenty-five years until his death, June 15, 1902, and under his management the institution developed nearly to its present proportions. The present superintendent, Dr. Maurice L. Ashley, was appointed his successor.

The farm and grounds comprise nearly three hundred acres, on which there are thirty buildings, the value of the real and personal property being over $1,500,000. The present annual expenses for all purposes are about $245,000. Since the opening of the institution the reports show seven thousand patients received and treated. Of this number two thousand six hundred have been discharged recovered, and nine hundred improved. The number of patients under treatment at present is one thousand three hundred. Buildings planned and under construction will increase the accommodations to a capacity of one thousand eight hundred and fifty patients and four hundred and fifty employees.

The medical staff consists of nine members: Maurice C. Ashley, M.D., medical superintendent; Robert C. Woodman, M.D., first assistant physician; George F. Brewster, M.D., second assistant physician; Roy E. Mitchell, M.D., third assistant physician; Arthur S. Moore, M.D., junior assistant physician; Clara Barrus, M.D., woman assistant physician, and their interns.

ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, NEWBURGH.

This institution was founded as a "Home for the aged, the indigent, and the infirm and a Hospital for the sick and disabled." The hospital work for a number of years was of secondary importance, but during the latter half of its existence that has been the principal work of the institution, until now both the name and the work of the Home are discontinued.

The society was organized July 21, 1874, by representative members of the Protestant Episcopal parishes of Newburgh and New Windsor, which influence has until recently predominated in the management, although the work has been wholly non-sectarian in character. A constitution was adopted November 4, 1874, and the institution became incorporated. January 5, 1876. The corporation originally leased different places until the present reservoir site on Carpenter avenue was purchased. On March 23, 1886, the property on Liberty street was secured, where various buildings were erected and changes made from time to time. Recently, March 29, 1907, the seminary building and large grounds on Dubois street have been secured, where the fine elevation and surroundings will better accommodate the increasing needs of the hospital.

During the past fiscal year there were treated seven hundred and seventy-four patients. There are forty-eight beds. A training school for nurses was established in 1893, which now numbers twenty.

The society is a membership corporation and by a change in the constitution adopted November 22, 1906, has become non-sectarian in its management. It derives its income from the charges paid by patients, from voluntary contributions and from the interest received from an endowment fund of $47,415.21. Among the pioneer workers was Dr. Smith Ely, whose interest and zeal had much to do with establishing the hospital.

The present staff consists of four consulting and eleven attending members:

Consulting Staff--Robert Abbe, M.D., surgeon; Stephen D. Harrison, M.D., physician; Henry D. Nicoll, M.D., gynecologist; Henry L. Winter, M.D., neurologist.

Attending Staff--John T Howell, M.D., and Charles E. Townsend, M.D., surgeons; William J. Carr, M.D., and E. C. Thompson, M.D., assistant surgeons; Andrew V. Jova, M.D., and W. Stanton Gleason. M.D., physicians; John Deyo, M.D., and William H. Snyder, M.D., assistant physicians; Alpheus E. Adams, M.D., ophthalmologist and otologist; Louis R. Pierce, M.D., obstetrician; A. Judson Benedict, M.D., rhinologist and laryngologist.

THE PORT JERVIS HOSPITAL.

This hospital was established January 1, 1887, by Dr. J. H. Hunt as a memorial to his father, Dr. J. S. Hunt. It accommodated twenty patients and was located on the corner of Ball and Sussex streets.

On March 8, 1892, the hospital was purchased by Drs. W. L. Cuddeback and H. B. Swartwout, who enlarged and remodeled it, providing additional private rooms, the use of which was extended to outside physicians. The hospital was again sold on September 1, 1895, the purchasers beings several physicians living in Port Jervis and vicinity, who formed a corporation for that purpose. The hospital, besides doing general work, has always especially provided for the care of the injured employees of the Erie Railroad Company.

A training school for nurses was established in 1896, which now numbers five nurses. The number of beds in the present hospital is twenty-five. The number of patients treated during the fiscal year ending 1907 was one hundred and thirty-four. The present attending staff consists of Drs. Cuddeback and Swartwout.

THRALL HOSPITAL, MIDDLETOWN.

This institution was organized largely through the efforts of Dr. Julia E. Bradner and eight other ladies representing different churches, who raised a fund of over five thousand dollars toward the project. Mrs. S. Maretta Thrall subsequently came to their assistance and donated not only the grounds but the building, thus placing the hospital upon a firm basis in the early days of its history. The fund already collected was used for furnishing and equipment.

The hospital was opened May 10, 1892. A training school for nurses was established in 1894, which now numbers ten. The number of beds in the hospital, including those in private rooms, is thirty-five. The number of patients treated during the fiscal year ending 1907 was four hundred and fifty-five. The present staff has six consulting and nine attending members:

Consulting Staff---Dr. M. C. Ashley, neurologist; Dr. Francis Walk, Dr. J. I. Lent, ophthalmologists; Dr. W. E. Douglas, Dr. E. L. Fancher, Dr. C. W. Dennis, physicians.

Visiting Staff--Dr. T. D. Mills, Dr. J. B. Hulett, Dr. W. L. Purdy, surgeons; Dr. Julia E. Bradner, Dr. J. L. Hammer, Dr. D. B. Hardenburgh, Dr. M. A. Stivers, Dr. C. I. Redfield. Dr. E. M. Schultz, physicians.

THE DR. MacDONALD HOUSE.

The Dr. MacDonald House at Central Valley, formerly known as "Falkirk," was founded by Dr. James Francis Ferguson in 1889.

This institution was designed and built for the special care of patients suffering from nervous diseases. Originally it accommodated but fifteen patients, but it was enlarged by the construction of another large cottage called the "Stanleigh," and now can care for twice that number. Its beautiful location and surroundings contribute to make it an ideal home for such patients.

Following the death of Dr. Ferguson, in 1904, the sanitarium was conducted for two years by Dr. Henry A. Ferguson and William E. Ferguson, when it was purchased by its present proprietor and physician in charge, Dr. Carlos F. MacDonald, who has associated with him Dr. Clarence J. Slocum as a resident physician.

INTERPINES.

This sanitarium is located at Goshen and was established in June, 1890, by Dr. F. W. Seward. It then had fourteen beds for patients, but in 1897 the capacity of the institution was increased by commodious additions, to fifty-six patients. The institution affords all the advantages of a modern home for invalids especially for the treatment of disorders of the nervous system.

It is conducted by Dr. Seward and his son, Dr. F. W Seward, Jr., who has been associated with his father for the past eight years.

* * * * *

The limitations of space allotted this article not allowing the presentation of biographies, I have collected and arranged the following data relating to the physicians who have settled in Orange County and practiced there since 1728.

The dates include the period of practice in this county, terminating either by removal or death. The residences designated generally refer to villages or larger places, but sometimes only the townships are known. The last column contains the names of the medical college or society granting the diploma or license, memberships and offices in county medical societies and positions or connections with local hospitals, etc. In all cases every endeavor has been made to obtain the full data, and careful verification made of all information received. In a number of cases it has been impossible to determine the dates, and even the residences of some of the practitioners could not be ascertained. In other cases the source of their diploma or license cannot be found in any of the records. Special mention has been made in a comparatively few instances where physicians are known to have held distinguished positions or have been otherwise honored, but omissions should not be construed to indicate inferiority of the standing of those worthy physicians who labored on in dignified silence, although conscious of many a triumph in the art of life saving.

I am greatly indebted to those physicians and other interested friends who have furnished information and data and especially to Dr. L. R. Pierce who assisted in the compilation of this table.

A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PHYSICIANS WHO HAVE PRACTICED IN ORANGE COUNTY. [fn]

[fn] For explanation of abbreviations, see last page.

* * * * * Years of Name Location Medical College Practice or Society Granting Diploma; Memberships in County Medical Societies--Public Service, etc. 1728--p.1758 Cadwallader Colden Coldenham Univ. of Edinburgh, 1708; Medical Author Historian, Lieut. Colonial Governor, Died 1776. d.1758 Alexander Clinton Montgomery Studied medicine in N. Y. City. Died of smallpox at Shawangunk. d.1768 John Barnes Cornwall d.1791 Charles Clinton Montgomery Studied medicine in N. Y. City. Served in British Navy as Surgeon's Mate. P.1749--d.1763 Evans Jones New Windsor One of the and little proprietors of the Britain New Windsor township plot. Lived in the "Brewster house." P. 1754 William Tunis Florida 1760--d. 1837 Eleazer Gedney Gedneytown, Inc. O. C. M. S. and Newburgh Pres., '28. Resided on present site Quassaick Bank, Newburgh. P.1764 ____ De Pee New Windsor P.1768 Thos. Clark Little Britain P.1769 John Gale Goshen P.1769--d.1779 Benj. Tusten Goshen Surrogate, 1778. Introduced practice of inoculation with smallpox in this vicinity. Lieut. Col. Goshen Reg., 1777. Killed in Battle of Minisink. P.1769 John Pierson Goshen P.1769 Elisha Dubois Warwick Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1769--d.1782 Daniel Rosencrans Minisink P.1769--d.1784 Henry White Minisink P.1769. ____ Chandler Blooming Grove P.1769 Thos. Wickham Goshen Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1769 Isaac Brown Newburgh P.1769 Isaac Tobias Cornwall P.1770 John Hill Montgomery P.1770 Jacob Everett Port Jervis P.1770 ____ Smith Montgomery P.1776--d.1821 Jonathan Bailey New Windsor Served in War of Revolution P.1776--d.1813 Jonathan Swezy Goshen Inc. O. C. M. S. Pres., '06-'10, Born 1752. P.1776 William Gourley New Windsor P.1776 Elias Winfield Newburgh P.1776 Daniel Wood Warwick, New Windsor P.1776--d.1797 Nathaniel Elmer Florida Capt. Co. Florida Soldiers, 1775. P.1776--d.1823 Moses Higby Newburgh and Contemporary Dr. New Windsor Charles Clinton. Administered emetic to British spy and thereby recovered silver bullet containing important dispatch P.1776 Joseph Young Newburgh With Revolutionary Army P.1776 Thomas Young Newburgh With Revolutionary Army. P.1776 Robt. Morrison Newburgh P.1776 Hugh Morrison Newburgh P.1776 James Stukney Newburgh P.1780-1810 William Elliott Montgomery P.1783 John Smedes Montgomery(?) Contemporary Dr. Chas. Clinton, Probably practiced in nearby locality P.1784--d.1799 Phineas Hedges Newburgh P.1786--d.1835 David Fowler, Jr Newburgh Surgeon 2d Reg. Loyalists, 1776, Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. '15. P.1786 Wm. Gale Goshen P.1786 Chas. Tusten Montgomery P.1788--d.1830 Eusebius Austin Unionville Hon. Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1788-1808 Jos. Whelan Crawford and Lic. O. C. M. S. Montgomery and Mem. id. 1795--d.1849 Samuel S. Seward Florida Mem. Assembly, '04 County Judge, '15, Inc. O. C. M. S., and 1st Vice-Pres. Est. S. S. Seward Institute at Florida, '46. 1878--d.1898 Matthew C. Lyon New Windsor P.1798 Samuel Gale Goshen P.1798 Benjamin S. Hoyt New Windsor Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1798--d.1845 Increase Crosby Crawford Lic. M. S. S. C. Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1799--d.1844 Benj. Newkirk Mt. Hope Mem. O. C. M. S. P. 1799--d.1826 Israel Sayre 1802--d.1859 Jacob Hornbeck Port Jervis Lic. M. S. S. N. Y. 1806--d.1867 Jacob Van Dusen Port Jervis Univ. N. Y. P.1806 Elijah Randall Monroe (?) Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1806--d.1816 William Elmer Goshen Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1806--d.1810 Nathaniel Elmer, Jr. Denton Inc. O. C. M. S. and 1st Sec'y. P.1806 Charles Fowler Montgomery Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1806--d.1826 David R. Arnell Scotchtown and Inc. O. C. M. S. Goshen and Pres., '10, '11, '12, '13, '19, '21, '22, '23. Organized movement which recovered bones of heroes of Minisink. P.1806--r.1846 Samuel Warner Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1806--r.1817 Wm. McCoppin Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1806--r. Aaron M. Smith Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1806--d.1824 Elihu Hedges Cornwall Inc. O. C. M. S. P 1806--r. Ethan Watson Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1806--r. Cornelius Roosa Inc. O. C. M. S. P 1806--d.1823 James Bradner Goshen Inc. O. C. M. S. Born 1762. P.1806 Henry I. Hornbeck Port Jervis(?) Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1806 Elijah Welch Newburgh(?) Inc. O. C. M. S. P.1806 Anthony Davis Goshen Lic. O. C. M. S. Mem. and Pres. id., '07-'08-'09. P.1806 Joseph Houston Edenville Lic. O. M. S. and Mem. id. 1806 Jonathan Hedges Little Britain Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1807 Charles Frazer, Jr. Lic. O. C. M. S. 1807 Gabriel N. Phillips Phillipsburgh Lic. O. C. M. S. Mem. and Pres. id., '14; also Hon. Mem. P.1807 Nathaniel Gillespie Goshen(?) Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1807--d.1815 David Gallatian Precinct of Lic. N. Y. C. M. S. Hanover, near 1789. One of first Walden Supervisors. Mem. Assembly, 1785. Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1807--d.1843 Baltus Van Kleeck Newburgh Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres., '20. P.1807--r.1846 Heman Allen Lic. O. C. M. S. P.1807 Sylvester Austin P.1808--d.1836 Silas Loomis Otisville Mem. O. C. M. S. 1808 Joseph R. Andrews Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1808 Andrew J. Miller Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1808--d.1849 Chichester Brown Newburgh Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1809--d.1814 Jesse Arnell Goshen Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. P.1809--d.1837 Daniel Corwin Hopewell, Middletown and Minisink Mem. O. C. M. S. 1809--r.1819 Francis Fowler Lic. O. C. M. S. Mem. id., and Pres.. '18. 1809 Walter Watson Lic. O. C. M. S. 1809 Albert Schoonmaker Lic. O. C. M. S. 1810--d.1846 William Townsend Goshen Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1810--d.1844 David Hanford Middletown Yale, '07. Mem. O. C. M. S. One of the founders Wallkill Academy. 1810--r. Chas. Parks Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1810--d. 1848 Robt. Shaw Mt. Hope Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1810 William Hedges Newburgh(?) Lic. O. C. M. S. 1810 James Fowler Lic. O. C. M. S. P.1810 Jno. Gasherie Mem. O. C. M. S. p. 1811 Jno. T. Jansen Minisink Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres., '20,'29. 1812--d.1858 Joshua Hornbeck Scotchtown Lic. O. C. M. S. Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '27, 43, '44, '45, '47, '48. p.1813 Peter A. Millspaugh Montgomery Lic. M. S. C. N. Y. Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres., '18,'24, '26. 1814--d.1858 Jas. M. Gardner Newburgh Lic. N. Y. S. M. S. Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '34, '37, '40, '41. 1814 Thos. G. Evans Goshen Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1814--d.1866 Thos. McKissock Newburgh Lic. O. C M. S. admitted to the Bar 1817; Supreme Court Judge, 47, and Rep. in Congress, '49. 1814--r. Jno. S. Swezy Minisink Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1814 Jas. Heron Warwick Lic. O. C. M. S., Mem. id., and Pres., '33,'36,'39 1814--d.1838 Jas. P. Youngs Edenville Lic. M. S. S. N. Y. Mem. O. C. M. S. 1814 Marcus Ostrander Port Jervis(?) Mem. O. C. M. S. 1815--d.1824 Thomas Chattle Port Jervis Lic. O. C. M. S. 1815 Jesse Bodle Lic. O. C. M. S. 1815--r.1831 Peter P. Galatian Walden N. Y. Hosp., '13, '14, '15. Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. Born 1794; died 1862. 1815--d.1843 Robt. C. Hunter Hamptonburgh Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1815--r. Jacob Ostrum, Jr. Lic. M. S. D. C.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1816 George Eager Montgomery and Lic. O. C. M. S. Newburgh Mem. id., and Pres., '32 P.1816 Joseph Hallock Ridgebury(?) Mem. O. C. M. S. p.1816 Wm. H. Newkirk Unionville Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. p.1816--r.1832 Israel Green Monroe(?) Lic. M. S. U. C.; Mem. O. C. M. S. p.1816--r. Jno. W. Montrose Crawford Lic. M. S. S. N. J. Mem. O. C. M. S. 1817 James Ray Lic. O. C. M. S. P.1817--r.1847 Hiram K. Chapman Newburgh Mem. O. C. M. S. 1818--d.1824 Charles Miller Newburgh Yale; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1818--d.1844 William Horton, Jr. Goshen Lic. O. C. M, S., Mem. id., and Pres. '33 1818--d.1834 Egbert Jansen Goshen Lic. O. C. M. S., Mem. id., and Pres., '29. 1818--d.1851 Nathaniel P. Church Greenville Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1818--d.1872 Jno. J. Linderman Port Jervis Mem. O. C. M. S. 1819--r. Peter McGivney 1819--d.1847 John W. Drury New Windsor V. M. C.; Mem. O. C. M. S. Served in War 1812-'14. 1819--r. Stephen Hasbrouck Walden or Mem. O. C. M. S. Newburgh 1819--d.1868 Chas. Winfield Crawford Lic. O. C. M. S., Mem. id., and Pres. '36, '37, '42, '46; Rep. in Congress, '60-67. 1819--d.1840 Geo. Hedges Newburgh Mem. O. C. M. S. 1821--d.1875 John S. Crane Goshen Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id.; Surgeon's Mate, 19th Brigade N.Y.S. '25; County Clerk, '26. 1821 Theodore Wells Goshen(?) Lic. O. C. M. S. 1821 Jonathan Sears Montgomery(?) Lic. O. C. M. S. 1821--r. Townsend Seely Goshen P. S. N. Y.,'15; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1821--d.1870 George Hunter Searsville Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1822--d.1848 Robert Shaw Mt. Hope Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1822--r. Francis Beattie Mem. O. C. M. S 1822 John M. Gough Cornwall Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '38. 1822--r. Thos. Royce Minisink Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1823--d.1849 Isaac Garrison Newburgh V. M. C, '23; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1823--d.1835 Jos. Halstead Minisink Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. Born 1798 P.1824--d.1874 Charles Harden- Pt. Jervis P. & S. N. Y., burgh Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. P.1824--r. Isaac D. Dodd Goshen Lic. M. S. S. N. J. Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1824 John J. Wheeler Warwick(?) P. & S. N. Y.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1825--d.1861 Merritt H. Cash Ridgebury N. Y. M. C, '25; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '50, '51, 52; Mem. Assembly. Erected "Minisink Monument." at Goshen. P.1825 Adna Hayden Mem. O. C. M. S. 1825 Andrew King Washingtonville Lic. O. C. M. S. and Newburgh and Mem. id. 1825 Harris Edmonston Newburgh Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1825--r. Gabriel Corwin Lic. O. C. M. S. 1825--r. Wynans Rush Pine Bush(?) Lic. O. C. M. S. 1825 Samuel Harlow Monroe Lic. O. C. M. S. 1825 Dewitt Strong Washingtonville Lic. O. C. M. S. 1825--d.1866 Marcus Sears Montgomery and Univ. N. Y.; Craigville Mem. O. C. M. S. 1825--r. Horace G. Bradner Lic. O. C. M. S. 1825 Dewitt C. Edmonston Newburgh 1826-1828 ____ Dickerson Pt. Jervis 1826--d.1886 G. M. Millspaugh Walden C. M. C., '20; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1826 James C. Fitch Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1826 Jacob P. Stickle Lic. O. C. M. S. 1826--r.1858 Jno. P. Tarbell Newburgh Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1826 Asa R. Howell Lic. O. C. M. S. 1827--d.1869 Jno. B. McMunn Middletown Mem. O. C. M. S. and Port Jervis Originator of "McMunn's Elixir of Opium." 1827 Lewis Dunning Goshen Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. P.1827 Jas. B. McGill Lic. O. C. M. S. P.1827 David H. Brewster New Windsor Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id.; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. 1829--d.1838 Adam B. Gedney Newburgh Lic. M. S. H. C. 1829--d.1852 Thos. S. Edmonston Chester Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. P.1829 Jno. P. Kennedy Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1829 Chas. Arnell Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1829 J. W. Cooper Blooming Grove Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1829--r. Jno. N. Pruyn Blooming Grove P. & S. N. Y., '28; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1830--d.1888 John W. Fenton Newburgh and Lic. O. C. M. S. Middlehope and Mem. id.; Health Officer, City Newburgh, '70, '71. 1830--r. A. Clinton Cornwall P.1830 Jas. Van Kuren Little Britain Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1830 ____ Hart Port Jervis Died in service U. S. Army. 1830--d.1890 Bartow Wright Hamptonburgh P. & S. W. D. N. Y., '30; Mem.O. C. M. S.; Pres., '55, and Hon. Mem. P. 1830 ____ Ball Port Jervis 1830--d.1892 Jno. Conkling Port Jervis P. & S. 1831--d.1839 Jerome Wells Blooming Grove Lic. O. C M. S. and Mem. id. Born 1810. 1831--d.1893 Jno. L. Foster Newburgh Rutgers, '30; (1836) Lic. O. C. M. S. Ret. to farm. 1831--r. Phillip S. Timlow Amity Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1831 Jas. C. Horton Craigville Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. P.1831--d.1855 William Morrison Cornwall P. & S. W. D. N. Y.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1832 Abel Lybolt Port Jervis(?) Lic. O. C. M. S. P.1832 Leander W. Lynn P.1833 H. P. Benham Newburgh P.1833 H. W. Hornbeck Scotchtown Mem. O. C. M. S.

