The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section R (part 3 of 3)

The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section R (part 3 of 3)

Ant rice. (Bot.) See under Ant. -- French rice. (Bot.) See Amelcorn. -- Indian rice., a tall reedlike water grass (Zizania aquatica), bearing panicles of a long, slender grain, much used for food by North American Indians. It is common in shallow water in the Northern States. Called also water oat, Canadian wild rice, etc. -- Mountain rice, any species of an American genus (Oryzopsis) of grasses, somewhat resembling rice. -- Rice bunting. (Zoöl.) Same as Ricebird. -- Rice hen (Zoöl.), the Florida gallinule. -- Rice mouse (Zoöl.), a large dark-colored field mouse (Calomys palistris) of the Southern United States. - - Rice paper, a kind of thin, delicate paper, brought from China, -- used for painting upon, and for the manufacture of fancy articles. It is made by cutting the pith of a large herb (Fatsia papyrifera, related to the ginseng) into one roll or sheet, which is flattened out under pressure. Called also pith paper. -- Rice troupial (Zoöl.), the bobolink. -- Rice water, a drink for invalids made by boiling a small quantity of rice in water. -- Rice-water discharge (Med.), a liquid, resembling rice water in appearance, which is vomited, and discharged from the bowels, in cholera. -- Rice weevil (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Calandra, or Sitophilus, oryzæ) which destroys rice, wheat, and Indian corn by eating out the interior; -- called also black weevil.

Rice"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The Java sparrow. (b) The bobolink.

Rice"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small white polished marine shells of the genus Olivella.

Rich, (rch), a. [Compar. Richer (&?;); superl. Richest.] [OE. riche, AS. rce rich, powerful; akin to OS. rki, D. rijk, G. reich, OHG. rhhi, Icel. rkr, Sw. rik, Dan. rig, Goth. reiks; from a word meaning, ruler, king, probably borrowed from Celtic, and akin to L. rex, regis, king, regere to guide, rule. √283. See Right, and cf. Derrick, Enrich, Rajah, Riches, Royal.] 1. Having an abundance of material possessions; possessed of a large amount of property; well supplied with land, goods, or money; wealthy; opulent; affluent; -- opposed to poor. "Rich merchants." Chaucer.

The rich [person] hath many friends.

Prov. xiv. 20.

As a thief, bent to unhoard the cash Of some rich burgher.

Milton.

2. Hence, in general, well supplied; abounding; abundant; copious; bountiful; as, a rich treasury; a rich entertainment; a rich crop.

If life be short, it shall be glorious; Each minute shall be rich in some great action.

Rowe.

The gorgeous East with richest hand Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.

Milton.

3. Yielding large returns; productive or fertile; fruitful; as, rich soil or land; a rich mine.

4. Composed of valuable or costly materials or ingredients; procured at great outlay; highly valued; precious; sumptuous; costly; as, a rich dress; rich silk or fur; rich presents.

Like to rich and various gems.

Milton.

5. Abounding in agreeable or nutritive qualities; -- especially applied to articles of food or drink which are high-seasoned or abound in oleaginous ingredients, or are sweet, luscious, and high-flavored; as, a rich dish; rich cream or soup; rich pastry; rich wine or fruit.

Sauces and rich spices are fetched from India.

Baker.

6. Not faint or delicate; vivid; as, a rich color.

7. Full of sweet and harmonius sounds; as, a rich voice; rich music.

8. Abounding in beauty; gorgeous; as, a rich landscape; rich scenery.

9. Abounding in humor; exciting amusement; entertaining; as, the scene was a rich one; a rich incident or character. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Rich is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, rich-fleeced, rich-jeweled, rich-laden, rich-stained.

Syn. -- Wealthy; affluent; opulent; ample; copious; abundant; plentiful; fruitful; costly; sumptuous; precious; generous; luscious.

Rich, v. t. To enrich. [Obs.] Gower.

Rich"es (?), n. pl. [OE. richesse, F. richesse, from riche rich, of German origin. See Rich,a.] 1. That which makes one rich; an abundance of land, goods, money, or other property; wealth; opulence; affluence.

Riches do not consist in having more gold and silver, but in having more in proportion, than our neighbors.

Locke.

2. That which appears rich, sumptuous, precious, or the like.

The riche of heaven's pavement, trodden gold.

Milton.

Richesse, the older form of this word, was in the singular number. The form riches, however, is plural in appearance, and has now come to be used as a plural.

Against the richesses of this world shall they have misease of poverty.

Chaucer.

In one hour so great riches is come to nought.

Rev. xviii. 17.

And for that riches where is my deserving?

Shak.

Syn. -- Wealth; opulence; affluence; wealthiness; richness; plenty; abundance.

<! p. 1240 !>

Rich"esse (?), n. [F. See Riches.] Wealth; riches. See the Note under Riches. [Obs.]

Some man desireth for to have richesse.

Chaucer.

The richesse of all heavenly grace.

Spenser.

Rich"ly (?), adv. In a rich manner.

Rich"ness, n. The quality or state of being rich (in any sense of the adjective).

Rich"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) An herb (Pilea pumila) of the Nettle family, having a smooth, juicy, pellucid stem; -- called also clearweed.

Ric`in*e`la*id"ic (?), a. [Ricinoleic + elaidic.] Pertaining to, or designating, an isomeric modification of ricinoleic acid obtained as a white crystalline solid.

Ric`in*e*la"i*din (?), n. (Chem.) The glycerin salt of ricinelaidic acid, obtained as a white crystalline waxy substance by treating castor oil with nitrous acid.

Ri*cin"ic (?), a. [L. ricinus castor-oil plant.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, castor oil; formerly, designating an acid now called ricinoleic acid.

Ric"i*nine (?), n. [L. ricinus castor-oil plant.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline alkaloid extracted from the seeds of the castor-oil plant.

Ric`in*o"le*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of ricinoleic acid; -- formerly called palmate.

Ric`in*o"le*ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a fatty acid analogous to oleic acid, obtained from castor oil as an oily substance, C&?;H&?;O&?; with a harsh taste. Formerly written ricinolic.

Ric`in*o"le*in (?), n. [L. ricinus castor-oil plant + oleum oil.] (Chem.) The glycerin salt of ricinoleic acid, occuring as a characteristic constituent of castor oil; -- formerly called palmin.

Ric`i*nol"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Ricinoleic.

||Ric"i*nus (&?;), n. [L., the castor- oil plant.] (Bot.) A genus of ||plants of the Spurge family, containing but one species (R. ||communis), the castor-oil plant. The fruit is three-celled, and ||contains three large seeds from which castor oil iss expressed. See ||Palma Christi.

Rick (?), n. [OE. reek, rek, AS. hreác a heap; akin to hryce rick, Icel. hraukr.] A stack or pile, as of grain, straw, or hay, in the open air, usually protected from wet with thatching.

Golden clusters of beehive ricks, rising at intervals beyond the hedgerows.

G. Eliot.

Rick, v. t. To heap up in ricks, as hay, etc.

Rick"er (?), n. A stout pole for use in making a rick, or for a spar to a boat.

Rick"et*ish (?), a. Rickety. [Obs.] Fuller.

Rick"ets (?), n. pl. [Of uncertain origin; but cf. AS. wrigian to bend, D. wrikken to shake, E. wriggle.] (Med.) A disease which affects children, and which is characterized by a bulky head, crooked spine and limbs, depressed ribs, enlarged and spongy articular epiphyses, tumid abdomen, and short stature, together with clear and often premature mental faculties. The essential cause of the disease appears to be the nondeposition of earthy salts in the osteoid tissues. Children afflicted with this malady stand and walk unsteadily. Called also rachitis.

Rick"et*y (?), a. 1. Affected with rickets.

2. Feeble in the joints; imperfect; weak; shaky.

Rick"rack` (?), n. A kind of openwork edging made of serpentine braid.

Rick"stand` (?), n. A flooring or framework on which a rick is made.

Ric`o*chet" (?), n. [F.] A rebound or skipping, as of a ball along the ground when a gun is fired at a low angle of elevation, or of a fiat stone thrown along the surface of water.

Ricochet firing (Mil.), the firing of guns or howitzers, usually with small charges, at an elevation of only a few degrees, so as to cause the balls or shells to bound or skip along the ground.

Ric`o*chet" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ricochetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ricochetting.] To operate upon by ricochet firing. See Ricochet, n. [R.]

Ric`o*chet", v. i. To skip with a rebound or rebounds, as a flat stone on the surface of water, or a cannon ball on the ground. See Ricochet, n.

Ric"tal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the rictus; as, rictal bristles.

Ric"ture (?), n. [L. ringi, rictus, to open wide the mouth, to gape.] A gaping. [Obs.]

||Ric"tus (?), n. [L., the aperture of the mouth.] The gape of the ||mouth, as of birds; -- often resricted to the corners of the mouth.

Rid (?), imp. & p. p. of Ride, v. i. [Archaic]

He rid to the end of the village, where he alighted.

Thackeray.

Rid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rid or Ridded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ridding.] [OE. ridden, redden, AS. hreddan to deliver, liberate; akin to D. & LG. redden, G. retten, Dan. redde, Sw. rädda, and perhaps to Skr. &?;rath to loosen.] 1. To save; to rescue; to deliver; -- with out of. [Obs.]

Deliver the poor and needy; rid them out of the hand of the wicked.

Ps. lxxxii. 4.

2. To free; to clear; to disencumber; -- followed by of. "Rid all the sea of pirates." Shak.

In never ridded myself of an overmastering and brooding sense of some great calamity traveling toward me.

De Quincey.

3. To drive away; to remove by effort or violence; to make away with; to destroy. [Obs.]

I will red evil beasts out of the land.

Lev. xxvi. 6.

Death's men, you have rid this sweet young prince!

Shak.

4. To get over; to dispose of; to dispatch; to finish. [R.] "Willingness rids way." Shak.

Mirth will make us rid ground faster than if thieves were at our tails.

J. Webster.

To be rid of, to be free or delivered from. -- To get rid of, to get deliverance from; to free one's self from.

Rid"a*ble (?), a. Suitable for riding; as, a ridable horse; a ridable road.

Rid"dance (?), n. 1. The act of ridding or freeing; deliverance; a cleaning up or out.

Thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of thy field.

Lev. xxiii. 22.

2. The state of being rid or free; freedom; escape. "Riddance from all adversity." Hooker.

Rid"den (?), p. p. of Ride.

Rid"der (?), n. One who, or that which, rids.

Rid"dle (?), n. [OE. ridil, AS. hridder; akin to G. reiter, L. cribrum, and to Gr. &?;&?;&?; to distinguish, separate, and G. rein clean. See Crisis, Certain.] 1. A sieve with coarse meshes, usually of wire, for separating coarser materials from finer, as chaff from grain, cinders from ashes, or gravel from sand.

2. A board having a row of pins, set zigzag, between which wire is drawn to straighten it.

Rid"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Riddling (?).] 1. To separate, as grain from the chaff, with a riddle; to pass through a riddle; as, riddle wheat; to riddle coal or gravel.

2. To perforate so as to make like a riddle; to make many holes in; as, a house riddled with shot.

Rid"dle, n. [For riddels, s being misunderstood as the plural ending; OE. ridels, redels. AS. r&?;dels; akin to D. raadsel, G. räthsel; fr. AS. r&?;dan to counsel or advise, also, to guess. &radic;116. Cf. Read.] Something proposed to be solved by guessing or conjecture; a puzzling question; an ambiguous proposition; an enigma; hence, anything ambiguous or puzzling.

To wring from me, and tell to them, my secret, That solved the riddle which I had proposed.

Milton.

'T was a strange riddle of a lady.

Hudibras.

Rid"dle, v. t. To explain; to solve; to unriddle.

Riddle me this, and guess him if you can.

Dryden.

Rid"dle, v. i. To speak ambiguously or enigmatically. "Lysander riddels very prettily." Shak.

Rid"dler (?), n. One who riddles (grain, sand, etc.).

Rid"dler, n. One who speaks in, or propounds, riddles.

Rid"dling (?), a. Speaking in a riddle or riddles; containing a riddle. "Riddling triplets." Tennyson. -- Rid"dling, adv.

Ride (rd), v. i. [imp. Rode (rd) (Rid [rd], archaic); p. p. Ridden (&?;) (Rid, archaic); p. pr. & vb. n. Riding (&?;).] [AS. rdan; akin to LG. riden, D. rijden, G. reiten, OHG. rtan, Icel. rða, Sw. rida, Dan. ride; cf. L. raeda a carriage, which is from a Celtic word. Cf. Road.] 1. To be carried on the back of an animal, as a horse.

To-morrow, when ye riden by the way.

Chaucer.

Let your master ride on before, and do you gallop after him.

Swift.

2. To be borne in a carriage; as, to ride in a coach, in a car, and the like. See Synonym, below.

The richest inhabitants exhibited their wealth, not by riding in gilden carriages, but by walking the streets with trains of servants.

Macaulay.

3. To be borne or in a fluid; to float; to lie.

Men once walked where ships at anchor ride.

Dryden.

4. To be supported in motion; to rest.

Strong as the exletree On which heaven rides.

Shak.

On whose foolish honesty My practices ride easy!

Shak.

5. To manage a horse, as an equestrian.

He rode, he fenced, he moved with graceful ease.

Dryden.

6. To support a rider, as a horse; to move under the saddle; as, a horse rides easy or hard, slow or fast.

To ride easy (Naut.), to lie at anchor without violent pitching or straining at the cables. -- To ride hard (Naut.), to pitch violently. -- To ride out. (a) To go upon a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer. (b) To ride in the open air. [Colloq.] -- To ride to hounds, to ride behind, and near to, the hounds in hunting.

Syn. -- Drive. -- Ride, Drive. Ride originally meant (and is so used throughout the English Bible) to be carried on horseback or in a vehicle of any kind. At present in England, drive is the word applied in most cases to progress in a carriage; as, a drive around the park, etc.; while ride is appropriated to progress on a horse. Johnson seems to sanction this distinction by giving "to travel on horseback" as the leading sense of ride; though he adds "to travel in a vehicle" as a secondary sense. This latter use of the word still occurs to some extent; as, the queen rides to Parliament in her coach of state; to ride in an omnibus.

"Will you ride over or drive?" said Lord Willowby to his quest, after breakfast that morning.

W. Black.

Ride, v. t. 1. To sit on, so as to be carried; as, to ride a horse; to ride a bicycle.

[They] rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air In whirlwind.

Milton.

2. To manage insolently at will; to domineer over.

The nobility could no longer endure to be ridden by bakers, cobblers, and brewers.

Swift.

3. To convey, as by riding; to make or do by riding.

Tue only men that safe can ride Mine errands on the Scottish side.

Sir W. Scott.

4. (Surg.) To overlap (each other); -- said of bones or fractured fragments.

To ride a hobby, to have some favorite occupation or subject of talk. -- To ride and tie, to take turn with another in labor and rest; -- from the expedient adopted by two persons with one horse, one of whom rides the animal a certain distance, and then ties him for the use of the other, who is coming up on foot. Fielding. -- To ride down. (a) To ride over; to trample down in riding; to overthrow by riding against; as, to ride down an enemy. (b) (Naut.) To bear down, as on a halyard when hoisting a sail. -- To ride out (Naut.), to keep safe afloat during (a storm) while riding at anchor or when hove to on the open sea; as, to ride out the gale.

Ride, n. 1. The act of riding; an excursion on horseback or in a vehicle.

2. A saddle horse. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

3. A road or avenue cut in a wood, or through grounds, to be used as a place for riding; a riding.

Ri*deau" (r*d"), n. [F.] A small mound of earth; ground slightly elevated; a small ridge.

Rid"en (rd"'n), obs. imp. pl. & p. p. of Ride. Chaucer.

Ri"dent (r"dent), a. [L. ridens, p. pr. of ridere to laugh.] Laughing. [R.] Thackeray.

Rid"er (rd"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, rides.

2. Formerly, an agent who went out with samples of goods to obtain orders; a commercial traveler. [Eng.]

3. One who breaks or manages a horse. Shak.

4. An addition or amendment to a manuscript or other document, which is attached on a separate piece of paper; in legislative practice, an additional clause annexed to a bill while in course of passage; something extra or burdensome that is imposed.

After the third reading, a foolish man stood up to propose a rider.

Macaulay.

This [question] was a rider which Mab found difficult to answer.

A. S. Hardy.

5. (Math.) A problem of more than usual difficulty added to another on an examination paper.

6. [D. rijder.] A Dutch gold coin having the figure of a man on horseback stamped upon it.

His moldy money ! half a dozen riders.

J. Fletcher.

7. (Mining) Rock material in a vein of ore, dividing it.

8. (Shipbuilding) An interior rib occasionally fixed in a ship's hold, reaching from the keelson to the beams of the lower deck, to strengthen her frame. Totten.

9. (Naut.) The second tier of casks in a vessel's hold.

10. A small forked weight which straddles the beam of a balance, along which it can be moved in the manner of the weight on a steelyard.

11. A robber. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Drummond.

Rider's bone (Med.), a bony deposit in the muscles of the upper and inner part of the thigh, due to the pressure and irritation caused by the saddle in riding.

Rid"er*less, a. Having no rider; as, a riderless horse. H. Kingsley.

Ridge (?), n. [OE. rigge the back, AS. hrycg; akin to D. rug, G. rÜcken, OHG. rucki, hrukki, Icel. hryggr, Sw. rugg, Dan. ryg. &radic;16.] 1. The back, or top of the back; a crest. Hudibras.

