XXIV. SUMMARY (part 2 of 2)

XXIV. SUMMARY (part 2 of 2)

[1741] ‘The Marriage Customs of the Moors of Ceylon,’ in ‘The Folk-Lore Journal,’ vol. vi. p. 140.

[1742] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vi. p. 406.

[1743] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 8.

[1744] Shortt, ‘The Wild Tribes of Southern India,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 187.

[1745] Egede, loc. cit. p. 141.

[1746] Rink, ‘The Eskimo Tribes,’ p. 23.

[1747] Dall, loc. cit. p. 196.

[1748] Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 171.

[1749] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 655.

[1750] Powers, loc. cit. p. 192.

[1751] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 99.

[1752] Dall, p. 138.

[1753] Frazer, loc. cit. p. 59.

[1754] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 315.

[1755] Frazer, loc. cit. p. 60.

[1756] Morgan, ‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 90, et seq.

[1757] Ibid., pp. 91-93. Cf. Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ pp. 79, 81, 83.

[1758] Frazer, pp. 60-62.

[1759] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 665.

[1760] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 665. de Herrera, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 171.

[1761] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 251.

[1762] Im Thurn, loc. cit. pp. 175, 185.

[1763] Agassiz, ‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 320.

[1764] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 172.

[1765] Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 63; vol. ii. p. 212.

[1766] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 107. Cf. Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 299.

[1767] Frazer, loc. cit. p. 65. Curr, vol. i. p. 112.

[1768] Frazer, p. 65. Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, p. 800.

[1769] Curr, vol. i. p. 112. Cf. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. xxiii. p. 402.

[1770] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 118. Frazer, loc. cit. p. 58. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 399. For the Australian exogamy, see also Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, pp. 797-824; Fison and Howitt, loc. cit.; Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 86-92; Ridley, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ pp. 7-10; Idem, ‘Kámilarói,’ pp. 161, et seq.; Breton, loc. cit. p. 202; Schürmann, loc. cit. p. 222; Dawson, loc. cit. p. 26; Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 772; Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 128, et seq.; Cameron, ibid., vol. xiv. p. 351.

[1771] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 112; vol. ii. p. 245. Schürmann, loc. cit. p. 222. Cameron, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 351.

[1772] Curr, vol. i. p. 106.

[1773] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 546.

[1774] Ibid., vol. i. pp. 107, 111. Dawson, loc. cit. p. 26.

[1775] Dawson, p. 27.

[1776] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 386. Cf. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 62.

[1777] Huth, loc. cit. p. 80. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 131.

[1778] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 92.

[1779] Codrington, loc. cit. pp. 21, 29.

[1780] Danks, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. pp. 282, et seq. Cf. Powell, loc. cit. p. 86.

[1781] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 181, et seq.

[1782] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106.

[1783] Kubary, loc. cit. p. 35.

[1784] St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 198. Cf. Low, loc. cit. p. 300; Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 23.

[1785] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 139.

[1786] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 227. Wilken, pp. 21, et seq.

[1787] Wilken, pp. 18, 21.

[1788] Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 33.

[1789] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 147.

[1790] Riedel, loc. cit. p. 206.

[1791] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. pp. 145, et seq.

[1792] Riedel, p. 416.

[1793] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 146.

[1794] Ibid., p. 146.

[1795] Ibid., p. 148.

[1796] Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ pp. 26, et. seq. Riedel, loc. cit. p. 460.

[1797] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 18.

[1798] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 640.

[1799] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 359.

[1800] Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 186, et seq.

[1801] Macpherson, quoted by Percival, ‘The Land of the Veda,’ p. 345. Cf. Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 81.

[1802] Man, loc. cit. p. 103.

[1803] Hale, ‘On the Sakais,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 291.

[1804] Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 158, 189.

[1805] Ibid., p. 63.

[1806] Tod, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 145.

[1807] Lyall, ‘Asiatic Studies,’ p. 156.

[1808] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 280.

[1809] This relationship extends to six degrees where the common ancestor is a male. Where the common ancestor is a female, there is a difference of opinion; Manu and Âpastamba extending the prohibition in her case also to six degrees, while Gautama, Vishnu, Narada, &c., limit it to four degrees (Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 87).

[1810] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 5.

[1811] Weber, ‘Die Kastenverhältnisse in dem Brâhmana und Sûtra,’ in ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. x. pp. 75, et seq.

[1812] Kearns, loc. cit. pp. 33, et seq. For the marriage restrictions of the Hindus, cf. Steele, ‘The Law and Custom of the Hindoo Castes,’ pp. 26, 27, 163.

[1813] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. pp. 135, et seq.

[1814] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 294.

[1815] ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 3-10, 23-25, 27, et seq.

[1816] Ibid., vol. iv. pp. 21, et seq.

[1817] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 24.

[1818] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 23. Jamieson, ‘Translations from the General Code of Laws of the Chinese Empire,’ in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. pp. 82, et seq. Cf. Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 186; Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 281.

[1819] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 27.

[1820] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 139. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 171.

[1821] Bastian, p. 172.

[1822] Castrén, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 168. Georgi, loc. cit. p. 282. Finsch, ‘Reise nach West-Sibirien,’ p. 543.

[1823] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 31.

[1824] Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, pp. 12, et seq. Idem, ‘Nordiska resor och forskningar,’ vol. ii. p. 168. de Quatrefages, ‘Hommes fossiles et hommes sauvages,’ p. 604.

[1825] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406, note.

[1826] Ibid. p. 406.

[1827] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 181.

[1828] Reich, ‘Geschichte, Natur-und Gesundheitslehre des ehelichen Lebens,’ p. 333.

[1829] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 120.

[1830] Du Chaillu, ‘The People of Western Equatorial Africa,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. i. p. 307. Ashe, ‘Two Kings of Uganda,’ p. 285.

[1831] Burton, ‘Gorilla Land,’ vol. i. p. 75.

[1832] Cf. Fritsch, loc. cit. pp. 114, et seq.; Bastian, ‘Ethnologische Forschungen,’ vol. i. p. xxvii.; Holden, ‘The Past and Future of the Kaffir Races,’ p. 200.

[1833] Shooter, loc. cit. pp. 45, et seq.

[1834] Maclean, loc. cit. p. 163.

[1835] Shooter, p. 45.

[1836] Maclean, p. 115.

[1837] Theal, loc. cit. pp. 16, et seq.

[1838] Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85.

[1839] Casalis, loc. cit. p. 191.

[1840] Kolben, ‘The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope,’ vol. i. pp. 155, et seq.

[1841] Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 185, 248, et seq. Ellis, ‘History of Madagascar,’ vol. i. pp. 164, et seq.

[1842] Marquardt and Mommsen, ‘Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer,’ vol. vii. pp. 29, et seq.

[1843] Smith and Cheetham, ‘Dictionary of Christian Antiquities,’ vol. ii. p. 1727.

[1844] Smith and Cheetham, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 1727, 1729.

[1845] Huth, loc. cit. p. 122.

[1846] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 127.

[1847] Lyon, loc. cit. p. 353. Holm, ‘Ethnologisk Skizze af Angmagsalikerne,’ in ‘Meddelelser om Grönland,’ vol. x. p. 96.

[1848] Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 14.

[1849] Dawson, loc. cit. p. 27.

[1850] de Herrera, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 171.

[1851] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 24, et seq. note.

[1852] Longford, ‘Summary of the Japanese Penal Codes,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 87.

[1853] ‘The Institutes of Vishnu,’ ch. xxxiv. vv. 1, et seq.

[1854] ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xviii. vv. 8, 15, 17; &c.

[1855] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. vv. 26, et seq.

[1856] Justinian, loc. cit. book i. title x. §§ 6, et seq.

[1857] See Ewald, p. 197, note 6. Cf. Smith and Cheetham, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 1725, et seq.

[1858] Huth, loc. cit. p. 24.

[1859] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ pp. 75, et seq.

[1860] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 614-619.

[1861] McLennan, ‘Exogamy and Endogamy,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 884, et seq.

[1862] Hooper, loc. cit. p. 201.

[1863] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 94.

[1864] Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[1865] Keene, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206.

[1866] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 192, 271, 382. Cf. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 106.

[1867] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 243. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. xcviii.

[1868] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 77.

[1869] Dall, loc. cit. p. 399

[1870] Reich, loc. cit. pp. 457, et seq.

[1871] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 280.

[1872] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 79. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 558. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 392.

[1873] Elton, ‘Natives of the Solomon Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 93.

[1874] Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 211.

[1875] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 70.

[1876] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 272 (natives of Herbert River, Northern Queensland).

[1877] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 400, et seq.

[1878] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. pp. 134-137. Cf. Farrer, ‘Primitive Manners and Customs,’ p. 244.

[1879] Mr. Bridges, in a letter. Cf. Idem, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 181; Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 331.

[1880] Powers, loc. cit. p. 207. Cf. ibid., p. 183.

[1881] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 249.

[1882] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ p. 160.

[1883] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 619-621.

[1884] Ibid., pp. 627, et seq.

[1885] Mr. Huth, in the first edition of his work, ‘The Marriage of Near Kin,’ suggests (p. 157) that marriage between parents and children is considered incestuous because marriage between old men and young women in general is considered so. In the second edition, Mr. Huth seems to have given up this most unfortunate hypothesis, as he says (p. 18) that ‘the prohibition of marriage with those who were regarded as near of kin was derived from the same causes which made exogamy imperative,’ that is, the causes suggested by Mr. Spencer.

[1886] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ pp. 135, et seq. Professor Wilken (in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 612) accepts this explanation of the origin of exogamy, and considers it certain (ibid., pp. 618, 619, 623) that prohibitions of close intermarriage have everywhere originated in true exogamy.

[1887] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 345. Among the Australian Gournditch-mara, according to the Rev. J. H. Stähle, the man who captured a woman in war never kept her himself, but was compelled to give her to some one else (Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 276).

[1888] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 361, et seq. Professor Kohler also thinks (‘Krit. Vierteljahrschr. f. Gesetzg.,’ N. S. vol. iv. p. 181) that one of the chief causes of exogamy was the unpleasantly dependent position in which, in endogamous marriage, the husband stood to the family of his wife.

[1889] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 267.

[1890] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 100. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 403. Dawson, loc. cit. p. 28. Frazer, loc. cit. pp. 58, et seq. There seem to be two or three exceptions to this rule among the Australian tribes, but Mr. Curr (vol. i. p. 417) ascribes such cases to the influence of the whites.

[1891] Codrington, loc. cit. p. 23.

[1892] Holm, loc. cit. p. 98.

[1893] Prichard, loc. cit. p. 125.

[1894] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.

[1895] Morgan, ‘Ancient Society,’ p. 424.

[1896] Lubbock, ‘The Customs of Marriage and Systems of Relationship among the Australians,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 300. Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 124. Peschel, loc. cit. p. 224.

[1897] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 228.

[1898] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 112.

[1899] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 21.

[1900] Cf. Lang, ‘Custom and Myth,’ p. 256.

[1901] Huth, loc. cit. p. 342.

[1902] Plato, ‘Νόμοι,’ book viii. ch. vi. p. 838.

[1903] Huth, loc. cit. pp. 10-14.

[1904] Moriz Wagner, in ‘Kosmos,’ 1886, vol. i. pp. 21, &c. v. Hellwald, loc. cit. pp. 179, et seq. Wake, “The Development of Marriage and Kinship,‘ p. 55. Dalton, loc. cit. p. 248, note. Speaking of the Australian tribes, Mr. Mathew says ('Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 403), ‘There may also be an auxiliary cause to exogamy among barbarians in what may be called an instinctive hankering after foreign women.'

[1905] Egede, loc. cit. p. 141. Cf. Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 147.

[1906] Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 330.

[1907] Macpherson, ‘Memorials of Service in India,’ p. 69.

[1908] Codrington, loc. cit. p. 240.

[1909] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 268.

[1910] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198. Idem, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie,’ &c., vol. i. p. 117.

[1911] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, vol. i. p. 594.

[1912] Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, pp. 800, 810, 819, et seq. Cf. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 399.

[1913] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ pp. 142, et seq.

[1914] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 196. Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 347. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58.

[1915] Metz, ‘The Tribes Inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills,’ p. 131.

[1916] Riedel, ‘Galela und Tobeloresen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 77.

[1917] Bastian, ‘Inselgruppen in Oceanien,’ p. 61.

[1918] Mr. Eyles, in a letter.

[1919] Hildebrandt, ‘Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre Nachbaren,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 401.

[1920] Krasheninnikoff, loc. cit. p. 212.

[1921] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 172.

[1922] Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 302, 335, 351.

[1923] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 81.

[1924] Kovalevsky, ‘Marriage among the Early Slavs,’ in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. p. 475.

[1925] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119.

[1926] Morgan, ‘Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines,’ p. 73.

[1927] Ibid., p. 64.

[1928] Powers, loc. cit. p. 168.

[1929] Egede, loc. cit. p. 147. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 291, 297.

[1930] Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 153, 170, 171.

[1931] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 490, 497.

[1932] Mr. Bridges, in a letter.

[1933] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p. xxiv.

[1934] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 186-188.

[1935] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ pp. 25, et seq.

[1936] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 197.

[1937] Buchanan, ‘Journey from Madras,’ p. 738. Bachofen, ‘Antiquarische Briefe,’ pp. 271, et seq. Starcke, loc. cit. p. 83.

[1938] Shooter, loc. cit. pp. 15, 47, 86. Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 200.

[1939] Krauss, loc. cit. p. 75.

[1940] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 237, 241, 254, 255.

[1941] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. p. 362.

[1942] Lewis, ‘The Ancient Laws of Wales,’ pp. 56, 57, 196.

[1943] Montesquieu, ‘De l’esprit des loix,’ book xxvi. ch. 14, vol. iii. pp. 47, 49.

[1944] Bertillon, ‘Mariage (hygiène matrimoniale),’ in ‘Dict. encycl. des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. v. p. 60.

[1945] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 507, et seq.

[1946] Yate, loc. cit. pp. 103, 154.

[1947] Ibid., p. 114.

[1948] Marshall, loc. cit. pp. 59, et seq.

[1949] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 276.

[1950] Burchell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 56.

[1951] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 74.

[1952] Davy, loc. cit. p. 278. Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 262, 265.

[1953] Ewald, loc. cit. pp. 197, et seq.

[1954] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xvi.

[1955] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 421-423, 429, 439.

[1956] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 264.

[1957] Kearns, loc. cit. pp. 33, et seq.

[1958] Marsden, loc. cit. p. 228.

[1959] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 24, note ‡.

[1960] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ pp. 285, et seq.

[1961] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 22.

[1962] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.

[1963] ‘Codex Justinianeus,’ book v. title iv. § 26.

[1964] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 288.

[1965] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 257, et seq.

[1966] Kohler, ‘Indisches Ehe-und Familienrecht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, et seq.

[1967] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. v. 235; ch. xi. v. 55; ch. xii. v. 58. ‘The Institutes of Vishnu,’ ch. xxxv. v. 1.

[1968] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 66.

[1969] Cf. Robertson Smith, loc. cit. p. 169; Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 184, 192, et seq.

[1970] Kubary, loc. cit. p. 62.

[1971] Robertson Smith, p. 170.

[1972] Heifer, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856.

[1973] Virchow, ‘The Veddás of Ceylon,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. pp. 355, 369. Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[1974] Virchow, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. p. 370.

[1975] Annamese (Janke, loc. cit. p. 276), Kamchadales (Steller, loc. cit. p. 289, note), Kaniagmuts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 81, et seq.).

[1976] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 606, et seq. Huth, loc. cit. pp. 14, &c. Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 480. Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ pp. 24, et seq.

[1977] Mr. Cupples, however, observes that among dogs, the male seems rather inclined towards strange females (Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 294); and I myself have been told by a thoroughly trustworthy person of a stallion that would not approach mares of the same stable. But such instincts seem to be exceptions at least among domesticated animals.

[1978] Huth, loc. cit. p. 9.

[1979] Ibid., p. 9.

[1980] Müller, ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers,’ p. 8.

[1981] Darwin, ‘The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom,’ p. 436.

[1982] Ibid., p. 443.

[1983] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 116.

[1984] Sebright, ‘The Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals,’ pp. 12, et seq.

[1985] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 161.

[1986] Crampe, ‘Zuchtversuche mit zahmen Wanderratten,’ in ‘Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbücher,’ vol. xii. pp. 402, 409, 418; quoted by Düsing, ‘Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses bei der Vermehrung der Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen,’ p. 246. ‘Die Kreuzungsproducte der Familien waren mit ihren Brüdern, Vätern, Grossvätern und Mestizen viel fruchtbarer, als die in Blutschande gezogenen Familien unter denselben Verhältnissen.'