Years of Name Location Medical College Practice or Society Granting Diploma; Memberships in County Medical Societies--Public Service, etc. 1833--ret.1853 E. B. Carpenter Monroe P. & S. N. Y., '33; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Member Assembly, 1853. P.1833 Harvey Hallock Minisink Mem. O. C. M. S. 1834--d.1864 Dewitt C. Hallock Greenville V. M. C.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1834--d.1899 Harvey Everett Middletown V. M. C, '34; Mem. O. C. M. S., and Hon. Mem. id. P.1834 R. Austin Webb Ridgebury M. M. C. P.1834 Edward H.S. Holden P.1834--d.1890 Avery Cook Otisville Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id.. '58 and '59. P.1834 Wm. Murphv P.1834--r.1841 Samuel B. Barlow Florida Yale, '22; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Prof. Materia Medica N. H. M. Col., '63. P.1834 Samuel D. Holly Warwick Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '56. P.1834 George Brown Newburgh Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '57 1833--d.1875 Bushrod Millspaugh Montgomery Mem. O. C. M. S. 1835 William Everett Goshen(?) Lic. O. C. M. S. P.1835--d.1890 Daniel Wells Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '35. 1835 Horace W. Johnson Lic. O. C. M. S. 1836--d.1866 Elias Peck Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '35; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1836--d.1886 Samuel M. Crawford Crawford and Lic. M. S. S. N. Y., Montgomery '36; Mem. O.C. M. S. P.1836--d.1859 Chas. G. Fowler Town of Mem. O. C. M. S. Montgomery Born 1779. P.1836 Grant M. Roe Monroe Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1836--d.1855 Harvey Horton Minisink P. & S. N. Y., '29; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1836 Joseph R. Andrews Monroe Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1836 A. M. Brewster Blooming Grove Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1836 Daniel G. Durkee Crawford Mem. O. C. M. S. 1837--d.1891 Alpheus Goodman Salisbury Mills C. M. C, '37; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '60, '61. P.1837 John W. Rafferts Westtown Lic. M. S. S. N. Y.; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1838--d.1841 Adam W. Mills- Scotchtown and M. I. F.; paugh Middletown Mem. O. C. M. S. First Dentist in Middletown. Born 1812. P. 1838 Abraham L. Reynolds Warwick Mem. O. C. M. S. 1838--d.1881 Nathaniel Deyo Newburgh J. M. C.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1839--d.1890 Henry C. Seely Amity Lic. M. S. S. N. Y. '38 and O. C. M. S. Mem. and Pres. id., '67. P.1839--d.1898 D. C. Jayne Florida Yale, '39; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Pres. id., '54. P.1839--d.1865 Chas. B. Howell New Windsor and Lic. O. C. M. S.; Washingtonville Mem. O. C. M. S. 1839 John S. Crawford P.1839--r.1857 Jonathan D. Bevier Sugar Loaf J. M. C.; and Warwick Lic. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M. S. Served in Civil War last two yrs. P.1840 Alfred H. Lee Lic. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1840--r.1845 Gilbert C. Monell Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '39; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '53, '54. P.1840 William H. Johnson Mem. O. C. M. S. 1840--d.1878 David C. Winfield Middletown A. M. C, '40; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '65, '66; County Clerk, '59-'65. 1840--d.1842 Charles F. Gray P.1841 D. Bethune Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1841 D. B. McCartee Newburgh Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1841--r.1842 William A. Westcott Goshen A. M. C.; Mem. O. C. M. S.; afterwards graduated from Princeton Theological Seminary and preached at Florida and S. Centerville. D. 1876. 1841--d.1870 M. S. Hayne Unionville G. M. C.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1841--d.1890 Alex. Barclay Newburgh Lic. M. S. S. N. Y.; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1841 Jesse T. Hotchkiss Cornwall Univ. Pa.; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. 1841--d.1889 Jos. D. Friend Middletown Lic. Bot. M. S., 42, and afterward grad. Met. M. C. (Ec). Editor local papers; also of Med. Jour. of Reform; Prof. Obstetrics; Met. M. C, 52-'4; Assemblyman, '77. 1842--d.1892 Jno. C. Boyd Monroe T. M. C. '41; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '62, '72, '73, '78. 1842--d.1886 J. D. Johnson Middletown St. T. M. C. & H. Lon.; Mem. O. C. M. S.; N. Y. M. C, '55. P.1842--d.1849 Thos. W. Newman Goshen P. & S. N. Y., '41; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Sec'y, '42-'48. Born 1821. 1842--r Benj. Dunning Goshen(?) P. & S. N. Y., '41; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1843--d.1867 Peter E. Conklin Cornwall P.& S. W. D. N. Y., '38; Mem. O. C M. S. 1843--d.1891 Thos. Millspaugh Walden and A. M. C, '43; Montgomery Mem. O. C. M. S. 1843--d.1894 Ira S. Bradner Scotchtown and Univ. N. Y., '43; Middletown Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. H. M. S.; Surg. 56th Reg.,'65. P.1843--d.1874 S. W. Esray Monroe Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1843--r Jas. A. Young Scotchtown Lic. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1843--r.1856 G. C. Blackman Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '41; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Surg. U. S. V., '61 and '62. Medical Author and Editor of note. Later Professor of Surgery, Cincinnati Medical Col. P.1843 Ashel Houghton St. Andrew's Mem. O. C. M. S.; and Cornwall Mem. O. C. H. M. S. 1844--d.1880 S. C. Smith Walden and Lic. M. S. C. N. Y., Montgomery '39; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1844--d.1896 Lewis Y. Wiggins Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '44. P.1844 Philander Mix Blooming Grove Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1844--d.1900 Lewis Armstrong Minisink, Mem. O. C. M. S. Middletown Retired and engaged in hardware business many years. Born 1819. 1845--d.1876 Wm. P. Townsend Goshen Harvard, '45; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Sec, Treas. and Pres. id., '68; Mem. T. S. M. S. 1845--r.1890 Saml. P. Church Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '45; Ex-Visiting Phys. St. Luke's Hospl., Newbg. P.1845 Jno. Patterson Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1845 Henry L. W. Burritt Yale; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1845--r.1850 Abraham Crowell East Coldenham A. M. C, '43; Mem. O. C. M. S. Died in N. Y. C, '59 1845--d.1899 Sol. G. Carpenter Chester Univ. N. Y., '45; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '77. 1846--d.1882 Wm. Dorrance Middletown Univ. N. Y., '45. 1846--d.1888 Wm. A. M. Culbert Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '46; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and 1st Sec'y of id. 1847--d.1870 Thos. Cuddeback Port Jervis Yale. 1847 George Eager, Jr. Montgomery P. & S. N. Y., '47; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1848--d.1863 Chas. Drake Newburgh P. & S. (?); Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1849 Isaac Carey Warwick V. M. C.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1848--r.1854 Benj. W. Thompson Goshen Mem. O. C. M. S. 1849--d.1886 Chas. M. Lawrence Port Jervis Univ. N. Y., '49; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Pres. id.,'71-77. 1850--r.1856 A. W. Dufrene Port Jervis Germany. 1850--d.1882 Geo. E. Putney Howells C. M. C., '50; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Sec. and Pres. id., '74; Mem. T. S. M. S. 1850--d.1885 Wm. A. Loughran Walden G. M. C., '50. P.1850 Isaac Reeve Goshen Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1850--d.1854 Nelson McBride Mt. Hope Mem. O. C. M. S. 1850--d.1903 W. F. C. Beattie Cornwall G. M. C., '50; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1850--r. Geo. H. Fossard Port Jervis A. M. C, '59; Surgeon 56th Reg. 1864-5; Mem. T. S. M. S. and O. C. M. S.,'75 1850--d.1889 Jas. H. Smiley Scotchtown A. M. C., '50; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '76; Mem. T. S. M. S. 1851--d.1880 Robt. Slone Middletown Univ. N. Y., '51; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1851--1884 David F. Robertson Unionville Univ. N. Y. 1851--d.1894 Chas. P. Smith Chester C. M. C., '51; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '75. 1851--r.1864 Abraham Deyo Gidney's Mills Univ. N. Y., '51. and Newburgh 1851--r.1853 G. P. Reeves Goshen Univ. N. Y.; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1851--r. Wm. S. Halsey Chester(?) Mem. O. C. M. S. p.1851--r M. Stevenson Newburgh Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1851--d.1896 Wilmot C. Terry Otisville and C. M. C., '51; Ridgebury Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1851--d.1859 A. Gerald Hull Newburgh Rutgers, '32; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Pres. id., '51. Editor several homeopathic journals and books. 1852--d.1888 Thos. Walsh Port Jervis Univ. N. Y., '48; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1852--d.1902 Joshua W. Ostrum Goshen Lic. M. S. S. N. Y.; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Sec'y; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Pres. id.,'52, '76, '78. p.1852--d.1866 James Low Newburgh and P. & S. N. Y.; Coldenham Lieut.-Col. 19th Reg. 1852--d.1866 Thomas Heaton Cornwall P. & S. N. Y., '52. 1852 A. H. Thompson Walden Mem. O. C. M. S. 1853--r.1860 Geo. S. Little Walden Mem. O. C. M. S. 1854--d.1896 Wm. H. Woodruff Pine Bush A. M. C, '54; Mem. O. C. M. S. p.1854--r. L. F. Pelton Florida and Mem. O. C. M. S. Warwick 1855--d.1901 Peter M. Barclay Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '41. 1855--r.1856 J. C. Garland Port Jervis T. M. C., Dublin. 1855-1863 Benj. Carpenter Port Jervis Univ. Mich. 1855--d.1894 Solomon Van Etten Port Jervis A. M. C, '55; Surgeon 56th Reg.; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres., '69; Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres., '72. 1855--d.1888 Theodore H. Cooper Warwick P. & S. N. Y., '55; Ass. Surgeon 156th Reg.; Supervisor and Assemblyman; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1855 Nelson Newton Mt. Hope Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1855 ____ Griffith Pine Bush 1856--d.1903 R. V. K. Montfort Newburgh A. M. C., '56; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id.,'71,'82; Ass. Surg. and Surgeon 124th Reg., '65; Supt. Public Schools Newburgh 25 yrs.; Health Officer City Newbg., '66, '69; ex-Vis. Phys.; St. Luke's Hosp. 1856--d.1906 Webb D. Cooper Unionville Univ. N. Y. 1856--d.1896 William Jones Newburgh E. M. C. N. Y., '69. 1856--r.1859 Harvey Addison Middletown A. M. C., '56. Horton 1856--d.1870 Elisha Hawkins Newburgh 1857--P.1907 J. H. Thompson Goshen P. & S. N. Y., '57; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '86; Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres. id., '79; Surg. 124th Reg., '62-'65. 1857--p.1907 Wm. B. Bradner Warwick P. & S. N. Y., '57; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '81; Surg. 166th Reg. P.1857 Jonathan L. Whittaker Unionville P. C. M.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1858--d.1867 Jno. N. Taylor Middletown A. M. C.; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id.. '63-'64. 1858--r.1864 Carroll Dunham Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '50; later Dean N. Y. H. M. C. P. 1858--d.1894 Jos. P. Thompson Newburgh P. U. M., '58. 1858--r.1861 James McClaury Newburgh 1858--d.1896 Smith Ely Newburgh V. M. C., '50; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '89; First Surg. of St. Luke's Hospital. 1859--r.1871 G. H. Sears Blooming Grove Univ. Pa.; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1859--r. Theo. Martine Warwick N. Y. M. C. 1859--P.1907 Henry Hardenburgh Port Jervis P. & S. N. Y., '50; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '98; Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres. id., '83. 1860--ret.1907 H. H. Robinson Goshen Univ. N. Y., '60: Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id.,'89 and '93; Mem. T. S. M. S. 1860--r.1861 A. S. Lines Edenville 1860--d.1885 John S. Heard Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '37; Pres. Board of Health Newburgh, 1867 to '83. P.1862--r. Maria S. Plumb Otisville M. M. C. 1862--r.1870 Wm. B. Pierson Goshen 1863-1867 N. F. Marsh Port Jervis 1864-1870 David A. Gorton Newburgh Hy. T. C. N. Y., '59; author and contributor to homeopathic lit. 1863--r.1865 Francis H. Roof Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '62; Ass. Surg. 39th Reg. 1863--p.1907 Jas. C. Coleman Goshen A. M. C., '63; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1864--d.1897 Simeon D. Dubois Blooming Grove B. H. M. C., '64; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1864--d.1901 Joseph Moffat Washington- Univ. Mich., '52; ville Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '70. 1864--d.1871 Edward E. Lee Newburgh N. Y. M. C., '59. 1864--p.1907 C. H. Gorse Salisbury Mills Univ. N. Y., '64. 1864--r.1868 S. G. Dimmick Newburgh 1864--r.1870 R. W. Heurtley Newburgh (Homeo.) 1865--r.1866 Robt. Farries Greenville L. I. C. H.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1865--r.1870 Geo. W. Kerr Newburgh Univ. Glasgow, '63. 1865--d.1875 Isaac S. Hunt Port Jervis Yale Univ., '65; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. T. S. M. S. 1865--r.1883 J. D. F. Nichols Newburgh B. M. C, '65. 1865--r.1867 N. Roe Bradner, Jr. Warwick Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1865--r.1894 Hiram A. Pooler Goshen B. H. M. C, '65; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1865--d.1905 Adam P. Farries Florida Univ. Mich., '65; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id., '79. 1865--p.1907 Clarence Ormsbee East Coldenham Univ. N. Y., '65; and Newburgh Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. N. B. M. S. 1866--d.1883 Darwin Everitt Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '64. 1866--p.1907 Theo. Writer Otisville B. H. M. C, '66; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '84; Mem. T. S. M. S., and Pres., '82. 1866--p.1907 Jas. G. Birch Newburgh Harvard, '66. 1866--p.1907 James Gordon Newburgh J. M. C, '66; Health Officer City Newburgh, '72-'7 and '82-'93; ex-Visiting Phys. St. Luke's Hospl. 1866--p.1907 Fredk. W. Seward Goshen Univ. Vt., '66; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Pres., '89 and '90; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & M. U.; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Prop. Interpines Sanitarium; ex-Health Officer. 1867--ret.1907 Grenville A. Emory Middletown A. M. C., '67; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. T. S. M. S. 1867--d.1904 Geo. B. L. Mitchell Newburgh N. Y. H. M. C., '67.