2. A range of hills or mountains, or the upper part of such a range; any extended elevation between valleys. "The frozen ridges of the Alps." Shak.

Part rise crystal wall, or ridge direct.

Milton.

3. A raised line or strip, as of ground thrown up by a plow or left between furrows or ditches, or as on the surface of metal, cloth, or bone, etc.

4. (Arch.) The intersection of two surface forming a salient angle, especially the angle at the top between the opposite slopes or sides of a roof or a vault.

5. (Fort.) The highest portion of the glacis proceeding from the salient angle of the covered way. Stocqueler.

Ridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ridged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ridging.] 1. To form a ridge of; to furnish with a ridge or ridges; to make into a ridge or ridges.

Bristles ranged like those that ridge the back Of chafed wild boars.

Milton.

2. To form into ridges with the plow, as land.

3. To wrinkle. "With a forehead ridged." Cowper.

Ridge"band` (?), n. The part of a harness which passes over the saddle, and supports the shafts of a cart; -- called also ridgerope, and ridger. Halliwell.

Ridge"bone` (?), n. The backbone. [Obs.]

Blood . . . lying cluttered about the ridgebone.

Holland.

Ridg"el (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Ridgelling.

Ridge"let (?), n. A little ridge.

Ridge"ling (?), n. [Prov. E. riggilt, riggot, ananimal half castrated, a sheep having only one testicle; cf. Prov. G. rigel, rig, a barrow hog, rigler a cock half castrated.] (Zoöl.) A half-castrated male animal.

{ Ridge"piece` (?), Ridge"plate` (?), } n. See Ridgepole.

Ridge"pole` (?), n. (Arch.) The timber forming the ridge of a roof, into which the rafters are secured.

Ridge"rope` (?), n. (Naut.) See Life line (a), under Life.

Ridg"ing*ly (?), adv. So as to form ridges.

Ridg"y (?), a. Having a ridge or ridges; rising in a ridge. "Lifted on a ridgy wave." Pope.

Rid"i*cle (?), n. Ridicule. [Obs.] Foxe.

Rid"i*cule (?), n. [F. ridicule, L. ridiculum a jest, fr. ridiculus. See Ridiculous.] 1. An object of sport or laughter; a laughingstock; a laughing matter.

[Marlborough] was so miserably ignorant, that his deficiencies made him the ridicule of his contemporaries.

Buckle.

To the people . . . but a trifle, to the king but a ridicule.

Foxe.

2. Remarks concerning a subject or a person designed to excite laughter with a degree of contempt; wit of that species which provokes contemptuous laughter; disparagement by making a person an object of laughter; banter; -- a term lighter than derision.

We have in great measure restricted the meaning of ridicule, which would properly extend over whole region of the ridiculous, -- the laughable, -- and we have narrowed it so that in common usage it mostly corresponds to "derision", which does indeed involve personal and offensive feelings.

Hare.

Safe from the bar, the pulpit, and the throne, Yet touched and shamed by ridicule alone.

Pope.

3. Quality of being ridiculous; ridiculousness. [Obs.]

To see the ridicule of this practice.

Addison.

Syn. -- Derision; banter; raillery; burlesque; mockery; irony; satire; sarcasm; gibe; jeer; sneer. -- Ridicule, Derision, Both words imply disapprobation; but ridicule usually signifies good-natured, fun-loving opposition without manifest malice, while derision is commonly bitter and scornful, and sometimes malignant.

Rid"i*cule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ridiculed (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Ridiculing.] To laugh at mockingly or disparagingly; to awaken ridicule toward or respecting.

I 've known the young, who ridiculed his rage.

Goldsmith.

Syn. -- To deride; banter; rally; burlesque; mock; satirize; lampoon. See Deride.

<! p. 1241 !>

Rid"i*cule (?), a. [F.] Ridiculous. [Obs.]

This action . . . became so ridicule.

Aubrey.

Rid"i*cu`ler (?), n. One who ridicules.

Ri*dic"u*lize (?), v. t. To make ridiculous; to ridicule. [Obs.] Chapman.

Ri*dic`u*los"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being ridiculous; ridiculousness; also, something ridiculous. [Archaic] Bailey.

Ri*dic"u*lous (?), a. [L. ridiculosus, ridiculus, fr. ridere to laigh. Cf. Risible.] 1. Fitted to excite ridicule; absurd and laughable; unworthy of serious consideration; as, a ridiculous dress or behavior.

Agricola, discerning that those little targets and unwieldy glaives ill pointed would soon become ridiculous against the thrust and close, commanded three Batavian cohorts . . . to draw up and come to handy strokes.

Milton.

2. Involving or expressing ridicule. [r.]

[It] provokes me to ridiculous smiling.

Shak.

Syn. -- Ludicrous; laughable; risible; droll; comical; absurd; preposterous. See Ludicrous.

--- Ri*dic"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Ri*dic"u*lous*ness, n.

Rid"ing (rd"ng), n. [For thriding, Icel. þriðjungr the third part, fr. þriði third, akin to E. third. See Third.] One of the three jurisdictions into which the county of York, in England, is divided; -- formerly under the government of a reeve. They are called the North, the East, and the West, Riding. Blackstone.

Rid"ing, a. 1. Employed to travel; traveling; as, a riding clerk. "One riding apparitor." Ayliffe.

2. Used for riding on; as, a riding horse.

3. Used for riding, or when riding; devoted to riding; as, a riding whip; a riding habit; a riding day.

Riding clerk. (a) A clerk who traveled for a commercial house. [Obs. Eng.] (b) One of the "six clerks" formerly attached to the English Court of Chancery. -- Riding hood. (a) A hood formerly worn by women when riding. (b) A kind of cloak with a hood. -- Riding master, an instructor in horsemanship. -- Riding rhyme (Pros.), the meter of five accents, with couplet rhyme; -- probably so called from the mounted pilgrims described in the Canterbury Tales. Dr. Guest. -- Riding school, a school or place where the art of riding is taught.

Rid"ing, n. 1. The act or state of one who rides.

2. A festival procession. [Obs.]

When there any riding was in Cheap.

Chaucer.

3. Same as Ride, n., 3. Sir P. Sidney.

4. A district in charge of an excise officer. [Eng.]

||Ri*dot"to (?), n. [It., fr. LL. reductus a retreat. See Redoubt.] A ||favorite Italian public entertainment, consisting of music and ||dancing, -- held generally on fast eves. Brande & C.

There are to be ridottos at guinea tickets.

Walpole.

Ri*dot"to, v. i. To hold ridottos. [R.] J. G. Cooper.

Rie (?), n. See Rye. [Obs.] Holland.

Rie grass. (Bot.) (a) A kind of wild barley (Hordeum pratense). Dr. Prior. (b) Ray grass. Dr. Prior.

Rief (?), n. [See Reave.] Robbery. [Obs. or Scot.]

Riet"boc (?), n. [D. riet reed + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) The reedbuck, a South African antelope (Cervicapra arundinacea); -- so called from its frequenting dry places covered with high grass or reeds. Its color is yellowish brown. Called also inghalla, and rietbok.

Rife (?), a. [AS. rf abundant, or Icel. rfr munificent; akin to OD. riff, rijve, abundant.] 1. Prevailing; prevalent; abounding.

Before the plague of London, inflammations of the lungs were rife and mortal.

Arbuthnot.

Even now the tumult of loud mirth Was rife, and perfect in may listening ear.

Milton.

2. Having power; active; nimble. [Obs.]

What! I am rife a little yet.

J. Webster.

-- Rife"ly, adv. -- Rife"ness, n.

Rif"fle (?), n. [CF. G. riffeln, riefeln, to groove. Cf. Rifle a gun.] (Mining) A trough or sluice having cleats, grooves, or steps across the bottom for holding quicksilver and catching particles of gold when auriferous earth is washed; also, one of the cleats, grooves, or steps in such a trough. Also called ripple.

Rif"fler (?), n. [See Riffle.] A curved file used in carving wool and marble.

Riff"raff` (?), n. [OE. rif and raf every particle, OF. rif et raf. CF. Raff, and 1st Rifle.] Sweepings; refuse; the lowest order of society. Beau. & Fl.

Ri"fle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rifled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rifling (?).] [F. rifler to rifle, sweep away; of uncertain origin. CF. Raff.] 1. To seize and bear away by force; to snatch away; to carry off.

Till time shall rifle every youthful grace.

Pope.

2. To strip; to rob; to pillage. Piers Plowman.

Stand, sir, and throw us that you have about ye: If not, we'll make you sit and rifle you.

Shak.

3. To raffle. [Obs.] J. Webster.

Ri"fle, v. i. 1. To raffle. [Obs.] Chapman.

2. To commit robbery. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Ri"fle, n. [Akin to Dan. rifle, or riffel, the rifle of a gun, a chamfer (cf. riffel, riffelbösse, a rifle gun, rifle to rifle a gun, G. riefeln, riefen, to chamfer, groove), and E. rive. See Rive, and cf. Riffle, Rivel.] 1. A gun, the inside of whose barrel is grooved with spiral channels, thus giving the ball a rotary motion and insuring greater accuracy of fire. As a military firearm it has superseded the musket.

2. pl. (Mil.) A body of soldiers armed with rifles.

3. A strip of wood covered with emery or a similar material, used for sharpening scythes.

Rifle pit (Mil.), a trench for sheltering sharpshooters.

Ri"fle (?), v. t. 1. To grove; to channel; especially, to groove internally with spiral channels; as, to rifle a gun barrel or a cannon.

2. To whet with a rifle. See Rifle, n., 3.

Ri"fle*bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of beautiful birds of Australia and New Guinea, of the genera Ptiloris and Craspidophora, allied to the paradise birds.

The largest and best known species is Ptiloris paradisea of Australia. Its general color is rich velvety brown, glossed with lilac; the under parts are varied with rich olive green, and the head, throat, and two middle tail feathers are brilliant metallic green.

Ri"fle*man (?), n.; pl. Rifleman (&?;). (Mil.) A soldier armed with a rifle.

Ri"fler (?), n. One who rifles; a robber.

Ri"fling (?), n. (a) The act or process of making the grooves in a rifled cannon or gun barrel. (b) The system of grooves in a rifled gun barrel or cannon.

Shunt rifling, rifling for cannon, in which one side of the groove is made deeper than the other, to facilitate loading with shot having projections which enter by the deeper part of the grooves.

Rift (?), obs. p. p. of Rive. Spenser.

Rift, n. [Written also reft.] [Dan. rift, fr. rieve to rend. See Rive.] 1. An opening made by riving or splitting; a cleft; a fissure. Spenser.

2. A shallow place in a stream; a ford.

Rift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rifting.] To cleave; to rive; to split; as, to rift an oak or a rock; to rift the clouds. Longfellow.

To dwell these rifted rocks between.

Wordsworth.

Rift, v. i. 1. To burst open; to split. Shak.

Timber . . . not apt to rif with ordnance.

Bacon.

2. To belch. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Rift"er (?), n. A rafter. [Obs.] Holland.

Rig (?), n. [See Ridge.] A ridge. [Prov. or Scott.]

Rig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rigged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rigging (?).] [Norweg. rigga to bind, particularly, to wrap round, rig; cf. AS. wrhan to cover.] 1. To furnish with apparatus or gear; to fit with tackling.

2. To dress; to equip; to clothe, especially in an odd or fanciful manner; -- commonly followed by out.

Jack was rigged out in his gold and silver lace.

L'Estrange.

To rig a purchase, to adapt apparatus so as to get a purchase for moving a weight, as with a lever, tackle, capstan, etc. -- To rig a ship (Naut.), to fit the shrouds, stays, braces, etc., to their respective masts and yards.

Rig, n. 1. (Naut.) The peculiar fitting in shape, number, and arrangement of sails and masts, by which different types of vessels are distinguished; as, schooner rig, ship rig, etc. See Illustration in Appendix.

2. Dress; esp., odd or fanciful clothing. [Colloq.]

Rig, n. [Cf. Wriggle.] 1. A romp; a wanton; one given to unbecoming conduct. [Obs.] Fuller.

2. A sportive or unbecoming trick; a frolic.

3. A blast of wind. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

That uncertain season before the rigs of Michaelmas were yet well composed.

Burke.

To run a rig, to play a trick; to engage in a frolic; to do something strange and unbecoming.

He little dreamt when he set out Of running such a rig.

Cowper.

Rig, v. i. To play the wanton; to act in an unbecoming manner; to play tricks. "Rigging and rifling all ways." Chapman.

Rig, v. t. To make free with; hence, to steal; to pilfer. [Obs. or Prov.] Tusser.

To rig the market (Stock Exchange), to raise or lower market prices, as by some fraud or trick. [Cant]

Rig`a*doon" (?), n. [F. rigadon, rigaudon.] A gay, lively dance for one couple, -- said to have been borrowed from Provence in France. W. Irving.

Whose dancing dogs in rigadoons excel.

Wolcott.

Ri"ga fir` (?), [So called from Riga, a city in Russia.] (Bot.) A species of pine (Pinus sylvestris), and its wood, which affords a valuable timber; -- called also Scotch pine, and red or yellow deal. It grows in all parts of Europe, in the Caucasus, and in Siberia.

Ri*ga"rion (?), n. [L. rigatio, fr. rigare to water.] See Irrigation. [Obs.]

Ri"gel (?), n. [Ar. rijl, properly, foot.] (Astron.) A fixed star of the first magnitude in the left foot of the constellation Orion. [Written also Regel.]

Ri*ges"cent (?), a. [L. rigescens, p. pr. fr. rigescere to grow stiff.] Growing stiff or numb.

Rig"ger (?), n. 1. One who rigs or dresses; one whose occupation is to fit the rigging of a ship.

2. A cylindrical pulley or drum in machinery. [R.]

Rig"ging (?), n. DRess; tackle; especially (Naut.), the ropes, chains, etc., that support the masts and spars of a vessel, and serve as purchases for adjusting the sails, etc. See Illustr. of Ship and Sails.

Running rigging (Naut.), all those ropes used in bracing the yards, making and shortening sail, etc., such as braces, sheets, halyards, clew lines, and the like. -- Standing rigging (Naut.), the shrouds and stays.

Rig"gish (?), a. Like a rig or wanton. [Obs.] "Riggish and unmaidenly." Bp. Hall.

Rig"gle (?), v. i. See Wriggle.

Rig"gle, n. The European lance fish. [Prov. Eng.]

Right (rt), a. [OE. right, riht, AS. riht; akin to D. regt, OS. & OHG. reht, G. recht, Dan. ret, Sw. rätt, Icel. rëttr, Goth. raíhts, L. rectus, p. p. of regere to guide, rule; cf. Skr. ju straight, right. &radic;115. Cf. Adroit,Alert, Correct, Dress, Regular, Rector, Recto, Rectum, Regent, Region, Realm, Rich, Royal, Rule.] 1. Straight; direct; not crooked; as, a right line. "Right as any line." Chaucer

2. Upright; erect from a base; having an upright axis; not oblique; as, right ascension; a right pyramid or cone.

3. Conformed to the constitution of man and the will of God, or to justice and equity; not deviating from the true and just; according with truth and duty; just; true.

That which is conformable to the Supreme Rule is absolutely right, and is called right simply without relation to a special end.

Whately.

2. Fit; suitable; proper; correct; becoming; as, the right man in the right place; the right way from London to Oxford.

5. Characterized by reality or genuineness; real; actual; not spurious. "His right wife." Chaucer.

In this battle, . . . the Britons never more plainly manifested themselves to be right barbarians.

Milton.

6. According with truth; passing a true judgment; conforming to fact or intent; not mistaken or wrong; not erroneous; correct; as, this is the right faith.

You are right, Justice, and you weigh this well.

Shak.

If there be no prospect beyond the grave, the inference is . . . right, "Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die."

Locke.

7. Most favorable or convenient; fortunate.

The lady has been disappointed on the right side.

Spectator.

8. Of or pertaining to that side of the body in man on which the muscular action is usually stronger than on the other side; -- opposed to left when used in reference to a part of the body; as, the right side, hand, arm. Also applied to the corresponding side of the lower animals.

Became the sovereign's favorite, his right hand.

Longfellow.

In designating the banks of a river, right and left are used always with reference to the position of one who is facing in the direction of the current's flow.

9. Well placed, disposed, or adjusted; orderly; well regulated; correctly done.

10. Designed to be placed or worn outward; as, the right side of a piece of cloth.

At right angles, so as to form a right angle or right angles, as when one line crosses another perpendicularly. -- Right and left, in both or all directions. [Colloq.] -- Right and left coupling (Pipe fitting), a coupling the opposite ends of which are tapped for a right-handed screw and a left-handed screw, respectivelly. -- Right angle. (a) The angle formed by one line meeting another perpendicularly, as the angles ABD, DBC. (b) (Spherics) A spherical angle included between the axes of two great circles whose planes are perpendicular to each other. -- Right ascension. See under Ascension. -- Right Center (Politics), those members belonging to the Center in a legislative assembly who have sympathies with the Right on political questions. See Center, n., 5. -- Right cone, Right cylinder, Right prism, Right pyramid (Geom.), a cone, cylinder, prism, or pyramid, the axis of which is perpendicular to the base. -- Right line. See under Line. -- Right sailing (Naut.), sailing on one of the four cardinal points, so as to alter a ship's latitude or its longitude, but not both. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Right sphere (Astron. & Geol.), a sphere in such a position that the equator cuts the horizon at right angles; in spherical projections, that position of the sphere in which the primitive plane coincides with the plane of the equator.