[1987] Huth, loc. cit. pp. 286, et seq.

[1988] Preyer, ‘Specielle Physiologie des Embryo,’ p. 8.

[1989] Mitchell, ‘Blood-Relationship in Marriage,’ in ‘Memoirs Read before the Anthropological Society of London,’ vol. ii. p. 451.

[1990] Pouchet, loc. cit. p. 107, note *.

[1991] Sebright, loc. cit. pp. 11, et seq.

[1992] Darwin, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ p. 445.

[1993] Idem, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 116.

[1994] Idem, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ p. 457.

[1995] Ibid., p. 465.

[1996] Sebright, loc. cit. p. 12.

[1997] Adam, ‘Consanguinity in Marriage,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. iii. p. 81.

[1998] Huth, loc. cit. p. 36.

[1999] Galton, ‘Hereditary Genius,’ p. 152.

[2000] Huth, p. 37, note.

[2001] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. pp. 294, 296.

[2002] Périer, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. i. p. 223. Voisin, ‘Contribution à l’histoire des mariages entre consanguins,’ ibid., vol. ii. p. 447.

[2003] Huth, loc. cit. ch. v. pp. 186-241.

[2004] Ibid., pp. 217, 226.

[2005] G. H. Darwin, ‘Marriages between First Cousins in England,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xviii. p. 41.

[2006] Idem, ‘Marriages between First Cousins in England,’ in ‘Journal of the Statistical Society,’ vol. xxxviii. pp. 181, 170, 182.

[2007] Idem, ‘Note on the Marriages of First Cousins,’ ibid., vol. xxxviii. pp. 344-346.

[2008] Schmidt’s ‘Jahrbücher des gesammten Medicin,’ vol. clxxxi. p. 89.

[2009] It has escaped even Mr. Huth’s keen observation.

[2010] Mygge, ‘Om Aegteskaber mellem Blodbeslaegtede,’ pp. 162, 272.

[2011] Dahl, ‘Bidrag til Kundskab om de Sindssyge i Norge,’ pp. 99-102.

[2012] Professor Mantegazza has given a list of fifty-seven authors who have opposed these marriages, and of fifteen who have defended them (‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 179).

[2013] Huth, loc. cit. pp. 141-143.

[2014] Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 86.

[2015] Voisin, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. ii. p. 447.

[2016] Mygge, loc. cit. p. 126.

[2017] ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. vii. pt. ii. p. 876.

[2018] Mygge, loc. cit. p. 171.

[2019] Darwin, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ pp. 439, 458.

[2020] Ibid., p. 439. G. H. Darwin, in ‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 175.

[2021] Quoted by Düsing, loc. cit. p. 249.

[2022] Mitchell, in ‘Mem. Anthr. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 447.

[2023] Cf. Devay, ‘Du danger des mariages consanguins,’ p. 10.

[2024] G. H. Darwin, in ‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 163.

[2025] Ibid., pp. 175, et seq.

[2026] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 334.

[2027] Bates, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 199, et seq.

[2028] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 508.

[2029] v. Tschudi, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 284.

[2030] Gisborne, ‘The Isthmus of Darien,’ p. 155.

[2031] Davis, ‘El Gringo,’ p. 146.

[2032] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 144, 147.

[2033] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 248.

[2034] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 66.

[2035] St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 10.

[2036] Foreman, loc. cit. p. 200.

[2037] Batchelor, loc. cit. p. 290.

[2038] Meade, loc. cit. p. 168.

[2039] Marshall, loc. cit. pp. 110, et seq.

[2040] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 254.

[2041] Ibid., p. 254.

[2042] Metz, loc. cit. p. 15.

[2043] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 233.

[2044] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 200, 201, 216, et seq.

[2045] Dr. Helfer also thinks (‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856) that, among the Karens of the Tenasserim Provinces, close intermarrying is the reason why ‘they are a subdued, timid, effeminate, diminishing race.'

[2046] Gason, loc. cit. pp. 260, et seq.

[2047] Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 406.

[2048] Rink, ‘Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo,’ pp. 390, et seq.

[2049] Reich, loc. cit. pp. 210, et seq.

[2050] Goldziher, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. xviii. p. 26. Cf. Wilken, ‘Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern,’ p. 61; Robertson Smith, loc. cit. p. 60.

[2051] Petroff, loc. cit. p. 155.

[2052] Shooter, loc. cit. p. 45.

[2053] Goldziher, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. xviii. p. 26. Robertson Smith, p. 82.

[2054] For instance, Mr. Morgan (‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 479, et seq.) and Professor Wilken (in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1881, vol. ii. p. 622).

[2055] Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, ‘Études de la nature,’ vol. i. p. 94.

[2056] Schopenhauer, ‘The World as Will and Idea,’ vol. iii. pp. 356-359.

[2057] Lucas, ‘Traité de l’hérédité naturelle,’ vol. ii. p. 238; ‘La loi de l’amour est l’accord des contrastes.’ Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ pp. 119-124. Mantegazza, ‘Die Hygieine der Liebe,’ p. 321. Allen, ‘Falling in Love,’ p. 5. v. Hartmann, ‘Philosophy of the Unconscious,’ vol. i. pp. 237, et seq.

[2058] Bain, loc. cit. p. 136.

[2059] Lucas, vol. ii. p. 238. Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ p. 124.

[2060] Quoted by Walker, p. 118.

[2061] Schopenhauer also says (loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 358), ‘Blondes prefer dark persons, or brunettes; but the latter seldom prefer the former. The reason is, that fair hair and blue eyes are in themselves a variation from the type, are almost abnormal, being analogous to white mice, or at least to gray horses.'

[2062] de Candolle, ‘Hérédité de la couleur des yeux dans l’espèce humaine,’ in ‘Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles,’ ser. iii. vol. xii.; quoted in ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. viii.

[2063] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. ix.

[2064] Galton, ‘Natural Inheritance,’ p. 85.

[2065] Mantegazza, ‘Physiologie du plaisir,’ p. 243.

[2066] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Psychology,’ vol. i. pp. 487, et seq. Bain, loc. cit. p. 136. Dr. Duboc remarks (‘Die Psychologie der Liebe,’ p. 14), ‘Es giebt keine inhaltvollere und triumphirendere Beseligung der eignen Selbstliebe als von dem über alle Anderen emporgetragen zu werden, den wir selbst höher wie alle Anderen erblicken, als von dem ausgezeichnet zu werden, der uns selbst mit allen Auszeichnungen geschmückt erscheint.'

[2067] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 250.

[2068] Ellis, ‘The Tshi-speaking Peoples,’ p. 285.

[2069] Duncan, ‘Travels in Western Africa,’ vol. i. p. 79. Sabatier, ‘Étude sur la femme Kabyle,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ ser. ii. vol. vi. p. 58. Bonfanti, ‘L’incivilimento dei negri nell’Africa intertropicale,’ in ‘Archivio per antropologia e la etnologia,’ vol. xv. p. 131.

[2070] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 325.

[2071] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 345.

[2072] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[2073] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 25.

[2074] Egede, loc. cit. p. 144.

[2075] Jones, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 326. Dall, loc. cit. p. 139.

[2076] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 207, note. Cf. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 272 (Creeks).

[2077] Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 258.

[2078] Johnson, ‘The River Congo,’ p. 423.

[2079] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 208, et seq.

[2080] Schweinfurth, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 510.

[2081] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 206.

[2082] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol iii. p. 369. Fawcett, ‘The Saoras of Madras,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Soc. Bombay,’ vol. i. p. 219. St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 54, et seq. Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.

[2083] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.

[2084] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 102.

[2085] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 171, et seq.

[2086] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 193, et seq.

[2087] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 283. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 775, 781. Dawson, loc. cit. p. 37. Lumholtz, loc. cit. pp. 213, et seq.

[2088] Brough Smyth, vol. i. p. 29. Taplin, loc. cit. p. 12. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 129.

[2089] Lyon, loc cit. p. 353. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 325, et seq. (Greenlanders).

[2090] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 292.

[2091] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 121.

[2092] Brett, loc. cit. pp. 98, 351.

[2093] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 44. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la Plata,’ p. 456.

[2094] Weddel, ‘Voyage towards the South Pole,’ p. 156. Haydes, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 334.

[2095] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 236.

[2096] Hall, loc. cit. p. 568.

[2097] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p. xxiv.

[2098] Katscher, loc. cit. pp. 58, et seq.

[2099] Dubois, loc. cit. p. 109.

[2100] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 206.

[2101] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 155.

[2102] Finck, ‘Romantic Love,’ p. 110.

[2103] Palmblad, ‘Grekisk fornkunskap,’ vol. i. p. 252. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 321.

[2104] Katscher, loc. cit. pp. 71, 84. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. p. 261.

[2105] Plato, loc. cit. book vi. p. 771.

[2106] Plutarch, ‘Περὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς ἀρετῆς,’ ch. viii.

[2107] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 215.

[2108] Cf. Bain, loc. cit. p. 117; Sully, ‘Outlines of Psychology,’ p. 515.

[2109] Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ pp. 113-115.

[2110] Haushofer, loc. cit. p. 405.

[2111] Walker, pp. 115, et seq.

[2112] Reich, loc. cit. p. 456.

[2113] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 174.

[2114] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 772.

[2115] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 4.

[2116] Powers, loc. cit. p. 214. Cf. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 148 (Beaver and Rocky Mountain Indians).

[2117] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1884, p. 464.

[2118] Hanoteau and Letourneux, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 164.

[2119] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. pp. 94, et seq.

[2120] Crawfurd, ‘On the Classification of the Races of Man,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. i. p. 357.

[2121] McNair, ‘Perak,’ p. 131.

[2122] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 241.

[2123] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, 370, 371.

[2124] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. pp. 282, 292.

[2125] de Gobineau, ‘The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races,’ pp. 173, et seq.

[2126] Ibid., p. 174, note 1. Cf. d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 155.

[2127] v. Düben, loc. cit. pp. 200, et seq.

[2128] Morelet, loc. cit. Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 491. Godron, loc. cit. vol ii. p. 360. Fries, loc. cit. p. 159.

[2129] Ewald, loc. cit. p. 193.

[2130] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 465.

[2131] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. iv.

[2132] Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 191.

[2133] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 703.

[2134] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98.

[2135] Bancroft, vol. i. p. 512, note 120.

[2136] Davis, loc. cit. p. 146.

[2137] Bancroft, vol. i. p. 663.

[2138] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. iii. p. 227.

[2139] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. iii. pp. 226, et seq.

[2140] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 106.

[2141] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 308.

[2142] Du Chaillu, loc. cit. p. 97.

[2143] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 144.

[2144] Chapman, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 75.

[2145] Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 109, 256.

[2146] Kolams (Dalton, loc. cit. p. 278), Koch (Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. p. 707), Karens of Burma (according to Dr. Bunker; Mason, ‘On Dwellings, &c., of the Karens,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxvii. pt. ii. p. 151).

[2147] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 201.

[2148] Dalton, p. 28.

[2149] Batchelor, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. x. pp. 211, et seq. v. Siebold, loc. cit. pp. 30, et seq.

[2150] Riedel, loc. cit. p. 325.

[2151] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 277. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ pp. 21, et seq.

[2152] Wilken, p. 23.

[2153] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396.

[2154] Romilly, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ix. p. 9.

[2155] Yate, loc. cit. pp. 96, 99.

[2156] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 63, 67. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 398.

[2157] Curr, vol. i. pp. 298, 303, 330, 343, 377; vol. ii. pp. 21, 179, 197, 307; vol. iii. pp. 252, 272.

[2158] Lewis, loc. cit. p. 196.

[2159] Hearn, loc. cit. pp. 156, et seq.

[2160] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 302.

[2161] Gaius, ‘Institutiones,’ book i. § 56.

[2162] Marquardt and Mommsen, loc. cit. vol. vii. p. 29.

[2163] Hotz, in de Gobineau, ‘The Diversity of Races,’ p. 239.

[2164] Müller, ‘Chips from a German Workshop,’ vol. i. pp. 322, et seq. Cf. Monier Williams, ‘Hinduism,’ p. 154.

[2165] Rhys Davids, ‘Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion,’ pp. 22, et seq.

[2166] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 64.

[2167] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 336.

[2168] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 6. Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 85 (Nukahivans).

[2169] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 82. Cf. Beechey, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 205, et seq.; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 79.

[2170] Anderson, loc. cit. p. 289.

[2171] Bastian, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnologie,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. i. pp. 267, et seq.

[2172] de Tocqueville, ‘Democracy in America,’ vol. ii. pp. 149-151

[2173] Sproat, loc. cit. pp. 98-99.

[2174] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 659.

[2175] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol i. p. 71. v. Spix and v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 74.

[2176] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 112.

[2177] Ibid., vol. vi. pp. 165, 186.

[2178] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 171, et seq. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 256.

[2179] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 153. Hickson, loc. cit. p. 278 (Minahassers). Matthes, loc. cit. p. 13 (Bugis and Macassars). Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 302, 434 (natives of Timor-Laut and Wetter). St. John, ‘Wild Tribes of the North-West Coast of Borneo,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. pp. 234, et seq. (Sea Dyaks).

[2180] Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 185, 256.

[2181] Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 240, 313.

[2182] Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 443, et seq.

[2183] Negroes of Loango (Soyaux, loc. cit. p. 162), Hottentots (Kolben, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 156), Kunáma and Barea (Munzinger, p. 484).

[2184] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 63. Cf. Burton, ‘Pilgrimage,’ p. 305.

[2185] Monier Williams, ‘Hinduism,’ pp. 153, 155.

[2186] Idem, ‘Indian Wisdom,’ p. 218, note.

[2187] Davy, loc. cit. p. 284.

[2188] Neale, loc. cit. p. 58.

[2189] Ross, loc. cit. p. 311.

[2190] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 86, note.

[2191] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 187.

[2192] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 117.

[2193] Mommsen, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 318. Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 249, 456, 457, et seq.

[2194] Winroth, ‘Äktenskapshindren,’ pp. 227, 230, 233. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 349, 353, et seq.

[2195] Weinhold, vol. i. pp. 349, et seq.

[2196] Odhner, ‘Lärobok i Sveriges, Norges och Danmarks historia,’ p. 241.

[2197] Behrend, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. i. p. 478.

[2198] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 224, et seq.

[2199] Behrend, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie,’ pt. i. p. 457.

[2200] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 885.

[2201] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 137.

[2202] d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 68.

[2203] Neubauer, ‘Notes on the Race-Types of the Jews,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 19.

[2204] Frankel, ‘Grundlinien des mosaisch-talmudischen Eherechts,’ p. xx. Ritter, ‘Philo und die Halacha,’ p. 71.

[2205] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxi. v. 21; ch. xxxvi. v. 2.

[2206] Andree, loc. cit. p. 48. Neubauer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 19.

[2207] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 52.

[2208] St. Paul, ‘1 Corinthians,’ ch. vii. v. 39.

[2209] Tertullian, ‘Ad Uxorem,’ book ii. ch. 3.

[2210] Winroth, loc. cit. p. 212.

[2211] Herzog, ‘Abriss der gesammten Kirchengeschichte,’ vol. p. i. 215.

[2212] Winroth, pp. 213-215.

[2213] Ibid., pp. 220, et seq.

[2214] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. § 11.

[2215] Ibid., p. 131.

[2216] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 374.

[2217] Dall, loc. cit. p. 194. Cf. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 81 (Kaniagmuts).

[2218] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 678.

[2219] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 246.

[2220] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 121. Cf. Reade, loc. cit. p. 242.

[2221] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 187; vol. ii. p. 49.

[2222] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 382. For other instances, see ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172 (Greenlanders); Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 387 (Kunáma); Low, loc. cit. p. 196 (Dyaks); Waitz-Gerland, vol vi. p. 135 (Nukahivans).

[2223] Rein, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 426.

[2224] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 183.

[2225] v. Bohlen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 142.

[2226] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 218. For the ancient Iranians, see Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 681.

[2227] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 5, 299.

[2228] Krauss, loc. cit. p. 591.

[2229] Deecke, loc. cit. p. 25.

[2230] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 211.

[2231] African races (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 121. Schweinfurth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 31. Du Chaillu, loc. cit. p. 335), Kaniagmuts (Sauer, loc. cit. p. 176), &c.