Years of Name Location Medical College Practice or Society Granting Diploma; Memberships in County Medical Societies--Public Service, etc. 1867--p.1907 J. D. Malone Newburgh D. M. C., '67. 1867--r.1875 David Van Dyke Newburgh A. M. C., '52; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1867--r.1871 James A. Mills Newburgh 1868--r.1895 Moses C. Stone Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '68; Mem. O. C. M. S.; ex-Phys. St. Luke's Hosp.; Health Officer City Newburgh '78-'79. 1868--d.1897 Chas. N. Wooley Newburgh L. I. C. H.,'68; Mem. N. B. M. S. 1868--d.1899 Jno. R. Monroe Highland Falls L. I. C. H., '68. 1868--r.1870 ____ Ward Goshen 1869--p.1907 John J. Mitchell Newburgh N. Y. M. C, '57; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Pres. id., '73, '74, '75. 1869-1875 M. E. Jones Port Jervis 1869--d.1904 D. D. Wickham Port Jervis Syracuse Univ., '76. P.1869--r.1886 Wm. H. Vail Cornwall P. & S. N. Y., '69. 1870--d.1893 A. J. Jessup Westtown and P. & S. N. Y., '69; Goshen Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. T. S. M. S. 1870--d.1897 Jerome A. Maubey Newburgh Lic. Or. H. M. S., '60; Mem. O. C. H. M. S.; literary and poetical contributor 1870--d.1879 Oris A. Carroll Port Jervis C. M. C., '55; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres. id., '75 Surg. 143d Reg.,'63. 1871--d.1880 Fred H. Bradner Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '71; Mem O. C. H. M. S. P.1871--r.1877 S. W. Clauson Blooming Grove Univ. N. Y., '67; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1871--r.1872 C. H. Yerrington Craigville Univ. N. Y.,'71; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1871--r.1885 Jno. H. Le Grange Newburgh P.1871--r.1881 Arthur Woodruff Goshen C. H. M. C., '73; Mem. O. C. H. M. C. and Pres. id., '79, '80, '81. P.1872--d.1907 Henry K. Bradner Monroe, Warwick Univ. Pa., '72; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. T. S. M. S. P.1872--r.1877 Isaac Curtis Sugar Loaf M. S. M.; Mem. O. C. M. S. P.1872--r. A. W. Jackson Newburgh Lic. M. S. U. C. 1872--r.1906 K. R. Post Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '67; Druggist. 1873--r.1874 C. S. Van Etten Sparrowbush Univ. Pa.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1873--d.1897 K. S. Elmer Monroe and Univ. Mich., '73; Cornwall Mem. O. C. M. S. 1873--d.1896 Gustav Gartzmann Newburgh B. M. C., '71; Mem. O. C. M. S. Mem. N. B. M. S. 1873--r.1878 B. G. McCabe Middletown Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres. id. P.1875--r. H. P. Chase Highland Falls P. & S. N. Y., '73. 1874--r.1874 George F. Foote Middletown Organizer and 1st Supt. Middletown State Hospital. '74. 1874--r.1883 Wm. M. Butler Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '73: Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Pres. id., '82; 1st Asst. Supt. State Hospital. 1874--d.1881 F. D. Owens Westtown and Lic. O. C. M. S. and Unionville Mem. id. 1874--r.1883 J. T. Potter Port Jervis Syracuse Univ. 1874--r.1888 Clarence Conant Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '73; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. 1874--r.1888 Allen P. McDonald Port Jervis H. M. C. Ch. 1874--d.1900 T. Burke Pillsbury Middletown Harvard, '72; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres., '94; also Sec. id., '79-'90; Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres., '86; Visiting Surg. Thrall Hospital. 1874--d.1892 J. H. Hunt Port Jervis B. M. C., '72; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. T. S. M. S. Erected Hunt Memorial Hospital. 1874--p.1907 D. T. Condict Searsville and A. M. C., '74; Goshen Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '87; Health Officer. 1874--p.1907 E. Ross Elliott Montgomery Univ. N. Y., '74; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id. '03-'06; Mem. N. B. M. S. 1874--r. E. H. Gillette Turners E. M. C. N. Y., '74. 1874--d.1884 Jno. D. Stokem Turners E. M. C. N. Y., '74. 1874--r. Emory G. Drake Cornwall L. I. C. H. 1874--p.1907 W. W. Wendover Warwick P. & S. N. Y., '74; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1874--r.1877 Henry R. Stiles Middletown 2d Supt. State Hospl. 1875--r. C. H. Wilson New Milford Univ. N. Y., '75; Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1875--p.1907 W. T. Seeley Amity and Yale, '75; Warwick Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem.; Mem. O. C. M. A. 1876-1880 H. C. Mueller Port Jervis P. & S. N. Y., '73.; Mem. T. S. M. S. 1876--d.1890 Wm. B. Eager Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '48; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres., '80; Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres. 1876--r.1892 Arthur Pell Goshen B. M. C., '75; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '90. 1876--r.1900 Alex. H. Goodman Salisbury Mills Univ. N. Y., '76; and Cornwall Mem. O. C. M. S. 1876--p.1907 R. J. Kingston Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '77, and N. Y. Col. Pharmacy. 1876 Alex. B. Leggett Montgomery Lic. O. C. M. S. and Mem. id. 1877--d.1888 Henry C. Smith Montgomery N. Y. H. M. C., '74; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. 1877--r.1895 Leon Devanoye Port Jervis France. 1877--d.1900 W. H. Edsall Otisville and A. M. C., '77; Highland Falls Mem. O. C. M. C. 1877--r.1878 R. C. Irving Campbell Hall B. M. C., '77; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1877--r.1883 R. S. Stansborough Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '74. 1877--d.1902 S. H. Talcott Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '72; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Pres. id., '79-'80; 3rd Supt. State Hospl., '77-'02; Lecturer N. Y. H. M. C. 1877--p.1907 Theo. D. Mills Port Jervis and P. & S. N. Y., '76; Middletown Mem. O. C. M. S.; Sec. and Pres., '83; Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres., '78; Visiting Surg. Thrall Hospital. 1877--p.1907 Elizabeth G. Meyer Turners W. M. C. N. Y. I., '77; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1877--P.1907 John Deyo Newburgh B. H. M. C., '77; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. N. B. M. S. and Treas. id.; Ass. Phys., St. Luke's Hospl. 1877--r.1880 N. Emmons Payne Middletown A. M. C., '75; Mem. O. C. H. M. S.; 2nd Asst. Supt. State Hospital. 1878--r.1888 Aloysius Kesseler Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '78. 1878--p.1907 W. L. Cuddeback Port Jervis B. H. M. C., '76; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., 91; Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres. id., '78; Visiting Surg. Port Jervis Hospital. 1878--d.1898 Chas. Collin Middletown Lic. N. Ecl. M. S., '78. 1878--p.1907 Julia Bradner Middletown N. Y. C. & H. for W. (Hom.), '72; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U.; Visiting Phys. Thrall Hospital. 1878--r.1907 K. T. Jones Newburgh and H. R. Ecl. Soc. Walden 1878--r.1896 A. L. Leonard Central Valley Univ. Pa. 1878--r.1879 C. H. Stanley Warwick Boston Univ. (Hom.). P.1879--r. W. H. Hanford Sparrowbush P.1879--r. A. A. Seymour Westtown 1879--r.1900 C. S. Kinney Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '79; Mem. O. C. H. M. S.; 1st Asst. Supt. State Hospl. P.1879--r. J. S. Vreeland Westtown P.1879--r. H. B. Shaw Cornwall-on- P. & S. N. Y., '77. Hudson 1880--r.1889 Floyd P. Sheldon Newburgh Univ. Mich. (H.); Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Sec. id. 1880 Jno. F. Higgins Port Jervis B. H. M. C., '80; Mem. T. S. M. S. 1880--d.1897 H. D. Struble Unionville and Univ. Pa.. '75; Middletown Mem. T. S. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Health Officer, '91-'92. 1880--r.1889 E. J. Birmingham Cornwall-on- P. & S. N. Y., '71. Hudson 1881--r.1882 Simon C. Bradley Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '80. 1881--d.1905 David B. Smilev Scotchtown and P. & S. N. Y., '81; Middletown Mem. O. C. M. S. 1881--r. Wm. B. DeWitt Pine Bush Univ. N. Y. 1881--r. Edw. R. Bowden Turners L. I. C. H. 1881--r.1884 Millard Brockway Cornwall and E. M. C. Newburgh 1881--p.1907 Wm. E. Douglass Middletown B. H. M. C., '76; Mem. O. C. M.S. and Pres., '88; Mem. O. C. M. A. and Pres., '03 and '04; Visiting Phys. Thrall Hospl. 1881--p.1907 Wm. H. Faulkner Walden N. Y. H. M. C, '81; Mem. O. C. H. M. C. 1881--r. E. J. Westfall Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '71. 1882--r.1888 R. E. Asher Sparrowbush N. Y. H. M. C., '82. 1882--r.1892 Sarah Clock Newburgh N. Y. M. C. & H. for W., 82; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. 1882--d.1893 Arthur P. Olney Middletown Univ. Buffalo, '82. 1882--r.1882 Arthur W. Condict Howells Univ. Mich., '82; Mem. T. S. M. S. 1882--d.1901 Geo. H. Dav Monroe U. S. M. C. (Ecl.) 1882--p.1907 E. B. Lambert Port Jervis N. Y. H. M. C., '82; Mem. O. C. M. A. and O. C. M. S. 1882--r.1904 James O. Davis Howells A. M. C., '75; Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres., '87; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1883--d.1905 D. G. Lippincott Campbell Hall J. M. C., '83; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1883--p.1907 Milton C. Conner Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '83; Mem. N. B. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M A. and Pres., '01-'03; Mem. O. C. M. S.; ex-Health Officer. 1883--r. Felix Carren Middletown E. M. C. N. Y. 1883--p.1907 George S. Bond Washingtonville P. & S. N. Y., '83; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1883--r. Maria B. Patterson Turners W. M. C. N. Y. I. 1883--r.1890 Alonzo P. Williamson Middletown H. M. C. Pa., '76; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Pres. id., '83, '85, '87; 1st Asst. Supt. State Hospl., '83-90. 1884--d.1904 James F. Ferguson Central Valley Univ. N. Y., 1860. Founder and Prop. Falkirk Sanitarium. 1884--r.1894 W. H. Illman Port Jervis P. & S., '84. 1884--p.1907 W. L Purdy Westtown and Univ. N. Y., '82; Middletown Mem. O. C. M. S.; Treas. and Pres. id., '00; Mem. T. S. M. S. and Pres. id., '88; Visiting Surg. Thrall Hospl.; Health Officer, '94, '95, 96. 1884--r. William I. Wallace Washingtonville Univ. Mich 1884--r.1898 Lemuel G. Roberts Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '82. 1887--p.1907 E. Fancher Middletown Univ. Boston (H.); Mem. O. C. H. M. S., H. M. S. D. O. & U., O. C. M. A. and O. C. M. S.; Visiting Phys. Thrall Hospl. 1884--r. Gordon B. Barnes Montgomery Univ. N. Y., '84. 1884--r. William Scheide Middletown B. H. M. C. '66. 1885--d.1902 Charles W. Butler Cornwall Univ. N. Y., '85; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1885--d.1906 Louis E. Hanmore Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '84; also Ph.G. N. Y. C. Ph.; Mem. O. C. M. S.; ex-Visiting Phys. St. Luke's Hospl. 1885--r. Frank Whitaker Otisville Univ. N. Y., '83. 1885--r. Edward W. Harriman Middletown Univ. N. Y., '84. 1885--p.1907 H. B. Swartwout Port Jervis B. H. M. C., '85; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Vis. Surg. P. J. Hospital; Mayor Port Jervis. 1885--r.1887 Geo. F. Rice Chester Univ. N. Y. 1886--r.1889 Charles N. Payne Port Jervis N. Y. H. M. C., '85; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. 1886--r.1888 Louis Bertine Middletown B. H. M. C., '86. 1886--d.1901 A. L. Brown Cornwall-on-Hudson A. M. C., '86; also Ph.G.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1886--p.1907 F. W. Dennis Unionville Univ. Mich. '81; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M. A. 1886--r. E. O. Eckart Cornwall Boston Univ. (H.). 1886--p.1907 F. W. Best Port Jervis N. Y. H. M. C. '85; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. 1886--p.1907 Clinton C. Cooley Montgomery A. M. C., '84 and Pine Bush Mem. O. C. M. S. 1886--p.1907 Jacob B. Peters Walden Univ. N. Y., '85; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id.. '99; Mem. N. B. M. S.; ex-Health Officer. 1887--r.1891 W. Coe McKeeby Otisville Univ. Md., '87. 1887--r.1898 L. L. Gillette Turners Univ. W., '87; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1887--r. Homer A. Hitchcock Goshen and Univ. N. Y., '80. Highland Falls 1887--r.1900 W. Frank Ross Cornwall P. & S. Balt., and N. Y. H. M. C., '87. 1887--p.1907 John T. Howell Newburgh P. & S. N. Y.. '85; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id.. '92; Mem. N. B. M. S. and Pres. id.. '97; Mem. O. C. M. A.; Visiting Surg. St. Luke's Hosp. 1887--r. J. A. Bush Middletown P. & S. Balt., '85. 1887--p.1907 A. C. Santee Scotchtown J. M. C., '86; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M. A. 1887--r. John P. Henry Montgomery Univ. N. Y. 1887--p.1907 Edward C. Rushmore Tuxedo Park P. & S. N. Y., '86; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M. A. 1887--r.1906 F. D. Meyers Slate Hill Univ. Mich., '93; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M. A. 1887--r.1889 Jos. O. Reed Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '87; Asst. Phys. State Hosp. 1887--P.1907 W. Stanton Gleason Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '86; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres.. '01; Mem. N. B. M. S. and Pres.; Mem. O. C. M. A.; Visiting Phys. St. Luke's Hosp. 1887--d.1907 Louis A. Harris Newburgh A. M. C., '84. 1887--r.1898 Daniel H. Arthur Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '87; 2d Ass. Supt. State Hosp., '97; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. 1888--r.1896 Howard E. Winans Newburgh N. Y. H. M. C., '88. 1888--d.1899 W. J. Nelson Middletown Univ. Md.. '83; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Health Officer, '97. 1888--d.1907 Jas. E. O'Malley Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '88; ex-Visiting Phys. St. Luke's Hosp. 1888--p.1907 Edgar Potts Port Jervis Univ. N. Y., '88; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1888--p.1907 J. B. Hulett Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '87; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres., '96; Mem. O. C. M. A.; Visiting Surg. Thrall Hospl. 1888--p.1907 Frank M. Cummins Warwick N. Y. H. M. C., '88; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and H. M. S. D. O. & U. 1888--p.1907 Alpheus E. Adams Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '79; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '95; Mem. N. B. M. S. and Pres. id., '96; Mem. O. C. M. A.; Consl. Ophth.& Otol. St. Luke's Hosp. 1888-r.1906 Stephen D. Harrison Cornwall-on- P. & S. N. Y., '79; Hudson Mem. N. B. M. S. and Pres. id.. '03; Consl. Phys. St. Luke's Hosp. 1889--r.1891 Jos. W. McCready Goshen B. M. C, '88; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1889--d.1899 J. L. Kortright Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '80; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1889--p.1907 Frank A. Jacobson Newburgh N. Y. H. M. C., '88; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. and Sec. '90; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U. and Sec. and Treas. id.

Years of Name Location Medical College Practice or Society Granting Diploma; Memberships in County Medical Societies--Public Service, etc.