Right is used elliptically for it is right, what you say is right, true.

"Right," cries his lordship.

Pope.

Syn. -- Straight; direct; perpendicular; upright; lawful; rightful; true; correct; just; equitable; proper; suitable; becoming.

Right, adv. 1. In a right manner.

2. In a right or straight line; directly; hence; straightway; immediately; next; as, he stood right before me; it went right to the mark; he came right out; he followed right after the guide.

Unto Dian's temple goeth she right.

Chaucer.

Let thine eyes look right on.

Prov. iv. 25.

Right across its track there lay, Down in the water, a long reef of gold.

Tennyson.

3. Exactly; just. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Came he right now to sing a raven's note?

Shak.

4. According to the law or will of God; conforming to the standard of truth and justice; righteously; as, to live right; to judge right.

5. According to any rule of art; correctly.

You with strict discipline instructed right.

Roscommon.

6. According to fact or truth; actually; truly; really; correctly; exactly; as, to tell a story right. "Right at mine own cost." Chaucer.

Right as it were a steed of Lumbardye.

Chaucer.

His wounds so smarted that he slept right naught.

Fairfax.

7. In a great degree; very; wholly; unqualifiedly; extremely; highly; as, right humble; right noble; right valiant. "He was not right fat". Chaucer.

For which I should be right sorry.

Tyndale.

[I] return those duties back as are right fit.

Shak.

In this sense now chiefly prefixed to titles; as, right honorable; right reverend.

Right honorable, a title given in England to peers and peeresses, to the eldest sons and all daughters of such peers as have rank above viscounts, and to all privy councilors; also, to certain civic officers, as the lord mayor of London, of York, and of Dublin.

<! p. 1242 !>

Right is used in composition with other adverbs, as upright, downright, forthright, etc.

Right along, without cessation; continuously; as, to work right along for several hours. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Right away, or Right off, at once; straightway; without delay. [Colloq. U.S.] "We will . . . shut ourselves up in the office and do the work right off." D. Webster.

Right (?), n. [AS. right. See Right, a.] 1. That which is right or correct. Specifically: (a) The straight course; adherence to duty; obedience to lawful authority, divine or human; freedom from guilt, -- the opposite of moral wrong. (b) A true statement; freedom from error of falsehood; adherence to truth or fact.

Seldom your opinions err; Your eyes are always in the right.

Prior.

(c) A just judgment or action; that which is true or proper; justice; uprightness; integrity.

Long love to her has borne the faithful knight, And well deserved, had fortune done him right.

Dryden.

2. That to which one has a just claim. Specifically: (a) That which one has a natural claim to exact.

There are no rights whatever, without corresponding duties.

Coleridge.

(b) That which one has a legal or social claim to do or to exact; legal power; authority; as, a sheriff has a right to arrest a criminal. (c) That which justly belongs to one; that which one has a claim to possess or own; the interest or share which anyone has in a piece of property; title; claim; interest; ownership.

Born free, he sought his right.

Dryden.

Hast thou not right to all created things?

Milton.

Men have no right to what is not reasonable.

Burke.

(d) Privilege or immunity granted by authority.

3. The right side; the side opposite to the left.

Led her to the Souldan's right.

Spenser.

4. In some legislative bodies of Europe (as in France), those members collectively who are conservatives or monarchists. See Center, 5.

5. The outward or most finished surface, as of a piece of cloth, a carpet, etc.

At all right, at all points; in all respects. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Bill of rights, a list of rights; a paper containing a declaration of rights, or the declaration itself. See under Bill. -- By right, By rights, or By good rights, rightly; properly; correctly.

He should himself use it by right.

Chaucer.

I should have been a woman by right.

Shak.

-- Divine right, or Divine right of kings, a name given to the patriarchal theory of government, especially to the doctrine that no misconduct and no dispossession can forfeit the right of a monarch or his heirs to the throne, and to the obedience of the people. -- To rights. (a) In a direct line; straight. [R.] Woodward. (b) At once; directly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Swift. -- To set to rights, To put to rights, to put in good order; to adjust; to regulate, as what is out of order. -- Writ of right (Law), a writ which lay to recover lands in fee simple, unjustly withheld from the true owner. Blackstone.

Right, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Righted; p. pr. & vb. n. Righting.] [AS. rihtan. See Right, a.] 1. To bring or restore to the proper or natural position; to set upright; to make right or straight (that which has been wrong or crooked); to correct.

2. To do justice to; to relieve from wrong; to restore rights to; to assert or regain the rights of; as, to right the oppressed; to right one's self; also, to vindicate.

So just is God, to right the innocent.

Shak.

All experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.

Jefferson.

To right a vessel (Naut.), to restore her to an upright position after careening. -- To right the helm (Naut.), to place it in line with the keel.

Right, v. i. 1. To recover the proper or natural condition or position; to become upright.

2. (Naut.) Hence, to regain an upright position, as a ship or boat, after careening.

Right"-a*bout` (?), n. [Right, adv. + about, adv.] A turning directly about by the right, so as to face in the opposite direction; also, the quarter directly opposite; as, to turn to the right-about.

To send to the right-about, to cause to turn toward the opposite point or quarter; -- hence, of troops, to cause to turn and retreat. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Right"-an`gled (?), a. Containing a right angle or right angles; as, a right-angled triangle.

Right"en (?), v. t. To do justice to. [Obs.]

Relieve [marginal reading, righten] the opressed.

Isa. i. 17.

Right"eous (?), a. [OE. rightways, rightwise, AS. rightws; riht right + ws wise, having wisdom, prudent. See Right, a., Wise, a.] Doing, or according with, that which is right; yielding to all their due; just; equitable; especially, free from wrong, guilt, or sin; holy; as, a righteous man or act; a righteous retribution.

Fearless in his righteous cause.

Milton.

Syn. -- Upright; just; godly; holy; uncorrupt; virtuous; honest; equitable; rightful.

Right"eoused (?), a. Made righteous. [Obs.]

Right"eous*ly (?), adv. [AS. rightwslce.] In a righteous manner; as, to judge righteously.

Right"eous*ness, n. [AS. rihtwsnes.] 1. The quality or state of being righteous; holiness; purity; uprightness; rectitude.

Righteousness, as used in Scripture and theology, in which it chiefly occurs, is nearly equivalent to holiness, comprehending holy principles and affections of heart, and conformity of life to the divine law.

2. A righteous act, or righteous quality.

All our righteousnesses are as filthy rags.

Isa. lxiv. 6.

3. The act or conduct of one who is righteous.

Blessed are they that keep judgment, and he that doeth righteousness at all times.

Ps. cvi. 3.

4. (Theol.) The state of being right with God; justification; the work of Christ, which is the ground of justification.

There are two kinds of Christian righteousness: the one without us, which we have by imputation; the other in us, which consisteth of faith, hope, and charity, and other Christian virtues.

Hooker.

Only for the righteousness of Christ imputed to us, and received by faith alone.

Westminster Catechism.

Syn. -- Uprightness; holiness; godliness; equity; justice; rightfulness; integrity; honesty; faithfulness.

Right"er (?), n. One who sets right; one who does justice or redresses wrong. Shelton.

Right"ful (?), a. 1. Righteous; upright; just; good; -- said of persons. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Consonant to justice; just; as, a rightful cause.

3. Having the right or just claim according to established laws; being or holding by right; as, the rightful heir to a throne or an estate; a rightful king.

4. Belonging, held, or possessed by right, or by just claim; as, a rightful inheritance; rightful authority.

Syn. -- Just; lawful; true; honest; equitable; proper.

Right"ful*ly, adv. According to right or justice.

Right"ful*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being rightful; accordance with right and justice.

2. Moral rectitude; righteousness. [Obs.] Wyclif.

We fail of perfect rightfulness.

Sir P. Sidney.

Right"-hand` (?), a. 1. Situated or being on the right; nearer the right hand than the left; as, the right-hand side, room, or road.

2. Chiefly relied on; almost indispensable.

Mr. Alexander Truncheon, who is their right-hand man in the troop.

Addison.

Right-hand rope, a rope which is laid up and twisted with the sun, that is, in the same direction as plain-laid rope. See Illust. of Cordage.

Right"-hand`ed, a. 1. Using the right hand habitually, or more easily than the left.

2. Having the same direction or course as the movement of the hands of a watch seen in front; -- said of the motion of a revolving object looked at from a given direction.

3. (Zoöl.) Having the whorls rising from left to right; dextral; -- said of spiral shells. See Illust. of Scalaria.

Right-handed screw, a screw, the threads of which, like those of a common wood screw, wind spirally in such a direction that the screw advances away from the observer when turned with a right-handed movement in a fixed nut.

Right"-hand`ed*ness, n. The state or quality of being right-handed; hence, skill; dexterity.

Right"-heart`ed (?), a. Having a right heart or disposition. -- Right"-heart`ed*ness, n.

Right"less, a. Destitute of right. Sylvester.

Right"-lined` (?), a. Formed by right lines; rectilineal; as, a right-lined angle.

Right"ly, adv. [AS. richtlice.] 1. Straightly; directly; in front. [Obs.] Shak.

2. According to justice; according to the divine will or moral rectitude; uprightly; as, duty rightly performed.

3. Properly; fitly; suitably; appropriately.

Eve rightly called, Mother of all mankind.

Milton.

4. According to truth or fact; correctly; not erroneously; exactly. "I can not rightly say." Shak.

Thou didst not rightly see.

Dryden.

Right"-mind`ed (?), a. Having a right or honest mind. -- Right"-mind`ed*ness, n.

Right"ness, n. [AS. rihtnes.] Straightness; as, the rightness of a line. Bacon.

2. The quality or state of being right; right relation.

The craving for rightness with God.

J. C. Shairp.

Right"-run`ning (?), a. Straight; direct.

Right"ward (?), adv. Toward the right.

Rightward and leftward rise the rocks.

Southey.

Right" whale` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The bowhead, Arctic, or Greenland whale (Balæna mysticetus), from whose mouth the best whalebone is obtained. (b) Any other whale that produces valuable whalebone, as the Atlantic, or Biscay, right whale (Balæna cisarctica), and the Pacific right whale (B. Sieboldii); a bone whale.

Pygmy right whale (Zoöl.), a small New Zealand whale (Neobalæna marginata) which is only about sixteen feet long. It produces short, but very elastic and tough, whalebone.

Right"wise` (?), a. Righteous. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Right"wise`, v. t. To make righteous. [Obs.]

Right"wise`ly, adv. Righteously. [Obs.]

Right"wise`ness, n. Righteousness. [Obs.]

In doom and eke in rightwisnesse.

Chaucer.

Rig"id (?), a. [L. rigidus, fr. rigere to be stiff or numb: cf. F. rigide. Cf. Rigor. ] 1. Firm; stiff; unyielding; not pliant; not flexible.

Upright beams innumerable Of rigid spears.

Milton.

2. Hence, not lax or indulgent; severe; inflexible; strict; as, a rigid father or master; rigid discipline; rigid criticism; a rigid sentence.

The more rigid order of principles in religion and government.

Hawthorne.

Syn. -- Stiff; unpliant; inflexible; unyielding; strict; exact; severe; austere; stern; rigorous; unmitigated.

Ri*gid"i*ty (?), n. [L. rigiditas: cf. F. rigidité. See Rigid.] 1. The quality or state of being rigid; want of pliability; the quality of resisting change of form; the amount of resistance with which a body opposes change of form; -- opposed to flexibility, ductility, malleability, and softness.

2. Stiffness of appearance or manner; want of ease or elegance. Sir H. Wotton.

3. Severity; rigor. [Obs. orR.] Bp. Burnet.

Syn. -- Stiffness; rigidness; inflexibility.

Rig"id*ly (?), v. In a rigid manner; stiffly.

Rig"id*ness, n. The quality or state of being rigid.

Ri*gid"u*lous (?), a. [Dim. from rigid.] (Bot.) Somewhat rigid or stiff; as, a rigidulous bristle.

Rig"let (?), n. (Print.) See Reglet.

Rig"ma*role (?), n. [For ragman roll. See Ragman's roll.] A succession of confused or nonsensical statements; foolish talk; nonsense. [Colloq.]

Often one's dear friend talks something which one scruples to call rigmarole.

De Quincey.

Rig"ma*role, a. Consisting of rigmarole; frovolous; nonsensical; foolish.

Rig"ol (?), n. [OE. also ringol. Cf. Ring.] A circle; hence, a diadem. [Obs.] Shak.

Rig"oll (?), n. [Corrupted fr. regal.] A musical instrument formerly in use, consisting of several sticks bound together, but separated by beads, and played with a stick with a ball at its end. Moore (Encyc. of Music.).

||Ri"gor (?), n. [L. See Rigor., below.] 1. Rigidity; stiffness.

2. (ed.) A sense of chilliness, with contraction of the skin; a convulsive shuddering or tremor, as in the chill preceding a fever.

||Rigor caloris (&?;) [L., rigor of heat] (Physiol.), a form of rigor ||mortis induced by heat, as when the muscle of a mammal is heated to ||about 50°C. -- ||Rigor mortis (&?;) [L. , rigor of death], death ||stiffening; the rigidity of the muscles that occurs at death and ||lasts till decomposition sets in. It is due to the formation of ||myosin by the coagulation of the contents of the individual muscle ||fibers.

Rig"or (?), n. [OE. rigour, OF. rigour, F. rigueur, from L. rigor, fr. rigere to be stiff. See Rigid.] [Written also rigour.] 1. The becoming stiff or rigid; the state of being rigid; rigidity; stiffness; hardness.

The rest his look Bound with Gorgonian rigor not to move.

Milton.

2. (Med.) See 1st Rigor, 2.

3. Severity of climate or season; inclemency; as, the rigor of the storm; the rigors of winter.

4. Stiffness of opinion or temper; rugged sternness; hardness; relentless severity; hard-heartedness; cruelty.

All his rigor is turned to grief and pity.

Denham.

If I shall be condemn'd Upon surmises, . . . I tell you 'T is rigor and not law.

Shak.

5. Exactness without allowance, deviation, or indulgence; strictness; as, the rigor of criticism; to execute a law with rigor; to enforce moral duties with rigor; -- opposed to lenity.

6. Severity of life; austerity; voluntary submission to pain, abstinence, or mortification.

The prince lived in this convent with all the rigor and austerity of a capuchin.

Addison.

7. Violence; force; fury. [Obs.]

Whose raging rigor neither steel nor brass could stay.

Spenser.

Syn. -- Stiffness; rigidness; inflexibility; severity; austerity; sternness; harshness; strictness; exactness.

Rig"or*ism (?), n. 1. Rigidity in principle or practice; strictness; -- opposed to laxity.

2. Severity, as of style, or the like. Jefferson.

Rig"or*ist, n. [Cf. F. rigoriste.] One who is rigorous; -- sometimes applied to an extreme Jansenist.

Rig"or*ous (?), a. [F. rigoureux, LL. rigorosus. See Rigor.] 1. Manifesting, exercising, or favoring rigor; allowing no abatement or mitigation; scrupulously accurate; exact; strict; severe; relentless; as, a rigorous officer of justice; a rigorous execution of law; a rigorous definition or demonstration.

He shall be thrown down the Tarpeian Rock With rigorous hands.

Shak.

We do not connect the scattered phenomena into their rigorous unity.

De Quincey.

2. Severe; intense; inclement; as, a rigorous winter.

3. Violent. [Obs.] "Rigorous uproar." Spenser.

Syn. -- Rigid; inflexible; unyielding; stiff; severe; austere; stern; harsh; strict; exact.

-- Rig"or*ous*ly, adv. -- Rig"or*ous*ness, n.

||Rigs"da`ler (?), n. [Dan. See Rix- dollar.] A Danish coin worth about ||fifty-four cents. It was the former unit of value in Denmark.

||Rig`-Ve"da (?). See Veda.

||Riks"da`ler (?), n. [Sw. See Rix- dollar.] A Swedish coin worth about ||twenty-seven cents. It was formerly the unit of value in Sweden.

Rile (rl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riled (rld); p. pr. & vb. n. Riling.] [See Roil.] 1. To render turbid or muddy; to stir up; to roil.

2. To stir up in feelings; to make angry; to vex.

In both senses provincial in England and colloquial in the United States.

||Ri*lie"vo (?), n.[It. See Relief.] (Sculp. & Arch.) Same as Relief, ||n., 5.

Rill (rl), n. [Cf. LG. rille a small channel or brook, a furrow, a chamfer, OE. rigol a small brook, F. rigole a trench or furrow for water, W. rhill a row, rhigol a little ditch. &radic;11.] 1. A very small brook; a streamlet.

2. (Astron.) See Rille.

Rill, v. i. To run a small stream. [R.] Prior.

Rille (rl), n. [G. rille a furrow.] (Astron.) One of certain narrow, crooked valleys seen, by aid of the telescope, on the surface of the moon.

Rill"et (?), n. A little rill. Burton.

Ri"ly (?), a. Roily. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

<! p. 1243 !>

Rim (?), n. [As. rima, reoma, edge; cf. W. rhim, rhimp, a rim, edge, boundary, termination, Armor, rim. Cf. Rind.] 1. The border, edge, or margin of a thing, usually of something circular or curving; as, the rim of a kettle or basin.