[2232] Eskimo (King, ‘The Intellectual Character of the Esquimaux,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 150), North American Indians (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 100), Negroes of Benin (Bosman, loc. cit. p. 527), natives of Monbuttu (‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 209) and the Indian Archipelago (Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 633), Kirghiz, Tartars of Kazan and Orenburg, Laplanders (Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 10, 105, 221), Hebrews (Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p. 471), ancient Germans (Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xx.).

[2233] Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 412.

[2234] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 272.

[2235] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 214.

[2236] Reade, loc. cit. p. 547. Buch, loc. cit. pp. 45, et seq. Cf. Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 309 (Gowane people of Kordofan); Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 253, et seq. (Solomon Islanders).

[2237] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 105.

[2238] Josephus, loc. cit. book ii. ch. viii. § 13.

[2239] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 209.

[2240] Quoted by Bain, loc. cit. p. 142.

[2241] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 183.

[2242] Rein, loc. cit. p. 423.

[2243] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 101, 102, 139, &c.

[2244] Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 326, et seq.

[2245] Cf. Georgi, loc. cit. p. 323; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 205.

[2246] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 268.

[2247] Glasson, ‘Le mariage civil et le divorce,’ p. 470.

[2248] Fries, loc. cit. p. 111. Cf. Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 145, et seq.

[2249] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 145. ‘Globus,’ vol. xlix. p. 35.

[2250] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 276.

[2251] de Bode, ‘The Yamúd and Goklán Tribes of Turkomania,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 75.

[2252] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 683.

[2253] Coxe, loc. cit. p. 257.

[2254] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98.

[2255] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 224. ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 30.

[2256] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 355. McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 34.

[2257] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 197.

[2258] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 733.

[2259] Alcedo-Thompson, ‘Dictionary of America and the West Indies,’ vol. i. p. 416. Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.

[2260] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 600.

[2261] King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 182. Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 334.

[2262] Andersson, ‘The Okavango River,’ p. 143.

[2263] Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 83.

[2264] Krapf, loc. cit. p. 354.

[2265] Thomson, loc. cit. p. 51. Johnston, loc. cit. pp. 431, 436, et seq.

[2266] Kames, ‘Sketches of the History of Man,’ vol. i. p. 449.

[2267] Parkyns, loc. cit. vol ii. pp. 55, et seq.

[2268] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 133.

[2269] Cf. Hodgson, ‘Reminiscences of Australia,’ p. 243; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. pp. 225, et seq.

[2270] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 343.

[2271] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 108. Cf. Taplin, loc. cit. p. 10; Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 301.

[2272] Curr, vol. i. p. 108.

[2273] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.

[2274] Curr, vol. i. p. 108. For marriage by capture among the Australians, cf. also Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 153, et seq.; Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol iii. p. 250; Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 283; Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 773.

[2275] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 813.

[2276] Taylor, loc. cit. p. 336.

[2277] Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. p. 149.

[2278] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 138.

[2279] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191.

[2280] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396.

[2281] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 183. Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 69, 133, 415.

[2282] Bodo, Hos, Mundas, Kúrmis (Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 86, 192, 194, 319), Bhils, Káttis, Oráons (Rowney, loc. cit. pp. 37, 46, 81), Gonds (Forsyth, loc. cit. pp. 149, et seq.), Chittagong Hill tribes (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 92), Savaras (Fawcett, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Soc. Bombay,’ vol. i. p. 235).

[2283] Burckhardt, loc. cit. pp. 61, 62, 150, 153. According to Professor Robertson Smith (loc. cit. p. 72), instances of marriage by capture might be accumulated to an indefinite extent from Arabian history and tradition. At the time of Mohammed the practice was universal.

[2284] Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 185.

[2285] Kirghiz (Atkinson, ‘Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor,’ pp. 250, et seq.), Chulims (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 231), Mordvins (Mainoff, ‘Mordvankansan häätapoja’).

[2286] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.

[2287] Castrén, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 168.

[2288] Buch, loc. cit. p. 62.

[2289] Teptyars, Tartars of Crimea (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 523, 541), Ostyaks (Castrén, vol. ii. p. 57), Cheremises, Voguls (Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 56, 67).

[2290] v. Düben, loc. cit. pp. 200, 310.

[2291] Willigerod, ‘Geschichte Ehstlands,’ p. 9. v. Schroeder, loc. cit. p. 19.

[2292] ‘Kanteletar,’ book iii. song 22. Topelius, ‘De modo matrimonia jungendi apud Fennos quondam vigente,’ pp. 28-30. Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13.

[2293] ‘Tidningar utgifne af et Sällskap i Äbo,’ 1778, no. 148. Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, nos. 66, 91. Ahlqvist, ‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 204.

[2294] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ book iii. vv. 26, 33.

[2295] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ‘Ρωμαϊκή ἀρχαιολογος,’ book ii. ch. xxx. § 5.

[2296] Plutarch, ‘Λῦκουργος,’ ch. xv.

[2297] v. Zmigrodzki, loc. cit. p. 250.

[2298] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 329.

[2299] Ortolan, ‘Histoire de la Législation romaine,’ p. 81.

[2300] Dargun, loc. cit. pp. 111-140. Cf. Grimm, loc. cit. p. 440; Nordström, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 12; Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 308-310.

[2301] Olaus Magnus, ‘Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus,’ p. 328.

[2302] Kames, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 450. Cf. Lewis, loc. cit. p. 197; Rhys, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 289.

[2303] Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 189.

[2304] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 190. ‘Globus,’ vol. v. p. 317. Kulischer, ‘Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. pp. 206-208. Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 476, et seq. Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. iii. p. 578.

[2305] Krauss, loc. cit. ch. xiv.

[2306] Olaus Magnus, pp. 481, et seq.

[2307] de Gaya, ‘Marriage Ceremonies,’ p. 45.

[2308] Cf. the works of McLennan, Tylor, Lubbock, Post, and Dargun, and the essays of Kulischer (in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x.) and Kohler (‘Studien über Frauengemeinschaft, Frauenraub und Frauenkauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. pp. 334-368).

[2309] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 95.

[2310] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 623, et seq. Idem, in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 897, et seq.

[2311] Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 316, et seq.

[2312] Abercromby, ‘Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,’ in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. p. 454.

[2313] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ pp. 74, et seq.

[2314] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.

[2315] In many cases, however, capture takes place merely because the man wishes to lower the price of the bride or to avoid payment (Cf. Abercromby, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 453, et seq.).

[2316] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.

[2317] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 62, et seq.

[2318] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 266.

[2319] It is hard to understand how Herr Kulischer can have persuaded himself that marriage by purchase, as he says in an essay especially devoted to this question, ‘kann nur bei sehr wenigen der jetzt lebenden Wilden aufgefunden werden’ (Kulischer, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 210.)

[2320] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 107. Cf. Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. pp. 276, 285, 343; Taplin, loc. cit. p. 10; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 94; Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 79, 84; Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 164.

[2321] Marsden, loc. cit. p. 259.

[2322] Aleuts (Dall, loc. cit. p. 402), Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 198), Kenai (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 406, et seq.), Naudowessies (Carver, loc. cit. p. 373), Arawaks (Brett, loc. cit. p. 101), Quito Indians (Juan and de Ulloa, loc. cit. p. 521), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 107, et seq.), Fuegians (King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 182. Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 201).

[2323] Bushmans (Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 259), Zulus (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48), Basutos (Casalis, loc. cit. p. 183), Banyai (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 175), &c. (Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 378, et seq.).

[2324] Nagas of Upper Assam, Kukis, Limbus and Kirantis, Tipperahs (Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 41, 47, 104, 110), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, loc. cit. pp. 148, et seq.), Bodo and Dhimáls (Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 735), Bhils (Hay, ‘The Túran Mall Hill,’ ibid., vol. xx. p. 507), Mrús (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 234), Lepchas (Hooker, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 125), Gypsies (Liebich, loc. cit. p. 46), Barabinzes, Koriaks (Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 195, 348), Tunguses, Ainos (Dall, loc. cit. pp. 519, 524), Kamchadales (Steller, loc. cit. p. 343), aboriginal tribes of China (Gray, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 304).

[2325] Dyaks (Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 221), Tagalas and Bisayans of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 14. Jagor, loc. cit. p. 235); also in New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ix. p. 8).

[2326] Steller, p. 343 (Kamchadales). Jagor, p. 235 (Bisayans).

[2327] Starcke, loc. cit. p. 39.

[2328] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 721.

[2329] Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 242.

[2330] v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 215, et seq. (Kafirs). Dalton, loc. cit. p. 43 (Nagas). Borheck, ‘Erdbeschreiburg von Asien,’ vol. i. p. 540 (Tartars of Kazan). Landsell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 225 (Gilyaks).

[2331] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 97 (Ahts). Shooter, loc. cit. p. 50 (Kafirs). Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 448 (Tedâ); vol. ii. p. 177 (Baele). Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 240 (Marea). Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 62 (Arabs of Syria). Georgi, loc. cit. p. 431 (Buriats). Neumann, ‘Russland und die Tscherkessen,’ p. 117 (Circassians). Rowlatt, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiv. pt. ii. p. 488 (Mishmis). Hickson, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 139 (Talauer Islanders). Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 138 (Samoans). Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210 (Caroline Islanders).

[2332] Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 41, et seq.

[2333] Powers, loc. cit. p. 22.

[2334] Macfie, loc. cit. p. 446.

[2335] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 654.

[2336] Powers, p. 247.

[2337] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 214. Cf. Letherman, ‘Sketch of the Navajo Tribe of Indians,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294.

[2338] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 201. Falkner, loc. cit. p. 124. Cf. Lewis and Clarke, loc. cit. p. 307 (Shoshones); Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 207 (Abipones).

[2339] v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 215. Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 206.

[2340] Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 341.

[2341] Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 623.

[2342] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 187.

[2343] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 133.

[2344] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

[2345] Caillié, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 348.

[2346] Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 114, 231.

[2347] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 505.

[2348] Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 185. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144. Georgi, loc. cit. p. 79.

[2349] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 132.

[2350] Griffiths, ‘Journals of Travels,’ p. 35.

[2351] Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 11.

[2352] Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210.

[2353] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93.

[2354] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 92.

[2355] Yurok, Patwin (Powers, loc. cit. pp. 56, 221), Wakamba (Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 401), Bedouins of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 152), Mishmis (Cooper, loc. cit. pp. 236, et seq.), Lepchas (Rowney, loc. cit. p. 139), Papuans of New Guinea (Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 371).

[2356] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 86.

[2357] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 266, 337, 416.

[2358] Gray, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 193. Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 78, note *.

[2359] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 120.

[2360] Robertson Smith, loc. cit. pp. 78, et seq. Ewald, loc. cit. p. 200. Gans, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 128.

[2361] ‘Ruth,’ ch. iv. v. 10. ‘Hosea,’ ch. iii. v. 2.

[2362] Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p. 451.

[2363] Lüttke, ‘Der Islam,’ p. 119. Warnkoenig, ‘Juristiche Encyclopädie,’ p. 167. Unger, ‘Die Ehe in ihrer welthistorischen Entwicklung,’ pp. 46, et seq.

[2364] Herodotus, loc. cit. book i. ch. 196.

[2365] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques sur le développement de la société humaine,’ p. 22.

[2366] Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13. Cf. Porthan, in ‘Kongliga Vitterhets, Historie och Antiquitets Akademiens Handlingar,’ vol. iv. p. 19; Topelius, loc. cit. §§ 8-10.

[2367] ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, et seq.; runo xxii. vv. 49, et seq. ‘Kanteletar,’ book i. songs 133, 156; book iii. song viii. vv. 20, 39.

[2368] Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, no. 68.

[2369] v. Schroeder, loc. cit. pp. 27-29.

[2370] Winternitz, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 287.

[2371] Zimmer, loc. cit. p. 310.

[2372] Dubois, loc. cit. p. 102.

[2373] Aristotle, ‘Τὰ πολιτικά,’ book ii. ch. 8.

[2374] Herodotus, loc. cit. book v. ch. 6.

[2375] Cf. Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 28.

[2376] Geijer, ‘Svenska folkets historia,’ in ‘Samlade skrifter,’ vol. v. p. 88.

[2377] Laband, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen im altrömischen und germanischen Recht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft,’ vol. iii. p. 154. Olivecrona, loc. cit. p. 150.

[2378] Friedberg, ‘Das Recht der Eheschliessung,’ pp. 33, 38.

[2379] Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ pp. 13, et seq.

[2380] Schrader, loc. cit. p. 381.

[2381] Cf. Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 80, 87.

[2382] O’Curry, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish,’ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiv. et seq.

[2383] Ewers, ‘Das älteste Recht der Russen,’ p. 226 (Russians). Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 195 (Bohemians and Pomeranians). Krauss, loc. cit. p. 273 (South Slavonians). Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 478, et seq. Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 168.

[2384] Krauss, p. 275.

[2385] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 28.

[2386] Bickmore, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 20. Cf. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p. 43.

[2387] v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 31.

[2388] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 109, et seq.

[2389] Petroff, loc. cit. p. 161.

[2390] Powers, loc. cit. p. 238.

[2391] Schweinfurth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 31. Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p. 355.

[2392] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 176.

[2393] Riedel, loc. cit. p. 270.

[2394] Le Mesurier, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. p. 340. Cf. Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 441; Knox, ‘Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon,’ p. 126.

[2395] Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[2396] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[2397] Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210. Cheyne, loc. cit. p. 119 (Bornabi).

[2398] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.

[2399] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 101.

[2400] Ellis, ‘Hawaii,’ p. 414.

[2401] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 274.

[2402] Wilkes, vol. ii. p. 138. Prichard, loc. cit. p. 136. Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 538.

[2403] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 270. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 126.

[2404] v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 153.

[2405] New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 396), New Britain (Romilly, loc. cit. p. 27. Powell, loc. cit. p. 84), Solomon Islands (Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95), New Hebrides (Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194. Meinicke, ‘Die Inseln des stillen Oceans,’ vol. i. p. 203), New Caledonia (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), Fiji (Wilkes, vol. iii. p. 92. Cf., however, Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. pp. 144, et seq.), Tukopia (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191), Melanesia in general (Codrington, loc. cit. p. 240).

[2406] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 343.

[2407] Peschel, loc. cit. pp. 209, et seq.

[2408] Labillardière, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 276.

[2409] Weddell, loc. cit. p. 153.

[2410] Hawkesworth, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 634; vol. i. p. 373.

[2411] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 340.

[2412] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 53.

[2413] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 625.

[2414] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98.

[2415] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 633.

[2416] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 113.

[2417] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 182.

[2418] Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.

[2419] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 86.

[2420] Taylor, loc. cit. pp. 336, et seq.

[2421] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.

[2422] See ante, p. 40.

[2423] Aleuts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 92), Achomâwi in California (Powers, loc. cit. p. 270), Araucanians (Alcedo-Thompson, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 416. Pöppig, ‘Reise in Chile,’ vol. i. pp. 383, et seq.), Samoans (Prichard, loc. cit. p. 139), Barea and Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 487), Kandhs (Percival, loc. cit. pp. 345, et seq.), Igorrotes of Ysarog (Jagor, loc. cit. p. 172), Samoyedes (Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der obischen Ostjakken, Samoyeden,’ &c., p. 66).

[2424] Cf. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 395, 396, 414, et seq. (inhabitants of Naiabui in New Guinea, and of Yule Island); Jagor, loc. cit. p. 235 (Bisayans); McNair, loc. cit. p. 232 (Malays of Perak); Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 178 (Burmese); Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 148 (Gonds); Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 230 (Central Asiatic Turks); Ahlqvist, ‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 203 (Turkish and Finnish peoples); Castrén, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 126 (Ostyaks); Park, loc. cit. p. 220 (Mandingoes); Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno).

[2425] Shooter, loc. cit. p. 49.

[2426] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 277. Cf. v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 215, et seq. Kafirs.

[2427] Karok, Yurok (Powers, loc. cit. pp. 22, 56).

[2428] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. vv. 23-25.

[2429] Ibid., ch. iii. v. 51. Cf. ibid., ch. ix. vv. 93, 98.

[2430] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 29.

[2431] Ibid., ch. iii. v. 53.

[2432] Cf. Jolly, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den alten Indern,’ in ‘Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München,’ 1876, p. 433.

[2433] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 92, 146, 248, 250, &c.

[2434] Grimm, loc. cit. p. 424.

[2435] Laferrière, ‘Histoire du droit civil de Rome et du droit français,’ vol. iii. p. 156. Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33.