1889--d.1900 A. Winfield Bergen Cornwall N. Y. H. M. C., '87; Mem. O. C. H. M. S. 1889--r. Jacob Walter Newburgh H. M. C. Pa., '87. 1889--p.1907 J. H. Hanmer Middletown E. M. C. N. Y., '83; Health Officer, 1898-'08. 1889--p.1907 David H. Sprague Middletown and Univ. N. Y., '86; Central Valley Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M. A. 1889--r.1899 Wm. G. Birdsall Cornwall N. Y. H., '88; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U. 1890--r.1891 F. S. Cole Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '90; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1890--r.1894 E. W. Hitchcock Goshen N. Y. H. M. C, '90; ex-Health Officer. 1890--d.1895 E. H. Borst Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '90; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. N. B. M. S.; Visiting Surg. St. Luke's Hosp. 1890--r.1902 G. H. Brown Highland Falls P. & S. N. Y., '89; Mem. N. B. M. S. and O. C. M. S. 1890--r.1906 H. Martyn Brace Port Jervis P. & S. N. Y., '81. 1890--r.1890 Nathan B. Van Etten Port Jervis B. H. M. C., '90. 1890--r. T. C. Vandeveer Monroe L. I. C. H., '90. 1890--r.1903 William Evans Westtown P. & S. N. Y., '90; Mem. O. C. M. S. and O. C. M. A. 1890--d.1907 Louis R. Pierce Newburgh L. I. C. H., '89; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. O. C. M. .A.; Mem. N. B. M. S.; Sec. and Pres. id., '00: Visiting Obst. St. Luke's Hospl.; died Dec, 1907. 1890--r. F. A. Carpenter Slate Hill Ecl. Univ. Cinn.,'89 1890--r Andrew T. Carpenter Slate Hill E. M. C. N. Y., '86. 1890--p.1907 Robert Kearns Montgomery P. & S. N. Y., '88. 1890--r.1897 George Allen Middletown H. M. C. Pa., 77; 1st Asst. Supt. State Hosp. 1891--r.1893 Edward F. Smith Goshen B. H. M. C. 1891--p.1907 S. L. Sweeney Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '90. 1891--p.1907 Thos. L. Gilson Middletown L. I. C. H., '91; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Health Officer, '93. 1891--p.1907 I. D. Brownell Walden L. I. C. H., '91; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. N. B. M. S.: ex-Health Officer. 1891--p.1907 Wm. E. Reed Washingtonville N. Y. H. M. C., '84; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U.; Pres., '07. 1891--p.1907 E. A. Nugent Unionville B. H. M. C., '91; Mem. O. C. M. S. and O. C. M. A. 1892--r.1902 Chas. W. Banks Port Jervis B. M. M. C., '92; Mem. O. C. M. C.; Health Officer, 1893-'96 and 1892--r.1907 Chas. E. Skinner Port Jervis B. H. M. C, 92; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Health Officer, 1893-'95 and '96-'97. 1892--r.1894 Mary Beattie Newburgh 1892--p.1907 Chas. P. Smith Chester L. I. C. H., 92; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1892--p.1907 M. C. Ashley Middletown H. M. C. Pa., '92; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U.; former Asst. and since '02 Supt. State Hospital. 1893--r.1895 Jas. E. Spiegel Middletown Univ. Buffalo. 1893--r.1895 Josiah M. Ward Goshen B. H. M. C.; ex-Health Officer. 1895--r.1897 Wm. E. Sebring Searsville A. M. C., '93; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1893--p.1907 Thos. K. Burke Newburgh Niagara Univ., '91. 1893--p.1907 Chas. E. Townsend Newburgh B. H. M. C., '92; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres., '03; Mem. O. C. M. A.; Mem. N. B. M. S. and Sec'y, '95; Visiting Surg. St. Luke's Hospital. 1893--P.1907 Robt. A. Taylor Port Jervis B. H. M. C., '93; Mem. O. C. M. S. and O. C. M. A. 1893--p.1907 W. S. Russell Highland Mills Univ. N. Y., '93; Mem. O. C. M. A. 1893--p.1907 M. H. Dubois Washingtonville B. H. M. C., '93; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1893--p.1907 J. S. Cummins Warwick H. M. C. Chic., '91; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U. 1893--p.1907 E. O. Mitchell Newburgh Harvard Univ., '92. 1893--p.1907 Clara Barrus Middletown Univ. Bost.(H.),'88; Woman Phys. State Hosp.; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U. 1893--p.1907 Andrew V. Jova Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., 84; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '99; Mem. N. B. M. S. and Pres. id., '00; Visiting Phys. St. Luke's Hospl. 1894--r.1896 Mortimer W. Shaw Middletown L. I. C. H., '92; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1894--r.1899 H. B. Masten Chester P. & S. N. Y., '94. 1894--r. Walter S. Elliott Port Jervis P. & S. Balt., '78. 1894--p.1907 D. B. Hardenburgh Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '91; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '02; Visiting Phys. Thrall Hosp. 1894--P.1907 Chas. H. Hall Monroe P. & S. Balt., '91; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1894--P.1907 C. Willis Many Florida L. I. C. H., '94; Mem: O. C. M. S. 1894--P.1907 F. M. Phillips Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '94. 1894--p.1907 Chas. N. Knapp Port Jervis B. H. M. C., '94; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Health Officer, 1902 to '03. 1894--p.1907 Geo. F. Pitts Warwick Univ. N. Y., '77; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1894--P.1907 Edward F. Brooks Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '94; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. N. B. M. S. 1894--P.1907 John E. Leemon Middletown Univ. N. Y., '94. 1894--p.1907 Arthur P. Powelson Middletown and N. Y. H. M. C, '94; Walden Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U.; Asst. Phys. State Hosp., '96-'01. 1894--P.1907 R. L. Geoch Goshen N. Y. H. M. C., 94; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U. 1894--p.1907 Henry Wilson Newburgh R. C. P. & S. Eng.'79 1895--d.1899 James Wood Newburgh B. H. M. C., '91; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Mem. N. B. M. S. Died in service U. S. A., Cuba, '99. 1895--r.1897 A. F. Hardlicka Middletown E. M. C. N. Y.; Asst. Phys. State Hosp. 1895--p.1907 Hilton J. Shelley Middletown E. I. Lines; Univ. N. Y., '89; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1895--p.1907 C. I. Redfield Middletown Univ. Pa., '94; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id., '04; Mem. O. C. M. A.; ex-Sec. N. Y. State Med. Assn.; Health Officer, 1898. 1895--P.1907 William J. Carr Newburgh B. H. M. C.; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Treas. id.; Mem. O. C. M. A.; Mem. N. B. M. S. and Pres. id., '06: Health Officer City Newburgh, '97-'04; Ass. Visiting Surg. St. Luke's Hosp. 1895--p.1907 E. J. Leahy Port Jervis Queen's Col. Ontario, '93. 1895--p.1907 Lysander M. Jones Port Jervis Medico-Chir. Phila., '93; Health Officer, '97 to '01. 1895--p.1907 Raphael F. Medrick Port Jervis Univ. Pa.. '95; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Health Officer, 1903 to 1907. 1895--P.1907 H. E. Wise Turners and Univ. N. Y., '95; Tuxedo Park. Mem. O. C. M. S. and O. C. M. A. 1895--p.1907 Isabelle M. Wilson Middletown N. Y. M. C. for W., 94; Mem. H. M. C. D. O. & U. 1895--p.1907 W. H. Snyder Newburgh N. Y. H. M. C., '93; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U.; Mem. O. C. M. S. and O. C. M. A.; also N. B. M. S.; Asst. Visiting Phys. St. Luke's Hosp.; Health Officer City Newburgh. 1895--p.1907 E. M. Shultz Middletown N. Y. H. M. C. N. Y., '93; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U. 1895--p.1907 Fred A. Hadley Walden P. & S. Balt., '95; Mem. N. B. M. S. and O. C. M. S. 1895--p.1907 W. H. F. Burke Middletown B. H. M. C., '82; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1895--p.1907 Warren Worcester Middletown P. & S. Balt.; also D.D.S., '88; Mem. O. C. M. S. Practices Dentistry. 1896--r.1897 Julius A. Winter Port Jervis L. I. C. H. 1896--p.1907 William Hollinger Newburgh Univ. N. Y., '92; Mem. O. C. M. S. and N. B. M. S. 1896--r. Norman W. Currie Searsville Univ. N. Y.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1896--r.1899 E. M. Devol Goshen Univ. N. Y., '96. 1896--p.1907 I. H. Lent Middletown A. M. C, '74; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Cons. Ophth. Thrall Hosp. 1896--p.1907 E. D. Woodhull Monroe D. M. C, '95; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Pres. id.; Mem. O. C. M. A. and Pres., '04. 1896--r.1907 D. E. Francisco Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '96; Asst. Phys. State Hosp. 1896--r. Mary G. Cummins Goshen H. M. C. N. Y., '96. 1896--r.1907 Frank A. Augur Newburgh and P. & S. Balt., '86. Searsville 1897--r.1898 Geo. B. Brown East Coldenham B. H. M. C, '97; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1897--p.1907 F. W. Gerecke Newburgh B. H. M. C., '97; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1897--p.1907 L. J. Merritt Pine Bush and Univ. Md., '97; Maybrook Mem. O. C. M. A. and O. C. M. S. 1897--p.1907 Ira C. Whitehead Walden B. M. C. Mass., '55; Health Officer since '03. 1897--p.1907 Mary Ella Dunning Newburgh W. M. C. Phil., '96; Mem. O. C. M. S. and O. C. M. A. 1897--p.1907 M. A. Stivers Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '94; Mem. O. C. M. S.; Visiting Phys. Thrall Hosp. 1897--p.1907 H. J. Powelson Middletown H. M. C. Phila.,'94. 1897--r. Clarence Klar Florida H. M. C. Phila.,'96. 1897--r.1905 Edward A. Everitt Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '97; 2d Asst. Supt. State Hosp. 1897--r.1899 Clarence A. Potter Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '97; Junior Phys. State Hosp. 1897--r.1900 Harry P. Dawe Chester Univ. N. Y., '03. 1898--r.1900 H. S. Cooley Newburgh B. H. M. C., '98. 1898--r.1904 Geo. A. H. Smith East Coldenham L. I. C. H., 98; Mem. N. B. M. S. 1898--p.1907 H. A. Waldron Newburgh A. M. C., '77; Mem. O. C. M. S. and O. C. M. A.; Mem. N. B. M. S.; Pres., '04. 1898--p.1907 H. S. Trigg Cornwall Univ. Vt., '81. 1898--p.1907 W. L. Dunning Newburgh B. H. M. C., '92; Mem. O. C. M. S. and N. B. M. S. 1898--p.1907 Robt. C. Woodman Middletown H. M. C. Phila.,'95; 1st Asst. Supt. State Hospl.; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U. 1898--p.1907 A. H. Bayard Cornwall A. M. C., '89; Mem. O. C. M. S. and N. B. M. S.

Years of Name Location Medical College Practice or Society Granting Diploma; Memberships in County Medical Societies--Public Service, etc. 1898--r. Edward H. Sharp Central Valley Univ. Buffalo, '98. 1899--r.1902 M. V. Wilkie Deerpark P. & S. N. Y., '94. 1899--p.1907 Albert W. Preston Middletown P. & S. N. Y., 96; Mem. O. C. M. S. and O. C. M. A. 1899--r.1902 Effie W. Banks Port Jervis Cornell Univ., '99. 1899--r. W. R. Tubbs Port Jervis H. M. C. Phila. 1899--p.1907 Lawrence G. Distler Middletown B. H. M. C., '09; Mem. O. C. M. A. and Sec. id.; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1899--p.1907 Chas. W. Dennis Goshen R. M. C. '83; Mem. O. C. M. S. and Sec. id.; Consl. Phys. Thrall Hosp. 1899--p.1907 H. T. Kurtz Highland Falls Cornell Univ. 1899--r.1905 Reeve Turner Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '99; Asst. Phys. State Hosp., '99-'05. 1900--r. B. V. E. Dolph Port Jervis Syracuse Univ., '00. 1900-1907 Hiram D. Walker Newburgh Univ. Buffalo, '64; Mem. N. B. M. S. Discovered that earthworms convey the parasite of "gapes" to fowls. 1900--p.1907 F. W. Seward, Jr. Goshen N. Y. H. M. C., '98; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U.; Asst. Phys. Interpines. 1900--r.1902 Emory G. Drake Cornwall L. I. C. H. 1900--p.1907 David H. Chandler Cornwall N. Y. H. M. C., 92; Mem. H. M. C. D. O. & U. 1900--r.1903 C. A. Canfield Middletown Univ. N. Y., '86. 1900--r.1906 J. Austin Kelly Chester L. I. C. H., 95; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1901--r.1905 E. R. Smith Washingtonville L. I. C. H.. '01. 1901--r.1906 H. A. Ferguson Central Valley Univ. N. Y. Prop.; Falkirk Sanitarium, '04-'06. 1901--p.1907 Geo. W. Blanchard Highland Falls M. S .M., '95; Mem. O. C. M. S. and N. B. M. S.; Phys. to Convent. 1901--p.1907 Merritt I. Beers Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '01; Mem. O. C. M. A. and O. C. M. S. 1901--p.1907 Julia F. Fish Middletown Pulte Med. Col.,'01; Intern State Hosp. 1902--p.1907 George E. Brewster Middletown N. Y. H. M. C, '00; 2d Asst. Supt. State Hospl.; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U. and O. C. M. S. 1902--r.1904 Fred I. Savage Chester B. H. M. C., '70. 1902--p.1907 Elizabeth J. Jaeger Cornwall W. M. C. Phil., 02. 1902--p.1907 Henry I. Winter Cornwall Univ. N. Y., 92; Mem. N. B. M. S. and Pres. id.; Mem. O. C M. A. and O. C. M. S.; Cons. Neurol. St. Luke's Hospl. Newburgh. 1902--p.1907 Thos. D. McMenamin Highland Falls Cornell Univ., '01; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1902--r.1907 Francis H. Dreyer Searsville N. Y. H. M. C., '94. 1902--p.1907 Albert Brinkman Central Valley Univ. N. Y., '83. and Brooklyn 1903--r.1907 Aaron D. Davidow Florida P. & S. Chicago,'94; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1903--p.1907 F. P. Howser Otisville B. H. M. C., 91; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1903--p.1907 Roy E. Mitchell Middletown Univ. Minn. (H.), '01; Asst. Phys. State Hospl.; Mem. H. M. S. D. O. & U.; Mem. O. C M. A. and O. C. M. S. 1903--p.1907 Max H. Skou Slate Hill N. Y. Ecl., '01. 1904--p.1907 Geo. O. Pobe Port Jervis L. I. C. H., 01; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1904--p.1907 Frank E. Gessner Port Jervis B. H. M. C., 03; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1904--p.1907 Palmer R. Bowdish Cornwall A. M. C., '04. 1904--r.1906 Henry F. Parker Newburgh J. M. C., '83. 1904--p.1907 E. C. Thompson Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '01; Mem. O. C. M. A. and N. B. M. S.; Sec. id.; Asst. Visiting Surg. St. Luke's Hosp. 1904--p.1907 Percy E. Banks East Coldenham L. I. C. H., 04; Mem. N. B. M. S. 1904--r. A. S. Moore Middletown Univ. Mich.(H.).'01; Asst. Phys. State Hospl. 1904--r. Leroy James Smith Turners U. & B. H. M. C., '05. 1905--p.1907 A. Judson Benedict Newburgh Univ. Buffalo; Mem. O. C. M. S. and O. C. M. A.; Mem. N. B. M. S.; Visiting Rhin. and Otol. St. Luke's Hospl. 1905--p.1907 Elijah Osterhout Newburgh Syracuse Univ., '96; Mem. O. C. M. S. and O. C. M. A.; Mem. N. B. M. S. 1905--p.1907 W. B. Andrews Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '03; Mem. O. C. M. S. and N. B. M. S. 1905--p.1907 W. W. Davis Chester Syracuse Univ., '03; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1905--p.1907 John I. Cotter Campbell Hall A. M. C., '04; Mem. O. C. M. S. and N. B. M. S. 1905--p.1907 Jesse D. Mars Florida Univ. Mich., '04; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1905--p.1907 F. W. H. Massey Unionville Univ. N. Y., '84. 1905--r.1907 LeRoy J. Smith Turners Univ. & B. H. M. C., '04. 1905--p.1907 Nelson W. Thompson Middletown Univ. Mich.(H.), '05; Intern State Hospl. 1905--p.1907 H. V. Bingham Middletown N. Y. H. M. C., '05; Junior Ass. Phys. State Hospl. 1906--p.1907 Carlos F. MacDonald Central Valley B. H. M. C, '69; and New York Propr. and Phys. in City charge The Dr. MacDonald House; also N. Y. C. 1906--p.1907 Lillian Morgan Middletown N. Y. M. C. & H. for W., '06; ex-Supt. Thrall Hosp., '07. 1906--p.1907 Fred B. Colby Highland Falls B. M. C., '06. 1906--p.1907 Clarence J. Slocum Central Valley A. M. C., '97: Supt. of The Dr. MacDonald House. 1906--p.1907 Geo. W. Shirk Cornwall R. M. C., '97; Mem. N. B. M. S. and O. C. M. S. 1906--p.1907 Henry B. Ballon Middletown Univ. Mich.(H.),'05; Intern State Hospl. 1906--p.1907 Benj. Ver Nooy Middletown Univ. & B. H. M. C., '96. 1906--p.1907 Robt. Cordner Middletown P. & S. N. Y., '99; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1907--p.1907 H. G. Hubbell Cornwall L. I. C. H., '06. 1907--p.1907 Talcott O. Vanamer Newburgh P. & S. N. Y., '04; Mem. O. C. M. S. 1907--p.1907 B. F. Seaman Newburgh A. M. C., '05. 1907--p.1907 Burke Hamilton Goshen Syracuse Univ., '05.