2. The lower part of the abdomen. [Obs.] Shak.

Arch rim (Phonetics), the line between the gums and the palate. -- Rim-fire cartridge. (Mil.) See under Cartridge. -- Rim lock. See under Lock.

Rim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rimmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rimming.] To furnish with a rim; to border.

||Ri"ma (?), n.; pl. Rimæ (#). [L.] (Anat.) A narrow and elongated ||aperture; a cleft; a fissure.

||Ri"mau da"han (?). [From the native Oriental name.] (Zoöl.) The ||clouded tiger cat (Felis marmorata) of Southern Asia and the East ||Indies.

Rim"base` (?), n. (Mil.) A short cylinder connecting a trunnion with the body of a cannon. See Illust. of Cannon.

Rime (?), n. [L. rima.] A rent or long aperture; a chink; a fissure; a crack. Sir T. Browne.

Rime, n. [AS. hrm; akin to D. rijm, Icel. hrm, Dan. rim, Sw. rim; cf. D. rijp, G. reif, OHG. rfo, hrfo.] White frost; hoarfrost; congealed dew or vapor.

The trees were now covered with rime.

De Quincey.

Rime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Riming.] To freeze or congeal into hoarfrost.

Rime, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A step or round of a ladder; a rung.

Rime, n. Rhyme. See Rhyme. Coleridge. Landor.

This spelling, which is etymologically preferable, is coming into use again.

Rime, v. i. & t. To rhyme. See Rhyme.

Rim"er (?), n. A rhymer; a versifier.

Rim"er, n. A tool for shaping the rimes of a ladder.

Rim"ey (?), v. t. [Cf. OF. rimoier. See Ryime.] To compose in rhyme; to versify. [Obs.]

[Lays] rimeyed in their first Breton tongue.

Chaucer.

Rim"mer (?), n. An implement for cutting, trimming, or ornamenting the rim of anything, as the edges of pies, etc.; also, a reamer. Knight.

Ri*mose" (?), a. [L. rimosus, fr. rima a chink: cf. F. rimeux.] 1. Full of rimes, fissures, or chinks.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Having long and nearly parallel clefts or chinks, like those in the bark of trees.

Ri*mose"ly, adv. In a rimose manner.

Ri*mos"i*ty (?), n. State of being rimose.

Rim"ous (?), a. Rimose.

Rim"ple (?), n. [AS. hrimpele, or rimpel. See Rumple.] A fold or wrinkle. See Rumple.

Rim"ple, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rimpled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rimpling (?).] To rumple; to wrinkle.

Rim"y (?), a. Abounding with rime; frosty.

Rind (rnd), n. [AS. rind bark, crust of bread; akin to OHG. rinta, G. rinde, and probably to E. rand, rim; cf. Skr. ram to end, rest.] The external covering or coat, as of flesh, fruit, trees, etc.; skin; hide; bark; peel; shell.

Thou canst not touch the freedom of my mind With all thy charms, although this corporal rind Thou hast immanacled.

Milton.

Sweetest nut hath sourest rind.

Shak.

Rind, v. t. To remove the rind of; to bark. [R.]

Rin"der*pest (rn"dr*pst), n. [G., fr. rind, pl. rinder, cattle + pest pest, plague.] A highly contagious distemper or murrain, affecting neat cattle, and less commonly sheep and goats; -- called also cattle plague, Russian cattle plague, and steppe murrain.

Rin"dle (rn"d'l), n. [AS. rynele. &radic;11. See Run.] A small water course or gutter. Ash.

Rind"less (rnd"ls), a. Destitute of a rind.

Rind"y (-), a. Having a rind or skin. Ash.

Rine (rn), n. See Rind. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rined (?), a. Having a rind [Obs.] Milton.

||Rin`for*zan"do (?), a. [It., fr. rinforzare to reënforce, ||strengthen.] (Mus.) Increasing; strengthening; -- a direction ||indicating a sudden increase of force (abbreviated rf., rfz.) Cf. ||Forzando, and Sforzando.

Ring (rng), v. t. [imp. Rang (rng) or Rung (rng); p. p. Rung; p. pr. & vb. n. Ringing.] [AS. hringan; akin to Icel. hringja, Sw. ringa, Dan. ringe, OD. ringhen, ringkelen. &radic;19.] 1. To cause to sound, especially by striking, as a metallic body; as, to ring a bell.

2. To make (a sound), as by ringing a bell; to sound.

The shard-borne beetle, with his drowsy hums, Hath rung night's yawning peal.

Shak.

3. To repeat often, loudly, or earnestly.

To ring a peal, to ring a set of changes on a chime of bells. -- To ring the changes upon. See under Change. -- To ring in or out, to usher, attend on, or celebrate, by the ringing of bells; as, to ring out the old year and ring in the new. Tennyson. -- To ring the bells backward, to sound the chimes, reversing the common order; -- formerly done as a signal of alarm or danger. Sir W. Scott.

Ring, v. i. 1. To sound, as a bell or other sonorous body, particularly a metallic one.

Now ringen trompes loud and clarion.

Chaucer.

Why ring not out the bells?

Shak.

2. To practice making music with bells. Holder.

3. To sound loud; to resound; to be filled with a ringing or reverberating sound.

With sweeter notes each rising temple rung.

Pope.

The hall with harp and carol rang.

Tennyson.

My ears still ring with noise.

Dryden.

4. To continue to sound or vibrate; to resound.

The assertion is still ringing in our ears.

Burke.

5. To be filled with report or talk; as, the whole town rings with his fame.

Ring, n. 1. A sound; especially, the sound of vibrating metals; as, the ring of a bell.

2. Any loud sound; the sound of numerous voices; a sound continued, repeated, or reverberated.

The ring of acclamations fresh in his ears.

Bacon

3. A chime, or set of bells harmonically tuned.

As great and tunable a ring of bells as any in the world.

Fuller.

Ring (?), n. [AS. hring, hrinc; akin to Fries. hring, D. & G. ring, OHG. ring, hring, Icel. hringr, DAn. & SW. ring; cf. Russ. krug'. Cf. Harangue, Rank a row,Rink.] A circle, or a circular line, or anything in the form of a circular line or hoop.

2. Specifically, a circular ornament of gold or other precious material worn on the finger, or attached to the ear, the nose, or some other part of the person; as, a wedding ring.

Upon his thumb he had of gold a ring.

Chaucer.

The dearest ring in Venice will I give you.

Shak.

3. A circular area in which races are or run or other sports are performed; an arena.

Place me, O, place me in the dusty ring, Where youthful charioteers contend for glory.

E. Smith.

4. An inclosed space in which pugilists fight; hence, figuratively, prize fighting. "The road was an institution, the ring was an institution." Thackeray.

5. A circular group of persons.

And hears the Muses in a ring Aye round about Jove's alter sing.

Milton.

6. (Geom.) (a) The plane figure included between the circumferences of two concentric circles. (b) The solid generated by the revolution of a circle, or other figure, about an exterior straight line (as an axis) lying in the same plane as the circle or other figure.

7. (Astron. & Navigation) An instrument, formerly used for taking the sun's altitude, consisting of a brass ring suspended by a swivel, with a hole at one side through which a solar ray entering indicated the altitude on the graduated inner surface opposite.

8. (Bot.) An elastic band partly or wholly encircling the spore cases of ferns. See Illust. of Sporangium.

9. A clique; an exclusive combination of persons for a selfish purpose, as to control the market, distribute offices, obtain contracts, etc.

The ruling ring at Constantinople.

E. A. Freeman.

Ring armor, armor composed of rings of metal. See Ring mail, below, and Chain mail, under Chain. -- Ring blackbird (Zoöl.), the ring ousel. -- Ring canal (Zoöl.), the circular water tube which surrounds the esophagus of echinoderms. -- Ring dotterel, or Ringed dotterel. (Zoöl.) See Dotterel, and Illust. of Pressiroster. -- Ring dropper, a sharper who pretends to have found a ring (dropped by himself), and tries to induce another to buy it as valuable, it being worthless. -- Ring fence. See under Fence. -- Ring finger, the third finger of the left hand, or the next the little finger, on which the ring is placed in marriage. -- Ring formula (Chem.), a graphic formula in the shape of a closed ring, as in the case of benzene, pyridine, etc. See Illust. under Benzene. -- Ring mail, a kind of mail made of small steel rings sewed upon a garment of leather or of cloth. -- Ring micrometer. (Astron.) See Circular micrometer, under Micrometer. -- Saturn's rings. See Saturn. -- Ring ousel. (Zoöl.) See Ousel. -- Ring parrot (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World parrakeets having a red ring around the neck, especially Palæornis torquatus, common in India, and P. Alexandri of Java. -- Ring plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The ringed dotterel. (b) Any one of several small American plovers having a dark ring around the neck, as the semipalmated plover (Ægialitis semipalmata). -- Ring snake (Zoöl.), a small harmless American snake (Diadophis punctatus) having a white ring around the neck. The back is ash-colored, or sage green, the belly of an orange red. -- Ring stopper. (Naut.) See under Stopper. -- Ring thrush (Zoöl.), the ring ousel. -- The prize ring, the ring in which prize fighters contend; prize fighters, collectively. -- The ring. (a) The body of sporting men who bet on horse races. [Eng.] (b) The prize ring.

Ring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ringed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ringing.] 1. To surround with a ring, or as with a ring; to encircle. "Ring these fingers." Shak.

2. (Hort.) To make a ring around by cutting away the bark; to girdle; as, to ring branches or roots.

3. To fit with a ring or with rings, as the fingers, or a swine's snout.

Ring, v. i. (Falconry) To rise in the air spirally.

Ring"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ring-necked scaup duck; -- called also ring-billed blackhead. See Scaup.

Ring"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The reed bunting. It has a collar of white feathers. Called also ring bunting.

Ring"bolt` (?), n. An eyebolt having a ring through the eye.

Ring"bone` (?), n. (Far.) A morbid growth or deposit of bony matter between or on the small pastern and the great pastern bones. J. H. Walsh.

Ring"dove` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A European wild pigeon (Columba palumbus) having a white crescent on each side of the neck, whence the name. Called also wood pigeon, and cushat.

Ringed (?), a. 1. Encircled or marked with, or as with, a ring or rings.

2. Wearning a wedding ring; hence, lawfully wedded. "A ringed wife." Tennyson.

Ringed seal (Zoöl.), a North Pacific seal (Phoca fœtida) having ringlike spots on the body. -- Ringed snake (Zoöl.), a harmless European snake (Tropidonotus natrix) common in England. -- Ringed worm (Zoöl.), an annelid.

Rin"gent (?), a. [L. ringens, -entis, p. pr. of ringi to open wide the mouth: cf. F. ringent.] (Bot.) Having the lips widely separated and gaping like an open mouth; as a ringent bilabiate corolla.

Ring"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, rings; especially, one who rings chimes on bells.

2. (Mining) A crowbar. Simmonds.

Ring"er (?), n. (Horse Racing) A horse that is not entitled to take part in a race, but is fraudulently got into it.

Ring"head` (?), n. (Cloth Manuf.) An instrument used for stretching woolen cloth.

Ring"ing, a & n. from Ring, v.

Ringing engine, a simple form of pile driver in which the monkey is lifted by men pulling on ropes.

Ring"ing*ly, adv. In a ringing manner.

Ring"lead`er (?), n. 1. The leader of a circle of dancers; hence, the leader of a number of persons acting together; the leader of a herd of animals.

A primacy of order, such an one as the ringleader hath in a dance.

Barrow.

2. Opprobriously, a leader of a body of men engaged in the violation of law or in an illegal enterprise, as rioters, mutineers, or the like.

The ringleaders were apprehended, tried, fined, and imprisoned.

Macaulay.

Rin"gle*stone` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ringed dotterel, or ring plover. [Prov. Eng.]

Ring"let (?), n. [Ring + - let.] 1. A small ring; a small circle; specifically, a fairy ring.

You demi-puppets, that By moonshine do the green sour ringlets make, Whereof the ewe not bites.

Shak.

2. A curl; especially, a curl of hair.

[Her golden tresses] in wanton ringlets waved.

Milton.

Ring"man (?), n.; pl. Ringmen (&?;). The ring finger. [Obs.] Ascham

Ring"mas`ter (?), n. One in charge of the performances (as of horses) within the ring in a circus.

Ring"neck` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small plovers of the genus Ægialitis, having a ring around the neck. The ring is black in summer, but becomes brown or gray in winter. The semipalmated plover (Æ. semipalmata) and the piping plover (Æ. meloda) are common North American species. Called also ring plover, and ring-necked plover.

2. (Zoöl.) The ring-necked duck.

Ring"-necked` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a well defined ring of color around the neck.

Ring-necked duck (Zool.), an American scaup duck (Aythya collaris). The head, neck, and breast of the adult male are black, and a narrow, but conspicuous, red ring encircles the neck. This ring is absent in the female. Called also ring-neck, ring-necked blackhead, ringbill, tufted duck, and black jack.

Ring"sail` (?), n. (Naut.) See Ringtail, 2.

Ring"straked` (?), a. Ring- streaked.

Cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted.

Gen. xxx. 39.

Ring"-streaked` (?), a. Having circular streaks or lines on the body; as, ring-streaked goats.

Ring"tail` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A bird having a distinct band of color across the tail, as the hen harrier.

2. (Naut.) A light sail set abaft and beyong the leech of a boom-and-gaff sail; -- called also ringsail.

Ringtail boom (Naut.), a spar which is rigged on a boom for setting a ringtail.

Ring"-tailed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the tail crossed by conspicuous bands of color.

Ring-tailed cat (Zoöl.), the cacomixle. -- Ring-tailed eagle (Zoöl.), a young golden eagle.

Ring"toss` (?), n. A game in which the object is to toss a ring so that it will catch upon an upright stick.

Ring"worm" (?), n. (Med.) A contagious affection of the skin due to the presence of a vegetable parasite, and forming ring-shaped discolored patches covered with vesicles or powdery scales. It occurs either on the body, the face, or the scalp. Different varieties are distinguished as Tinea circinata, Tinea tonsurans, etc., but all are caused by the same parasite (a species of Trichophyton).

Rink (?), n. [Scot. renk, rink, rynk, a course, a race; probably fr. AS. hring a ring. See Ring.] 1. The smooth and level extent of ice marked off for the game of curling.

2. An artificial sheet of ice, generally under cover, used for skating; also, a floor prepared for skating on with roller skates, or a building with such a floor.

Rink"er, n. One who skates at a rink. [Colloq.]

Rink"ing, n. Skating in a rink. [Colloq.]

Rinse (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rinsed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rinsing.] [OE., fr. OF. rincer, rimser, reinser, raïncier, F. rincer; of uncertain origin.] 1. To wash lightly; to cleanse with a second or repeated application of water after washing.

2. To cleancse by the introduction of water; - - applied especially to hollow vessels; as, to rinse a bottle. "Like a glass did break i' the rinsing." Shak.

Rinse, n. The act of rinsing.

Rins"er (?), n. One who, or that which, rinses.

<! p. 1244 !>

Ri"ot (?), n. [OF. riote, of uncertain origin; cf. OD. revot, ravot.] 1. Wanton or unrestrained behavior; uproar; tumult.

His headstrong riot hath no curb.

Shak.

2. Excessive and exxpensive feasting; wild and loose festivity; revelry.

Venus loveth riot and dispense.

Chaucer.

The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to- day.

Pope.

3. (Law) The tumultuous disturbance of the public peace by an unlawful assembly of three or more persons in the execution of some private object.

To run riot, to act wantonly or without restraint.

Ri"ot (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rioting.] [OF. rioter; cf. OD. ravotten.] 1. To engage in riot; to act in an unrestrained or wanton manner; to indulge in excess of luxury, feasting, or the like; to revel; to run riot; to go to excess.

Now he exact of all, wastes in delight, Riots in pleasure, and neglects the law.

Daniel.

No pulse that riots, and no blood that glows.

Pope.

2. (Law) To disturb the peace; to raise an uproar or sedition. See Riot, n., 3. Johnson.

Ri"ot, v. t. To spend or pass in riot.

[He] had rioted his life out.

Tennyson.

Ri"ot*er (?), n. 1. One who riots; a reveler; a roisterer. Chaucer.

2. (Law) One who engages in a riot. See Riot, n., 3.

Ri"ot*ise (?), n. Excess; tumult; revelry. [Obs.]

His life he led in lawless riotise.

Spenser.

Ri"ot*our (-r), n. A rioter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ri"ot*ous (?), a. [OF. rioteux.] 1. Involving, or engaging in, riot; wanton; unrestrained; luxurious.

The younger son . . . took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his substance with riotous living.

Luke xv. 13.

2. Partaking of the nature of an unlawful assembly or its acts; seditious.

-- Ri"ot*ous*ly, adv. -- Ri"ot*ous*ness, n.

Ri"ot*ry (?), n. The act or practice of rioting; riot. "Electioneering riotry." Walpole.

Rip (?), n. [Cf. Icel. hrip a box or basket; perhaps akin to E. corb. Cf. Ripier.] A wicker fish basket.

Rip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ripped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ripping.] [Cf. AS. rpan, also Sw. repa to ripple flax, D. repelen, G. reffen, riffeln, and E. raff, raffle. Cf. Raff, Ripple of flax.] 1. To divide or separate the parts of, by cutting or tearing; to tear or cut open or off; to tear off or out by violence; as, to rip a garment by cutting the stitches; to rip off the skin of a beast; to rip up a floor; -- commonly used with up, open, off.