[2436] Olivecrona, loc. cit. pp. 57, 152, 158.

[2437] Gans, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 138.

[2438] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p. 359.

[2439] Cf. Topelius, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1850, p. 326.

[2440] ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, et seq. ‘Kanteletar,’ book iii. song viii. vv. 23-25.

[2441] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 78, note *.

[2442] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33. Idem, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 320.

[2443] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.

[2444] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,’ vol. i. p. 691.

[2445] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 11, et seq.

[2446] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 123.

[2447] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

[2448] Grimm, loc. cit. p. 429.

[2449] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 54.

[2450] Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170. Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.

[2451] Dubois, loc. cit. p. 103.

[2452] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 220. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. pp. 262, 266. Becker, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 471.

[2453] Ginoulhiac, ‘Histoire du régime dotal,’ pp. 187, et seq. Laboulaye, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière en Occident,’ pp. 403, et seq.

[2454] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

[2455] Olivecrona, loc. cit. p. 152. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 325.

[2456] Ginoulhiac, pp. 198, et seq.

[2457] Olivecrona, p. 57.

[2458] In Germany and Switzerland, the practice of presenting a morning gift has been kept up till the present time (Eichhorn, ‘Einleitung in das deutsche Privatrecht,’ p. 726. Bluntschli, ‘Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Zürich,’ vol. ii. pp. 164, et seq.)

[2459] Schlyter, ‘Juridiska afhandlingar,’ vol. i. p. 201. Schlegel, ‘Om Morgongavens Oprindelse,’ in ‘Astræa,’ vol. ii. pp. 189, et seq. Koenigswarter, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. The old purchase-money which the husband was obliged to give to the bride, was also represented by the fictitious dowry preserved in the rituals of the Church till the sixteenth century. M. Martene mentions a ritual of the Church of Reims, of 1585, in which the bridegroom, at the moment of putting the nuptial ring on the finger of the bride, placed three deniers in her hand (Koenigswarter, p. 174, note 4).

[2460] Ginoulhiac, p. 202. Warnkoenig and Stein, ‘Französische Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 257.

[2461] ‘Ancient Laws of Ireland,’ vol. i. p. 155; vol. iv. p. 63.

[2462] O’Curry, loc. cit. Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiii. et seq.

[2463] Schrader, loc. cit. p. 382. Cf. Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 479, et seq.

[2464] Herodotus, loc. cit. book i. ch. 196.

[2465] Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 736. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342, et seq.

[2466] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxiv. v. 53.

[2467] Robertson Smith, loc. cit. p. 98.

[2468] Ibid., pp. 78, 91, 100. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 353, et seq. Unger, loc. cit. p. 47. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p. 358.

[2469] Bechuanas (Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 192), Aenezes (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 62). The Laplanders, according to Laestadius (‘Ett lappfrieri,’ in ‘Svenska folkets seder,’ p. 125), take presents for their daughters, but do not consider it honourable to receive money.

[2470] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 654.

[2471] Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98.

[2472] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 201.

[2473] Cooper, loc. cit. p. 236. Griffith, loc. cit. p. 35.

[2474] Riedel, loc. cit. p. 68.

[2475] Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12.

[2476] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 387.

[2477] Harkness, loc. cit. pp. 116, et seq.

[2478] Tuski (Dall, loc. cit. p. 381), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Chinooks (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 337), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol ii. p. 157), Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, loc. cit. p. 307), Miwok (Powers, loc. cit. p. 354), Quiché (Morelet, loc. cit. p. 257), Budduma, Tedâ (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 370, 448), Todas (Marshall, loc. cit. p. 211), Central Asiatic Turks (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 233, et seq.), Laplanders (v. Düben, loc. cit. p. 200), Papuans of Dorey (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 102), Samoans (Prichard, loc. cit. pp. 139, et seq. Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 93, 96), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 153).

[2479] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 66. Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[2480] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 238.

[2481] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 92. For other similar instances, see Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 324 (Beni-Amer); Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ p. 124 (Arabs of Upper Egypt); Hanoteau and Letourneux, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 161 (Kabyles); Proyart, loc. cit. p. 569 (Negroes of Loango); Caillié, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 349 (Mandingoes); Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 192 (Bechuanas).

[2482] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 90.

[2483] Moore, loc. cit. p. 181.

[2484] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 62.

[2485] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.

[2486] Cooper, loc. cit. p. 236.

[2487] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 182.

[2488] Ibid., p. 55.

[2489] Negroes of Accra (Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 12), Tartars of Kazan (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 433) and Orenburg (Georgi, p. 103), Tunguses (ibid., p. 324), and other semi-civilized peoples belonging to the Russian Empire. For African peoples, see Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p. 417.

[2490] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 240.

[2491] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 194, et seq.

[2492] In Gautama’s time, however, the ‘çulka,’ did not belong to the ‘strîdhan’ (Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170).

[2493] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Hindu Law,’ pp. 33, et seq. Steele, loc. cit. p.67.

[2494] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 154.

[2495] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 155. Meier and Schömann, ‘Der attische Process,’ pp. 518, et seq. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 345, et seq. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. p. 265. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 692.

[2496] Potter, ‘Archaeologia Graeca,’ vol. ii. p. 273.

[2497] Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. p. 70. Sohm, ‘Institutionen des römischen Rechts,’ p. 281. Laboulaye, ‘Recherches sur la condition des femmes,’ P. 38.

[2498] Laboulaye, p. 39. Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. p. 70. Laferrière, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 223.

[2499] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 39-41. Idem, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière,’ pp. 183-185. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, vol. i. p. 693. Sohm, p. 282.

[2500] Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ pp. 338.

[2501] Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. pp. 412, et seq.

[2502] Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 331. Idem, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ pp. 241, et seq.

[2503] Olivecrona, loc. cit. p. 51. Nordström, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 50.

[2504] Macieiowski, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 214-218.

[2505] O’Curry, loc. cit. Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxii., clxxviii. Lewis, loc. cit. pp. 8, et seq.

[2506] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342-344.

[2507] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Muhammadan Law,’ p. xxxv. Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 218.

[2508] Lane, vol. i. p. 138, note †.

[2509] Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 370.

[2510] Kenai (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 407), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Ahts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 197), Creeks (Hawkins, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 66), Kingsmill Islanders (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 101), Siamese (Moore, loc. cit. p. 169), Kukis (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 254), Abyssinians (Lobo, loc. cit. p. 26), people of Madagascar (Rochon, loc. cit. p. 747), Touaregs (Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 181).

[2511] Cf. Heriot, loc. cit. p. 335 (North American Indians); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 270 (Tahitians); Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 110 (Negroes); Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 332 (East Africans); Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p. 376 (several African peoples); Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 185 (Tartars); Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 67, et seq. (Voguls).

[2512] Cf. Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508 (Greenlanders); v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 115 (Brazilian aborigines); Bove, loc. cit. p. 132 (Fuegians); Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Marshall, loc. cit. p. 212 (Todas); Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 70 (Mongols); Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der Morduanen, Kasaken,’ &c., p. 262 (Kalmucks); Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 54, et seq.

[2513] Cf. Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. v. p. 532 (Masai); Metz, loc. cit. p. 87 (Badagas); Davy, loc. cit. p. 286 (Sinhalese).

[2514] It is remarkable that dowry is unknown among the Chinese, whereas, in the wild aboriginal tribes of China, it is usual for wives among the wealthy families to receive marriage portions (Gray, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 304).

[2515] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ vol. ii. p. 344.

[2516] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 3.

[2517] Potter, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 268. Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 152. Cf. Meier and Shömann, loc. cit. pp. 513, et seq.

[2518] Isaeus, ‘περὶ τοῦ Πυῤῥου κλήρου,’ § 51, p. 43.

[2519] Aristotle, loc. cit. book ii. ch. ix. § 11.

[2520] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 38, et seq. Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. pp. 66, et seq. Meier and Schömann, pp. 513, et seq.

[2521] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 693. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 347.

[2522] Ginoulhiac, loc. cit. p. 103.

[2523] For dos necessaria in Germany during the Middle Ages, see Mittermaier, ‘Grundsätze des gemeinen deutschen Privatrechts,’ vol. ii. p. 3.

[2524] Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. p. 414.

[2525] ‘Code Napoléon,’ art. 204.

[2526] Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ p. 339.

[2527] Euripides, ‘Μήδεια,’ vv. 231-235.

[2528] Hall, loc. cit. p. 567. Cf. Lyon, loc. cit. p. 352; Dall, loc. cit. p. 139.

[2529] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 223.

[2530] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 132.

[2531] Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, loc. cit. pp. 198, et seq.), Aleuts (Coxe, loc. cit. p. 230. v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 47. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 92), Mahlemuts (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 81), Chippewyans (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 24), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 157), Creeks (Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 268), Moxes, Iroquois (Heriot, loc. cit. pp. 326, 332), Navajos (Letherman, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294), Arawaks (Brett, loc. cit. p. 101), Muras (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 512), Tupis, Chiriguana (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 422, et seq.), Patagonians (Falkner, loc. cit. p. 124), Fuegians (Bove, loc. cit. p. 132).

[2532] Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 62.

[2533] Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 94.

[2534] Breton, loc. cit. p. 398.

[2535] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 107.

[2536] St. Andrew St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 239.

[2537] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 57.

[2538] Ibid., p. 19.

[2539] Dall, loc. cit. p. 524.

[2540] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

[2541] Schön and Crowther, ‘Journals,’ p. 162.

[2542] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 49.

[2543] Tartars (Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 186), people of Bornu (Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 31, note), Bazes (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 525), Copts (Lane, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 331).

[2544] Bent, ‘The Cyclades,’ p. 137.

[2545] Bakongo (Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, loc. cit. p. 270), &c.

[2546] Tuski, Kaniagmuts (Dall, pp. 381, 402), &c.

[2547] Post, ‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ p. 240.

[2548] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 105. See Lippert, ‘Kulturgeschichte,’ vol. ii. pp. 141, et seq.; Mantegazza, ‘Geschlechtsverhältnisse des Menschen,’ ch. xiii.

[2549] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 216.

[2550] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. iv. p. 405.

[2551] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 251. Dubois, loc. cit. p. 107. v. Schroeder, loc. cit. p. 82. Mantegazza, p. 287. de Gubernatis, ‘Storia comparata degli usi nuziali,’ p. 168.

[2552] v. Eschwege, ‘Journal von Brasilien,’ vol. i. p. 96.

[2553] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 115. For instances of eating and drinking together as a marriage ceremony, see Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. iv. pp. 387-405; v. Schroeder, pp. 82-84; Riedel, loc. cit. p. 460; Winternitz, ‘On a Comparative Study of Indo-European Customs,’ in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ pp. 280, et seq.; de Gubernatis, p. 168.

[2554] v. Schroeder, p. 84.

[2555] Winternitz, loc. cit. p. 282. Cf. Haas, ‘Die Heirathsgebräuche der alten Inder,’ in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. pp. 310, et seq. (Hindus).

[2556] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 409.

[2557] Low, cited by Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 409.

[2558] Steel, ‘On the Khasia Tribe,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. vii. p. 308.

[2559] Bailey, ibid., N.S. vol. ii. pp. 293, et seq.

[2560] Colebrooke, ‘The Religious Ceremonies of the Hindus,’ in ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. vii. p. 309.

[2561] Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 149.

[2562] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 84. Cf. Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 86 (Wukas of New Guinea).

[2563] Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 131, 220, 319.

[2564] Taplin, loc. cit. p. 12.

[2565] Soyaux, loc. cit. p. 161. Cf. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 392 (Arawaks).

[2566] Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p. 26.

[2567] Krauss, loc. cit. p. 385.

[2568] Meiners, ‘Vergleichung des ältern und neuern Russlandes,’ vol. ii. pp. 167, et seq.

[2569] The wedding-ring was in use among the ancient Hindus (Haas, in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. p. 299). According to Mr. Hooper (loc. cit. p. 390), it is also found among the Indians of James’s Bay.

[2570] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 290.

[2571] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 222.

[2572] Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 150.

[2573] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 334.

[2574] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 91.

[2575] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 92. This description, however, does not agree with those given by Williams and Erskine (see Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 632).

[2576] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 271.

[2577] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 101.

[2578] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. pp. 639, et seq.

[2579] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 129.

[2580] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 64.

[2581] Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385.

[2582] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 161.

[2583] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. pp. 169, et seq. For other instances of religious marriage ceremonies, see ibid., vol. iii. p. 281 (Negroes of Congo); Georgi, loc. cit. p. 41 (Chuvashes); Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 307 (Mussus); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 276 (Humphrey’s Islanders).

[2584] Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 183.

[2585] Lewin, p. 175.

[2586] Gonds, Kúrmis (Dalton, pp. 201, 319), &c.

[2587] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 70.

[2588] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 339, 459, et seq.

[2589] Sinhalese (Davy, loc. cit. p. 285), Naickers (Kearns, ‘Kalyán’a Shat’anku,’ p. 54), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 149), Khyoungtha (Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 126, et seq.), Siamese (Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 183), Kalmucks (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 411), Chinese (Wells Williams, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 785), Japanese (Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 121), ancient Mexicans (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 132). In this connection should also be noticed the ‘lucky days,’ when matrimony in general is concluded under the best auspices. In China, these are especially marked in the almanacks (Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 268). The spring season and the last month in the year are regarded as the most fortunate nuptial periods in that country (Wells Williams, vol. i. p. 791), whereas the ninth month is considered very unpropitious (Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 187). Among the Bedouins of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 152), the Egyptians (Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 222, et seq.), and the Mohammedan negroes of Senegambia (Reade, loc. cit. p. 453), Friday is esteemed the most fortunate day for marriage; while the Copts generally marry on the night preceding Sunday (Lane, vol. ii. p. 331). In India, the month Phalguna was considered the luckiest period (v. Bohlen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 148), and in Morocco, as I am informed by Dr. Churcher, the month called Moolood (birth of Mohammed). Again, in Thuringia, marriages are generally contracted at the time of the full moon (Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ p. 28); whilst in Orkney and Esthonia, no couple would consent to marry except at the time of the crescent moon. The same superstition prevailed among the ancient Hindus, Greeks, and Germans (v. Schroeder, loc. cit. p. 50). In Scotland, formerly, nearly all avoided contracting marriage in May, and the Lowlanders were disinclined to marry on Friday (Rogers, loc. cit. p. 112). The Romans considered May and the first half of June an unlucky period (Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 265). In Egypt, it is a common belief that, if any one make a marriage contract in the month of Moharram, the marriage will be unhappy and soon dissolved, hence few persons do so (Lane, vol. i. p. 219, note *). For ‘unlucky days’ among the tribes of the Indian Archipelago, see Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 380.

[2590] Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 370.

[2591] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 366.

[2592] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 317. de Herrera, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 172.

[2593] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 333.

[2594] Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 70.

[2595] Tartars (Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 186), Siamese (Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 185), Kalmucks (Liadov, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 403). In Japan, on the other hand, the marriage ceremony is entirely of a social nature, no religious element entering into it at all (Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 123).

[2596] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 205.

[2597] Ewald, loc. cit. pp. 201, et seq. Cf. Gans, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 140; Frankel, loc. cit. p. xxx.

[2598] Pischon, ‘Der Einfluss der Islâm,’ &c., p. 10. For the modern Persians, see Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 210, et seq.

[2599] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 154.

[2600] Revillout, ‘Les contrats de mariage égyptiens,’ in ‘Journal Asiatique,’ ser. vii. vol. x. p. 262.

[2601] Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 677.

[2602] Haas, in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. pp. 312-316. Colebrooke, in ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. vii. pp. 288-310.

[2603] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Hindu Law,’ p. 46. Cf. Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 202; Colebrooke, pp. 288-311.

[2604] Jacobs, ‘Vermischte Schriften,’ vol. iv. pp. 180-182. Potter, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 279.

[2605] Rossbach, pp. 222, et seq. For other facts stated, see Becker, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 457; Palmblad, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 258, et seq.; Rossbach, pp. 212, 218, 223, 228.

[2606] Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 374. Rossbach, p. 231.

[2607] Rossbach, p. 111.

[2608] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 121, 122, 128, 143.

[2609] Ibid., pp. 294, et seq.

[2610] Ibid., p. 237.

[2611] Ibid., p. 310.

[2612] Ibid., pp. 112, 186.

[2613] Ibid., pp. 102, et seq.

[2614] Ibid., pp. 256, et seq.

[2615] Grimm, loc. cit. pp. 434, et seq. Eichhorn, ‘Deutsche Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte,’ §§ 108, 183.