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS. ***** Blank space--Information could not be ascertained. D.--Died in Orange County. Hon.--Honorary. Id.--The same. Inc.--Incorporator. Lic.--Licentiate of Medical Society named. Mem.--Member. Pres.--President. P.--Practicing at the time named. R.--Removed from the county. Ret.--Retired. A. M. C.--Albany Medical College (Union Univ.). B. H. M. C.--Bellevue Hospital Medical College (Consolidated with Univ. N. Y. '98). B. M. C.--Berkshire Medical College (Mass.). B. M. S.--Botanical Medical Society (N. Y.). C. M. C.--Castleton Medical College (Vt.) (Extinct 1861.) C. H. M. C.--Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College. Cornell Univ.--Cornell University, Medical Dept. (N. Y. C). D. M. C.--Dartmouth Medical College (N. H.). E. M. C. N. Y.--Eclectic Medical College of New York City. G. M. C.--Geneva Medical College, N. Y. Harvard Univ.--Harvard University, Medical Dept. (Boston). Hy. T. C. N. Y.--Hygiene-Therapeutic College, N. Y. City. H. M. C.--Hahnemann Medical College (Phila. or Chicago). H. M. S. D. O. & U.--Homeopathic Medical Society of Dutchess, Orange and Ulster Counties. J. M. C--Jefferson Medical College (Phila.). L. I. C. H.--Long Island College Hospital (Brooklyn). M. M. C.--Middlebury Medical College (Vt.). (Extinct 1856.) Met. M. C. Ec.--Metropolitan Medical College, Eclectic (Chicago). (Extinct 1862.) M. S. M.--Medical School of Maine (Bowdoin). M. S. S. N. Y.--Medical Society of State of New York. M. S. C. N. Y.--Medical Society of City of New York. M. S. D. C.--Medical Society of Dutchess County. M. S. U. C.--Medical Society of Ulster County. M. S. H. C.--Medical Society of Herkimer County. M. S. M. C.--Medical Society of Montgomery County. N. Y. H. M. C.--New York Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital. N. Y. C. & H. for W.--New. York College and Hospital for Women (Homeopathic). Niagara Univ.--Niagara University--Medical Dept. (Buffalo). N. Y. H.--New York Hospital. N. B. M. S.--Newburgh Bay Medical Society. N. E. M. S.--Newburgh Eclectic Medical Society. (Extinct.) O. C. M. A.--Orange County Medical Association. (Extinct.) O. C. M. S.--Orange County Medical Society. O. C. H. M. S.--Orange County Homeopathic Medical Society.(Extinct.) O. H. M. S.--Oneida Homeopathic Medical Society. P. & S. N. Y.--College of Physicians and Surgeons N. Y. (Columbia Univ.). P. & S. W. D. N. Y.--College of Physicians and Surgeons, Western District N. Y. P. C. M.--Philadelphia College of Medicine. (Extinct 1859.) P. U. M.--Philadelphia University of Medicine. (Extinct 1880.) P. & S. Balt.--College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore. R. C. P. S. Eng. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons (England). R. M. C.--Rush Medical College (Chicago). Rutgers--Rutgers Medical College, N. Y. C. (Extinct 1830.) St. T. M. C. & H. Lon.--St. Thomas' Medical College and Hospital (London, Eng.). Syracuse Univ.--Syracuse University, Medical Dept. T. M. C.--Trinity College, Medical Dept. (Dublin, Ireland). T. S. M. S.--Tri-States Medical Society of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Univ. Pa.--University of Pennsylvania. Medical Dept. (Phila.). Univ. Mich.--University of Michigan, Medical Dept. (Ann Arbor). (Both Schools.) Univ. Vt.--University of Vermont, Medical Dept. Univ. Buffalo--University of Buffalo, Medical Dept. Univ. W.--University of Wooster, Ohio. (Extinct 1870.) Univ. Md.--University of Maryland, Baltimore. Univ. Minn.--University of Minnesota. (Both Schools.) Univ. N. Y.--University of New York, Med. Dept. (Consolidated with B. H. M. C.) Univ. & B. H. M. C--University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Univ. Glas.--University of Glasgow, Med. Dept. (Scotland). U. S. M. C.--United States Medical College, New York City (Eclectic). (Extinct 1882.) V. M. C.--Vermont Medical College. W. M. C. N. Y. I.--Woman's Medical College of the N. Y. Infirmary. W. M. C. Pa.--Woman's Medical College of Pa. (Phila.). (Extinct 1861.) Yale--Yale University, Medical Dept. (New Haven).

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XXXIV. THE SCHOOLS OF ORANGE COUNTY

By John M. Dolph.

The eastern part of the State of New York, including all those portions which were settled in the seventeenth century or in the early part of the eighteenth, have this common feature in their educational history. They all show three periods of development, separate and distinct from each other, and these periods are characterized, largely, by the initiative under which the schools were organized and maintained.

The first of these periods, which we may call the colonial period, reaches from the first settlement of the country down to the time of the Revolutionary War. During this time, about seventy-five years, whatever schools there were in Orange County, were organized and supported entirely by the settlers in the different neighborhoods, for the instruction of their own children.

There were no large villages in Orange County at that time. The communities were purely agricultural, with small hamlets scattered here and there, such as are found in agricultural districts to-day, and the educational advantages were very limited. This period culminated in the struggle for independence, during which even these limited advantages were almost entirely swept away.

During the war of the Revolution, the settled portions of the State were overrun by armed bands again and again. The valley of the Hudson was harried by the contending armies, back and forth for years, and, even where there were no armies, the virulence of the feeling which existed between the patriots and the Tories, was such that there was little more safety for life and property in those localities than there was at the very seat of war.

Under these circumstances, the schools were generally closed and the generation which grew up during the Revolution was largely without regular instruction.

Toward the end of the war, when actual hostilities had largely ceased, there was a great awakening throughout the State to the necessity for more and better schools than had ever existed heretofore. Mingling with those who had enjoyed better educational advantages, in the camp and on the field, had taught the pioneers the value of education, and they determined to make it possible for their children to become better equipped, educationally, than they had been.

Private academies, for classical training, were established in the small towns and villages and a new period, which we may call the period of the private schools, began.

In response to this sentiment in favor of higher education, the Legislature passed the University law in 1784, establishing the University of the State of New York and giving the authority and the aid of the State to the academies which had already been established and encouraging the establishment of others. The object of this movement by the Legislature, as defined in the act establishing the University, was "to encourage and promote education in advance of the common, elementary branches."

It is a characteristic feature of the thought and feeling of this period that the State should give its aid and authority to private institutions for secondary instruction long years before it recognized in any way, its duty to the common school and elementary instruction.

Soon the private academies became so numerous that the opportunity for higher education reached to every part of the State. These schools did a grand work. For three-quarters of a century they opened up opportunities for the ambitious boys and girls whose parents were able to pay for their tuition.

Then, a new idea appeared in educational matters--the idea that the child of the poor man has as much right to the opportunity for education as the child of the rich, and that it is the duty of the State to provide this opportunity for rich and poor alike. So the period of the free schools followed that of the private academies.

THE COLONIAL PERIOD.

The first settlements in what is now Orange County were made not far from the same time in both the eastern and western extremities. The county then included what is now Rockland County, and was bounded on the north by the line separating the counties of Orange and Ulster. This line ran from the mouth of Murderer's Creek (now Moodna) "westward into the woods as far as the Delaware River." These settlements were made previous to 1700, but the time is not absolutely certain with respect to either of them.

In the western part of the county, in what is now the town of Deerpark, the first settlers were Dutch and Huguenot families, who came from Kingston and New Paltz. In the eastern part the settlers came up the Hudson River and consisted almost entirely of English speaking people from New York and the Long Island towns. In fact, so close was the association with New York, that for some years the New York reports included Orange and our county had no independent county government.

In 1693, according to the report of Governor Fletcher, made by Matthew Clarkson, secretary of the province, there were in "Orange County not above twenty families, for the present under the care of New York."

In 1698 there were reported to Governor Bellomont about thirty families and 140 children in Orange.

These children were scattered over a wide district, in pioneer homes, where luxuries were unknown and where even the necessaries of life were difficult of attainment. There were no schools for their instruction at this time, nor for a number of years afterward, but it is evident that many of them at least did secure the elements of an education, either from their parents or from some other source, for we find them later, in the Dutch and Huguenot settlements at any rate, as the men of affairs, prominent in the church and in the community, able to read and write and to transact business in a business-like manner.

By 1723 a second generation had grown up and new settlers had come into the county. In that year 543 children are reported. By this time the pioneers had overcome the greater difficulties of the early settlement. Their farms yielded abundant supplies and there was opportunity to make provision for the instruction of their children. That this opportunity was made use of and that some provision was made, in most parts of the settlements, for the instruction of the boys and girls, there is little reason to doubt.

The young people of this generation learned "to read and write and cast accounts," at any rate. There were few, if any, schoolhouses, and tradition has it that the teachers, like the tailors and the shoemakers, went about from house to house, giving instruction in the three R's.

At this time no text-books had been published in America and books of all kinds were very scarce in the frontier settlements, so that the few books attainable were quite generally provided by the teacher as the tools of his profession. The hornbook was used for teaching beginners. This was a flat piece of wood with a handle. On the flat part of this there was fastened a piece of horn, scraped thin to make it transparent. A strip of paper on which the lesson was written or printed, was placed between the horn and the wood. These lessons, protected by the horn, would last a long time and could be used by many different pupils. The hornbook was used for teaching the letters, some of the combinations of vowels and consonants and either the Lord's Prayer or some other verses of easy reading. A copy of the Bible was often the only printed book in the school and was used as a reading book.

The material for the instruction in arithmetic, in language and the more difficult words in spelling were contained in the teacher's note-book, which he had carefully prepared, under the direction of some other teacher, similarly equipped. These note-books contained the rules and tables in arithmetic, many problems, lists of words for spelling and selections for memorizing. In fact, the teacher's note-book was his tool-chest, and its size and completeness were his recommendations. The possession of a Bible, a psalm book, a copy of Dillingham's arithmetic or some other English work, and a few books of general literature were sufficient to mark the pioneer pedagogue as a man of great distinction in his profession.

On the hornbook the letters of the alphabet were usually followed by the character &, to which were added the Latin words per se and the English word and, making & per se and. Many of the teachers knew no Latin and condensed this into "Ampersand," and this word has come down to us meaningless, except as we know its origin.

When the pupils had learned to use the quill pen, which the teacher fashioned for them with his penknife, they were provided with a few sheets of paper, bound together in strong covers, and they proceeded to make, more or less carefully, a note-book like the teacher's. Some of these note-books, still preserved, show the character of the work done in these early schools. Besides the matters enumerated above some have riddles and anecdotes, evidently intended as practice in language. One which I have seen, written by a young lady, has the following exercise for punctuation:

"There is a lad in this land Hath twenty nails upon each hand Five and twenty on hands and feet And this is true without deceit."

Much attention was paid to penmanship, and the copies prepared by the teacher were often as perfect as the engraved copies of the modern copy-book. These copies were kept by the pupil and practiced with painstaking care. A reproduction of a copy written by Joseph Dolph, with a quill pen of his own make is given to show the skill in lettering with which some of these old schoolmasters prepared their copies.

It would be of great interest if we could know more of these pioneers of the teacher's profession and their work. But there are few records of them left. They were generally men, in the early days always men, and probably few of them possessed much learning beyond the rudiments which they taught.

There was no opportunity for higher studies and the few young men who desired to enter college had to find a tutor, usually a clergyman, who could give him instruction in the preparatory studies.

When the first schoolhouse in Orange County was built I do not know. It is possible that there was a building used for this purpose on the Quassaick, now Newburgh, during the occupancy of the Palatinate colony, previous to 1730. It is certain that a building for school purposes was erected there soon after 1752, although it is not possible to determine when this school was opened. There is reason to suppose that a teacher was installed soon after the transfer of the Glebe lands to Alexander Colden and Richard Atherton "as trustees thereof, for the sole use and behoof of a minister of the Church of England, as by law established, and a school-master, to have the care of souls and the instruction of the children of the neighboring inhabitants." This transfer was made in 1752.

The land known as the Glebe was part of a grant of 2190 acres on the west side of the Hudson River, "beginning on the north side of Quassaic Creek and extending up the Hudson 219 chains and into the woods 100 chains," made for the benefit of a colony of Lutheran, refugees from the Palatinate of the Rhine. They had crossed over to England and Queen Anne directed that this grant be made for them. From this tract 500 acres were set apart, "according to the queen's pleasure," for the support of their minister and 100 acres for the schoolmaster's lot. Although the Queens interest had been manifested in 1708, the patent was not issued until 1719, and then the land soon passed into other hands.

After the transfer of the Glebe lands in 1752 as mentioned above, a house was built for the schoolmaster, "with a school-room in the rear." Little is known of this school. Ruttenber, in his history of Orange County, gives the names of some of the teachers who were in charge of it at different times before the Revolution, as follows: Lewis Donveur, in 1768; Joseph Penney, in 1769; Thomas Gregory, in 1773. In 1774 John Nathan Hutchinson became the teacher and continued in the school until shortly before his death, which occurred in 1782.

There were other schools in various parts of the county, previous to the Revolution. One James Carpenter, a teacher at or near Goshen, is mentioned in certain records in 1762.

In the town of Deerpark, as it is now constituted, there were at least two school buildings which were erected before the war. One of these was located about a mile from the boundary of the city of Port Jervis. on the east side of the Neversink River, and the other where the village of Cuddebackville now stands. In this latter building Thomas Kyte taught for some time. In 1775 he married Lea Keator and removed from the valley to the town of Wantage, Sussex County, New Jersey, where he became a prosperous farmer and where some of his descendants still remain. In 1776 Thomas White, an Englishman, was employed as teacher in the same district. He came, with his wife Elizabeth, and lived at the home of Ezechiel Gumaer near the Neversink River. The school was also conducted in one of the rooms of the Gumaer house. Later, when the house was reconstructed as a fort, for the better protection of the people of the neighborhood, and several families had gathered there, the school was continued in the fort. Mr. White remained throughout the entire period of the war, and the children who were so fortunate as to be his pupils, enjoyed advantages which very few could have at that time. He was a man of some literary attainments, small in stature, but quick and active in body and mind.

Mr. Peter E. Gumaer (1770 to 1869) who was one of his pupils, says of him, in his history of Deerpark: "I conclude that Mr. White had been taught in one of the best of the common schools of England, and in a very perfect manner so far as he had progressed. He was a very eloquent reader and could perform the same with an air suitable to the nature of the subject on which the reading treated. I have always considered him as the equal of the best readers I have ever heard."

Commenting on the advantages which Mr. White gave his pupils and the value of his services to the community, Mr. Gumaer says, "This man's services have been a greater benefit to the third generation of the descendants of this neighborhood than those of any other individual, in consequence of which he ought to be held in remembrance by our descendants and be incorporated in our history, as the first important originator of education among us."

Mr. White spent his old age on a farm in the town of Wallkill and is buried in the churchyard of the Presbyterian church at Otisville. In his will he left a sum of money from the proceeds of which there should be paid $10 each year, to the minister of each of four different churches, for preaching a special sermon, to be known as The White Sermon. The four churches benefited are the Dutch Reformed church of Port Jervis, the Congregational church of Middletown, and the Episcopal and Presbyterian churches of Goshen.

The school on the east side of the Neversink River, near Port Jervis, was in session at the time of Brant's raid on Tuesday, July 20, 1779. The Indians and Tories under Thayandanega, or, as the whites called him, Joseph Brant, came down the Delaware valley and separated into two divisions. One party followed the river and the other crossed the point of land between the two rivers, keeping near the base of the mountain and crossed the Neversink near the old Indian burying ground. The object of the raid, as stated by Brant in his report to the commanding officer, was to secure booty, especially beef cattle. But it would appear from the method of attack that there was another object, that of capturing or killing Major Decker.

The attack was made simultaneously upon the home of Major Decker and upon the farms four miles down the river across the State line, in New Jersey. The men of the Major's family were away attending a funeral and the house, although it was surrounded by a stockade, was easily taken and burned. It is probable that the most of the men were attending the funeral when the attack was made. This funeral, or at least the burial, was held at the meeting house of the Dutch Reformed church, which stood on East Main street, near the culvert over which the Erie Railroad crossed that street. This also was burned later in the same raid. One of these bands came upon the school house with the school in session. The teacher, Jeremiah Van Auken, grandson of James Van Auken, who was the first magistrate of the Minisink region, was killed and scalped and the children scattered. According to the deposition of Mehary Owen, one of the Tories who accompanied Brant on this raid, that chieftain had issued strict orders that no women nor children should be injured. This deposition was taken by Henry Wisner, Esq., at Goshen, and, while there is little dependence to be put upon the word of such a renegade, there is no proof that any of the children were harmed.

The story so often told and sometimes discredited, that Brant himself came upon the party that had killed Van Auken, and put paint upon the clothing of the children to protect them, is too well authenticated to be rejected. It is more than tradition.

There are persons still living who have heard the story told by those who were there, on that day. Among others, Margaret Decker, daughter of Major Johannes Decker, horn in 1770, was there at school that day. She afterward married Benjamin Carpenter and left many descendants. She told the story many times to children and grandchildren, substantially as it has been told by the people of the valley since 1779. Several of these grandchildren are still living and agree in all the main points of the story as she told it to them. This is only one of many cases where the story is a family tradition.

Peter E. Gumaer was a lad nine years old, at the time this occurred. He was a neighbor and playfellow of those children in the other district who were in school that day. He grew up with them and knew them intimately all their lives, for he outlived them all, dying beyond the middle of his ninety-ninth year. In his account of Brant's raid, given with slight alterations in Eager's History of Orange County, he tells the story substantially as it is told by the descendants of these children. The addition of a brush and the color of the paint are touches not found in the original story.

This sketch of the schools in colonial times is fragmentary and unsatisfactory, but, there is so little that has been preserved concerning them, that no account can be other than fragmentary.

THE PERIOD OF THE PRIVATE ACADEMIES.

The movement for the establishment of schools of higher grade began with the people themselves. They knew what they wanted and proceeded to obtain it in the most direct way. The method was much the same all over the State. The farmers and other well-to-do people of a considerable section subscribed the money necessary to put up a building and to provide the furniture and equipment needed. Then, when the building was ready for occupancy, it was leased to some teacher, whose compensation was the fees for tuition, paid by the students who attended. More than 300 of these institutions were established in the State.

In this movement for improved schools, the county of Orange was one of the first in the State to act. There were two other schools of this type which were incorporated before The Farmers' Hall Academy in Goshen, but the incorporation was not until several years after these schools had been in operation. The Clinton Academy at Easthampton and the Erasmus Hall Academy in Brooklyn, were both chartered by the Board of Regents in 1787, while the Goshen school was not chartered until April first, 1790.

The building for the Farmers' Hall was erected in 1773 and the school was maintained as a school for instruction in academic subjects during the Revolution, with some interruptions.

To this school, in 1781, there came a man who was to do more for the cause of education in this county than any who had preceded him. Noah Webster had graduated from Yale in 1778 and had begun the study of law at Hartford. The invasion of New York from the north, by Burgoyne, called for the services of every able bodied man, and young Webster marched to the valley of the Mohawk, as a private in his father's company of Connecticut militia. After the campaign was over, he returned to the study of law and was admitted to the bar in Hartford in 1781. Instead of waiting at Hartford for a practice, he decided to enter the profession of teaching and probably came to Goshen in the fall of the same year.