2. To get by, or as by, cutting or tearing.

He 'll rip the fatal secret from her heart.

Granville.

3. To tear up for search or disclosure, or for alteration; to search to the bottom; to discover; to disclose; -- usually with up.

They ripped up all that had been done from the beginning of the rebellion.

Clarendon.

For brethern to debate and rip up their falling out in the ear of a common enemy . . . is neither wise nor comely.

Milton.

4. To saw (wood) lengthwise of the grain or fiber.

Ripping chisel (Carp.), a crooked chisel for cleaning out mortises. Knight. -- Ripping iron. (Shipbuilding) Same as Ravehook. -- Ripping saw. (Carp.) See Ripsaw. -- To rip out, to rap out, to utter hastily and violently; as, to rip out an oath. [Colloq.] See To rap out, under Rap, v. t.

Rip, n. 1. A rent made by ripping, esp. by a seam giving way; a tear; a place torn; laceration.

2. [Perh. a corruption of the first syllable of reprobate.] A term applied to a mean, worthless thing or person, as to a scamp, a debauchee, or a prostitute, or a worn-out horse. [Slang.]

3. A body of water made rough by the meeting of opposing tides or currents.

Ri*pa"ri*an (?), a. [L. riparius, fr. ripa a bank. See River, and cf. Arrive.] Of or pertaining to the bank of a river; as, riparian rights.

Ri*pa"ri*ous (?), a. [L. riparius.] Growing along the banks of rivers; riparian.

Ripe (rp), n. [L. ripa.] The bank of a river. [Obs.]

Ripe (rp), a. [Compar. Riper (-r); superl. Ripest.] [AS. rpe; akin to OS. rpi, D. rijp, G. rief, OHG. rft; cf. AS. rp harvest, rpan to reap. Cf. Reap.] 1. Ready for reaping or gathering; having attained perfection; mature; -- said of fruits, seeds, etc.; as, ripe grain.

So mayst thou live, till, like ripe fruit, thou drop Into thy mother's lap.

Milton.

2. Advanced to the state of fitness for use; mellow; as, ripe cheese; ripe wine.

3. Having attained its full development; mature; perfected; consummate. "Ripe courage." Chaucer.

He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one.

Shak.

4. Maturated or suppurated; ready to discharge; -- said of sores, tumors, etc.

5. Ready for action or effect; prepared.

While things were just ripe for a war.

Addison.

I am not ripe to pass sentence on the gravest public bodies.

Burke.

6. Like ripened fruit in ruddiness and plumpness.

Those happy smilets, That played on her ripe lip.

Shak.

7. Intoxicated. [Obs.] "Reeling ripe." Shak.

Syn. -- Mature; complete; finished. See Mature.

Ripe, v. i. [AS. rpian.] To ripen; to grow ripe. [Obs.]

Ripe, v. t. To mature; to ripen. [Obs.] Shak.

Ripe"ly, adv. Maturely; at the fit time. Shak.

Rip"en (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ripened (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Ripening.] 1. To grow ripe; to become mature, as grain, fruit, flowers, and the like; as, grapes ripen in the sun.

2. To approach or come to perfection.

Rip"en, v. t. 1. To cause to mature; to make ripe; as, the warm days ripened the corn.

2. To mature; to fit or prepare; to bring to perfection; as, to ripen the judgment.

When faith and love, which parted from thee never, Had ripined thy iust soul to dwell with God.

Milton.

Ripe"ness (?), n. [AS. rpness.] The state or quality of being ripe; maturity;; completeness; perfection; as, the ripeness of grain; ripeness of manhood; ripeness of judgment.

Time, which made them their fame outlive, To Cowley scarce did ripeness give.

Denham.

Ri*pid"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;. &?;&?;&?;. fan + -lite.] (Min.) A translucent mineral of a green color and micaceous structure, belonging to the chlorite group; a hydrous silicate of alumina, magnesia, and iron; -- called also clinochlore.

Ri*pi*e"nist (?), n. (Mus.) A player in the ripieno portion of an orchestra. See Ripieno.

||Ri*pi*e"no (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Filling up; supplementary; ||supernumerary; -- a term applied to those instruments which only ||swell the mass or tutti of an orchestra, but are not obbligato.

{ Rip"ler (?), Rip"per (?), } n. [Cf. Rip a basket, or Riparian.] (O.E. Law) One who brings fish from the seacoast to markets in inland towns. [Obs.]

But what's the action we are for now ? Robbing a ripper of his fish.

Beau. & Fl.

Ri*post" (?), n. [F. riposte.] 1. In fencing, a return thrust after a parry.

2. A quick and sharp refort; a repartee. J. Morley.

Rip"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, rips; a ripping tool.

2. A tool for trimming the edges of roofing slates.

3. Anything huge, extreme, startling, etc. [Slang.]

Rip"ple (?), n. [FRom Rip, v.] An implement, with teeth like those of a comb, for removing the seeds and seed vessels from flax, broom corn, etc.

Rip"ple, v. t. 1. To remove the seeds from (the stalks of flax, etc.), by means of a ripple.

2. Hence, to scratch or tear. Holland.

Rip"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rippled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rippling (?).] [Cf. Rimple, Rumple.] 1. To become fretted or dimpled on the surface, as water when agitated or running over a rough bottom; to be covered with small waves or undulations, as a field of grain.

2. To make a sound as of water running gently over a rough bottom, or the breaking of ripples on the shore.

Rip"ple, v. t. To fret or dimple, as the surface of running water; to cover with small waves or undulations; as, the breeze rippled the lake.

Rip"ple, n. 1. The fretting or dimpling of the surface, as of running water; little curling waves.

2. A little wave or undulation; a sound such as is made by little waves; as, a ripple of laughter.

3. (physics) a small wave on the surface of water or other liquids for which the driving force is not gravity, but surface tension.

4. (Electrical engineering) the residual AC component in the DC current output from a rectifier, expressed as a percentage of the steady component of the current.

Ripple grass. (Bot.) See Ribwort. -- Ripple marks, a system of parallel ridges on sand, produced by wind, by the current of a steam, or by the agitation of wind waves; also (Geol.), a system of parallel ridges on the surface of a sandstone stratum.

Rip"ple-marked` (?), a. Having ripple marks.

Rip"plet (?), n. A small ripple.

Rip"pling*ly (?), adv. In a rippling manner.

Rip"ply (?), a. Having ripples; as, ripply water; hence, resembling the sound of rippling water; as, ripply laughter; a ripply cove. Keats.

Rip"rap` (?), n. [Cf. Rap.] (Masonry) A foundation or sustaining wall of stones thrown together without order, as in deep water or on a soft bottom.

Rip"rap`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riprapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Riprapping.] To form a riprap in or upon.

Rip"saw` (?), [See Rip, v. t., 4.] (Carp.) A handsaw with coarse teeth which have but a slight set, used for cutting wood in the direction of the fiber; -- called also ripping saw.

Rip"tow*el (?), n. [AS. rp. harvest + a word of uncertain etymology.] (Feud. Law) A gratuity given to tenants after they had reaped their lord's corn. [Obs.]

Ris (?), n. [AS. hrs; akin to D. rils, G. reis, OHG. hrs.] A bough or branch; a twig. [Obs.]

As white as is the blossom upon the ris.

Chaucer.

Rise (?), v. i. [imp. Rose (?); p. p. Risen (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rising.] [AS. rsan; akin to OS. rsan, D. rijzen, OHG. rsan to rise, fall, Icel. rsa, Goth. urreisan, G. reise journey. CF. Arise, Raise, Rear, v.] 1. To move from a lower position to a higher; to ascend; to mount up. Specifically: -- (a) To go upward by walking, climbing, flying, or any other voluntary motion; as, a bird rises in the air; a fish rises to the bait.

(b) To ascend or float in a fluid, as gases or vapors in air, cork in water, and the like.

(c) To move upward under the influence of a projecting force; as, a bullet rises in the air.

(d) To grow upward; to attain a certain height; as, this elm rises to the height of seventy feet.

(e) To reach a higher level by increase of quantity or bulk; to swell; as, a river rises in its bed; the mercury rises in the thermometer.

(f) To become erect; to assume an upright position; as, to rise from a chair or from a fall.

(g) To leave one's bed; to arise; as, to rise early.

He that would thrive, must rise by five.

Old Proverb.

(h) To tower up; to be heaved up; as, the Alps rise far above the sea.

(i) To slope upward; as, a path, a line, or surface rises in this direction. "A rising ground." Dryden.

(j) To retire; to give up a siege.

He, rising with small honor from Gunza, . . . was gone.

Knolles.

(k) To swell or puff up in the process of fermentation; to become light, as dough, and the like.

2. To have the aspect or the effect of rising. Specifically: --

(a) To appear above the horizont, as the sun, moon, stars, and the like. "He maketh his sun to rise on the evil and the good." Matt. v. 45.

(b) To become apparent; to emerge into sight; to come forth; to appear; as, an eruption rises on the skin; the land rises to view to one sailing toward the shore.

(c) To become perceptible to other senses than sight; as, a noise rose on the air; odor rises from the flower.

(d) To have a beginning; to proceed; to originate; as, rivers rise in lakes or springs.

A scepter shall rise out of Israel.

Num. xxiv. 17.

Honor and shame from no condition rise.

Pope.

3. To increase in size, force, or value; to proceed toward a climax. Specifically: --

(a) To increase in power or fury; -- said of wind or a storm, and hence, of passion. "High winde . . . began to rise, high passions -- anger, hate." Milton.

(b) To become of higher value; to increase in price.

Bullion is risen to six shillings . . . the ounce.

Locke.

(c) To become larger; to swell; -- said of a boil, tumor, and the like.

(d) To increase in intensity; -- said of heat.

(e) To become louder, or higher in pitch, as the voice.

(f) To increase in amount; to enlarge; as, his expenses rose beyond his expectations.

4. In various figurative senses. Specifically: --

(a) To become excited, opposed, or hostile; to go to war; to take up arms; to rebel.

At our heels all hell should rise With blackest insurrection.

Milton.

No more shall nation against nation rise.

Pope.

(b) To attain to a better social position; to be promoted; to excel; to succeed.

Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall.

Shak.

(c) To become more and more dignified or forcible; to increase in interest or power; -- said of style, thought, or discourse; as, to rise in force of expression; to rise in eloquence; a story rises in interest.

(d) To come to mind; to be suggested; to occur.

A thought rose in me, which often perplexes men of contemplative natures.

Spectator.

(e) To come; to offer itself.

There chanced to the prince's hand to rise An ancient book.

Spenser.

5. To ascend from the grave; to come to life.

But now is Christ risen from the dead.

1. Cor. xv. 20.

6. To terminate an official sitting; to adjourn; as, the committee rose after agreeing to the report.

It was near nine . . . before the House rose.

Macaulay.

7. To ascend on a musical scale; to take a higher pith; as, to rise a tone or semitone.

8. (Print.) To be lifted, or to admit of being lifted, from the imposing stone without dropping any of the type; -- said of a form.

Syn. -- To arise; mount; ascend; climb; scale. -- Rise, Appreciate. Some in America use the word appreciate for "rise in value;" as, stocks appreciate, money appreciates, etc. This use is not unknown in England, but it is less common there. It is undesirable, because rise sufficiently expresses the idea, and appreciate has its own distinctive meaning, which ought not to be confused with one so entirely different.

Rise (?), n. 1. The act of rising, or the state of being risen.

2. The distance through which anything rises; as, the rise of the thermometer was ten degrees; the rise of the river was six feet; the rise of an arch or of a step.

3. Land which is somewhat higher than the rest; as, the house stood on a rise of land. [Colloq.]

4. Spring; source; origin; as, the rise of a stream.

All wickednes taketh its rise from the heart.

R. Nelson.

5. Appearance above the horizon; as, the rise of the sun or of a planet. Shak.

6. Increase; advance; augmentation, as of price, value, rank, property, fame, and the like.

The rise or fall that may happen in his constant revenue by a Spanish war.

Sir W. Temple.

7. Increase of sound; a swelling of the voice.

The ordinary rises and falls of the voice.

Bacon.

8. Elevation or ascent of the voice; upward change of key; as, a rise of a tone or semitone.

9. The spring of a fish to seize food (as a fly) near the surface of the water.

Ris"en (?). 1. p. p. & a. from Rise. "Her risen Son and Lord." Keble.

2. Obs. imp. pl. of Rise. Chaucer.

Ris"er (?), n. 1. One who rises; as, an early riser.

2. (Arch.) (a) The upright piece of a step, from tread to tread. Hence: (b) Any small upright face, as of a seat, platform, veranda, or the like.

3. (Mining) A shaft excavated from below upward.

4. (Founding) A feed head. See under Feed, n.

Rish (?), n. A rush (the plant). [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ris`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [CF. F. risibilité.] The quality of being risible; as, risibility is peculiar to the human species.

A strong and obvious disposition to risibility.

Sir W. Scott.

Ris"i*ble (?), a. [F., fr. L. risibilis, fr. ridere, risum, to laugh. Cf. Ridiculous.] 1. Having the faculty or power of laughing; disposed to laugh.

Laughing is our busines, . . . it has been made the definition of man that he is risible.

Dr. H. More.

2. Exciting laughter; worthy to be laughed at; amusing. "Risible absurdities." Johnson.

I hope you find nothing risible in my complaisance.

Sir W. Scott.

3. Used in, or expressing, laughter; as, risible muscles.

Risible is sometimes used as a noun, in the plural, for the feeling of amusement and for the muscles and other organs used in laughing, collectively; as, unable to control one's risibles.

Syn. -- Ludicrous; laughable; amusing; ridiculous -- Risible, Ludicrous, Ridiculous. Risible differs from ludicrous as species from genus; ludicrous expressing that which is playful and sportive; risible, that which may excite laughter. Risible differs from ridiculous, as the latter implies something contemptuous, and risible does not.

<! p. 1245 !>

--Ris"i*ble*ness(#), n. -- Ris"i*bly, adv.

Ris"ing (?), a. 1. Attaining a higher place; taking, or moving in, an upward direction; appearing above the horizon; ascending; as, the rising moon.

2. Increasing in wealth, power, or distinction; as, a rising state; a rising character.

Among the rising theologians of Germany.

Hare.

3. Growing; advancing to adult years and to the state of active life; as, the rising generation.

Ris"ing, prep. More than; exceeding; upwards of; as, a horse rising six years of age. [Colloq. & Low, U.S.]

Ris"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, rises (in any sense).

2. That which rises; a tumor; a boil. Lev. xiii. 10.

Rising main (Waterworks), the pipe through which water from an engine is delivered to an elevated reservoir.

Risk (?), n. [F. risque; cf. It. risco, risico, rischio, Pg. risco, Sp. riesgo, and also Sp. risco a steep rock; all probably fr. L. resceare to cut off; pref. re- re- + secare to cut; -- the word having been probably first used among sailors. See Section.] 1. Hazard; danger; peril; exposure to loss, injury, or destruction.

The imminent and constant risk of assassination, a risk which has shaken very strong nerves.

Macaulay.

2. (Com.) Hazard of loss; liabillity to loss in property.

To run a risk, to incur hazard; to encounter danger.

Syn. -- Danger; hazard; peril; jeopardy; exposure. See Danger.

Risk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Risked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Risking.] [CF. F. risquer. See Risk, n.] 1. To expose to risk, hazard, or peril; to venture; as, to risk goods on board of a ship; to risk one's person in battle; to risk one's fame by a publication.

2. To incur the risk or danger of; as, to risk a battle.

Syn. -- To hazard; peril; endanger; jeopard.

Risk"er (?), n. One who risks or hazards. Hudibras.

Risk"ful (?), a. Risky. [R.] Geddes.

Risk"y (?), a. Attended with risk or danger; hazardous. "A risky matter." W. Collins.

Generalization are always risky.

Lowell.

Ri*so"ri*al (?), a.[L. ridere, risum, to laugh.] Pertaining to, or producing, laughter; as, the risorial muscles.

||Ri*sot"to (?), n. [It.] A kind of pottage.

Risse (?), obs. imp. of Rise. B. Jonson.

Ris"soid (?), n. [NL. Rissoa, the typical genus ( fr. A. Risso, an Italian naturalist) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Any one of very numerous species of small spiral gastropods of the genus Rissoa, or family Rissoidæ, found both in fresh and salt water.

||Ris`sole" (?), n. [F., fr. rissoler to fry meat till it is brown.] ||(Cookery) A small ball of rich minced meat or fish, covered with ||pastry and fried.

Rist (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Rise, contracted from riseth. Chaucer.

Rit (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Ride, contracted from rideth. Chaucer.

||Ri`tar*dan"do (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Retarding; -- a direction for ||slower time; rallentado.

Rite (?), n. [L. ritus; cf. Skr. rti a stream, a running, way, manner, ri to flow: cf. F. rit, rite. CF. Rivulet.] The act of performing divine or solemn service, as established by law, precept, or custom; a formal act of religion or other solemn duty; a solemn observance; a ceremony; as, the rites of freemasonry.

He looked with indifference on rites, names, and forms of ecclesiastical polity.

Macaulay.

Syn. -- Form; ceremony; observance; ordinance.

||Ri`te*nu"to (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Held back; holding back; ritardando.