[2616] St. Paul, ‘Ephesians,’ ch. v. v. 32.

[2617] v. Scheurl, ‘Das gemeine deutsche Eherecht,’ p. 15.

[2618] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 253.

[2619] Ibid., p. 282.

[2620] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 306, et seq.

[2621] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 127.

[2622] Powers, loc. cit. p. 157.

[2623] Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 83.

[2624] Olivecrona, loc. cit. pp. 47, 160, et seq.

[2625] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 22, et seq. Cf. Sibree, loc. cit. p. 251 (Hovas); Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 94 (Bechuanas).

[2626] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 42.

[2627] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. pp. 654, et seq.

[2628] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 4.

[2629] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 265.

[2630] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 310.

[2631] Rein, loc. cit. p. 423. Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii, p. 129.

[2632] Ross, loc. cit. p. 315.

[2633] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxvi. v. 34; ch. xxix. vv. 23-28.

[2634] ‘i. Kings,’ ch. xi. v. 3.

[2635] ‘ii. Chronicles,’ ch. xi. vv. 21, 23.

[2636] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxi. v. 15. Scheppig, in Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Hebrews and Phœnicians, p. 8.

[2637] Andree, loc. cit. p. 147.

[2638] Ibid., pp. 147-149. Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 209.

[2639] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 3.

[2640] Lane Poole, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. v. p. 684.

[2641] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958. d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 68.

[2642] Diodorus Siculus, loc. cit. book i. ch. 80.

[2643] Wilkinson, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 318, et seq.

[2644] Rawlinson, ‘The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World,’ vol. i. p. 505.

[2645] Rawlinson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 319.

[2646] Ibid., vol. iii. pp. 216-219. Herodotus, loc. cit. book iii. ch. 68, 88. Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 680.

[2647] Jolly, in ‘Sitzungsberichte Münch. Akad.,’ 1876, p. 445.

[2648] Schrader, loc. cit. p. 387. Zimmer, loc. cit. pp. 324, et seq.

[2649] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12; ch. viii. v. 204; ch. ix. vv. 85-87.

[2650] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 252.

[2651] Becker, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 438, et seq. Jacobs, ‘Vermischte Schriften,’ vol. iv. pp. 215, et seq.

[2652] ‘The Iliad,’ book xxi. v. 88. Grote, ‘History of Greece,’ vol. ii. p. 25, note 2.

[2653] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 525.

[2654] Palmblad, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 256.

[2655] Rossbach, loc. cit. p. 5.

[2656] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

[2657] Geijer, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 88. ‘The Heimskringla’ (transl. by Laing and Anderson), vol. i. p. 127.

[2658] ‘The Heimskringla,’ vol. i. pp. 127, et seq.

[2659] Ewers, loc. cit. p. 106.

[2660] Gottlund, ‘Otava,’ vol. i. p. 92. Topelius, loc. cit. p. 45. Tengström, in ‘Joukahainen,’ vol. ii. pp. 130, et seq.

[2661] Thierry, ‘Narratives of the Merovingian Era,’ pp. 17-21. Hallam, ‘Europe during the Middle Ages,’ vol. i. p. 420, note 2.

[2662] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 665.

[2663] v. Hellwald, loc. cit. p. 558.

[2664] Saalschütz, ‘Archäologie der Hebräer,’ vol. ii. p. 204, note.

[2665] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 85.

[2666] Serpa Pinto, ‘How I crossed Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 33.

[2667] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 557.

[2668] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 118.

[2669] Reade, loc. cit. p. 44.

[2670] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 323.

[2671] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 324.

[2672] Wilkes, loc cit. vol. v. p. 188. Powers, loc. cit. p. 56.

[2673] Powers, p. 22.

[2674] Domenech, ‘Seven Years’ Residence in the Deserts of North America,‘ vol. ii. p. 305.

[2675] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 87. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 661.

[2676] Acawoios (Brett, loc. cit. p. 275), Chavantes, Carajos (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 274, 298), Curetús, Purupurús, Mundrucûs (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 509, 515-517), Guaycurûs (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 472).

[2677] Glas, loc. cit. p. 818. Bontier and Le Verrier, loc. cit. Major’s Introduction, p. xxxix.

[2678] Price, ‘The Quissama Tribe,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 189. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 315.

[2679] Chavanne, p. 454.

[2680] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. pp. 291, et seq. Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[2681] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.

[2682] Distant, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 4.

[2683] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 91. Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 621.

[2684] Dalton, pp. 28, 54. Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370.

[2685] Harkness, loc. cit. p. 117. Dalton, pp. 41, 132. Rowney, loc. cit. p. 145.

[2686] Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 193, 235, et seq.

[2687] Man, ‘Sonthalia,’ p. 15.

[2688] Smeaton, ‘The Loyal Karens of Burma,’ p. 81.

[2689] Kadams, Ka-káu (Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ pp. 72, 80), Mantras (Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 80), Italones of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 33), Galela (Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 77). In Sumatra, a man married by ‘semando,’ i.e., a regular treaty between the parties on the footing of equality, cannot take a second wife without repudiating the first one (Marsden, loc. cit. pp. 263, 270).

[2690] Sea Dyaks (Low, loc. cit. p. 195), the Rejang tribe of the Milanowes in Borneo (ibid., p. 342), Kyans of Baram (St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 113), Alfura of Letti (Bickmore, loc. cit. p. 125), Watubela Islanders (Riedel, loc. cit. p. 206).

[2691] Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385. Cf. Foreman, loc. cit. p. 216 (Tinguianes of the Philippines).

[2692] Low, p. 300.

[2693] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 277.

[2694] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 128.

[2695] Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 101. Earl, loc. cit. p. 81.

[2696] Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 402.

[2697] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 371.

[2698] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 378.

[2699] Certain Californians (Waitz, vol. iv. p. 243), Calidonian Indians (Gisborne, loc. cit. p. 155), Chiriguana, Jabaána, Paravilhana (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 217, 627, 632), Guaranies (Southey, loc. cit. vol ii. pp. 368, et seq.).

[2700] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 416.

[2701] v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 31.

[2702] Campbell, ‘A Year in the New Hebrides,’ p. 143.

[2703] Maclean, loc. cit. p. 44.

[2704] Last, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. v. p. 533.

[2705] Phillips, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 225.

[2706] Proyart, loc. cit. pp. 568, et seq.

[2707] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 108. Chavanne, ‘Reisen und Forschungen im Kongostaate,’ pp. 398, et seq. (Bafióte tribe). Grade, in ‘Aus allen Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 6 (people of the Togoland).

[2708] Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 206. Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 261, et seq.

[2709] Holub, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 302.

[2710] Thunberg, loc. cit. p. 141. Kretzschmar, loc. cit. p. 209.

[2711] Archdeacon Hodgson, in a letter.

[2712] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iv. p. 497.

[2713] Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 447.

[2714] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 248.

[2715] Ibid., p. 326.

[2716] Takue, Bazes (ibid., pp. 209, 524), Arabs and Berbs of Morocco (Rohlfs, ‘Mein erster Aufenthalt in Marokko,’ p. 68).

[2717] Honateau and Letourneux, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 167.

[2718] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 252.

[2719] Munzinger, p. 326.

[2720] d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 250. Pischon, loc. cit. p. 13. Burton, ‘Sindh Revisited,’ vol. i. p. 340. Burckhardt, loc. cit. pp. 61, 158 (Arabs). Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 209 (Persians).

[2721] Amír’ Alí, loc. cit. pp. 29, et seq.

[2722] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 251. Rowney, loc. cit. pp. 68, 158 (Kols, Abors). Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 110, 216 (Tipperahs, Santals). Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 282 (Kotars). Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis). Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 148 (Gonds and Korkús). Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 74 (Burmese). Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 186 (Laosians). Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 292 (Shans). Buddhism disapproves of polygyny, though it does not wholly prohibit it (Fytche, vol. ii. pp. 73, et seq.).

[2723] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 184.

[2724] Kirghiz (Finch, ‘Reise nach West-Sibirien,’ p. 167), Galchas (de Ujfalvy, ‘Le Kohistan,’ p. 16), Kalmucks (Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der Morduanen, Kasaken, Kalmücken,’ &c., pp. 263, et seq.), Tartars, Tunguses, Kamchadales (Georgi, loc. cit. pp. 103, 116, 118, 324, 341), Chukchi (Nordenskiöld, ‘Vergas färd kring Asien och Europa,’ vol. ii. p. 142), Samoyedes (‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144), Ostyaks (Latham, ‘Descriptive Ethnology,’ vol. i. p. 457), Mordvins and Cheremises (‘Äbo Tidningar,’ 1794, no. 51), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 402), &c.

[2725] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 76, et seq.

[2726] Raffles, ‘The History of Java,’ vol. i. p. 81. Low, loc. cit. p. 147. Boyle, loc. cit. pp. 25, et seq. Marsden, loc. cit. p. 270. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 40, note 1. Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 124. Schadenberg, quoted by Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 7.

[2727] Curr, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 196, 361; vol. iii. p. 36. Freycinet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 766. Hodgson, loc. cit. p. 213. Cameron, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 352. Bonney, ibid., vol. xiii. p. 135. Bonwick, ibid., vol. xvi. p. 205. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 771.

[2728] Curr, vol. i. p. 252.

[2729] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 386. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 71. Calder, ‘The Native Tribes of Tasmania,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 22.

[2730] Dieffenbach, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 37.

[2731] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414. Cf. Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 128.

[2732] New Guinea (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 82. Lawes, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 614. Stone, ‘A Few Months in New Guinea,’ p. 93. Thomson, ‘British New Guinea,’ p. 193. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 370), New Hanover (Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 62), New Ireland (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 29), Solomon Islands (Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vii. p. 95), Tana of the New Hebrides (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 317), Fiji (Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 400), Caroline Group (‘Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik,’ vol. viii. p. 65), Pelew Islands (‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333), Tonga (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. i. p. 401), Tahiti (ibid., vol. ii. p. 157), Nukahiva (v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 153), &c.

[2733] Eskimo (Lyon, loc. cit. p. 352. Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 263. Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 147. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 308), Mahlemuts (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 81), Ingaliks (Dall, loc. cit. p. 196), Chippewyans (Richardson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 23), Tacullies (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 123), Ahts (Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98), Nutkas (Maine, ‘British Columbia and Vancouver Island,’ p. 276), Chinooks (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 241), Mandans (Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 119), other North American tribes (Heriot, loc. cit. pp. 551, et seq. Harmon, loc. cit. pp. 292, 339. Buchanan, ‘North American Indians,’ p. 338), Moxes (Heriot, p. 326), Mosquitoes (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 733, note 37), Indians of Guiana (Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 270), Passés, Uaupés, Macusís (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 511, 600, 642), Coroados (Hensel, ‘Die Coroados der brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. i. p. 130), Botocudos (v. Tschudi, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 283), and other Brazilian tribes (v. Martius, vol. i. p. 104), Minuanes, Pampas, Guanas, Mbayas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 33, 44, 95, 114), Abipones (Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 138), Patagonians (Musters, loc. cit. p. 187).

[2734] Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 321, note 1.

[2735] v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 133. Bancroft, vol. i. p. 110.

[2736] Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. 272.

[2737] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Hebrews and Phœnicians, p. 8. Cf. Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 727; Andree, loc. cit. pp. 146, et seq.; Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 251.

[2738] Wilkinson, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 318. Herodotus, loc. cit. book ii. ch. 92.

[2739] Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 677.

[2740] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 235. Schrader, loc. cit. p. 388.

[2741] Tacitus, loc. cit. ch. xviii.

[2742] Dutt, ‘Hindu Civilisation of the Brahmana Period,’ in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 266. Kaegi, ‘The Rigveda,’ p. 15. Roth, ‘On the Morality of the Veda,’ in ‘Jour. American Oriental Soc.,’ vol iii. p. 339.

[2743] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala ii. súkta 39.

[2744] Egede, loc. cit. pp. 138, et seq.

[2745] Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 313.

[2746] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 399.

[2747] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 70.

[2748] Eskimo, Chinooks (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 308, 338), Ahts (Sproat, loc. cit. p. 98), Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon (Gibbs, ‘Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon,’ in ‘Contributions to North American Ethnology,’ vol. i. p. 198), &c.

[2749] Erman, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 162.

[2750] Sproat, p. 100.

[2751] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 324.

[2752] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 130.

[2753] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 671.

[2754] Waitz, vol. iv. pp. 360, 366.

[2755] Garcilasso de la Vega, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 310. Acosta, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 424.

[2756] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 127.

[2757] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 265.

[2758] Ibid., vol. i. p. 729. v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p. 548. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 392.

[2759] Indians of Guiana (Schomburgk, in Ralegh, ‘The Discovery of the Empire of Guiana,’ p. 110, note), Tupis (Southey, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 241), Jurís (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 177), Araucanians (Alcedo-Thompson, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 416).

[2760] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 126.

[2761] Dawson, loc. cit. p. 33. Taplin, loc. cit. p. 12. Taylor, loc. cit. p. 338.

[2762] Natives of Tonga (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. i. p. 401), Pelew Islands (Kubary, loc. cit. p. 62), Ponapé (Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317), Marianne Group (Waitz, loc. cit. vol v. pt. ii. p. 107).

[2763] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 96.

[2764] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 273, et seq.

[2765] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 77. Cf. ibid., vol. iii. p. 100; Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 49, and Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol xvii. p. 12 (Philippine Islanders).

[2766] Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 74. Dalton, loc. cit. p. 216.

[2767] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 182, note 2.

[2768] Dalton, p. 8. Castrén, in ‘Helsingfors Morgonblad,’ 1843, no. 54.

[2769] Central Asiatic Turks (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 248), Kalmucks (Moore, loc. cit. p. 181), Tunguses, Jakuts (Sauer, loc. cit. pp. 49, 129).

[2770] v. Siebold, loc. cit. p. 31. Bickmore, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol vii. p. 20. St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 254. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p. 44. Dall, loc. cit. p. 525.

[2771] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 69; vol. ii. p. 121.

[2772] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 21. Parker, ‘Comparative Chinese Family Law,’ in ‘The China Review,’ vol. viii. p. 78. Jamieson, ibid., vol. x. p. 80.

[2773] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 212.

[2774] Medhurst, p. 15. When dying, concubines who have not had children are removed from the dwelling-house to a humbler abode; they are not entitled to die in the dwelling-house of their master (Gray, vol. i. p. 213).

[2775] Ibid., vol. i. p. 212-214.

[2776] Jamieson, p. 80. Medhurst, pp. 15, 21.

[2777] Parker, p. 79.

[2778] Pischon, loc. cit. p. 14. Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 252. Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 226. Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 434. Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 723; vol ii. p. 177.

[2779] Waitz, loc. cit. vol ii. pp. 109, et seq. Moore, loc. cit. p. 249. Bosman, loc. cit. p. 419. Burton, ‘On M. Du Chaillu’s Explorations,’ &c., in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. i. p. 321.

[2780] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 110.

[2781] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 134, et seq.

[2782] Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 341. Cf. ibid., vol. ii. p. 284; Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 225.

[2783] Casalis, loc. cit. pp. 186, et seq. Cf. Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 185 (Bechuanas).

[2784] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 49.

[2785] Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 92.

[2786] Rochon, loc. cit. p. 747.

[2787] Ebers, ‘Aegypten und die Bücher Moses’s,’ vol. i. p. 310. Cf. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 293.

[2788] Rawlinson, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 216. Cf. Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 680.

[2789] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 92. Jolly, in ‘Sitzungsber. Münch. Akad.,’ 1876, pp. 445-447. v. Schroeder, ‘Indiens Literatur und Cultur,’ p. 430.

[2790] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12. Jolly, p. 446.

[2791] Steele, loc. cit. p. 31.

[2792] Geijer, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 88.

[2793] Ewers, loc. cit. p. 108.

[2794] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 518.

[2795] Ancient Hindus (‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12) and Persians (Spiegel, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 679), Chinese (Gray, loc. cit. vol vi. pp. 212, et seq.), Malays (Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 77).

[2796] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 383.

[2797] Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ p. 366.

[2798] v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 329.

[2799] d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 68. Georgi, loc. cit. p. 102.

[2800] Krasheninnikoff, loc. cit. p. 215.

[2801] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 110.

[2802] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 538.

[2803] Cf. Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 253, note †.

[2804] Carver, loc. cit. p. 368.

[2805] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 210. Cf. ibid., vol. i. p. 236 (Comanches).

[2806] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 153.

[2807] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 253, et seq. note 5.