The following letter of introduction, written by Henry Wisner, Esq., a magistrate of Goshen, would seem to indicate that Mr. Webster was not a new comer in Goshen at that time and he had probably completed his first year in the school when it was written:

Goshen, N. Y., August 26th, 1782. Sir:

The bearer, Mr. Noah Webster, has taught a grammar school for some time past, in this place, much to the satisfaction of his employers.

He is now doing some business in the literary way, which, in the opinion of good judges, will be of great service to posterity. He, being a stranger in New Jersey, may stand in need of the assistance of some gentlemen with whom you are acquainted. He is a young gentleman whose moral as well as political character is such as will render him worthy of your notice.

Any favor which you may do him will be serving the public and accepted as a favor done your friend and very humble servant,

Henry Wisner.

His Excellency, Governor Livingston.

During the preceding year, Prof. Webster had prepared the manuscript of the first part of his "Grammatical Institute of the English Language," the first text-book for the use of schools published in this country. This first part was the Webster Speller, not only the first school book published in this country, but also the most popular one.

Mr. Webster's object in leaving Goshen at this time, was to show these manuscripts to people acquainted with the educational situation throughout the country and to get their opinions on the probable demand for the work.

He visited Philadelphia and met a number of the members of Congress, among whom was James Madison, afterward president of the United States. Mr. Madison was himself, a thorough linguist and deeply interested in the subject of schools. He also showed much interest in Mr. Webster and his proposed work. From Philadelphia, Mr. Webster went to Princeton and showed his work to the Rev. S. S. Smith, then a professor and afterward president of Princeton College. Everywhere the project was enthusiastically received and the young author returned to Goshen, greatly encouraged to complete his series of texts and to publish it.

As we have already stated, no text books had been published in America. Moreover, at this time a widespread awakening to the importance of education was manifest throughout the country and the demand for books suitable for the instruction of the children, both in the elementary schools and in the academies was great. Accordingly, Prof. Webster returned to Goshen, continued his work there another year, during which he revised and completed his manuscripts, and in 1783, returned to Hartford and began their publication. The Grammatical Institution of the English Language was published in three volumes. The first was the speller, the second the grammar, and the third, the reader.

They seem poor and printed with wretched type, when compared with the workmanship of modern text-books, but these little volumes, produced by an Orange County teacher, while teaching in its earliest academy, were most enthusiastically received and the demand for them taxed the capacity of the publishers to the fullest extent.

The speller, the first part published, was an immediate success. In fifty years, about twenty-five million copies were sold, and for a part of this time the sales exceeded a million copies a year. The royalty on this book was one cent a copy, and, for many years this royalty yielded the author a very comfortable income. The other parts of the work never had so large a demand as the speller, but the reception accorded them and the demand for them which followed, induced the young author to devote his entire time to authorship, so that his two years in the Farmers' Hall Academy, at Goshen, comprised his entire work as a teacher.

What other teachers conducted this school before the date of its incorporation under the university law, is not definitely known. The charter was issued April 1st "in the fourteenth year of American independence," or 1790. The school, however, had been in operation at least sixteen years, before this date, and ten years before the university law was passed.

The first principal of the school, after its incorporation was Benjamin Carpenter, who remained only one year, and then removed to the Minisink valley where he established a ferry over the Delaware and gave his name to the village of Carpenter's Point. A Mr. Minor succeeded him and he in turn, was followed by John K. Joline, who was said to have been a soldier of fortune, and, as such, had visited the Spanish Main and several of the Central and South American States. He was not a young man at the time of assuming the principal-ship and tradition tells many stories of his eccentricities. He had charge of the school for several years and when he retired from the principal-ship, he remained in Goshen, living at one of the hotels until the time of his death. By a benevolent fiction he was supposed to deliver a course of lectures each year. The tickets were purchased by those who had been his pupils and by others who were benevolently inclined, and the proceeds were generally sufficient to defray his expenses, but few of the lectures were delivered, and these to very small audiences. Occasionally he would fill an engagement to teach for a few weeks, away from his beloved Goshen, but he could not be persuaded to stay away long. He taught at different times, in the Minisink valley, in what is now the town of Deerpark, but for short periods only. He was erratic, leaving without notice, and returning when he pleased, and always going back to Goshen when he had earned money enough to relieve his present necessities.

There he would sit in his chair, on the porch of the hotel, always ready to tell of the many and varied experiences of his life to any who cared to listen.

One day he did not respond to the call of the gong which announced that dinner was ready, and they found him, sitting in his chair, dead. He had died without a struggle and unnoticed, sitting in his accustomed place.

Some time previous to 1820, the Female Academy was established and became a part of the institution, controlled by the same board of trustees as the Farmer's Hall. William Ewen was the first principal in this department. Among the many teachers who had charge of this school during the earlier half of the nineteenth century were: Nathan Stark, Horace Sweezy, Victor M. Watkins, Rev. B. Y. Morse, David E. Fowler, Stephen D. Bross and Nathaniel Webb.

The last mentioned, Nathaniel Webb, became principal of both departments about 1833. Mr. Webb's influence, not only in this school, but also in the educational interests of the entire county, was such that he is worth of more than a cursory notice in any account of educational matters in this county.

He was a graduate of Union College and had caught some of the enthusiasm of Dr. Nott in the cause of education. He had prepared for the ministry, but, on the completion of his studies at Union, he found his health so impaired that he had to give up work and spend some time in the South, recovering his lost vitality. He never became robust, but enjoyed a fair degree of health and was an indefatigable worker.

After leaving the principal-ship of Farmers' Hall, Mr. Webb established a boarding school for young ladies at Goshen, which had, for many years, a wide reputation and patronage. It was noted for its thoroughness, its high moral tone, and for the real culture of its graduates. This school, which was later known as the Goshen Female Seminary, under the efficient management of Professor Webb, became one of the best schools of its kind in the State, and sent out many cultured women into the homes and schools of this section.

In connection with his school work, Mr. Webb was also one of the proprietors and editorial writers of the Democrat and Whig, a local paper published in Goshen, and continued his connection with that paper until the time of his death, which occurred in 1855. As an editorial writer for a political paper, he was so fair and impartial that he frequently became the trusted friend and adviser of both sides of a political controversy and his judgment had great weight on all political questions. As a teacher, as a man of affairs in both the social and political world, as a Christian gentleman, interested in every good work in the community in which he lived and as an exemplar of true living and Christian manhood, he was a worthy example of what the teacher should be in any community.

Various other teachers as principals and instructors carried on the work of this school until well on in the second half of the nineteenth century, when, like most of the other private academies, it was replaced by the public school.

Whatever the facts may be concerning the priority of the establishment of Clinton Academy and the Farmers' Hall, there seems to be no doubt that the Montgomery Academy, another Orange County institution, incorporated in 1792, was the fourth of these schools in the State.

The progressive character of the people of our county is shown by this fact, that two of the first four academies of the State should have been founded by them. The subscription list for the Montgomery Academy is dated in 1787 and was probably circulated and signed at that time. The village of Montgomery was only a small hamlet in a farming community. The people were, not wealthy, but they were in earnest in their determination to secure for their children the advantages of a good school.

Two hundred and seventy-seven names appear on the list, almost all of them heads of families, residing within eight or ten miles of the village. The amounts were small individually, but the sum obtained was sufficient for the modest beginning which they were to make. The trustees appointed by the subscribers, to take charge of the undertaking, were thirteen in number and were generally the most prominent and intelligent men of the section.

The story of how these farmers helped themselves to what they wanted in school accommodations is told by both Eager and Ruttenber in their histories of Orange County. This story illustrates so well the method of the founding of these schools in rural communities throughout the State that I quote from Ruttenber the story, entire:

"The trustees purchased a frame, already put up, several miles distant, as they could get it for some small sum, made a frolic to which the farmers came with their teams and carted it down to the village. This was but the work of a day, in these patriotic and freewill times. So, at very little expense, the building was entirely put up and finished.

"The teacher they wished to employ (the Rev. Alexander Miller, of New Jersey), was married, had a family and a horse and could not come unless the family and the horse could be accommodated. So, the trustees redoubled their exertions, built a kitchen adjoining the academy, put up a stable and permitted the Reverend Mr. Miller to live on the ground floor. They tendered him 80 pounds for the first year, and, after that, all he could make. This offer was accepted and the Reverend Mr. Miller became the first principal of the new institution. The tuition fees paid by the pupils varied from 2 L. to 5 L. a year, according to the subjects studied." The pound in New York currency was $2.50.

The old building was used about twenty years and was then replaced by a substantial brick building, in which the old academy maintained its existence for many years, after most of the private schools had been absorbed by the public school system. In 1891, after more than a hundred years of existence as a private school, it became the academic department of the Montgomery public schools.

The Newburgh Academy was projected by the Reverend Mr. Spierin, pastor of the Episcopal church. After some delay a building was erected and a school opened "for the instruction of youth in the Greek and Latin languages and in other branches of literature." The peculiar relation of this school to the Church of England and its control by the trustees of the Glebe, seem to have been a source of trouble. In 1804, a public meeting of the inhabitants of the original patent was held and nine trustees were elected "to take charge of the school in the academy." The new trustees evidently did take charge, for the school was incorporated under the University of the State of New York in 1806 as "The Newburgh Academy." This school had a long and successful career. Many of its teachers were men of learning and ability and the school enjoyed a reputation second to none in this section of the State. It is impossible to give its full history or to name all of its teachers. Mr. Ruttenber mentions Samuel Nicholson as principal in 1799, James Larrimore in 1802 and a long line of successors. The academy continued its work as a private school until the special act establishing the free schools of Newburgh was passed in 1852, when it became a part of the public school system of the village.

The Washington Academy, of Florida, had its inception in a meeting of the inhabitants of that village held on February 14th, 1809. The meeting was enthusiastic and decided to erect a school building and establish a school "for the instruction of the young."

A two-story brick building was erected, but it was not conducted as a private academy long. When, in response to the law of 1812, the towns were divided into school districts, in 1813, the building became the school house of District No. 15, of the town of Warwick.

Samuel S. Seward was one of the first movers for the establishment of this school and was a member of its first board of trustees. His son, William H. Seward, afterward governor of the State of New York, United States Senator and Secretary of State under President Lincoln, was one of its early pupils.

Mr. Seward was never satisfied with the fate of the Washington Academy and later gave a site and erected a building for a private school which was known as the S. S. Seward Institute.

He left $20,000 in his will for a permanent endowment of this school. For nearly half a century it was maintained as a high class boarding school. The endowment and the active interest of the Seward family kept it in operation long after most of the schools of its kind had been closed by the competition of the public school. But in 1891, it was turned over to the board of education of the village of Florida and it has, since that time, been the academic department of the Florida public schools.

The Wallkill Academy, Middletown, like a number of other places along the line of the Erie Railroad, owes its initial development to that road. In 1840 it was a small village. The people were alive to the interests of their children, however, and in 1841, they organized a company with 115 stockholders, for the purpose of establishing an academy to provide the children of the village with better opportunities for education than could be had in the district school. The result of this movement was the building of a school house and the establishment of the Wallkill Academy.

The Reverend Phineas Robinson was the first teacher, and the school took high rank as a classical or grammar school from the first.

He was succeeded by Patrick McGregor, who was principal for five years. Henry Freeman was in charge for a like period, and the Reverend P. Teller Babbitt was in charge for a year and half. Then D. Kerr Bull became principal and continued in charge of the academy until it became a part of the public school system of the village of Middletown, at its organization under special act of the legislature in 1867.

The Chester Academy was chartered by the regents of the university on February 27th, 1844. The first principal was William Bross, who was assisted by his brother, Stephen D. Bross, mentioned above as one of the principals of Farmers' Hall Academy at Goshen.

William Bross prepared for college at Milford, Pa., and graduated from Williams College in 1838. He taught in several places before going to Chester, and, in 1848, he went to Chicago and engaged in newspaper work. For a number of years, he was president of the Chicago Tribune Company and he was lieutenant-governor of the State of Illinois from 1865 to 1869.

The Reverend Phineas Robinson, who was the first principal of Wallkill Academy at Middletown, was in charge of this school for eight years, and Edward Orton, who was later a professor in the Ohio State University, was principal for six years. Like the others, the Chester Academy became, later, a part of the public school system, and the old academy building was used for public school purposes until it was burned in 1905. A new building has been erected to take its place and has been in use since September, 1907.

The Warwick Institute was organized in 1852. The building was erected in the spring of 1853 and the school opened the same year. D. F. Drew was engaged as principal but left during the first year, and was succeeded by William A. Carter. The institute and its property were turned over to the board of education in 1868, that board agreeing to forever maintain a school for instruction in the higher studies.

The West Point Military Academy--This school, while in the county, is not of it. It is the United States government school for training officers for the command of its armies.

The Military Academy is located on a government reservation at West Point, one of the most picturesque and beautiful spots on the Hudson. The establishment of such a school was recommended by Washington in his last message to Congress and it is known that even from the time of the Revolution, West Point had been looked upon by him as a most suitable place for its location.

The recommendation of Washington was acted upon and some provision made for the instruction of cadets, but it was not until after the war of 1812 had shown the necessity for such training, that the military academy was fully established.

From that time to the present it has grown in importance and efficiency. Many millions of dollars have been spent in utilizing the natural advantages of the reservation and in providing the equipment needed. The reservation contains nearly two hundred buildings of various kinds, and its attractiveness on account of its natural scenery, its buildings and its well-kept lawns, make it a popular place for tourists.

The academies which I have mentioned, with the exception of the military academy, which is brought in here simply because of its location, were of a semi-public character. While not maintained by taxation, they were organized by popular movements and existed only for the benefit of the people.

There have been many other schools in the county, which were entirely private in character. Many of these have been important factors in the progress of education in our county, and have done much to uphold a high standard of school work, but we shall be able to mention only those which now exist and which hold charter relations with the educational system of the State.

THE PERIOD OF THE FREE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

There had been elementary schools in most of the scattered communities of the county before the Revolution, as we have seen, and they continued after that war, increasing in numbers and in efficiency. The academies provided better teachers for those schools, and they also stimulated the children in them to prepare themselves for the higher studies of the academies. They were public schools also, but they were entirely dependent upon local initiative and supported entirely by the people of the neighborhoods in which they were maintained. The State had shown its interest in secondary education by the establishment of the university, in 1784, by chartering the academies and by grants of money in aid of these schools, but it was not until 1795 that it showed any interest in the common schools.

In that year, acting on the recommendation of Governor Clinton, the legislature appropriated the sum of 20,000 L. ($50,000) a year, for the succeeding five years, "for the encouragement of the common schools."

The act provided, also, for the election of two commissioners of schools, in each town, of the counties of the State, to supervise the schools of the town and to make arrangements for the proper distribution of this grant. The chaotic condition of the schools, with no system of records and accounts, and, in some instances, the local pride and resentment, occasioned by this State interference in what was considered an entirely local institution, rendered the just apportionment of this fund difficult, and, after three years it was abandoned.

In 1805 the State began the accumulation of a fund, the interest of which should be used to aid the public schools. This fund, to which additions are made from year to year, now amounts to considerably over $4,000,000, and the United States deposit fund, an overflow of the treasury of the United States, distributed to the States in 1836-7, which has been reserved for school purposes, amounts to a like sum. By the laws of 1812, the State definitely assumed control of the public schools. During the succeeding year, 1813, under the provisions of this act, the townships, in all the counties of the State, were divided into school districts and public schools were established, supported partly by State aid and the balance made up by a rate bill, an amount assessed upon the parents of the children attending, proportioned upon the number of days they were in attendance.

The districts, as formed in Orange County, in 1813, have not greatly changed since that date. The rate bill was continued as the method of school support until the passage of the Free School Act, in 1853, and, in many places it was continued until 1867 when it was finally abolished and the schools, supported entirely by public funds, became free to the children of rich and poor alike.

The supervision of the public schools by township commissioners, under the law of 1795, and abandoned in most of the towns in 1798, was restored by the law of 1812, and thereafter, until 1844, what supervision of the schools there was, in the various towns, was vested in three commissioners and three inspectors. In 1844, the supervision of the schools was vested in a town superintendent of schools and so continued until the office of school commissioner in the assembly districts, was created in 1856. Since that time, the work of inspection and supervision has been performed by these officers.

The commissioners of the two assembly districts of Orange County, since 1856, have been in the first assembly district, George K. Smith, David A. Morrison, Charles N. Gedney, Jonathan Silliman, James M. Monell, Charles Rivenburg and George W. Flood. In the second assembly district, George N. Green, Harvey H. Clark, John J. Barr, Benjamin F. Hill, John W. Slauson, Asa Morehouse, Oliver N. Goldsmith, William H. Shaw, Ira L. Case, Willard M. Clark, William P. Kaufmann.

Since the operation of the free school act began, the educational progress of the county has been continuous. The enrollment has increased with the population. The average daily attendance has increased more rapidly than the enrollment, and the efficiency of the schools, as indicated by the number of the institutions which are doing academic or high school work together with the number of pupils of high school grade, shows the most marked advancement. The number of such schools in our county has increased from half a dozen to twenty-two and the percentage of high school pupils to the enrollment has increased from less than one per cent, to about eight per cent.

To demonstrate more clearly this progress of the schools. I have prepared a table showing the population, enrollment, average attendance and high school pupils for each decade of the free schools.

Table Showing Progress of the Schools by Decades.