{ Rit`or*nelle" (?), ||Ri`tor*nel"lo (?), } n. [It. ritornello, dim. of ritorno return, fr. ritornare to return: cf. F. ritournelle.] (Mus.) (a) A short return or repetition; a concluding symphony to an air, often consisting of the burden of the song. (a) A short intermediate symphony, or instrumental passage, in the course of a vocal piece; an interlude.

||Ri*trat"to (?), n.[It.] A picture. Sterne.

Rit"u*al (?), a.[L. ritualis, fr. ritus a rite: cf. F. rituel.] Of or pertaining to rites or ritual; as, ritual service or sacrifices; the ritual law.

Rit"u*al, n. [Cf. F. rituel.] 1. A prescribed form of performing divine service in a particular church or communion; as, the Jewish ritual.

2. Hence, the code of ceremonies observed by an organization; as, the ritual of the freemasons.

3. A book containing the rites to be observed.

Rit"u*al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. ritualisme.] 1. A system founded upon a ritual or prescribed form of religious worship; adherence to, or observance of, a ritual.

2. Specifically :(a) The principles and practices of those in the Church of England, who in the development of the Oxford movement, so-called, have insisted upon a return to the use in church services of the symbolic ornaments (altar cloths, encharistic vestments, candles, etc.) that were sanctioned in the second year of Edward VI., and never, as they maintain, forbidden by competennt authority, although generally disused. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. (b) Also, the principles and practices of those in the Protestant Episcopal Church who sympathize with this party in the Church of England.

Rit"u*al*ist (?), n. [CF. F. ritualiste.] One skilled un, or attached to, a ritual; one who advocates or practices ritualism.

Rit`u*al*is"tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or in accordance with, a ritual; adhering to ritualism.

Rit"u*al*ly, adv. By rites, or by a particular rite.

Riv"age (?), n. [F., fr. L. ripa bank, shore.] 1. A bank, shore, or coast. [Archaic] Spenser.

From the green rivage many a fall Of diamond rillets musical.

Tennyson.

2. (O.Eng.Law) A duty paid to the crown for the passage of vessels on certain rivers.

Ri"val (?), n. [F. rival (cf. It. rivale), L. rivales two neigbors having the same brook in common, rivals, fr. rivalis belonging to a brook, fr. rivus a brook. Cf. Rivulet, Rete.] 1. A person having a common right or privilege with another; a partner. [Obs.]

If you do meet Horatio and Marcellus, The rivals of my watch, bid them make haste.

Shak.

2. One who is in pursuit of the same object as another; one striving to reach or obtain something which another is attempting to obtain, and which one only can posses; a competitor; as, rivals in love; rivals for a crown.

"Rivals, in the primary sense of the word, are those who dwell on the banks of the same stream. But since, as all experience shows, there is no such fruitful source of coutention as a water right, it would continually happen that these occupants of the opposite banks would be at strife with one another in regard of the periods during which they severally had a right to the use of the stream . . . And thus 'rivals' . . . came to be used of any who were on any grounds in more or less unfriendly competition with one another." Trench.

Syn. -- Competitor; emulator; antagonist.

Ri"val, a. Having the same pretensions or claims; standing in competition for superiority; as, rival lovers; rival claims or pretensions.

The strenuous conflicts and alternate victories of two rival confederacies of statesmen.

Macaulay.

Ri"val, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rivaled (?) or Rivalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rivaling or Rivalling.] 1. To stand in competition with; to strive to gain some object in opposition to; as, to rival one in love.

2. To strive to equal or exel; to emulate.

To rival thunder in its rapid course.

Dryden.

Ri"val, v. i. To be in rivalry. [Obs.] Shak.

Ri"val*ess, n. A female rival. [Obs.] Richardson.

Ri*val"i*ty (?), n. [L. rivalitas: cf. F. rivalité.] 1. Rivalry; competition. [Obs.]

2. Equality, as of right or rank. [Obs.] hak.

Ri"val*ry (?), n.; pl. Rivalries (&?;). The act of rivaling, or the state of being a rival; a competition. "Keen contention and eager rivalries." Jeffrey.

Syn. -- Emulation; competition. See Emulation.

Ri"val*ship, n. Rivalry. [R.] B. Jonson.

Rive (?), v. t. [imp. Rived (?); p. p. Rived or Riven (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Riving.] [Icel. rfa, akin to Sw. rifva to pull asunder, burst, tear, Dan. rive to rake, pluck, tear. Cf. Reef of land, Rifle a gun, Rift, Rivel.] To rend asunder by force; to split; to cleave; as, to rive timber for rails or shingles.

I shall ryve him through the sides twain.

Chaucer.

The scolding winds have rived the knotty oaks.

Shak.

Brutus hath rived my heart.

Shak.

Rive, v. i. To be split or rent asunder.

Freestone rives, splits, and breaks in any direction.

Woodward.

Rive, n. A place torn; a rent; a rift. [Prov. Eng.]

Riv"el (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riveled (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Riveling.] [AS. gerifled, geriflod, gerifod, wrinkled, geriflian, gerifian, to wrinkle. See Rifle a gun, Rive.] To contract into wrinkles; to shrivel; to shrink; as, riveled fruit; riveled flowers. [Obs.] Pope. "Riveled parchments." Walpole.

Riv"el, n. A wrinkle; a rimple. [Obs.] Holland.

Riv"en (?), p. p. & a. from Rive.

Riv"er (?), n. One who rives or splits.

Riv"er (?), n. [F. rivère a river, LL. riparia river, bank of a river, fr. L. riparius belonging to a bank or shore, fr. ripa a bank or shore; of uncertain origin. Cf. Arrive, Riparian.] 1. A large stream of water flowing in a bed or channel and emptying into the ocean, a sea, a lake, or another stream; a stream larger than a rivulet or brook.

Transparent and sparkling rivers, from which it is delightful to drink as they flow.

Macaulay.

2. Fig.: A large stream; copious flow; abundance; as, rivers of blood; rivers of oil.

River chub (Zoöl.), the hornyhead and allied species of fresh-water fishes. -- River crab (Zoöl.), any species of fresh-water crabs of the genus Thelphusa, as T. depressa of Southern Europe. -- River dragon, a crocodile; -- applied by Milton to the king of Egypt. -- River driver, a lumberman who drives or conducts logs down rivers. Bartlett. -- River duck (Zoöl.), any species of duck belonging to Anas, Spatula, and allied genera, in which the hind toe is destitute of a membranous lobe, as in the mallard and pintail; -- opposed to sea duck. -- River god, a deity supposed to preside over a river as its tutelary divinity. -- River herring (Zoöl.), an alewife. -- River hog. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of African wild hogs of the genus Potamochœrus. They frequent wet places along the rivers. (b) The capybara. -- River horse (Zoöl.), the hippopotamus. -- River jack (Zoöl.), an African puff adder (Clotho nasicornis) having a spine on the nose. -- River limpet (Zoöl.), a fresh-water, air-breathing mollusk of the genus Ancylus, having a limpet-shaped shell. -- River pirate (Zoöl.), the pike. -- River snail (Zoöl.), any species of fresh-water gastropods of Paludina, Melontho, and allied genera. See Pond snail, under Pond. -- River tortoise (Zoöl.), any one of numerous fresh-water tortoises inhabiting rivers, especially those of the genus Trionyx and allied genera. See Trionyx.

Riv"er (?), v. i. To hawk by the side of a river; to fly hawks at river fowl. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Riv"ered (?), a. Supplied with rivers; as, a well rivered country.

Riv"er*et (?), n. A rivulet. [Obs.] Drayton.

Riv"er*hood (?), n. The quality or state of being a river. "Useful riverhood." H. Miller.

Riv"er*ling (?), n. A rivulet. [R.] Sylvester.

Riv"er*side` (?), n. The side or bank of a river.

Riv"er*y (?), a. Having rivers; as, a rivery country. Drayton.

Riv"et (?), n. [F., fr. river to rivet; perh. fr. Icel. rifa to fasten together. Cf. Reef part of a sail.] A metallic pin with a head, used for uniting two plates or pieces of material together, by passing it through them and then beating or pressing down the point so that it shall spread out and form a second head; a pin or bolt headed or clinched at both ends.

With busy hammers closing rivets up.

Shak.

Rivet joint, or Riveted joint, a joint between two or more pieces secured by rivets.

Riv"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riveted; p. pr. & vb. n. Riveting.] 1. To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets; as, to rivet two pieces of iron.

2. To spread out the end or point of, as of a metallic pin, rod, or bolt, by beating or pressing, so as to form a sort of head.

3. Hence, to fasten firmly; to make firm, strong, or immovable; as, to rivet friendship or affection.

Rivet and nail me where I stand, ye powers!

Congreve.

Thus his confidence was riveted and confirmed.

Sir W. Scott.

Riv"et*er (?), n. One who rivets.

Riv"et*ing, n. 1. The act of joining with rivets; the act of spreading out and clinching the end, as of a rivet, by beating or pressing.

2. The whole set of rivets, collectively. Tomlinsin.

Butt riveting, riveting in which the ends or edges of plates form a butt joint, and are fastened together by being riveted to a narrow strip which covers the joint. -- Chain riveting, riveting in which the rivets, in two or more rows along the seam, are set one behind the other. -- Crossed riveting, riveting in which the rivets in one row are set opposite the spaces between the rivets in the next row. -- Double riveting, in lap riveting, two rows of rivets along the seam; in butt riveting, four rows, two on each side of the joint. -- Lap riveting, riveting in which the ends or edges of plates overlap and are riveted together.

Ri*vose" (?), a. [From L. rivus a brook, channel.] Marked with sinuate and irregular furrows.

Riv"u*let (?), n. [Earlier rivolet, It. rivoletto, a dim. fr. rivolo, L. rivulus, dim. of rivus a brook. CF. Rival, Rite.] A small stream or brook; a streamlet.

By fountain or by shady rivulet He sought them.

Milton.

Rix*a"tion (?), n. [L. rixari, p. p. rixatus, to brawl, fr. rixa a quarrel.] A brawl or quarrel. [Obs.]

||Rix*a"trix (?), n. [L.] (Old Eng. Law) A scolding or quarrelsome ||woman; a scold. Burrill.

||Rix"da`ler (?), n. A Dutch silver coin, worth about $1.00.

Rix"-dol`lar (?), n. [Sw. riksdaler, or Dan. rigsdaler, or D. rijksdaalder, or G. reichsthaler, literally, dollar of the empire or realm, fr. words akin to E. rich, and dollar. See Rich, Dollar.] A name given to several different silver coins of Denmark, Holland, Sweden,, NOrway, etc., varying in value from about 30 cents to $1.10; also, a British coin worth about 36 cents, used in Ceylon and at the Cape of Good Hope. See Rigsdaler, Riksdaler, and Rixdaler.

Most of these pieces are now no longer coined, but some remain in circulation.

Riz"zar (?), v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To dry in the sun; as, rizzared haddock. [Scot.]

Roach (?), n. (Zoöl.) A cockroach.

Roach, n. [OE. rroche; cf. AS. reohha, D. rog, roch, G. roche, LG. ruche, Dan. rokke ray, Sw. rocka, and E. ray a fish.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fresh-water fish of the Carp family (Leuciscus rutilus). It is silver-white, with a greenish back. (b) An American chub (Semotilus bullaris); the fallfish. (c) The redfin, or shiner.

2. (Naut.) A convex curve or arch cut in the edge of a sail to prevent chafing, or to secure a better fit.

As sound as a roach [roach perhaps being a corruption of a F. roche a rock], perfectly sound.

Roach, v. t. 1. To cause to arch.

2. To cut off, as a horse's mane, so that the part left shall stand upright.

Roach"-backed` (?), a. Having a back like that of roach; -- said of a horse whose back a convex instead of a concave curve.

Road (?), n. [AS. rd a riding, that on which one rides or travels, a road, fr. rdan to ride. See Ride, and cf. Raid.] 1. A journey, or stage of a journey. [Obs.]

With easy roads he came to Leicester.

Shak.

2. An inroad; an invasion; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. A place where one may ride; an open way or public passage for vehicles, persons, and animals; a track for travel, forming a means of communication between one city, town, or place, and another.

The most villainous house in all the London road.

Shak.

The word is generally applied to highways, and as a generic term it includes highway, street, and lane.

4. [Possibly akin to Icel. reiði the rigging of a ship, E. ready.] A place where ships may ride at anchor at some distance from the shore; a roadstead; -- often in the plural; as, Hampton Roads. Shak.

<! p. 1246 !>

Now strike your saile, ye jolly mariners, For we be come unto a quiet rode [road].

Spenser.

On, or Upon, the road, traveling or passing over a road; coming or going; on the way.

My hat and wig will soon be here, They are upon the road.

Cowper.

-- Road agent, a highwayman, especially on the stage routes of the unsettled western parts of the United States; -- a humorous euphemism. [Western U.S.]

The highway robber -- road agent he is quaintly called.

The century.

-- Road book, a guidebook in respect to roads and distances. -- Road metal, the broken, stone used in macadamizing roads. -- Road roller, a heavy roller, or combinations of rollers, for making earth, macadam, or concrete roads smooth and compact. -- often driven by steam. -- Road runner (Zoöl.), the chaparral cock. -- Road steamer, a locomotive engine adapted to running on common roads. -- To go on the road, to engage in the business of a commercial traveler. [Colloq.] -- To take the road, to begin or engage in traveling. -- To take to the road, to engage in robbery upon the highways.

Syn. -- Way; highway; street; lane; pathway; route; passage; course. See Way.

Road"bed` (?), n. In railroads, the bed or foundation on which the superstructure (ties, rails, etc.) rests; in common roads, the whole material laid in place and ready for travel.

Road"less, a. Destitute of roads.

Road"mak`er (?), n. One who makes roads.

Road"side`, n. Land adjoining a road or highway; the part of a road or highway that borders the traveled part. Also used ajectively.

Road"stead (?), n. [Road, 4 + stead a place.] An anchorage off shore. Same as Road, 4.

Moored in the neighboring roadstead.

Longfellow.

Road"ster (?), n. 1. (Naut.) A clumsy vessel that works its way from one anchorage to another by means of the tides. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

2. A horse that is accustomed to traveling on the high road, or is suitable for use on ordinary roads.

A sound, swift, well-fed hunter and roadster.

Thackeray.

3. A bicycle or tricycle adapted for common roads rather than for the racing track.

4. One who drives much; a coach driver. [Eng.]

5. A hunter who keeps to the roads instead of following the hounds across country. [Eng. Slang.]

Road"way` (?), n. A road; especially, the part traveled by carriages. Shak.

Roam (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Roaming.] [OE. romen, ramen; cf. AS. r&?;man to raise, rise, D. ramen to hit, plan, aim, OS. r&?;m&?;n to strive after, OHG. rmen. But the word was probably influenced by Rome; cf. OF. romier a pilgrim, originally, a pilgrim going to Rome, It. romeo, Sp. romero. Cf. Ramble.] To go from place to place without any certain purpose or direction; to rove; to wander.

He roameth to the carpenter's house.

Chaucer.

Daphne roaming through a thorny wood.

Shak.

Syn. -- To wander; rove; range; stroll; ramble.

Roam, v. t. To range or wander over.

And now wild beasts came forth the woods to roam.

Milton.

Roam, n. The act of roaming; a wandering; a ramble; as, he began his roam o'er hill amd dale. Milton.

Roam"er (?), n. One who roams; a wanderer.

Roan (?), a. [F. rouan; cf. Sp. roano, ruano, It. rovano, roano.] 1. Having a bay, chestnut, brown, or black color, with gray or white thickly interspersed; -- said of a horse.

Give my roan a drench.

Shak.

2. Made of the leather called roan; as, roan binding.

Roan antelope (Zoöl.), a very large South African antelope (Hippotragus equinus). It has long sharp horns and a stiff bright brown mane. Called also mahnya, equine antelope, and bastard gemsbok.

Roan, n. 1. The color of a roan horse; a roan color.

2. A roan horse.

3. A kind of leather used for slippers, bookbinding, etc., made from sheepskin, tanned with sumac and colored to imitate ungrained morocco. DeColange.

Roan tree. (Bot.) See Rowan tree.

Roar (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roared (?); p. pr. & vvb. n. Roaring.] [OE. roren, raren, AS. rrian; akin to G. röhten, OHG. r&?;r&?;n. &radic;112.] 1. To cry with a full, loud, continued sound. Specifically: (a) To bellow, or utter a deep, loud cry, as a lion or other beast.

Roaring bulls he would him make to tame.

Spenser.

(b) To cry loudly, as in pain, distress, or anger.

Sole on the barren sands, the suffering chief Roared out for anguish, and indulged his grief.

Dryden.

He scorned to roar under the impressions of a finite anger.

South.

2. To make a loud, confused sound, as winds, waves, passing vehicles, a crowd of persons when shouting together, or the like.

The brazen throat of war had ceased to roar.

Milton.

How oft I crossed where carts and coaches roar.

Gay.

3. To be boisterous; to be disorderly.

It was a mad, roaring time, full of extravagance.

Bp. Burnet.

4. To laugh out loudly and continuously; as, the hearers roared at his jokes.

5. To make a loud noise in breathing, as horses having a certain disease. See Roaring, 2.

Roaring boy, a roaring, noisy fellow; -- name given, at the latter end Queen Elizabeth's reign, to the riotous fellows who raised disturbances in the street. "Two roaring boys of Rome, that made all split." Beau. & Fl. -- Roaring forties (Naut.), a sailor's name for the stormy tract of ocean between 40° and 50° north latitude.