[2808] Ibid., vol. i. p. 253 (Egyptians). Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 226, et seq. (Persians).

[2809] Gibbs, loc. cit. pp. 198, et seq.

[2810] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ p. 265. Cf. ibid., pp. 263, et seq.

[2811] Schomburgk, in Ralegh, ‘The Discovery of Guiana,’ p. 110, note.

[2812] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 397. Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 248. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 15. Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 246 (Marea). Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 260 (Masai).

[2813] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 147. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698. Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 147.

[2814] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 654.

[2815] Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 278.

[2816] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 278.

[2817] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 8.

[2818] Ewald, loc. cit. p. 196. Herzog-Schaff, ‘Religious Encyclopædia,’ vol. ii. p. 1415. For other instances, see Georgi, loc. cit. p. 182 (Votyaks); Steller, loc. cit. p. 347 (Kamchadales); Dall, loc. cit. p. 524 (Ainos of the Kuriles).

[2819] v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 47. Christianity has now extirpated this custom among the Aleuts (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 792).

[2820] Coxe, loc. cit. p. 300.

[2821] Dall, loc. cit. p. 416. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 315, et seq.

[2822] Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66. King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 147. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 308. Regarding the Greenlanders, Cranz says (loc. cit. vol. i. p. 147), ‘Women who cohabit with several husbands are subjected to universal censure.'

[2823] Lafitau, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 555.

[2824] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p. 549.

[2825] Brett, loc. cit. p. 178.

[2826] Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 83.

[2827] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367.

[2828] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 386.

[2829] Bontier and Le Verrier, loc. cit. p. 139.

[2830] Thunberg, loc. cit. p. 141.

[2831] Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 227. Theal, loc. cit. p. 19.

[2832] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 253.

[2833] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 428. Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 250. Davy, loc. cit. p. 286.

[2834] Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240.

[2835] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 240.

[2836] Balfour, vol. iii. p. 250.

[2837] ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. v. p. 13.

[2838] Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 33, 36, 98.

[2839] Rowney, loc. cit. p. 158.

[2840] Fischer, ‘Memoir of Sylhet, Kachar, and the Adjacent Districts,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. pt. ii. p. 834.

[2841] Man, loc. cit. p. 100.

[2842] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 245, et seq.

[2843] Bellew, ‘Kashmir and Kashghar,’ p. 118. Moorcroft and Trebeck, ‘Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab,’ vol. i. pp. 321, et seq.

[2844] Dunlop, ‘Hunting in the Himalaya,’ pp. 180, et seq.

[2845] Gordon Cumming, ‘In the Himalayas,’ p. 406.

[2846] Stulpnagel, ‘Polyandry in the Himâlayas,’ in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 133. de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 227.

[2847] Wilson, loc. cit. pp. 206, et seq.

[2848] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 98.

[2849] Lansdell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 225.

[2850] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 227.

[2851] Wilson, p. 206.

[2852] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. pp. 264, et seq., note. Cf. however, Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 69.

[2853] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 264.

[2854] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403, note. Le Bon, ‘L’homme et les sociétés,’ vol. ii. p. 295.

[2855] Ahlqvist, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 292, note.

[2856] v. Haxthausen, p. 402.

[2857] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala i. súkta 119, v. 5.

[2858] Strabo, loc. cit. book xi. ch. xiii. p. 526; book xvi. ch. iv. p. 782.

[2859] Rémusat, ‘Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques,’ vol. i. p. 245.

[2860] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 99.

[2861] Cæsar, loc. cit. book v. ch. 14.

[2862] Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 249.

[2863] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 428. Davy, loc. cit. p. 286.

[2864] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 213.

[2865] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 249.

[2866] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 33.

[2867] Ibid., p. 36.

[2868] Fischer, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. pt. ii. p. 834.

[2869] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. xxiv.

[2870] Rowney, loc. cit. p. 158.

[2871] Gordon Cumming, loc. cit. pp. 405, et seq.

[2872] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 135.

[2873] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 306.

[2874] Dunlop, loc. cit. pp. 180, et seq.

[2875] Cunningham, ‘History of the Sikhs,’ p. 18. Cf. Orazio della Penna di Billi, ‘Account of the Kingdom of Tibet,’ in ‘Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle,’ &c., p. 336; Moorcroft and Trebeck, loc. cit. p. 180; Bonvalot, ‘Across Thibet,’ vol. ii. p. 126; Rockhill, ‘The Land of the Lammas,’ p. 212.

[2876] Mr. Wilson says (loc. cit. p. 207) that it is probably the common marriage custom of at least thirty millions of respectable people.

[2877] Wheeler, ‘The History of India,’ vol. ii. p. 241.

[2878] Dutt, in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 266.

[2879] Erman, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 163. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 399.

[2880] Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 83.

[2881] Moorcroft and Trebeck, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 321, et seq. Turner, ‘Account of an Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 348. Bellew, loc. cit. p. 118.

[2882] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 246.

[2883] Dunlop, loc. cit. p. 181. Rémusat, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 245.

[2884] Strabo, loc. cit. book xvi. ch. iv. p. 782.

[2885] Cæsar, loc. cit. book v. ch. 14.

[2886] Ganzenmüller, ‘Tibet,’ p. 87.

[2887] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 213.

[2888] Balfour, vol. iii. p. 251.

[2889] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 130. Cf. Man, loc. cit. p. 100.

[2890] Meares, loc. cit. p. 268.

[2891] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418.

[2892] Coulter, ‘Notes on Upper California,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. v. p. 67. Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[2893] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol i. p. 152. Lisiansky, loc. cit. p. 237. Powers, loc. cit. p. 243.

[2894] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 577; vol. iii. pp. 601, et seq.; vol. v. p. 707. For other tribes, see ibid., vol. iii. pp. 615, 632; vol. iv. p. 590.

[2895] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477. Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 119, 212. Cf. Schoolcraft, vol. iii. pp. 562, et seq.

[2896] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 111. Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 60. ‘Bulletin de la Société de Géographie,’ ser. iv. vol. ix. p. 209.

[2897] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 662.

[2898] Schomburgk, ‘Expedition from Pirara,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xv. p. 45.

[2899] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. pp. 549, et seq.

[2900] Azara, vol ii. p. 93.

[2901] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 304, et seq. note **.

[2902] Cf. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205.

[2903] Fison and Howitt, loc. cit. p. 148.

[2904] Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 250.

[2905] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 51.

[2906] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 134. Cf. ibid., p. 184; Dumont d’Urville, ‘Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Histoire du voyage,’ vol. i. p. 495.

[2907] Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 136, et seq.

[2908] Breton, loc. cit. p. 404.

[2909] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 258.

[2910] Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 12.

[2911] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 167. La Pérouse, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 28. Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 226.

[2912] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 128. Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 94.

[2913] Kerry-Nicholls, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 195.

[2914] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 74.

[2915] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, et seq.

[2916] d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 390.

[2917] Stone, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xlvi. p. 55.

[2918] Marsden, loc. cit. p. 272.

[2919] Low, loc. cit. p. 146.

[2920] Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 451. Cf. Davy, loc. cit. p. 107, note.

[2921] Quoted by Chervin, ‘Recherches sur les causes physiques de la polygamie,’ p. 22.

[2922] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 100.

[2923] Dunlop, loc. cit. pp. 181, et seq.

[2924] Wilson, loc. cit. p. 374.

[2925] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 289.

[2926] Ritter, ‘Erdkunde,’ vol. vi. p. 773.

[2927] Bowring, ‘The Population of China,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. v. pp. 13, et seq.

[2928] Marshall, pp. 100, 102.

[2929] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 71.

[2930] Rémusat, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 245. Gerland, ‘Das Aussterben der Naturvölker,’ p. 49.

[2931] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 112. Price, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 189.

[2932] Laing, ‘Travels in the Timannee, Kooranko, and Soolima Countries,’ p. 59.

[2933] ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 253.

[2934] Bosman, loc. cit. p. 424. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 225. Mr. Swann, in a letter. Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 51.

[2935] Cf. Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 244 (Khosas).

[2936] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 150.

[2937] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 59. Cf. Wappäus, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 215.

[2938] Sutherland, ‘On the Esquimaux,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 213.

[2939] King, ibid. vol. i. p. 152.

[2940] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 133.

[2941] Shastika (Powers, loc. cit. p. 243), Khosas (Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 244), Cis-Natalian Kafirs (Mr. Cousins), people of Baghirmi (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 616), Waguha (Mr. Swann). In Morocco, according to Dr. Churcher, warfare of a civil or tribal kind has, no doubt, had some influence upon the disproportion of the sexes; and the same is the case in Uganda (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 151).

[2942] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 119. Cf. Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.

[2943] Ellis, ‘History of Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 152.

[2944] Kutchin (Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418), Guanas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 93), Hawaiians (Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414), Tahitians (Idem, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 257, et seq.), natives of Maupiti (Montgomery, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 12), Kulus (de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 227), Kashmiri (Wilson, loc. cit. p. 374).

[2945] Lewin, loc. cit. pp. 195, et seq.

[2946] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418.

[2947] Ross, ibid., 1866, p. 305. Sproat, loc. cit. p. 94.

[2948] Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ vol. i. pp. 251, et seq.

[2949] Belly, ‘À travers l’Amérique Centrale,’ vol. i. p. 253, note.

[2950] Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 77, 136, et seq.

[2951] Grey, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 251.

[2952] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 813.

[2953] Davy, loc. cit. p. 289.

[2954] Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240.

[2955] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 100.

[2956] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 241.

[2957] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 81.

[2958] Bruce, ‘Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile,’ vol. i. pp. 284, et seq.

[2959] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 209.

[2960] Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 150, et seq.

[2961] Süssmilch, ‘Die göttliche Ordnung in den Veränderungen des menschlichen Geschlechts,’ vol. ii. pp. 258, 259, &c. Chervin, loc. cit. pp. 38, &c.

[2962] Montesquieu, loc. cit. book xvi. ch. 4.

[2963] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 55.

[2964] Sadler, ‘The Law of Population,’ vol. ii. pp. 337-339. v. Oettingen, p. 56.

[2965] Hofacker and Notter, ‘Ueber Eigenschaften, welche sich bei Menschen und Thieren von den Aeltern auf die Nachkommen vererben.’ Sadler, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 333, et seq.

[2966] Hensen, loc. cit. p. 206. Berner, ‘Ueber die Ursachen der Geschlechtsbildung;’ quoted by Janke, loc. cit. p. 347.

[2967] Goehlert, ‘Die Geschlechtsverschiedenheit der Kinder in den Ehen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 119-122.

[2968] Stieda, ‘Das Sexualverhältniss der Geborenen,’ pp. 19, 20, 34, 35, &c.; quoted by v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 67.

[2969] For this statement I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Jacobs.

[2970] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 521. Idem, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p. 212, note.

[2971] ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. viii. p. cviii.

[2972] Sanderson, ‘Polygamous Marriage among the Kafirs of Natal,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. viii. pp. 254-260.

[2973] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 521.

[2974] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 378, et seq.

[2975] Düsing, ‘Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses bei der Vermehrung der Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.'

[2976] Ploss, ‘Ueber die das Geschlechtsverhältniss der Kinder bedingenden Ursachen,’ in ‘Monatsschrift für Geburtskunde und Frauenkrankheiten,’ vol. xii. pp. 321-360.

[2977] Ibid., vol. xii. p. 340.

[2978] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. pp. 64, et seq. Düsing, loc. cit. pp. 159, et seq.

[2979] Düsing, pp. 161, et seq. I may call attention to the fact that among the Swedish nobility, according to censuses taken in the years 1851-1860, contrary to the general rule in Europe, female births actually outnumber male (Bertillon, in ‘Diction. encycl. des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. xi. p. 472).

[2980] Ploss, in ‘Monatsschrift f. Geburtskunde,’ vol. xii. p. 352. In the region between 501 to 1,000 feet, which is the most fertile (ibid., p. 353), the proportion was 105·7 to 100.

[2981] Davy, loc. cit. p. 107, note.

[2982] Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66 (Western Eskimo). v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p. 548 (Avanos and Maypurs). Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 128 (Nukahivans). Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240 (Sinhalese). Marshall, loc. cit. p. 214; Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 240 (Todas). Dunlop, loc. cit. p. 181; Fraser, ‘Journal of a Tour through the Himālā Mountains,’ p. 208; Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 133 (Himalayans). Rémusat, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 245 (Massagetæ).

[2983] Seemann, ‘Voyage of Herald,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[2984] Dunlop, loc. cit. pp. 181, et seq.

[2985] Beauregard, ‘En Asie; Kachmir et Tibet,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 265, 267, 271. Cf. Wilson, loc. cit. p. 212.

[2986] Koeppen, ‘Die Religion des Buddha,’ vol. i. p. 476.

[2987] Baber, ‘Travels and Researches in the interior of China,’ in ‘Roy. Geo. Soc. Supplementary Papers,’ vol. i. p. 97.

[2988] Rockhill, loc. cit. p. 214, note.

[2989] Koeppen, vol. i. pp. 476, et seq. note 2. Du Halde, ‘Description de la Chine,’ vol. iv. p. 572.

[2990] Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p. 202.

[2991] ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 229.

[2992] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. xxiii.

[2993] Gordon Cumming, loc. cit. pp. 405, et seq.

[2994] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 306.

[2995] Bellew, loc. cit. p. 118.

[2996] Wilson, loc. cit. p. 216.

[2997] Koeppen, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 476. Turner, ‘Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 351. ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 266. Wilson, pp. 215, et seq.

[2998] Fraser, loc. cit. p. 207.

[2999] Turner, ‘Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 349. Wilson, pp. 209, 210.

[3000] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 428.

[3001] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 135.

[3002] Düsing, loc. cit. pp. 237-242.

[3003] 1150 unions of horses of the same colour gave 91·3 male foals to 100 female; 878 unions of horses of somewhat different colours, 86·2 to 100 respectively; 237 unions of horses of still more different colours, 56 to 100 respectively; 30 unions of horses of the most widely different colours, 30 to 100 respectively (Goehlert, ‘Ueber die Vererbung der Haarfarben bei den Pferden,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiv. pp. 145-155).

[3004] Düsing, pp. 242-245.

[3005] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 149, 403.

[3006] Starkweather, ‘The Law of Sex,’ pp. 159, et seq.

[3007] Galindo, ‘On Central America,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. vi. p. 126.

[3008] Peschel, loc. cit. p. 221.

[3009] Squier, loc. cit. p. 58.

[3010] Belly, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 253, note.

[3011] v. Spix and v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 33.

[3012] Burton, ‘The Highlands of the Brazil,’ vol. i. p. 115.

[3013] de Castelnau, ‘Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud,’ Histoire du voyage, vol. i. pp. 137, et seq.

[3014] Ibid., vol. i. p. 328.

[3015] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1859, pp. 58, et seq.

[3016] v. Görtz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 288.

[3017] Süssmilch, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 260, et seq.

[3018] Felkin, ‘Contribution to the Determination of Sex,’ in ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. xxxii. pt. i. pp. 233-236.

[3019] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. pp. 44, et seq.

[3020] Bell, ‘The History of Improved Short-Horn, or Durham Cattle,’ p. 351.

[3021] Carr, ‘The History of the Rise and Progress of the Killerby, Studley, and Warlaby Herds of Shorthorns,’ p. 98.

[3022] Janke, loc. cit. pp. 373, et seq.

[3023] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 285.

[3024] Metz, loc. cit. p. 131.

[3025] Metz, loc. cit. p. 131.

[3026] Theal, loc. cit. pp. 16, et seq.

[3027] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 26. Mr. Jacobs thinks that English Jews marry their first cousins to the extent of 7·5 per cent. of all marriages, against a proportion of about 2 per cent. for England generally, as calculated by Professor G. H. Darwin. M. Stieda, in his ‘Eheschliessungen in Elsass-Lothringen’ (1872-1876), gives the proportion of consanguineous marriages among Jews as 23·02 per thousand, against 1·86 for Protestants, and 9·97 for Catholics (Jacobs, ‘Studies in Jewish Statistics,’ p. 53).