1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1906 Population 63,812 80,002 88,220 97,859 103,859 108,267 Enrollment 12,750 18,210 19,615 17,955 18,302 18,193 Average attendance No data 8,300 10,262 10,963 12,868 13,617 In high schools No data 129 298 320 843 1,369

The schools doing high school work in 1906 were the following:

Principal. No. of H. S. Pupils. Newburgh High School William H. Doty 412 Middletown High School James F. Tuthill 179 Port Jervis High School Charles A. Benedict 235 Walden High School A. H. Courtenay 61 Highland Falls High School S. H. McIlroy 60 Warwick Institute High School Frank M. Edson 56 Chester High School Frank J. Squires 52 Cornwall-on-the-Hudson High School E. Everitt Cortright 45 Goshen High School Montgomery C. Smith 44 S. S. Seward Institute, Florida Levi R. Tubbs 40 Cornwall High School Herman C. Woodworth 30 Montgomery High School F. W. Whitney 25 Monroe Union School Orville Eichenberg 24 Central Valley Union School T. L. McKnight 7

And the following private schools:

Principal. No. of H. S. Pupils. N. Y. Military Academy, Sebastian C. Jones 67 Cornwall-on-the-Hudson Garr Institute, Goshen Rose Sanders 27 Ursuline Academic School, Middletown Mother M. Lucy 17 St. Mary's Academy, Newburgh 11

The three cities, Newburgh, Middletown and Port Jervis, with 40 per cent. of the population of the county, furnished 52 per cent, of the average attendance and nearly 65 per cent, of the high school pupils. The school systems of these cities are well organized and the schools are thoroughly graded, and rank high among the schools of the State.

The Newburgh Schools--The school system of the city of Newburgh was established in 1852 by special act of the legislature, before the general free school law was passed. At that time, sixteen teachers were employed and about 500 pupils were enrolled. By 1865, when Newburgh became a city, and had a population of 13,905, the average attendance had increased to nearly 1,200, and thirty-one teachers were employed. Since that time, the growth in population has been gradual and the schools have more than kept pace with that growth.

New buildings have been erected from time to time to provide room for the constantly increasing enrollment, until there are now seven buildings with sittings for more than 4,000 pupils. These buildings are all fully equipped with the modern improvements and all the appliances needed for the most efficient school work.

There are 109 teachers employed and the enrollment for 1906 was 4,230.

The city is doing more in the line of manual training than is done in any other part of the county. A five years' course is given the boys who reach the higher grammar grades and the girls, from the third to the sixth year, are taught to sew.

The following superintendents have had charge of the schools of the city since 1852:

Nathaniel Jones 1852-57 Hugh Banks 1857-59 Dr. R. V. K. Montfort 1859-63 E. M. Ruttenber 1863-64 Hiram A. Jones 1864-72 Dr. R. V. K. Montfort 1872-83 John Miller 1883-87 Dr. R. V. K. Montfort 1887-1900 James M. Crane 1900

The Middletown Schools--The school system of the city of Middletown was organized under a special act of the legislature passed in 1867. At that time, about 500 pupils were enrolled in all the schools. The schools have grown with the growth of the city, making necessary the erection of new buildings at frequent intervals.

There are now eight school buildings, all built of brick, well distributed for the convenience of the pupils attending and excellently adapted to the needs of the city. The new high school building is the finest and most costly school building in the county. Sixty-two teachers were employed in 1906, and the number of pupils enrolled was 2,557.

The following named gentlemen have been the superintendents of the schools since their organization:

A. V. N. Powelson 1867-69 A. H. Farnham 1869-70 Hiram Warren 1870-74 Henry R. Sanford 1874-85 George T. Church 1885-86 A. B. Wilbur 1886-91 James F. Tuthill 1891

The Middletown schools have a reputation for excellent work and the school rooms, especially those in the new high school, are models of convenience and furnishing.

The Port Jervis Schools--The village of Port Jervis came into being soon after the completion of the Delaware and Hudson Canal and took its name from that of the engineer in charge of that work.

It was only a small hamlet, however, until the building of the Erie Railroad, near the middle of the last century. In 1850, there were only 270 children of school age in the district. The coming of the railroad caused a rapid increase in population and by 1853, the date of the free school act, the number had increased to 562. It was not until 1862 that the district was organized under the general law as Union Free School District Number One of the town of Deerpark. By 1866, the number of children of school age had increased to 1,816.

The high school was organized in 1863, with David Beatty as teacher. This school was admitted under the Regents in 1867. There are forty-nine teachers employed and an enrollment of over 2,000 pupils.

There are six buildings used for school purposes, three of them substantial brick buildings, constructed within the past few years. A very noticeable feature of the schools in Port Jervis is the large enrollment in proportion to the population. More than 20 per cent, of the entire population was registered in the public schools, and more than one-ninth of this registration was in the high school in 1906.

The superintendents of the schools, in Port Jervis. since their organization in 1862, have been:

K. W. Manning 1862-63 David Beatty 1863-65 Isaac M. Wellington 1865-69 Edward A. Kingsley 1869-70 A. B. Wilbur 1870-83 F. W. Best 1883-84 J. M. Dolph 1884

By the courtesy of School Commissioners George W. Flood, of the First Assembly District and William P. Kaufmann of the Second, and of the Superintendents of schools in Newburgh and Middletown, I am permitted to present the principal facts of the school reports for the year 1907.

Abstract of School Reports for 1907.

School Number Children of Entire Average Expendi- Buildings of School Age Enroll- Attend- tures Teach- in Dis- ment ance for All ers trict School Purposes Newburgh City 7 110 5,773 4,257 3,291 $101,577.97 Middletown City 8 64 2,648 2,440 1,962 65,457.29 Blooming Grove Town 10 16 463 503 299 8,188.70 Cornwall 7 26 1,014 971 704 23,541.76 Crawford 11 13 276 305 230 4,983.17 Hamptonburgh 6 7 249 230 145 3,368.36 Highland 3 19 843 730 593 17,666.24 Monroe 5 14 491 515 360 10,653.14 Montgomery 13 34 1,337 1,394 852 24,593.10 Newburgh 13 19 753 724 447 12,228.41 New Windsor 8 11 421 352 189 4,911.79 Chester 5 14 461 461 365 19,549.67 Deerpark 14 60 2,358 2,369 1,754 45,553.98 Goshen 11 20 701 691 463 14,847.64 Greenville 7 7 148 173 79 2,717.39 Minisink 8 10 262 335 185 5,181.39 Mount Hope 5 6 250 250 120 2,952.37 Tuxedo 6 16 618 615 416 17,140.34 Wallkill 18 18 498 511 300 7,175.70 Wawayanda 10 10 276 299 171 4,204.28 Norwich 18 36 1,336 1,374 950 28,387.84 Woodbury 5 9 314 300 221 6,618.42 ____ ____ ______ ______ ______ __________ 198 530 21,490 19,707 14,086 $431,499.39

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

XXXV. THE CHURCHES OF ORANGE COUNTY

By Rev. Francis Washburn.

The prevailing religion of Orange County is still nominally Christian, differentiated in forms of worship and principles of faith. As yet few representatives of other religions have formed any settlement within its boundaries.

The organized religious bodies are numerous and strong, exercising still against many adverse agencies a controlling influence over the lives of the people. Those first established in the county in the Colonial epoch still maintain the predominance they then secured. Although the confessions of faith of some of them have been modified somewhat, yet they all with a few minor exceptions hold to the creeds Apostolic and Nicene. With more general diffusion of education amongst the people has come to prevail a more genial and less dogmatic form of enunciating the great truths of the Gospel of Christ. The churches or associations of religious people are becoming more conservative of all that is good and wholesome for human beings both here and hereafter.

Faith in the parental love of God the Father, and brotherly love of Christ are being taught by the Church of Christ as the mother of the world's children and the bride of Christ, whose spirit is more and more the atmosphere of a heavenly home for us all. The ministry of the church is coming to be a ministry over us everywhere in all places and at all times. She is extending her work of sponsorship into every sphere of human activity. And the time seems to be rapidly approaching when she will guard us all from the cradle to the grave from every agency of ill that would deprive us of the love and approbation of God.

The different religious bodies bearing the name of Christian are all seeking the good of humankind, animated by the same spirit which actuated the Christ when He went to Golgotha and when He ascended at Olivet. They are agreed in their aim and are united in their sympathy. They work in agreement and will not contend with each other. Christian charity to-day is prevailing to the elimination of denominational pride.

The Christians of Orange County are becoming assimilated to the spirit of those on whom the Holy Ghost fell in the day of Pentecost. For years since the earliest settlement of this country they have been known as Presbyterians, Lutherans, Reformed Dutch, Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, Baptists, Methodists, Quakers, etc., and are still connected with organizations bearing these names, but they are coming to bear in their membership the same characteristic devotion to humanity and God.

We cannot be to-day what our ancestors were who came from Europe. They were unaware of a vast deal we know. Their knowledge of the world and its peoples was infinitely little, ours is infinitely large. They came and settled here amid dense forests and interpreted God's word by and through their limited experience, but God's word to them was a sealed book; they could not interpret it at all. They came from different countries of Western Europe, and brought with them their theories religious and secular. The Dutch came to the mouth of a great stream that ran north, and settled on an island, and called their settlement New Amsterdam. Some of them sailed up this great river, now known as the Hudson, and established homes in the neighborhood of the present city of Kingston, at the confluence of two streams, known to us as the Wallkill and Rondout. Their expression of the Christian religion exists in their descendants to-day as the Reformed, known to me in my boyhood as the Dutch Reformed. The churches of this denomination in Orange County owe their origin to the missionary zeal of Rev. Petrus Vas and the Rev. George W. Marcius, pastors of the church at Kingston. The Montgomery Reformed Church was first organized as the German Reformed Church of the Wallkill in 1782. The Warwick Church was organized October 24, 1694, at Orangetown. In 1764 its congregation united with the Presbyterians, and remained thus united until 1803, when the congregation determined that as the deed of the property was to the Presbyterians it should continue to be held by them as trustees, while the Reformed Dutch Consistory should control the spiritual interests. At the present time there are ten churches of this type in the county, as follows:

Location. Pastor. Membership.

Newburgh A. T. Brook 308 Walden W. W. Schomp 420 Montgomery Peter Crispell 312 Port Jervis, 1st Willard Conger 418 Port Jervis, 2nd J. B. Appel 99 Minisink Vacant 60 Warwick Faber Knox 347 Pine Bush H. K. Post 169 Cuddebackville W. W. Whitney 70 Unionville Vacant 20 ______ Total 2,223

There are hundreds if not thousands of people living in this county to-day, who do not understand why there are so many Christian societies bearing different names and worshiping apart. There are almost as many, in all probability who are ignorant of the doctrines wherein they differ from other Christian bodies.

The last generation arriving at adult age has heard so infrequently doctrinal and controversial preaching as to know not why they are of one denomination rather than another. On this line the men who established Presbyterian bodies in this county, away back in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, were well informed.

The differences between the Presbyterians of the various schools are equally beyond the knowledge of the great majority. I am not going to attempt to enlighten myself or my readers by any research of old pamphlets, etc., of the Presbyterian denomination. Life is too short and the matter too immaterial to the issue in which we are interested.

In 1752, says Ruttenber, the Associate Presbytery of Scotland sent the Rev. John Culbertson to America, who organized in the Wallkill valley a praying society in 1753, which eventually became the Reformed Presbyterian Church at Coldenham.

In 1816 or 1817 a praying society established in Newburgh became the first Presbyterian Church there.

In 1765 the Associated Reformed Church of Little Britain and Neelytown began their corporate existence.

In 1831 the Graham Church of Crawford, organized in 1800, united with the church at Hamptonburgh.

The first Associate Reformed Church of Newburgh was organized in 1797, and the Union Associate Reformed in 1837.

The Presbyterian Church at Goshen was the first of this denomination established in Orange County. Its first edifice stood at the site now occupied by the Court House.

The second Presbyterian Church was that at Goodwill. It was originally established for the use of immigrants principally from County Londonderry, Ireland. Its first pastor was Rev. John Houston. Out of this organization rose not less than five others, namely: Neelytown, Hamptonburgh, Hopewell, Graham, Berea and Montgomery. Its first house of worship is said to have been erected in 1735.

The third Presbyterian Church of Cornwall at Bethlehem, was organized in 1730. From it sprang into existence the first Presbyterian Church of Newburgh, and the first of New Windsor (now defunct).

The following statement was prepared by the Rev. Charles O. Hammer:

Churches. Pastors. Membership Money 1902 1906 Raised Amity R. H. Craig, LL.D. 92 102 $1,086.80 Denton J. L. Harrington 45 33 725.60 Chester R. H. McCready, Ph.D. 284 278 3,378.56 Goshen F. S. Haines 630 393 7,792.92 Montgomery T. D. Elder 186 205 4,416.72 Port Jervis Vacant 410 335 3,635.86 Scotchtown " 126 119 1,156.70 Goodwill J. H. Thompson 143 152 1,811.48 Ramapo R. B. Marble 320 304 5,674.00 Hopewell J. S. E. Erskine 142 128 1,136.32 Westtown F. H. Bisbee 160 169 1,638.72 Middletown, 1st W. R. Ferris 465 465 7,328.00 Monroe Vacant 111 114 1,870.00 Suffern Pastor Elect ___ 166 2,225.40 Hamptonburgh W. B. Johnson 127 162 2,085.32 Ridgebury F. A. Gates 82 86 1,381.24 Washingtonville J. A. McCallum 126 146 2,102.44 Florida Vacant 155 170 2,699.90 Centerville " 43 40 412.00 Circleville " 105 118 1,137.44 Middletown, 2nd Pastor Elect 400 486 6,408.72 Mt. Hope Vacant 29 26 290.24 Otisville " 114 109 1,010.24 Slate Hill " ___ 44 786.96 Calvary, N. B. City J. Searles 282 284 10,840.50 First, " " " Vacant 506 490 9,700.59 Union, " " " S. K. Piercy 400 400 7,044.03 Grand St.," " " R. H. Barr ___ ___ ________ Bethlehem S'l'y Mills I. Maxwell 174 196 2,274.25 Cornwall H. R. Fraser 185 201 2,035.58 Little Britain J. S. King 129 130 1,817.25 Highland Falls A. R. Barron 113 135 1,880.25 Canterbury Supplied 41 73 1,022.88 _____ _____ __________ 6,134 6,259 $99,715.52

Churches 33 Vacant 8 Membership increase, 1902-1906 125

Reformed Presbyterian. The Reformed Presbyterians are the ecclesiastical descendants of the Covenanters of Scotland. In the latter half of the eighteenth century some of them who had come to Orange County, organized as a church society in Coldenham, and called as pastor, Rev. Dr. Alexander McLeod, who afterward became famous as a preacher in New York City. For five years, from 1812, Rev. James Mulligan was pastor, and he was followed by the eloquent J. R. Williams, who delivered the famous address at Goshen when the bones of the patriots who fell in the battle of Minisink were buried. The present pastor is Rev. Thomas Patton.

A society of Reformed Presbyterians was formed in Newburgh in 1802, and services were held for a time at the residence of James Clarke. This was a part of the Coldenham congregation until 1824, when it was organized as a separate society and called for its first pastor Rev. J. R. Johnston, who afterward joined the Presbyterian Church. The present pastor, Rev. J. W. V. Carlisle, is the successor of his father, who died in 1887.

December 12, 1854, a second Reformed Presbyterian society was organized in Newburgh, which is known as the Westminster Church. It has had but one pastor, Rev. J. R. Thompson, whose ministrations in December, 1907, had extended through the long period of fifty-two years. He has said of his church: "The motto of Harvard College is 'Pro Christo et Ecclesia'; but that of Reformed Presbyterians is, 'Pro Christo et Ecclesia et Patria.' Their aim is to Christianize the National government as well as the church."

The Protestant Episcopal Church. This branch of the Church Catholic now represented in Orange County is shown by the following statistical report. A brief general history of the Protestant Episcopal Church may be appreciated. Prior and up to the war of Independence, there were several places in the county where worship was maintained by the Church of England Society, for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, namely, at Newburgh on the Glebe, granted to them by King George; at St. David's in the vicinity of the present village of Washingtonville, and at St. Andrews west of Newburgh some twelve miles.

The success of the colonists in the above war took these and other churches from the jurisdiction of the Church of England. To meet the new situation measures were immediately taken by the ordained clergy of the colonies, who had accepted the results of the Revolutionary War for the restoration of the government and worship of that church. The church in the United States was without a head, that is to say without a Bishop. Those who constituted it could not continue without such. All English Bishops were so sworn to the Crown of England that they were unable to act in an independent state such as this. No priest could be elevated to the office of Bishop in England without subscribing to the following article, i. e. That the King's Majesty under God is the only Supreme Governor of this realm and of all other of His Highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal. In the American church no ordination or confirmations could take place. In 1780 a conference of the clergy and laity assembled at the call of the Rev. Dr. William Smith, president of Washington College. The purpose was to unite the separated parts into a body corporate. A second conference was called in 1783. There were present at this eighteen clergymen.

When the Revolutionary War closed there were in Connecticut forty Episcopal congregations, fourteen clergymen and forty thousand members, ten of the fourteen met at Woodbury in Litchfield County, and chose two men either of whom they thought would be suitable for the office of Bishop, namely, the Rev. Dr. Jeremiah Leaming, and Samuel Seabury. Dr. Seabury accepted, went to England and laid before the Bishop his credentials submitting to him the fact which in the judgment of the Connecticut people made the appointment of an American Bishop an immediate necessity. In case of failure in England he was to go to Scotland and endeavor to secure consecration of the non-juring Bishops. To these Bishops Seabury was finally compelled to resort for consecration. In a private chapel of a modest house in Aberdine he was consecrated by Robert Kilgour, Arthur Petrie and John Skinner. He came home to America the first Bishop of the church here.