Roar, v. t. To cry aloud; to proclaim loudly.

This last action will roar thy infamy.

Ford.

Roar (?), n. The sound of roaring. Specifically: (a) The deep, loud cry of a wild beast; as, the roar of a lion. (b) The cry of one in pain, distress, anger, or the like. (c) A loud, continuous, and confused sound; as, the roar of a cannon, of the wind, or the waves; the roar of ocean.

Arm! arm! it is, it is the cannon's opening roar!

Byron.

(d) A boisterous outcry or shouting, as in mirth.

Pit, boxes, and galleries were in a constant roar of laughter.

Macaulay.

Roar"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, roars. Specifically: (a) A riotous fellow; a roaring boy.

A lady to turn roarer, and break glasses.

Massinger.

(b) (Far.) A horse subject to roaring. See Roaring, 2.

2. (Zoöl.) The barn owl. [Prov. Eng.]

Roar"ing, n. 1. A loud, deep, prolonged sound, as of a large beast, or of a person in distress, anger, mirth, etc., or of a noisy congregation.

2. (Far.) An affection of the windpipe of a horse, causing a loud, peculiar noise in breathing under exertion; the making of the noise so caused. See Roar, v. i., 5.

Roar"ing*ly, adv. In a roaring manner.

Roast (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roasting.] [OE. rosten, OF. rostir, F. rôtir; of German origin; cf. OHG. rsten, G. rösten, fr. OHG. rst, rsta, gridiron, G. rost; cf. AS. hyrstan to roast.] 1. To cook by exposure to radiant heat before a fire; as, to roast meat on a spit, or in an oven open toward the fire and having reflecting surfaces within; also, to cook in a close oven.

2. To cook by surrounding with hot embers, ashes, sand, etc.; as, to roast a potato in ashes.

In eggs boiled and roasted there is scarce difference to be discerned.

BAcon.

3. To dry and parch by exposure to heat; as, to roast coffee; to roast chestnuts, or peanuts.

4. Hence, to heat to excess; to heat violently; to burn. "Roasted in wrath and fire." Shak.

5. (Metal.) To dissipate by heat the volatile parts of, as ores.

6. To banter severely. [Colloq.] Atterbury.

Roast, v. i. 1. To cook meat, fish, etc., by heat, as before the fire or in an oven.

He could roast, and seethe, and broil, and fry.

Chaucer.

2. To undergo the process of being roasted.

Roast, n. That which is roasted; a piece of meat which has been roasted, or is suitable for being roasted.

A fat swan loved he best of any roost [roast].

Chaucer.

To rule the roast, to be at the head of affairs. "The new-made duke that rules the roast." Shak.

Roast, a. [For roasted.] Roasted; as, roast beef.

Roast"er (?), n. 1. One who roasts meat.

2. A contrivance for roasting.

3. A pig, or other article of food fit for roasting.

Roast"ing, a. & n., from Roast, v.

Roasting ear, an ear of Indian corn at that stage of development when it is fit to be eaten roasted. -- Roasting jack, a machine for turning a spit on which meat is roasted.

Rob (?), n. [F.; cf. Sp. rob, It. rob, robbo, Pg. robe, arrobe, Ar. rubb, robb, Per. rub.] The inspissated juice of ripe fruit, obtained by evaporation of the juice over a fire till it acquires the consistence of a sirup. It is sometimes mixed with honey or sugar. [Written also rhob, and rohob.]

Rob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Robbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Robbing.] [OF. rober, of German origin; cf. OHG. roub&?;n, G. rauben, and OHG. roub robbing, booty, G. raub. &radic;114. See Reave,and cf. Robe.] 1. To take (something) away from by force; to strip by stealing; to plunder; to pillage; to steal from.

Who would rob a hermit of his weeds, His few books, or his beads, or maple dish?

Milton.

He that is robbed, not wanting what is stolen, Let him not know it, and he's not robbed at all.

Shak.

To be executed for robbing a church.

Shak.

2. (Law) To take the property of (any one) from his person, or in his presence, feloniously, and against his will, by violence or by putting him in fear.

3. To deprive of, or withhold from, unjustly or injuriously; to defraud; as, to rob one of his rest, or of his good name; a tree robs the plants near it of sunlight.

I never robbed the soldiers of their pay.

Shak.

Rob, v. i. To take that which belongs to another, without right or permission, esp. by violence.

I am accursed to rob in that thief's company.

Shak.

Rob"and (?), n. (Naut.) See Roperand.

Rob"ber (?), n. One who robs; in law, one who feloniously takes goods or money from the person of another by violence or by putting him in fear.

Some roving robber calling to his fellows.

Milton.

Syn. -- Thief; depredator; despoiler; plunderer; pillager; rifler; brigang; freebooter; pirate. See Thief.

Robber crab. (Zoöl.) (a) A purse crab. (b) Any hermit crab. -- Robber fly. (Zoöl.) Same as Hornet fly, under Hornet. -- Robber gull (Zoöl.), a jager gull.

Rob"ber*y (?), n.; pl. Robberies (#). [OF. roberie.] 1. The act or practice of robbing; theft.

Thieves for their robbery have authority When judges steal themselves.

Shak.

2. (Law) The crime of robbing. See Rob, v. t., 2.

Robbery, in a strict sense, differs from theft, as it is effected by force or intimidation, whereas theft is committed by stealth, or privately.

Syn. -- Theft; depredation; spoliation; despoliation; despoilment; plunder; pillage; rapine; larceny; freebooting; piracy.

Rob"bin (?), n. (Com.) A kind of package in which pepper and other dry commodities are sometimes exported from the East Indies. The robbin of rice in Malabar weighs about 84 pounds. Simmonds.

Rob"bin, n. (Naut.) See Ropeband.

Robe (?), n. [F., fr. LL. rauba a gown, dress, garment; originally, booty, plunder. See Rob, v. t., and cf. Rubbish.] 1. An outer garment; a dress of a rich, flowing, and elegant style or make; hence, a dress of state, rank, office, or the like.

Through tattered clothes small vices do appear; Robes and furred gowns hide all.

Shak.

2. A skin of an animal, especially, a skin of the bison, dressed with the fur on, and used as a wrap. [U.S.]

Master of the robes, an officer of the English royal household (when the sovereign is a king) whose duty is supposed to consist in caring for the royal robes. -- Mistress of the robes, a lady who enjoys the highest rank of the ladies in the service of the English sovereign (when a queen), and is supposed to have the care her robes.

Robe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Robed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Robing.] To invest with a robe or robes; to dress; to array; as, fields robed with green.

The sage Chaldeans robed in white appeared.

Pope.

Such was his power over the expression of his countenance, that he could in an instant shake off the sternness of winter, and robe it in the brightest smiles of spring.

Wirt.

||Robe`-de-cham"bre (?), n. [F., lit., a chamber gown.] A dressing ||gown, or morning gown.

{ Rob"erds*man (?), Rob"erts*man (?), } n.; pl. -men. (&?;) (Old Statutes of Eng.) A bold, stout robber, or night thief; -- said to be so called from Robin Hood.

Rob"ert (?), n. (Bot.) See Herb Robert, under Herb.

Rob"in (?), n. [Properly a pet name for Robert, originally meaning, famebright; F., fron OHG. Roudperht; ruod (in comp.; akin to AS. hr&?;&?; glory, fame, Goth. hr&?;peigs victorius) + beraht bright. See Bright, Hob a clown.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small European singing bird (Erythacus rubecula), having a reddish breast; -- called also robin redbreast, robinet, and ruddock. (b) An American singing bird (Merula migratoria), having the breast chestnut, or dull red. The upper parts are olive-gray, the head and tail blackish. Called also robin redbreast, and migratory thrush. (c) Any one of several species of Australian warblers of the genera Petroica, Melanadrays, and allied genera; as, the scarlet-breasted robin (Petroica mullticolor). (d) Any one of several Asiatic birds; as, the Indian robins. See Indian robin, below.

Beach robin (Zoöl.), the robin snipe, or knot. See Knot. -- Blue-throated robin. (Zoöl.) See Bluethroat. - - Canada robin (Zoöl.), the cedar bird. -- Golden robin (Zoöl.), the Baltimore oriole. -- Ground robin (Zoöl.), the chewink. -- Indian robin (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Asiatic saxoline birds of the genera Thamnobia and Pratincola. They are mostly black, usually with some white on the wings. -- Magrie robin (Zoöl.), an Asiatic singing bird (Corsycus saularis), having the back, head, neck, and breast black glossed with blue, the wings black, and the belly white. -- Ragged robin. (Bot.) See under Ragged. -- Robin accentor (Zoöl.), a small Asiatic singing bird (Accentor rubeculoides), somewhat resembling the European robin. -- Robin redbreast. (Zoöl.) (a) The European robin. (b) The American robin. (c) The American bluebird. -- Robin snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The red-breasted snipe, or dowitcher. (b) The red-breasted sandpiper, or knot. -- Robin's plantain. (Bot.) See under Plantain. -- Sea robin. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of American gurnards of the genus Prionotus. They are excellent food fishes. Called also wingfish. The name is also applied to a European gurnard. (b) The red-breasted merganser, or sheldrake. [Local, U.S.] -- Water robin (Zoöl.), a redstart (Ruticulla fuliginosa), native of India.

Rob"i*net (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The chaffinch; -- called also roberd. (b) The European robin.

2. A military engine formerly used for throwing darts and stones.

Rob"ing (?), n. The act of putting on a robe.

Robing room, a room where official robes are put on, as by judges, etc.

Rob"in Good"fel`low (?). A celebrated fairy; Puck. See Puck. Shak.

||Ro*bin"i*a (?), n. [NL. So called after Jean Robin, a French ||herbalist.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous trees including the common ||locust of North America (Robinia Pseudocacia).

Rob"o*rant (?), a. [L. roborans, p. pr. See Roborate.] Strengthening. -- n. (Med.) A strengthening medicine; a tonic.

Rob"o*rate (?), v. t. [L. roboratus, p. pr. of roborare to strengthen, fr. robur, roboris, strength.] To give strength or support to; to confirm. [Obs.] Fuller.

Rob`o*ra"tion (?), n. [LL. roboratio.] The act of strengthening. [Obs.] Coles.

{ Ro*bo"re*an (?), Ro*bo"re*ous (?), } a. [L. roboreus.] Made of oak. [Obs.]

Ro*bust" (?), a. [L. robustus oaken, hard, strong, fr. robur strength, a very hard kind of oak; cf. Skr. rabhas violence: cf. F. robuste.] 1. Evincing strength; indicating vigorous health; strong; sinewy; muscular; vigorous; sound; as, a robust body; robust youth; robust health.

<! p. 1247 !>

2. Violent; rough; rude.

While romp-loving miss Is hauled about in gallantry robust.

Thomson.

3. Requiring strength or vigor; as, robust employment. Locke.

Syn. -- Strong; lusty; sinewy; sturdy; muscular; hale; hearty; vigorous; forceful; sound. -- Robust, Strong. Robust means, literally, made of oak, and hence implies great compactness and toughness of muscle, connected with a thick-set frame and great powers of endurance. Strong denotes the power of exerting great physical force. The robust man can bear heat or cold, excess or privation, and toil on through every kind of hardship; the strong man can lift a great weight, can give a heavy blow, and a hard gripe. "Robust, tough sinews bred to toil." Cowper.

Then 'gan the villain wax so fierce and strong, That nothing may sustain his furious force.

Spenser.

Ro*bus"tious (?), a. [Cf. L. robusteus of oak.] Robust. [Obs. or Humorous] W. Irving.

In Scotland they had handled the bishops in a more robustious manner.

Milton.

-- Ro*bus"tious*ly, adv. -- Ro*bus"tious*ness, n.

Ro*bust"ly, adv. In a robust manner.

Ro*bust"ness, n. The quality or state of being robust.

Roc (?), n. [Ar. & Per. rokh or rukh. Cf. Rook a castle.] A monstrous bird of Arabian mythology. [Written also rock, and rukh.] Brande & C.

Roc"am*bole (?), n. [F.] [Written also rokambole.] (Bot.) A name of Allium Scorodoprasum and A. Ascalonium, two kinds of garlic, the latter of which is also called shallot.

Roc*cel"lic (?), a. [F. roccellique, fr. roccelle archil, It. & NL. roccella, fr. It. rocca a rock, because archil grows on rock.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid of the oxalic series found in archil (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), and other lichens, and extracted as a white crystalline substance C17H32O4.

Roc*cel"lin (?), n. A red dyestuff, used as a substitute for cochineal, archil, etc. It consists of the sodium salt of a complex azo derivative of naphtol.

Roche (?), n. [See Rock.] Rock. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Roche" al`um (?). (Chem.) A kind of alum occuring in small fragments; -- so called from Rocca, in Syria, whence alum is said to have been obtained; -- also called rock alum.

Roche"lime` (?), n. [F. roche rock + E. lime.] Lime in the lump after it is burned; quicklime. [Eng.]

Ro*chelle" (?), n. A seaport town in France.

Rochelle powders. Same as Seidlitz powders. -- Rochelle salt (Chem.), the double tartrate of sodium and potassium, a white crystalline substance. It has a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste and is employed as a mild purgative. It was discovered by Seignette, an apothecary of Rochelle, and is called also Seignete's salt.

||Roche" mou`ton`née" (?). [F., sheep-shaped rock.] (Geol.) See ||Sheepback.

Roch"et (?), n. [F., dim. fr. OHG. rocch coat, G. rock.] 1. (Eccl.) A linen garment resembling the surplise, but with narrower sleeves, also without sleeves, worn by bishops, and by some other ecclesiastical dignitaries, in certain religious ceremonies.

They see no difference between an idler with a hat and national cockade, and an idler in a cowl or in a rochet.

Burke.

2. A frock or outer garment worn in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Roch"et, n. [Probably corrupted fr. F. rouget the red gurnet, from rouge red. CF. Rouge.] (Zoöl.) The red gurnard, or gurnet. See Gurnard.

Roch"ing cask` (?). [Probably from F. roche a rock.] A tank in which alum is crystallized from a solution.

Rock (?), n. See Roc.

Rock, n. [OE. rocke; akin to D. rok, rokken, G. rocken, OHG. roccho, Dan. rok, Icel. rokkr. Cf. Rocket a firework.] A distaff used in spinning; the staff or frame about which flax is arranged, and from which the thread is drawn in spinning. Chapman.

Sad Clotho held the rocke, the whiles the thread By grisly Lachesis was spun with pain, That cruel Atropos eftsoon undid.

Spenser.

Rock, n. [OF. roke, F. roche; cf. Armor. roc'h, and AS. rocc.] 1. A large concreted mass of stony material; a large fixed stone or crag. See Stone.

Come one, come all! this rock shall fly From its firm base as soon as I.

Sir W. Scott.

2. (Geol.) Any natural deposit forming a part of the earth's crust, whether consolidated or not, including sand, earth, clay, etc., when in natural beds.

3. That which resembles a rock in firmness; a defense; a support; a refuge.

The Lord is my rock, and my fortress.

2 Sam. xxii. 2.

4. Fig.: Anything which causes a disaster or wreck resembling the wreck of a vessel upon a rock.

5. (Zoöl.) The striped bass. See under Bass.

This word is frequently used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, rock-bound, rock-built, rock-ribbed, rock-roofed, and the like.