[3028] According to Mr. Jacob’s comprehensive manuscript collection of Jewish statistics, which he has kindly allowed me to examine, the average proportion of male and female Jewish births registered in various countries is 114·50 males to 100 females, whilst the average proportion among the non-Jewish population of the corresponding countries is 105·25 males to 100 females. But Mr. Jacobs thinks that the accuracy of these statistics may be called in question, as the abnormal figures for Austria (128 to 100, in the years 1861-1870) and Russia (129 to 100, in the years 1867-1870), when compared with those for Posen (108 to 100, in the years 1819-1873) and Prussia (108 to 100, in the years 1875-1881), render it likely that some uniform error occurs in the registration of Jewish female children in Eastern Europe. It has also been suggested that less care is taken in the registration of females among poor Jews. Moreover, still-born children are not included in the rates of births, and this certainly affects the figures as to sex, because, parturition being more difficult in the case of males than in that of females, there are not so many still-born females as still-born males (v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 57). E. Nagel attributes the excess of male births among Jews to the greater care which Jewish wives take of their health during pregnancy, as also to the smaller number of illegitimate births. But Mr. Jacobs believes that the ratio of male births is greater among Jews than among non-Jewish Europeans, even if we take this objection into account.

[3029] Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ p. 270. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 382, et seq.

[3030] Chervin, loc. cit. p. 38.

[3031] Goehlert, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiii. p. 127.

[3032] Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 195.

[3033] Jones, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 326 (Kutchin). Dall, loc. cit. p. 403 (Kaniagmuts). Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 183 (Blackfeet). Bosman, loc. cit. pp. 423, 527; Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 121 (Negroes). Andree, loc. cit. p. 142 (Jews). Steller, loc. cit. pp. 347, et seq. (Kamchadales). Riedel, loc. cit. p. 263 (people of Aru).

[3034] Algonquins (Heriot, loc. cit. p. 329), Pelew Islanders (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 31), Malays (Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 27), people of Aru (Riedel, p. 263), Negroes (Reade, loc. cit. pp. 45, 243. Moore, loc. cit. p. 242. Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 121, et seq.), Massagetæ (Beauregard, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 264, note 6), Azteks (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 267).

[3035] Ashe, loc. cit. p. 249.

[3036] Hearne, loc. cit. p. 93.

[3037] Walla Wallas (Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 400, et seq.), Thlinkets, Mosquitoes, New Zealanders (Waitz, vol. iii. p. 328; vol. iv. p. 291; vol. vi. p. 131), Chinese (Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 185).

[3038] American Indians (Heriot, p. 339), people of Aru (Riedel, p. 263), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 210), Fijians (Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 191), Wanyoro (‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 84), Waganda (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 187), Ashantees (Reade, loc. cit. p. 45).

[3039] Moore, loc. cit. p. 223.

[3040] Thomson, ‘Notes on the Basin of the River Rovuma,’ in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iv. p. 75.

[3041] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 191.

[3042] Cf. Egede, loc. cit. p. 146; Brett, loc. cit. p. 102; Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205; Idem, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 78; Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 48, note *. ‘Thierische Milche,’ says Lippert (‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ p. 22), ‘ist so wenig die allgemeine Nahrung der Menschheit auf einer sehr frühen Kulturstufe gewesen, dass vielmehr sämmtliche Völker der neuen Welt aus eigner Entwicklung gar nie diese Stufe erklommen haben.'

[3043] Carver, loc. cit. p. 262; Powers, loc. cit. p. 271 (North American Indians).

[3044] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 38 (Akas). Oldham, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. p. 240 (Khasias). Lewin, loc. cit. p. 261 (Kukis). Harkness, loc. cit. p. 78 (Kotars).

[3045] Wilson, loc. cit. p. 179.

[3046] Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 389.

[3047] Cf. Sproat, loc. cit. pp. 251, et seq.; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 96, 331; Reade, loc. cit. p. 250; Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 46, 85.

[3048] Cf. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ.’ vol. iv. pp. 401, et seq. (Kaniagmuts); Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. 242 (Chinooks); Powers, loc. cit. pp. 235, et seq. (Wintun); v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 644, et seq. (Macusís).

[3049] Cf. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 243; vol. v. p. 176; Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 456; Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 131, 778; Powers, p. 32.

[3050] Reade, loc. cit. p. 45.

[3051] Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. ii. pp. 376-387.

[3052] Katscher, loc. cit. p. 48.

[3053] v. Żmigrodzki, loc. cit. p. 177.

[3054] Ross, loc. cit. p. 311.

[3055] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 20, 44.

[3056] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 121.

[3057] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312.

[3058] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 196. Schomburgk, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 122.

[3059] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 311. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 15, 22.

[3060] Stavorinus, ‘Account of Java and Batavia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xi. p. 193.

[3061] Boyle, loc. cit. p. 199, note.

[3062] Dalton, loc. cit. pp. 50, 66.

[3063] St John, ‘The Ainos,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 249.

[3064] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 50. On the Arabs of Upper Egypt, see Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 124, 265.

[3065] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119.

[3066] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 397. Cf. ibid., p. 81.

[3067] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 163.

[3068] Reade, loc. cit. p. 447.

[3069] Chapman, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 342. Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ pp. 50, 196. v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 199, 200, 216.

[3070] Thulié, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 421.

[3071] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 471. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 85.

[3072] Krieger, ‘Die Menstruation,’ p. 174.

[3073] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 143. Forster, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 340.

[3074] Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 299.

[3075] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 252.

[3076] Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 147.

[3077] Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. 1. p. 204.

[3078] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 71.

[3079] Samuells, ‘Notes on a Forest Race called Puttooas or Juanga, Inhabiting certain of the Tributary Mehals of Cuttack,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxv. p. 300. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 308.

[3080] Dall, loc. cit. p. 381.

[3081] Katscher, loc. cit. p. 97. Moore, loc. cit. p. 178. Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370.

[3082] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxx. vv. 1-4.

[3083] Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.

[3084] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 184.

[3085] Andree, loc. cit. p. 146.

[3086] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 252.

[3087] Cf. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 115; v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 353, note; Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 15; d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. p. 132.

[3088] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 551.

[3089] Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 156.

[3090] Burton, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. i. pp. 320, et seq. Cf. Idem, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 121.

[3091] Bosman, loc. cit. p. 481.

[3092] In the language of the Bechuanas, the word ‘motlanka,’ like the ‘παῖς’ of the Greeks and the ‘puer’ of the Romans, signifies at the same time boy and servant (Casalis, loc. cit. p. 188, note).

[3093] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. vi. pp. 180, et seq.

[3094] Among the Kamchadales (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 342), Guiana Indians (Brett, loc. cit. p. 413, note 2), Fuegians (Bove, loc. cit. p. 133), Santals (Man, loc. cit. p. 15), Gypsies (Liebich, loc. cit. p. 52), Marea (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 248), Somals, and Kafirs (Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119), the women are stated to be more or less prolific.

[3095] Catlin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 228.

[3096] Hearne, loc. cit. p. 313 (Northern Indians). Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1886, p. 305 (Eastern Tinneh). Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 169, 218, 242 (Haidahs, Columbians about Puget Sound, Chinooks). Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 684 (Comanches). Dall, loc. cit. p. 194 (Ingaliks). Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 147 (Beaver Indians). Armstrong, loc. cit. p. 195 (Eskimo). Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 149 (Greenlanders). Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368 (Indians of the Californian Peninsula). Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 209 (Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).

[3097] Talamanca Indians (Bovallius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 249), Guaranies (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 59), Ostyaks (Ahlqvist, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 290), Kukis (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 255), Dyaks (Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 142), Sumatrans (Marsden, loc. cit. p. 257), Australians (Sturt, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 137. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 81, et seq. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 780), Maoris (Angas, vol. i. p. 314), Tedâ (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 448), Mandingoes, (Park, loc. cit. p. 219), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p. 207).

[3098] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 143. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 147.

[3099] Hearne, loc. cit. p. 313.

[3100] Cf. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs); Powers, loc. cit. p. 231 (Wintun); Brett, loc. cit. p. 413, note 2 (Indians of Guiana); Bove, loc. cit. p. 133 (Fuegians).

[3101] Reade, loc. cit. p. 242.

[3102] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 141, et seq.

[3103] Wood, ‘The Natural History of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 685.

[3104] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419.

[3105] Powers, loc. cit. p. 259.

[3106] Zimmermann, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 254. Bosman, loc. cit. p. 419.

[3107] Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 220.

[3108] Cf. Livingstone, loc. cit. p. 196; Catlin, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 118.

[3109] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 512, note 120.

[3110] King and Fitzroy, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 153.

[3111] Hooper, loc. cit. p. 100.

[3112] v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 47.

[3113] Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 148.

[3114] Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 465.

[3115] St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 254.

[3116] Dall, loc. cit. p. 388. Coxe, loc. cit. p. 183.

[3117] Hooper, loc. cit. p. 271. Cf. Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312; Richardson, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 383.

[3118] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 104. Alcedo-Thompson, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 416.

[3119] Reade, loc. cit. p. 259.

[3120] Forbes, ‘Dahomey,’ vol. i. pp. 25, et seq.

[3121] Inglis, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. p. 63. d’Albertis, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 395. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 94.

[3122] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 657.

[3123] v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 106 (Brazilian aborigines). Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 147 (Greenlanders). Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 389 (Kafirs). Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424 (Arabs). v. Siebold, loc. cit. pp. 31, et seq. (Ainos). Navarette, loc. cit. p. 72 (Chinese). Rein, loc. cit. p. 425 (Japanese).

[3124] Reade, loc. cit. pp. 259, et seq.

[3125] Livingstone, ‘Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi,’ pp. 284, et seq.

[3126] Powers, loc. cit. p. 259.

[3127] Cf. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 93 (Fijians); v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p. 548 (Indians on Orinoco).

[3128] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 109.

[3129] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 512. Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12. Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 321 (Greenlanders).

[3130] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 125-127.

[3131] v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 158.

[3132] Cf. Burdach, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 375.

[3133] Nansen, vol. ii. p. 329. Cf. ibid., vol. ii. pp. 321, 329, et seq.

[3134] Hearne, loc. cit. p. 310. Cf. ibid., p. 125.

[3135] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 301. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 102.

[3136] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. pp. 234, et seq. Cf. ibid., vol. iii. p. 236.

[3137] Brett, loc. cit. pp. 351, et seq. Cf. Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 270.

[3138] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. pp. 548, et seq.

[3139] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 22, et seq.

[3140] Bove, loc. cit. p. 131.

[3141] Williams and Calvert, loc. cit. pp. 152, et seq.

[3142] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, et seq.

[3143] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 282. Cf. Freycinet, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 766; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 758, 781.

[3144] Taplin, loc. cit. p. 11.

[3145] Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 213.

[3146] St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 56.

[3147] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 185.

[3148] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 251.

[3149] Tod, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 258.

[3150] Pischon, loc. cit. p. 14. d’Escayrac de Lauture, loc. cit. pp. 250, et seq.

[3151] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 226.

[3152] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 253, et seq.

[3153] Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 727.

[3154] Dutt, ‘The Social Life of the Hindus in the Rig-Veda Period,’ in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.

[3155] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 503. Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 134. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 142. Casalis, loc. cit. p. 189.

[3156] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 161.

[3157] For other instances of female jealousy, see Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419 (Kutchin); Lyon, loc. cit. p. 355 (Eskimo at Igloolik); Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 70 (Crees); v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 392 (Mundrucûs); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97 (Samoans); Kubary, loc. cit. p. 61 (Pelew Islanders); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 269 (Tahitians); Yate, loc. cit. p. 97 (Maoris); Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 335, 448 (natives of Babber and Wetter); Cooper, loc. cit. p. 102 (Assamese); Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 72 (Reddies); Rowney, loc. cit. p. 38 (Bhils); Steller, loc. cit. p. 288 (Kamchadales); Reade, loc. cit. p. 444 (Moors of the Sahara); Shooter, loc. cit. p. 78; v. Weber, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 329, et seq.; Maclean, loc. cit. p. 44 (Kafirs).

[3158] Domenech, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 306.

[3159] Eastern Tinneh (Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 310), Naudowessies (Carver, loc. cit. p. 367), Kaviaks (Dall, loc. cit. p. 138), Northern Indians (Hearne, loc. cit. pp. 129, et seq.), Crees (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ pp. xcvi. et seq.), Indians of the Californian Peninsula (Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368), Minnetarees and Mandans (Lewis and Clarke, loc. cit. p. 307), Caribs (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 383).

[3160] Indians of Oregon (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 277. Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 654), Crows (Bastian, ‘Der Papua des dunkeln Inselreichs,’ p. 128, note 8), Blackfeet (Idem, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. pp. 403, et seq., note).

[3161] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 438.

[3162] Schoolcraft, vol. iii. pp. 195, et seq.

[3163] Heriot, loc. cit. p. 338.

[3164] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 685.

[3165] Ibid., vol. i. p. 661.

[3166] Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 62. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 28.

[3167] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 363.

[3168] Hickson, loc. cit. p. 282.

[3169] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.

[3170] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 28.

[3171] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 369.

[3172] Man, ‘Sonthalia,’ p. 15.

[3173] Macpherson, loc. cit. p. 69. Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 744.

[3174] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454.

[3175] Ibid., p. 181. Cf. ibid., pp. 209, et seq.

[3176] Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 447.

[3177] Bain, loc. cit. pp. 136, et seq.

[3178] Ibid., p. 137.

[3179] Müller, ‘Am Neste,’ p. 102. Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pt. iv. ch. ii. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 293-295.

[3180] Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pp. 288, et seq.

[3181] Houzeau, ‘Études sur les facultés mentales des animaux,’ vol. ii. p. 117.

[3182] Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 198.

[3183] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 102.

[3184] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 273.

[3185] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 117.

[3186] Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 45. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 192. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 267.

[3187] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 756. For other instances, see ibid., vol. vi. p. 125; ‘Das Ausland,’ 1857, p. 888.

[3188] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 33 (Miris). Cunningham, ‘History of the Sikhs,’ p. 18 (Tibetans). Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 227 (Damaras). Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 388.

[3189] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 134. Cf. Davy, loc. cit. p. 287.

[3190] Gordon Cumming, loc. cit. p. 406 (Tibetans). Beauregard, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 264, et seq. (Massagetæ). See ante, p. 116.

[3191] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 429.

[3192] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. p. 460.

[3193] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.

[3194] Quoted by Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 191.

[3195] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 341.

[3196] Emerson Tennent, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 440, 442.

[3197] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 28.

[3198] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 253.

[3199] Ibid., p. 343.

[3200] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 677.

[3201] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 315, 317.

[3202] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 191.

[3203] Ibid., p. 231.

[3204] Powers, loc. cit. pp. 5, 406.

[3205] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’ p. 71.

[3206] Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. pp. 19, et seq. Smeaton, loc. cit. p. 81.

[3207] Dutt, in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.

[3208] Goguet, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 22.

[3209] Balfour, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 252.

[3210] Dubois, loc. cit. p. 101. Cf. the myths of the Nishinam (Powers, loc. cit. p. 339), Thlinkets (Dall, loc. cit. p. 421), Nicaraguans (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 280), Caroline Islanders (ibid., vol. v. pt. ii. p. 136).

[3211] As, for example, by Post, ‘Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 27, and Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 664, et seq.

[3212] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 334; vol. ii. pp. 394, et seq. Mr. Reade thinks (loc. cit. p. 214) we may infer that Gorillas are polygamous, like stags, cocks, pheasants, and other animals that battle for mates, from the fact that a trustworthy informant had seen two Gorillas fighting. But it is not only polygamous animals that fight for females.

[3213] Hartmann, loc. cit. p. 214.

[3214] Among the Bechuanas, says Mr. Conder (‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 86), a man formerly became richer the more wives he had, because they used to hoe his mealies; ‘now, however, ploughs have been introduced, and the men take pride in driving a team of eight oxen in a plough.'

[3215] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 752.

[3216] Le Bon, ‘La Civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.

[3217] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 378.

[3218] McLennan, ‘The Levirate and Polyandry,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ N.S. vol. xxi. pp. 703-705. Idem, ‘Studies,’ pp. 112, et seq.