In May, 1784, at a meeting held in New Brunswick, N. Y., by the managers of the society for the relief of the widows and orphans of clergymen the general condition of the church came up for discussion, the result of which was a call for a conference of churchmen from all the States to be held in October. It met. There were present delegates from Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and Connecticut. A call was issued summoning the churches in the several States to send delegates to a constitutional convention. This was held in Philadelphia on St. Michael's Day in 1785, with the following result: A constitution for the church. Having made it they proceeded to consider the Episcopate; they drew up an address to the Archbishop and Bishops of England. Upon the receipt of the answer they met in October, 1786, for its consideration. In reply they informed the English Bishops that the Nicene and Apostles' Creeds were retained and that in fact the English prayer book was kept intact. They then called the roll of States present to ascertain if any had chosen men for Bishops. New York delegates presented the name of Dr. Provoost. Pennsylvania presented the name of White. Maryland had already chosen Dr. Smith. White and Provoost went to England and were consecrated in Lambeth Chapel, February 4, 1786. On their return to this country they were met by the Bishop of Connecticut and with him consulted on terms of union. The result of their deliberation was the adoption of resolutions which it was thought would harmonize both sides. In these resolutions they recognized the validity of Seabury's consecration and that together with Provoost and White they had all the power which belongs to the Episcopal office limited only by such canons or laws as the entire church of the United States might fix. They then adjourned to meet again in Connecticut in convention of the whole church. When the constitution was altered, the Bishops became a separate house, the other house was to be composed of representatives, lay and clerical (not Bishops). They also revised the English prayer book to make it harmonize with the government of these States. These things being satisfactorily adjusted the organization of the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States of North America became an established fact.

The Protestant Episcopal churches of this section, with those of other sections of New York State, first came under the superintendence of Bishop Samuel Provoost, Rector of Trinity Parish in the city of New York; at which time, St. Andrews Parish, Walden, then in Ulster County and St. George's, Newburgh, were the only ones surviving the ravages of the Revolutionary period. These churches with St. David's had been organized under an act of incorporation granted by King George the Third, dated July 23, 1770, at which time the Rev. John Sayre was in charge of missionary work at Newburgh and parts adjacent.

There do not appear to have been any Episcopal duties performed in either Ulster or Orange Counties until 1700, from the time of the superintendency of Bishop Provoost when Rev. George H. Spierin became the minister and schoolmaster of St. George's Glebe School and Church in Newburgh and the rector of St. Andrews, Walden. There is no record of any visitations of the parishes by Provoost.

In 1804 when Rev. Frederick Van Horn was rector of St. Andrew's, it and St. George's were members of the Diocesan convention. Bishop Moore was then in charge of the diocese. During his Episcopate St. James' Church, Goshen, was received into union with the convention, 1808, and Christ's Church, Warwick, 1804. Although there are no records of any Episcopal visitations in this section of the State there probably were such. February, 1816, Bishop Moore died, and was succeeded by Bishop John Henry Hobart, who became the third Bishop of New York. Trinity Church, from which the bishops were selected down to the time of Bishop Horatio Potter, furnished not only the Bishops but the financial means for the maintenance of church work throughout the whole country. The Episcopal Church in the United States, when Dr. Hobart assumed Episcopal jurisdiction, was apparently dying. He revived hope in the hearts of its adherents. With him the church began to live and grow. He established a Churchman's magazine in New York, provided for a learned clergy by establishing a college at Geneva, did much for the endowment of the college in New York and was also the real founder of the Theological Seminary there. It was while he was bishop that the Rev. John Brown became rector of St. George's Parish, Newburgh (1816) and St. Thomas', New Windsor, 1818.

The original diocese of New York is now divided into five. The names of successful Bishops of New York from Hobart's time to this are Right Rev. Treadwell Onderdonk, who was consecrated in 1830; Bishop Wainwright, Bishop Horatio Potter, Bishop Henry C. Potter and Bishop Greer. In 1838 the diocese of western New York was created. Grace Church, Middletown, was organized under Onderdonk's Episcopate. During which also the Rev. Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright was consecrated to perform the Episcopal duties in the diocese provisionally. Bishop Wainwright died on the feast of St. Matthew, Thursday, September 21st, 1854, in the sixty-third year of his age. Dr. Horatio Potter became Bishop, November 22, 1854, and served provisionally until the death of Bishop Onderdonk in 1861, and wholly from that time until the twelfth day of September, 1883, when he withdrew, having faithfully served the church as Bishop of New York for twenty-nine years. His Episcopate was the most successful and satisfactory from the beginning; Hobart's was brilliant, but his was masterful and complete. He was a great man, master of himself and others. He ruled with ease and equity the variant elements that composed the ministry and membership of the church. With clear perception of character he indulged idiosyncrasies in men whom he saw were sincere and earnest. A perfect gentleman, a true Christian, a sound churchman, unobtrusive and inoffensive. He handed the administration of the church to his successor affluent and strong, socially, spiritually, intellectually and financially. He was succeeded by his nephew, the Right Rev. Henry C. Potter. When he resigned his diocese there were in Orange County the following flourishing parishes: St. George's, Newburgh; St. Pauls, Newburgh; St. John's, Canterbury; St. James', Goshen; Grace Church, Middletown; St. Andrew's Walden; St. John's, Arden; St. George's Mission, Newburgh; Grace Church, Monroe. Under the present administration of his successor the growth of the church in this county has been continuous since 1904, being greatly aided by the Right Rev. David Hummel Greer, D.D., L.L.D., Bishop coadjutor. Orange County is united for missionary work with Sullivan County and Ulster County under the Rev. W. R. Thomas, D.D., Rector of Highland Falls, Arch-Deacon.

THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.

Grace Church, Monroe. Minister in charge, J. H. McGinnis, D.D. Number of communicants in 1905, fifty-six. Income, 1905, between five and six hundred dollars.

St. Paul's Church, Chester. Rector, J. H. McGinnis, D.D. Income, 1905, $901.39. Number of communicants in 1899, thirty-three.

St. Daniel's Church, pre-Revolutionary, near Washingtonville, (extinct).

Christ's Church, Warwick. Rev. W. M. Pickslay, Rector. This parish was admitted into union with convention, in 1866. Number of communicants in 1905, 130. Income, 1905, $4,305.47.

St. Mary's Church, Tuxedo. Rev. Wm. FitzSimons, Rector. Number of communicants in 1905, 242. Income, 1905, $18,654.20.

St. John's Church, Arden, N. Y. Rev. J. H. McGinnis, Minister. Received into union with convention, in 1868. In the year of 1885 communicants, fifty-seven, in 1905, forty. Income, 1905, $1,167.25.

St. Johns Church, Canterbury. Rev. W. W. Page, D.D., Rector. Organized, 1858, church edifices erected and opened for divine service, advent, 1859. A rectory was given to the parish by Miss E. C. Purdy in 1876. Number of communicants in 1858, three, in 1863, thirty-three, in 1879, fifty-nine, in 1885, 104, in 1905, 200. Income, 1905, $1,559.

Holy Innocents, Highland Falls, Rev. W. R. Thomas, D.D. Receipts for 1905, $2,387. Communicants, 112.

St. Thomas' Church, New Windsor. Rev. Creighton Spensor. Organized, April 8, 1818. Church built in 1848. Number of communicants in 1905, thirty-three. Receipts, $1,441.71.

St. Andrew's Church, Walden. Rev. Thomas G. Losee, Rector. Present number of communicants over 142. Incorporated in 1770, escaped dissolution during the Revolution.

Good Shepherd, Greenwood Lake. Rev. W. R. Thomas, D.D. In 1905 number of communicants, forty. Receipts, 1905, $1,902.80.

Good Shepherd Church, Newburgh. Rector, Rev. J. M. Chew. Organized in 1872. Number of communicants, 1905, 813. Rev. Francis Washburn. Receipts, 1905, about $4,000.

St. Paul's Church, Newburgh. Organized 1860. Rev. James Calhoun Elliott, Rector. Number of communicants, 1905, 193. Receipts, 1905, $6,671.76.

St. George's Church, Newburgh. Rev. John Huske, Rector. Incorporated by Royal charter, July 30, 1770. Present church built 1819. Number of communicants, 1905, 558. Receipts between seven and eight thousand dollars.

St. Agnes' Chapel, Balmville. Rev. Frederick Everet Whitney, minister in charge. Built by Mr. and Mrs. Whitney, and maintained by gifts from the communicants and members of the congregation. Number of communicants, 1905, fifty-eight.

St. Andrew's Chapel, Montgomery. T. G. Losee, Rector. Number of communicants, 1905, twenty-nine.

St. James' Church, Goshen. Parish organized June 25, 1803. Church built about 1804, and rebuilt, 1852. Rector. Rev. George William Dumbell, D.D. In 1812, there were six communicants, and in 1905, 222. Income about $4,000. It appears from the records that there was an Episcopal Church before the Revolution, at Decker's Corners. In 1843, the Rev. W. W. Page, of Goshen, preached occasionally at Middletown.

Grace Church, Middletown. Rector, Rev. F, J. Simthers, Jr. Parish organized, February 8, 1845. Church built, 1847. Number of communicants in 1885, 272, in 1905, 350. Income between seven and eight thousand dollars.

Grace Church, Port Jervis. Rector, Rev. Uriah Symonds. Income in 1905, between eight and nine hundred dollars. Parish organized in 1854. First church built in 1856, and the present edifice in 1870. Number of communicants in 1871, twenty-seven, in 1905, 117.

THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.

The Rev. George W. Grinton, secretary of the New York Conference, reports that there are at present thirty-six churches of this denomination in Orange County, with a total membership of 5,900. Detailed reference to each appears in the various town histories of this publication.

Methodism began its existence on this continent and in this county, contemporaneously with the Republic of the United States, John Wesley, the founder of it, began his zealous propaganda in England, among the un-churched masses, in the year 1739, the year that Whitefield began his second tour of America. Independent of any effort of his, the first society of Methodists was formed in the city of New York by some of the German Palatines from Ireland. At the conference held by Wesley, at London, in 1770, two letters were received from New York reporting a society there of about one hundred members and a chapel.

In 1784 Wesley appointed Cooke superintendent of the Methodist societies in the United States, giving the following reasons for doing so--"that as the Revolution had separated the United States from the mother country and the Episcopal establishment was utterly abolished in the States it became his duty as providently at the head of the Methodist societies to obey their demand and furnish them the means of Grace. Recognized as their founder by the American Methodists; required by them to provide for their new necessities, and unable to induce the English prelates to do so, he ordained Cooke that he might go to America and ordain preachers." Cooke arrived in America and "ordained" Francis Ashbury first, as a presbyter and finally as a superintendent. Says Stevens, the Methodist historian: "The Colonial English Church being dissolved by the Revolution, its fragments were yet floating as had been the Methodist societies amid the stirring tide of events. When Ashbury began his superintendency there was small membership and but a few itinerant preachers. When he died there were seven hundred itinerants, 2,000 local preachers and 240,000 lay members."

The first services held in this country by a Methodist itinerant, Mr. Cooper, was held in the house of Colonel Daniel McCauley at Warwick in 1706. The second at that of Mrs. A. Smith, a sister of the colonel, situated at Middlehope. Mr. Cooper also visited John Woolsey near Milton. Six weeks later, accompanied by a Mr. John McCloskey, John Cooper passed through the same section, going as far north as New Paltz, holding services at the homes of Hendrick Deyo and Andries Du Bois.

In 1787 Ezekiel Cooper visited the town of Newburgh and held religious services at Samuel Fowler's in Middlehope, where he established a preaching station which remained such until 1813.

In 1788 the Methodist Conference established the Flanders circuit, which embraced a portion of this county, and put James O. Cooper in charge, with Jesse Lee, Orin Hutchins and John Lee as assistants.

In 1789 the circuit of Newburgh was created, with James D. Cromwell as presiding elder, and Nathaniel B. Mills and Andrew Humphrey as preachers. The following classes composed the circuit:

Samuel Fowler, Middlehope; Munson Wards, Fostertown; Jacob Daytons, Lattingtown; Mr. Schultz, Dolsentown; Mr. Warwick, Warwick; Luff Smith, Marlborough; Daniel Stephens, in the Clove; Richard Garrison, in the Clove; Elnathan Foster, Newburgh; Daniel Holmes, Middlehope; Samuel Wyatts, Keytown; Winslow Allison, Pochunk; John Ellisons, New Windsor; Daniel Ostrander, Plattekill; Samuel Ketcham, Sugar Loaf.

The first class to be organized (1807) as a church was the one at Vail's Gate under the name of the Union M. E. Church of New Windsor. In 1819 the Newburgh circuit was divided and another circuit created, including the societies at Bethel, Bloomingburgh, Middletown, Montgomery, Walden, Burlingham, Sam's Point and Walker Valley.

In 1837 Sugar Loaf circuit came into existence. This embraced Sugar Loaf, Florida, Ellenville, Bellevale, Chester. Monroe, Oxford, Satterlytown, Washingtonville, Blagg's Corner, Highland Mills, Little Long Pond and Greenwood Lake.

THE BAPTIST CHURCHES.

The Baptist denomination, we are informed by Dr. A. R Fuller of the First Baptist Church, Newburgh, N. Y., has at the present time, March, 1907, eleven churches. One in Cornwall, Unionville, Port Jervis, Warwick, Walden, Maybrook, two in Middletown and three in Newburgh. It has church property valued at $162,500.

The first minister of this persuasion to preach its tenets in the county was Mr. Halstead, pastor of a society at Fishkill, Dutchess County. April 24, 1790, a society was organized in Newburgh. In 1806 another society erected a place of worship at Luptondale, and established a burying ground.

The Baptist congregation at Warwick originated with the settlers from Connecticut. These organized what has since been known as the Old School Baptist Body. The first place of worship was erected on what is now the junction of the road leading from the village of Warwick, and the road leading from the Welling schoolhouse to Bellevale. In 1809 and 1810 the society bought land in Warwick, and erected the building which it now occupies.

THE LUTHERAN CHURCHES.

The Lutheran churches are St. Peters, Port Jervis, and St. Paul's, Newburgh. This society was founded by the immigrants from the Palatine, who were sent here in the reign of Queen Anne.

THE UNITARIAN CHURCH.

A Unitarian church, named the Church of Our Father, was organized at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson in 1847, at a private residence. The first meetings were held at the De Witt homestead, and afterward in the public hall of the village. The congregation included men and women of culture, public spirit and unquestioned high character. It was ministered to by such men of repute for ability and piety as Revs. William H. Channing, Edward Turner, F. A. Farley and H. W. Bellows among others. Occasional services were held at Low Point, Channingville and other points in the neighborhood of Fishkill for eight years. About 1855, in consequence of the increasing attendance from Newburgh, the church was reorganized in that city, where services were held in the court house and the Universalist church, and there was preaching by some of the ablest ministers of the denomination. There were so many accessions to the church that in 1869 a committee was chosen to consider the subject of building a house of worship. This consisted of William W. Carson, John Heron, George Lamey, Benjamin Dumville, George H. Southard, J. N. Dichey, George W. Peters and William Stocker. Warren Delano was afterwards added, and made chairman. The deliberations and resulting efforts brought about the erection of the present building at a cost of $16,000, and it was consecrated in 1870. The first pastor was Rev. F. W. Holland, and the present pastor is Rev. Alson H. Robinson.

THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ORANGE.

The first Catholic missions in Orange County seem to have been established in 1817 and 1818. The Rev. Dr. French came in 1817, and the Rev. Father Langdill arrived about a year later.

The first Catholic church, St. Patrick's, was organized at Newburgh in 1826, and the parochial school in connection with that church was started soon afterward.

The introduction of Roman Catholicism in this State during the colonial period is fraught with much interest. The history of these initial efforts covers the incidents of the French and Indian wars, beginning in 1687 and terminating in the French domination of Canada. Even as far back as 1608, the work was begun among some of the northern Indian tribes. But the conversion of the Six Nations met with little success until after the accession of James II to the English throne. He instructed the province governors to aid the French missionaries and grant them every facility in the prosecution of their work.

But these privileges were also used to advance their national cause among the Iroquois, and the King was compelled to modify his zeal for the propagation of the Catholic faith, which he professed.

This policy of the English government was entirely changed, however, on the accession of William and Mary. Trade with the Indians had been seriously affected by the influence of these French priests, and the alliance between the English and the Iroquois was greatly weakened in consequence. Even the toleration of Catholicism was now forbidden; not from any hostility to the faith in itself, but for political reasons which affected the nation and its interests. Severe measures of repression were adopted. Catholic priests who came into the provinces voluntarily were subject to the death penalty.

This practically was the state of affairs until after the breaking out of the Revolutionary War. Then, by the terms of the first State constitution, freedom of opinion was permitted to all who subscribed to the oath of allegiance. When Ireland was appealed to for aid in the war, and the subsequent assistance of Catholic France was asked, the prejudices of the people were materially affected. This made it possible to engraft upon the federal constitution of 1787 the full and complete equality of all religious faiths. This of course opened the door to Catholicism, and yet the church authorities seem to have made little effort to extend their faith until after the Irish rebellion of 1798. Then the Catholic immigrants began to arrive in America.

The first priest stationed in New York City was the Rev. Charles Whalen, an Irish Franciscan, who had been a chaplain in the French fleet. He settled here after the war, and his brother, Dr. Joseph Whalen, purchased a plot of land from the Schuyler patent in Montgomery in April, 1788. The Rev. Luke Concanen was the first Bishop of New York, but he died before entering upon his duties. The Rev. John Conelly, his successor, was consecrated in 1814. And the first thing he did was to establish missions in the Hudson River valley. He is said to have sought "to prevent the children of Catholics conforming to the persuasions of their neighbors."

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