[3219] Bellabollahs (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 169, note 34), Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon (Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 199), Miwok (Powers, loc. cit. p. 356), Iroquois, Wyandots (Heriot, loc. cit. p. 330), Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 250), Azteks, Mayas, Mosquitoes (Bancroft, vol. ii. pp. 466, 671; vol. i. p. 730), Arawaks (Waitz, loc. cit. vol iii. p. 392), Warraus (Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 275), Tupis (Southey, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 241), Australians (Curr, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 107. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 776. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 135. Palmer, ibid., vol. xiii. p. 298. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 278. Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 87. Lumholtz, loc. cit. p. 164), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98), New Caledonians (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), people of New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. xi. p. 9), Caroline Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106), peoples of New Guinea (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 66) and the Malay Archipelago (ibid., pp. 32, 39, 54, 57-60. Marsden, loc. cit. pp. 228, 229, 260, et seq. Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 70), Mrús (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 234), Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Kakhyens (Anderson, loc. cit. p. 142), Pahárias (Dalton, loc. cit. p. 273), Bilúchis (Postans, ‘The Bilúchi Tribes Inhabiting Sindh,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 105), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403), Ostyaks (Latham, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 457), Kamchadales (Steller, loc. cit. p. 347), Ainos (Dall, loc. cit. p. 524. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol xi. pt. i. p. 44), Arabs (Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 64. Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 406), Gallas (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 516), Kûri (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 375), Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 488), Negroes of Senegambia (Reade, loc. cit. p. 455), the tribes in the interior of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429), Bechuanas, Zulus (Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85), Eastern Central Africans (Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 135), people of Madagascar (Sibree, loc. cit. p. 246), Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), ancient Egyptians (‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 293). For other instances, see infra, note 3.

[3220] Cf. Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 649.

[3221] Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 488 (Kunáma). v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 117, 118, 691 (Brazilian aborigines, Arawaks). Gibbs, loc. cit. p. 199 (Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).

[3222] Atkha Aleuts (Petroff, loc. cit. p. 158), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 170, et seq.), Eskimo (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, pp. 698, et seq.), Crees (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 110), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198), tribes of Western Victoria (Dawson, loc. cit. p. 27), people of Nitendi and the New Hebrides (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634), Nufoor Papuans of New Guinea (Guillemard, loc. cit. p. 390), Santals (‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. xxiv.). Among the Gonds it is the duty of a younger brother to take to wife the widow of an elder brother, though the converse is not permitted (Forsyth, loc. cit. p. 150).

[3223] Dall, loc. cit. p. 416.

[3224] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., pp. 112, et seq.

[3225] Fijians, Samoans (Prichard, loc. cit. p. 393), Papuans of New Guinea (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 77. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 661), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 209. Waitz-Gerland, vol v. pt. ii. p. 117), the tribes in the interior of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429). Among many other peoples the right of succession belongs in the first place to the brother.

[3226] Man, loc. cit. p. 100.

[3227] Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 316, 325), Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 484, 488).

[3228] Miris (Rowney, loc. cit. p. 154), Tartars (Marco Polo, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 221. de Rubruquis, loc. cit. pp. 33, et seq.), Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 49), Wakamba (Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 406), Baele (Nachtigal, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 176), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p. 208), Negroes of Fida, &c. (Bosman, loc. cit. p. 480. Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 115).

[3229] Brough Smyth, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 97, note.

[3230] Bosman, p. 528.

[3231] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 16.

[3232] Shooter, loc. cit. p. 86.

[3233] McLennan, ‘The Patriarchal Theory,’ p. 89.

[3234] Cf. Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 241.

[3235] Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), Hindus (‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 59-63), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403), Bechuanas (Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 185), people of Madagascar (Sibree, loc. cit. p. 246). Among the Hindus, the ‘levir’ did not take his brother’s widow as his wife; he only had intercourse with her. This practice was called ‘Niyoga.'

[3236] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 113.

[3237] Starcke, loc. cit. ch. iii.

[3238] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 395.

[3239] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98.

[3240] Shooter, loc. cit. p. 86.

[3241] McLennan, p. 91.

[3242] Lyon, loc. cit. p. 355.

[3243] Davy, loc. cit. p. 287.

[3244] Moorcroft and Trebeck, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 321.

[3245] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 228.

[3246] Fraser, loc. cit. p. 208.

[3247] Bogle, loc. cit. p. 123.

[3248] Wilson, loc. cit. p. 212.

[3249] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 292.

[3250] Fraser, loc. cit. p. 209.

[3251] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. i. p. 83.

[3252] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iv. p. 20.

[3253] Ibid., vol. i. p. 33.

[3254] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.

[3255] Earl, loc. cit. p. 83. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 66.

[3256] Peoples of Watubela (Riedel, loc. cit. p. 206) and Lampong in Sumatra (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58), Igorrotes and Italones of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. pp. 28, 33). Professor Wilken thinks (pp. 46, et seq.) the same was the case among the Niasians and Bataks.

[3257] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 293.

[3258] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 105.

[3259] Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 319, et seq.

[3260] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. v. pp. 272, et seq.

[3261] Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol xiii. p. 206.

[3262] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634.

[3263] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 328. Wilkes, loc. cit. vol. v. p. 101. Lumholtz, loc. cit. pp. 193, 213.

[3264] Quoted by Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 73.

[3265] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.

[3266] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 88.

[3267] St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.

[3268] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 75.

[3269] Rosset, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 169.

[3270] Quoted by Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 253.

[3271] Bourien, ‘The Wild Tribes of the Interior of the Malay Peninsula,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80.

[3272] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370. Yule, ‘Notes on the Kasia Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. p. 624. Huc, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 186.

[3273] Pischon, loc. cit. p. 13. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 603.

[3274] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.

[3275] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150.

[3276] Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 207, et seq.

[3277] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 247, 251.

[3278] Reade, loc. cit. p. 444.

[3279] Lobo, loc. cit. p. 26.

[3280] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 122.

[3281] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 114.

[3282] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1027.

[3283] Rawlinson, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 353.

[3284] Becker, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 488, et seq. Hermann-Blümner, loc. cit. p. 264.

[3285] Nordström, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 34.

[3286] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 125.

[3287] Georgi, loc. cit. p. 371.

[3288] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 173.

[3289] Sibree, loc. cit. pp. 161, 250.

[3290] de Herrera, loc. cit. vol. iv. p. 171.

[3291] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxiv. v. i. Ewald, loc. cit. p. 203.

[3292] Meier and Schömann, loc. cit. p. 511.

[3293] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ pp. 123, et seq.

[3294] Grimm, loc. cit. p. 454.

[3295] Chinooks (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol i. p. 241), Chippewas (Keating, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 157), Chippewyans (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. cxxiii.), Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 249), Macusís (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 391), Mundrucûs and other Brazilian tribes (v. Martius, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 104), Minuanes, Pampas, Mbayas, Payaguas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 32, 44, 114, 132), Catalanganes of the Philippines (Blumentritt, loc. cit. p. 41), Siamese (Moore, loc. cit. p. 169), Burmese (Colquhoun, ‘Burma,’ pp. 12, et seq.), Chukmas (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 187), Yakuts (Sauer, loc. cit. p. 129), Chuvashes, Votyaks, Cheremises, Mordvins, Voguls (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 42), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 404), Takue (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 209), Beni-Mzab (Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 315, et seq.)

[3296] Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 148.

[3297] Powers, loc. cit. p. 239.

[3298] Carver, loc. cit. p. 375.

[3299] Harmon, loc. cit. p. 342.

[3300] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 324.

[3301] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497.

[3302] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 23. Faulkner, loc. cit. p. 126.

[3303] Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 167.

[3304] Dieffenbach, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 40.

[3305] Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95.

[3306] Lawes, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 614. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397.

[3307] Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. vi. p. 129.

[3308] Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 78.

[3309] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 68.

[3310] Cf. Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 210; Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 278; Maclean, loc. cit. p. 70; Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 261, 264.

[3311] Ewald, loc. cit. p. 203. Among the Samaritans, divorce, though permitted, does not occur (Andree, loc. cit. p. 217).

[3312] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 151. Meier and Schömann, loc. cit. p. 510.

[3313] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.

[3314] Lewin, loc. cit. p. 276.

[3315] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 64.

[3316] Dawson, loc. cit. p. 33.

[3317] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 208. Lewin, p. 210.

[3318] Peoples of Ceram, Aru, Sermatta, Babber, Letti, Moa and Lakor, Wetter (Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 134, 263, 325, 351, 390, 448), Buru (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 51).

[3319] Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 110. Cf. Proyart, loc. cit. p. 569 (Negroes of Loango).

[3320] Kolben, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 157.

[3321] Casalis, loc. cit. pp. 184, et seq.

[3322] Marshall, loc. cit. p. 219.

[3323] Mantras (Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80), Butias of Ladakh (Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p. 204), Toungtha (Lewin, loc. cit. p. 194), Timorese (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 54).

[3324] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. pp. 263, 265. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 132.

[3325] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 278.

[3326] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 25, et seq. Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 219. Müller, ‘Reise der Novara,’ Ethnographie, p. 164.

[3327] Navarette, loc. cit. p. 73.

[3328] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 27.

[3329] Rein, loc. cit. pp. 424, et seq.

[3330] Amír’ Alí, loc. cit. p. 332.

[3331] Lane, loc. cit vol. i. pp. 139, 247. Pischon, loc. cit. p. 13.

[3332] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 80, et seq. This, however, was not a divorce in our sense of the term. ‘Neither by sale nor by repudiation,’ says Manu (ch. ix. v. 46), ‘is a wife released from her husband.'

[3333] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 95.

[3334] Glasson, loc. cit. pp. 204, et seq.

[3335] Glasson, pp. 213, 215.

[3336] Ibid., pp. 367, et seq.

[3337] Ibid., pp. 437, 452.

[3338] Ibid., p. 403.

[3339] Carpentier, ‘Traité théorétique et pratique du divorce,’ p. 52. For the laws of divorce in the States of Europe and America, see Neubauer, ‘Ehescheidung im Auslande,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vols. v.-ix.

[3340] Sibree, loc. cit. p. 254.

[3341] Greenlanders (Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 509), Damaras (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 416), Marea (Munzinger, loc. cit. p. 241), Kafirs of Natal (Shooter, loc. cit. pp. 85, et seq.), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97), Dyaks (St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237).

[3342] This is especially the case when the wife is superior to the husband in rank [cf. Soyaux, loc. cit. p. 162 (Negroes of Loango); Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 284 (Negroes of Sierra Leone); Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 140, et seq. (Eastern Central Africans); Sibree, loc. cit. p. 254 (Tanàla of Madagascar); Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106; vol. vi. p. 128 (Caroline Islanders, Tahitians); ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333 (Pelew Islanders); Moore, loc. cit. p. 289 (Natchez)]; but also when they are of equal rank, as among the Shawanese (Ashe, loc. cit. p. 249), Macassars, Bugis (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 76), Rejangs (Marsden, loc. cit. p. 235), Malays of Perak (McNair, loc. cit. p. 236), Galela (Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78), Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Badagas (Harkness, loc. cit. p. 117), Kerantis (Rowney, loc. cit. p. 136), Mongols (Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 70), Beni-Amer, Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 320, 321, 489), Touaregs Chavanne, (‘Die Sahara,’ p. 209), Ashantees (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 120), Masai (Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. v. p. 533), Kafirs (Maclean, loc. cit. pp. 69, et seq.).

[3343] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 277.

[3344] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iv. pp. 223, et seq.

[3345] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 214.

[3346] Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 93.

[3347] Lisiansky, loc. cit. pp. 127, et seq.

[3348] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 256. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397. Chalmers, loc. cit. p. 167. Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 106, et seq.

[3349] Riedel, loc. cit. pp. 134, 173, 263, 325, 390, 448.

[3350] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295.

[3351] Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 73.

[3352] Harkness, loc. cit. p. 92.

[3353] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 83.

[3354] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 140.

[3355] Arnot, ‘Garenganze,’ p. 194.

[3356] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 86.

[3357] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 672.

[3358] Gray, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 219. Rein, loc. cit. pp. 424, et seq.

[3359] Glasson, loc. cit. pp. 149, et seq.

[3360] Amír’ Alí, loc. cit. ch. xii. et seq. Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 139.

[3361] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 386, et seq.

[3362] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 187.

[3363] Ibid., p. 189.

[3364] Ibid., p. 195.

[3365] Ibid., pp. 152, et seq. Meier and Schömann, loc. cit. p. 512.

[3366] Rossbach, loc. cit. pp. 42, et seq.

[3367] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.

[3368] Glasson, pp. 291, 298, 304.

[3369] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157.

[3370] Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 92.

[3371] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315. Cf. Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 76 (Abipones); Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p. 258 (Touaregs of Rhāt).

[3372] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 469.

[3373] ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ 1883, p. 290. Cf. Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206 (Botocudos); Krauss, loc. cit. p 568 (South Slavonians).

[3374] v. Oettingen, loc. cit. p. 150.

[3375] Dall, loc. cit. p. 139 (Western Eskimo). Egede, loc. cit. p. 143 (Greenlanders). Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 141 (Zulus). Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 48 (Wanyoro). Buchner, loc. cit. p. 31 (Duallas). Polak, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 218 (Persians). Krauss, pp. 532, 570, et seq. (South Slavonians); &c.

[3376] Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian in his Wigwam,’ p. 73. Cf. Nansen, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 320 (Greenlanders); Lichtenstein, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 48 (Bushmans); St. John, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 66 (Sea Dyaks).

[3377] St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.

[3378] Bailey, ibid., vol. ii. p. 292. Cf. Fritsch, loc. cit. p. 141 (Zulus).

[3379] For exceptions, see ante p. 19.

[3380] Nutkas, Inland Columbians (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 197, 277), Shans (Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295), Burmese (Fytche, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 73), Malays of Perak (McNair, loc. cit. p. 236), Beni-Amer, Kunáma (Munzinger, loc. cit. pp. 320, 321, 489).

[3381] Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 20.

[3382] Dalton, loc. cit. p. 51.

[3383] Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78. Waitz-Gerland, loc. cit. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 107.

[3384] Glasson, loc. cit. p. 187.

[3385] Cf. Codrington, loc. cit. p. 244.

[3386] Sauer, loc. cit. p. 129 (Jakuts). Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 401 (Wakamba). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48 (Zulus). Merolla da Sorrento, loc. cit. p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno). Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315 (Thlinkets). Cf. Powers, loc. cit. p. 56 (Yurok); Lewin, loc. cit. p. 235 (Mrús); Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 412 (Negroes of Angola).

[3387] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 404 (Ossetes). Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. pp. 26, et seq. (Circassians). Harkness, loc. cit. p. 117 (Badagas). Crawfurd, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 101 (Malays). Merolla da Sorrento, p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026 (Negroes of Bondo). Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol iv. p. 315 (Thlinkets).

[3388] Casalis, loc. cit. p. 184.

[3389] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[3390] Munda Kols (Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370), Todas (Marshall, loc. cit. p. 218), Bedouins (Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150), Tartars (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 238), East Africans (Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 333).

[3391] Aleuts (Georgi, loc. cit. p. 370), Dacotahs (Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 240), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 153), Papuans of New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397).

[3392] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.

[3393] Pridham, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 253. Cf. Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 672 (Yucatan).

[3394] Greenlanders (Cranz, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 148), Thlinkets (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 328), Inland Columbians (Bancroft, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 277), Apaches (ibid., vol. i. p. 513), Iroquois (Buchanan, ‘North American Indians,’ pp. 338, et seq.), Gallinomero in California (Powers, loc. cit. p. 178), and other North American Indians (Waitz, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 105), Caribs (ibid., vol. iii. p. 383), Payaguas (Azara, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 132), Marianne Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 107), Tongans (Martin, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 179), Khasias (Steel, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. vii. p. 308. Dalton, loc. cit. p. 57).

[3395] Schoolcraft, loc. cit. vol. iii. p. 191.

[3396] Katscher, loc. cit. p. 91. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 401.

[3397] Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80. Cf. St. John, ibid., vol. p. 237; Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 20.

[3398] Lane Poole, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. v. p. 684.

[3399] Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 215.

[3400] Mr. Crawfurd (loc. cit. vol. i. p. 79) points out the connection, in Java, between the frequency of women deserting their husbands and the abundance of food; the laboriousness and industriousness of the women, who can earn a subsistence independent of a husband, and the tameness and servileness of the men.

[3401] Crawfurd, vol. iii. p. 101 (Malays). Marsden, loc. cit. p. 235 (Rejangs). Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78 (Galela). Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis). Rowney, loc. cit. p. 136 (Kerantis). Marshall, loc. cit. p. 217 (Todas). Harkness, loc. cit. p. 117 (Badagas). Waitz, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 120 (Negroes).

[3402] Mohammedans (Lane, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 139), Badagas (Harkness, p. 117).

[3403] Bickmore, loc. cit. p. 279. Cf. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 569; Raffles, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 81 (Javanese).

[3404] Burckhardt, loc. cit. p. 63. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 454, et seq.

[3405] Of articles in periodicals only some of the more important have been included in this list.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Variations in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other spelling and punctuation remains unchanged.

The original contained at least eight unpaired double quotation marks that could not be corrected with confidence.

The precise location of footnote 372 is speculative since it is not indicated in the original.

Incomplete entries in the index remain as printed in the original.