Rock alum. [Probably so called by confusion with F. roche a rock.] Same as Roche alum. -- Rock barnacle (Zoöl.), a barnacle (Balanus balanoides) very abundant on rocks washed by tides. -- Rock bass. (Zoöl.) (a) The stripped bass. See under Bass. (b) The goggle-eye. (c) The cabrilla. Other species are also locally called rock bass. -- Rock builder (Zoöl.), any species of animal whose remains contribute to the formation of rocks, especially the corals and Foraminifera. -- Rock butter (Min.), native alum mixed with clay and oxide of iron, usually in soft masses of a yellowish white color, occuring in cavities and fissures in argillaceous slate. -- Rock candy, a form of candy consisting of crystals of pure sugar which are very hard, whence the name. -- Rock cavy. (Zoöl.) See Moco. -- Rock cod (Zoöl.) (a) A small, often reddish or brown, variety of the cod found about rocks andledges. (b) A California rockfish. -- Rock cook. (Zoöl.) (a) A European wrasse (Centrolabrus exoletus). (b) A rockling. -- Rock cork (Min.), a variety of asbestus the fibers of which are loosely interlaced. It resembles cork in its texture. -- Rock crab (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large crabs of the genus Cancer, as the two species of the New England coast (C. irroratus and C. borealis). See Illust. under Cancer. -- Rock cress (Bot.), a name of several plants of the cress kind found on rocks, as Arabis petræa, A. lyrata, etc. -- Rock crystal (Min.), limpid quartz. See Quartz, and under Crystal. -- Rock dove (Zoöl.), the rock pigeon; -- called also rock doo. -- Rock drill, an implement for drilling holes in rock; esp., a machine impelled by steam or compressed air, for drilling holes for blasting, etc. -- Rock duck (Zoöl.), the harlequin duck. -- Rock eel. (Zoöl.) See Gunnel. -- Rock goat (Zoöl.), a wild goat, or ibex. -- Rock hopper (Zoöl.), a penguin of the genus Catarractes. See under Penguin. -- Rock kangaroo. (Zoöl.) See Kangaroo, and Petrogale. -- Rock lobster (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large spinose lobsters of the genera Panulirus and Palinurus. They have no large claws. Called also spiny lobster, and sea crayfish. -- Rock meal (Min.), a light powdery variety of calcite occuring as an efflorescence. -- Rock milk. (Min.) See Agaric mineral, under Agaric. -- Rock moss, a kind of lichen; the cudbear. See Cudbear. -- Rock oil. See Petroleum. -- Rock parrakeet (Zoöl.), a small Australian parrakeet (Euphema petrophila), which nests in holes among the rocks of high cliffs. Its general color is yellowish olive green; a frontal band and the outer edge of the wing quills are deep blue, and the central tail feathers bluish green. -- Rock pigeon (Zoöl.), the wild pigeon (Columba livia) Of Europe and Asia, from which the domestic pigeon was derived. See Illust. under Pigeon. -- Rock pipit. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Pipit. -- Rock plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied, or whistling, plover. (b) The rock snipe. - - Rock ptarmigan (Zoöl.), an arctic American ptarmigan (Lagopus rupestris), which in winter is white, with the tail and lores black. In summer the males are grayish brown, coarsely vermiculated with black, and have black patches on the back. -- Rock rabbit (Zoöl.), the hyrax. See Cony, and Daman. -- Rock ruby (Min.), a fine reddish variety of garnet. -- Rock salt (Min.), cloride of sodium (common salt) occuring in rocklike masses in mines; mineral salt; salt dug from the earth. In the United States this name is sometimes given to salt in large crystals, formed by evaporation from sea water in large basins or cavities. -- Rock seal (Zoöl.), the harbor seal. See Seal. -- Rock shell (Zoöl.), any species of Murex, Purpura, and allied genera. -- Rock snake (Zoöl.), any one of several large pythons; as, the royal rock snake (Python regia) of Africa, and the rock snake of India (P. molurus). The Australian rock snakes mostly belong to the allied genus Morelia. -- Rock snipe (Zoöl.), the purple sandpiper (Tringa maritima); -- called also rock bird, rock plover, winter snipe. -- Rock soap (Min.), a kind of clay having a smooth, greasy feel, and adhering to the tongue. -- Rock sparrow. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of Old World sparrows of the genus Petronia, as P. stulla, of Europe. (b) A North American sparrow (Pucæa ruficeps). -- Rock tar, petroleum. -- Rock thrush (Zoöl.), any Old World thrush of the genus Monticola, or Petrocossyphus; as, the European rock thrush (M. saxatilis), and the blue rock thrush of India (M. cyaneus), in which the male is blue throughout. -- Rock tripe (Bot.), a kind of lichen (Umbilicaria Dillenii) growing on rocks in the northen parts of America, and forming broad, flat, coriaceous, dark fuscous or blackish expansions. It has been used as food in cases of extremity. -- Rock trout (Zoöl.), any one of several species of marine food fishes of the genus Hexagrammus, family Chiradæ, native of the North Pacific coasts; -- called also sea trout, boregat, bodieron, and starling. -- Rock warbler (Zoöl.), a small Australian singing bird (Origma rubricata) which frequents rocky ravines and water courses; -- called also cataract bird. -- Rock wren (Zoöl.), any one of several species of wrens of the genus Salpinctes, native of the arid plains of Lower California and Mexico.

Rock (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rocked (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Rocking.] [AS. roccian; akin to Dan. rokke to move, to snake; cf. Icel. rukkja to pull, move, G. rücken to move, push, pull.] 1. To cause to sway backward and forward, as a body resting on a support beneath; as, to rock a cradle or chair; to cause to vibrate; to cause to reel or totter.

A rising earthquake rocked the ground.

Dryden.

2. To move as in a cradle; hence, to put to sleep by rocking; to still; to quiet. "Sleep rock thy brain." Shak.

Rock differs from shake, as denoting a slower, less violent, and more uniform motion, or larger movements. It differs from swing, which expresses a vibratory motion of something suspended.

Rock, v. i. 1. To move or be moved backward and forward; to be violently agitated; to reel; to totter.

The rocking town Supplants their footsteps.

J. Philips .

2. To roll or saway backward and forward upon a support; as, to rock in a rocking-chair.

Rock"a*way (?), [Probably from Rockaway beach, where it was used.] Formerly, a light, low, four-wheeled carriage, with standing top, open at the sides, but having waterproof curtains which could be let down when occasion required; now, a somewhat similar, but heavier, carriage, inclosed, except in front, and having a door at each side.

{ Rock"e*lay (?), Rock"lay (?) }, n. See Rokelay. [Scot.]

Rock"er, n. 1. One who rocks; specifically, one who rocks a cradle.

It was I, sir, said the rocker, who had the honor, some thirty years since, to attend on your highness in your infancy.

Fuller.

2. One of the curving pieces of wood or metal on which a cradle, chair, etc., rocks.

3. Any implement or machine working with a rocking motion, as a trough mounted on rockers for separating gold dust from gravel, etc., by agitation in water.

4. A play horse on rockers; a rocking- horse.

5. A chair mounted on rockers; a rocking- chair.

6. A skate with a curved blade, somewhat resembling in shape the rocker of a cradle.

7. (Mach.) Same as Rock shaft.

Rocker arm (Mach.), an arm borne by a rock shaft.

Rock"ered (?), a. (Naut.) Shaped like a rocker; curved; as, a rockered keel.

Rock"er*y (?), n. (Gardening) A mound formed of fragments of rock, earth, etc., and set with plants.

Rock"et (?), n. [F. roquette (cf. Sp. ruqueta, It ruchetta), fr. L. eruca.] (Bot.) (a) A cruciferous plant (Eruca sativa) sometimes eaten in Europe as a salad. (b) Damewort. (c) Rocket larkspur. See below.

Dyer's Rocket. (Bot.) See Dyer's broom, under Broom. -- Rocket larkspur (Bot.), an annual plant with showy flowers in long racemes (Delphinium Ajacis). -- Sea rocket (Bot.), either of two fleshy cruciferous plants (Cakile maritima and C. Americana) found on the seashore of Europe and America. -- Yellow rocket (Bot.), a common cruciferous weed with yellow flowers (Barbarea vulgaris).

Rock"et (?), n. [It. rocchetta, fr. rocca a distaff, of German origin. Named from the resemblance in shape to a distaff. See Rock a distaff.] 1. An artificial firework consisting of a cylindrical case of paper or metal filled with a composition of combustible ingredients, as niter, charcoal, and sulphur, and fastened to a guiding stick. The rocket is projected through the air by the force arising from the expansion of the gases liberated by combustion of the composition. Rockets are used as projectiles for various purposes, for signals, and also for pyrotechnic display.

2. A blunt lance head used in the joust.

Congreve rocket, a powerful form of rocket for use in war, invented by Sir William Congreve. It may be used either in the field or for bombardment; in the former case, it is armed with shells or case shot; in the latter, with a combustible material inclosed in a metallic case, which is inextinguishable when kindled, and scatters its fire on every side.

Rock"et, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rocketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rocketing.] (Sporting) To rise straight up; said of birds; usually in the present participle or as an adjective. [Eng.]

An old cock pheasant came rocketing over me.

H. R. Haggard.

Rock"et*er (?), n. (Sporting) A bird, especially a pheasant, which, being flushed, rises straight in the air like a rocket. [Eng.]

Rock"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several California scorpænoid food fishes of the genus Sebastichthys, as the red rockfish (S. ruber). They are among the most important of California market fishes. Called also rock cod, and garrupa. (b) The striped bass. See Bass. (c) Any one of several species of Florida and Bermuda groupers of the genus Epinephelus. (d) An American fresh- water darter; the log perch.

The term is locally applied to various other fishes.

Rock"i*ness (?), n. [From Rocky.] The state or quality of being rocky.

Rock"ing, a. Having a swaying, rolling, or back-and-forth movement; used for rocking.

Rocking shaft. (Mach.) See Rock shaft.

Rock"ing-chair` (?), n. A chair mounted on rockers, in which one may rock.

Rock"ing-horse` (?), n. The figure of a horse, mounted upon rockers, for children to ride.

Rock"ing-stone` (?), n. A stone, often of great size and weight, resting upon another stone, and so exactly poised that it can be rocked, or slightly moved, with but little force.

Rock"less, a. Being without rocks. Dryden.

Rock"ling (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of small marine fishes of the genera Onos and Rhinonemus (formerly Motella), allied to the cod. They have three or four barbels.

Rock"rose` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to any species of the genus Helianthemum, low shrubs or herbs with yellow flowers, especially the European H. vulgare and the American frostweed, H. Canadense.

Cretan rockrose, a related shrub (Cistus Creticus), one of the plants yielding the fragrant gum called ladanum.

Rock" shaft` (?). [Cf. Rock, v. i.] (Mach.) A shaft that oscillates on its journals, instead of revolving, -- usually carrying levers by means of which it receives and communicates reciprocating motion, as in the valve gear of some steam engines; -- called also rocker, rocking shaft, and way shaft.

Rock" staff` (?). [Cf. Rock, v. i.] An oscillating bar in a machine, as the lever of the bellows of a forge.

Rock"suck`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A lamprey.

Rock"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Any coarse seaweed growing on sea-washed rocks, especially Fucus.

<! p. 1248 !>

Rock"wood` (?), n. (Min.) Ligniform asbestus; also, fossil wood.

Rock"work` (?), n. 1. (Arch.) Stonework in which the surface is left broken and rough.

2. (Gardening) A rockery.

Rock"y (?), a. 1. Full of, or abounding in, rocks; consisting of rocks; as, a rocky mountain; a rocky shore.

2. Like a rock; as, the rocky orb of a shield. Milton.

3. Fig.: Not easily impressed or affected; hard; unfeeling; obdurate; as, a rocky bosom. Shak.

Rocky Mountain locust (Zoöl.), the Western locust, or grasshopper. See Grasshopper. - - Rocky Mountain sheep. (Zoöl.) See Bighorn.

Ro"coa (?), n. [Cf. F. rocou, roicou, Pg. & Braz, urucú.] The orange- colored pulp covering the seeds of the tropical plant Bixa Orellana, from which annotto is prepared. See Annoto.

Ro*co"co (?), n. [F.; of uncertain etymology.] A florid style of ornamentation which prevailed in Europe in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

Ro*co"co, a. Of or pertaining to the style called rococo; like rococo; florid; fantastic.

Rod (?), n. [The same word as rood. See Rood.] 1. A straight and slender stick; a wand; hence, any slender bar, as of wood or metal (applied to various purposes). Specifically: (a) An instrument of punishment or correction; figuratively, chastisement.

He that spareth his rod hateth his son.

Prov. xiii. 24.

(b) A kind of sceptor, or badge of office; hence, figuratively, power; authority; tyranny; oppression. "The rod, and bird of peace." Shak. (c) A support for a fishing line; a fish pole. Gay. (d) (Mach. & Structure) A member used in tension, as for sustaining a suspended weight, or in tension and compression, as for transmitting reciprocating motion, etc.; a connecting bar. (e) An instrument for measuring.

2. A measure of length containing sixteen and a half feet; -- called also perch, and pole.

Black rod. See in the Vocabulary. -- Rods and cones (Anat.), the elongated cells or elements of the sensory layer of the retina, some of which are cylindrical, others somewhat conical.

Rod"dy (?), a. Full of rods or twigs.

Rod"dy, a. Ruddy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rode (?), n. [See Rud.] Redness; complexion. [Obs.] "His rode was red." Chaucer.

Rode, imp. of Ride.

Rode, n. See Rood, the cross. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ro"dent (?), a. [L. rodens, - entis, p. pr. of rodere to gnaw. See Rase, v. t., and cf. Rostrum.] 1. Gnawing; biting; corroding; (Med.) applied to a destructive variety of cancer or ulcer.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Gnawing. (b) Of or pertaining to the Rodentia.

Ro"dent, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Rodentia.

||Ro*den"ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Rodent, a.] (Zoöl.) An order of ||mammals having two (rarely four) large incisor teeth in each jaw, ||distant from the molar teeth. The rats, squirrels, rabbits, marmots, ||and beavers belong to this order.

The incisor teeth are long, curved, and strongly enameled on the outside, so as to keep a cutting edge. They have a persistent pulp and grow continuously.

||Ro*de"o (?), n. [SP., a going round.] A round-up. See Round-up. ||[Western U.S.]

Rodge (?), n. (Zoöl.) The gadwall. [Prov. Eng.]

Rod"o*mel (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; rose + &?;&?;&?; honey.] Juice of roses mixed with honey. Simmonds.

Rod"o*mont (?), n. [F. rodomont, It. rodomonte, fr. Rodomonte, Rodamonte, a boasting hero in the "Orlando Furioso" of Ariosto, and the "Orlando Innamorato" of Bojardo; properly, one who rolls away mountains; Prov. It. rodare to roll away (fr. L. rota a wheel) + It. monte a mountain, L. mons. See Rotary, Mount, n.] A vain or blustering boaster; a braggart; a braggadocio. Sir T. Herbert.

Rod"o*mont, a. Bragging; vainly boasting.

Rod`o*mon*tade" (?), n. [F., fr. It. rodomontana. See Rodomont, n.] Vain boasting; empty bluster or vaunting; rant.

I could show that the rodomontades of Almanzor are neither so irrational nor impossible.

Dryden.

Rod`o*mon*tade", v. i. To boast; to brag; to bluster; to rant.

Rod`o*mon*tad"ist (?), n. One who boasts.

Rod`o*mon*ta"do (?), n. Rodomontade.

Rod`o*mon*ta"dor (?), n. A rodomontadist.

Rods"man (?), n.; pl. Rodsmen (&?;). One who carries and holds a leveling staff, or rod, in a surveying party. G. W. Cable.

Ro"dy (?), a. Ruddy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Roe (?), n. [OE. ro, AS. rh; akin to D. ree, G. reh, Icel. r, SW. rå.] (Zoöl.) (a) A roebuck. See Roebuck. (b) The female of any species of deer.

Roe, n. [For roan, OE. rowne, akin to G. rogen, OHG. rogan, Icel. hrogn, Dan. rogn, ravn, Sw. rom; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?; pebble, Skr. &?;arkar gravel.] 1. (Zoöl.) The ova or spawn of fishes and amphibians, especially when still inclosed in the ovarian membranes. Sometimes applied, loosely, to the sperm and the testes of the male.

2. A mottled appearance of light and shade in wood, especially in mahogany.

Roe"buck` (?), n. [1st roe + buck.] (Zoöl.) A small European and Asiatic deer (Capreolus capræa) having erect, cylindrical, branched antlers, forked at the summit. This, the smallest European deer, is very nimble and graceful. It always prefers a mountainous country, or high grounds.

Roed (?), a. (Zoöl.) Filled with roe.

Roe"deer` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The roebuck.

Roe"stone` (?), n. (Min.) Same as Oölite.

Ro*ga"tion (?), n. [L. rogatio, fr. rogare, rogatum, to ask, beg, supplicate: cf. F. rogation. Cf. Abrogate, Arrogant, Probogue.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The demand, by the consuls or tribunes, of a law to be passed by the people; a proposed law or decree.

2. (Eccl.) Litany; supplication.

He perfecteth the rogations or litanies before in use.

Hooker.

Rogation days (Eccl.), the three days which immediately precede Ascension Day; -- so called as being days on which the people, walking in procession, sang litanies of special supplication. -- Rogation flower (Bot.), a European species of milkwort (Polygala vulgaris); -- so called from its former use for garlands in Rogation week. Dr. Prior. -- Rogation week, the second week before Whitsunday, in which the Rogation days occur.

Rog"a*to*ry (?), a. [See Rogation.] Seeking information; authorized to examine witnesses or ascertain facts; as, a rogatory commission. Woolsey.

Rogue (?), n. [F. rogue proud, haughty, supercilious; cf. Icel. hr&?;kr a rook, croaker (cf. Rook a bird), or Armor. rok, rog, proud, arogant.] 1. (Eng.Law) A vagrant; an idle, sturdy beggar; a vagabond; a tramp.

The phrase rogues and vagabonds is applied to a large class of wandering, disorderly, or dissolute persons. They were formerly punished by being whipped and having the gristle of the right ear bored with a hot iron.

2. A deliberately dishonest person; a knave; a cheat.

The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise.

Pope.

3. One who is pleasantly mischievous or frolicsome; hence, often used as a term of endearment.

Ah, you sweet little rogue, you!

Shak.

4. An elephant that has separated from a herd and roams about alone, in which state it is very savage.

5. (Hort.) A worthless plant occuring among seedlings of some choice variety.

Rogues' gallery, a collection of portraits of rogues or criminals, for the use of the police authorities. -- Rogue's march, derisive music performed in driving away a person under popular indignation or official sentence, as when a soldier is drummed out of a regiment. -- Rogue's yarn, yarn of a different twist and color from the rest, inserted into the cordage of the British navy, to identify it if stolen, or for the purpose of tracing the maker in case of defect. Different makers are required to use yarns of different colors.

Rogue, v. i. To wander; to play the vagabond; to play knavish tricks. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rogue, v. t. 1. To give the name or designation of rogue to; to decry. [Obs.] Cudworth.

2. (Hort.) To destroy (plants that do not come up to a required standard).

Rogu"er*y (?), n. 1. The life of a vargant. [Obs.]

2. The practices of a rogue; knavish tricks; cheating; fraud; dishonest practices.

'Tis no scandal grown, For debt and roguery to quit the town.

Dryden.

3. Arch tricks; mischievousness.

Rogue"ship (?), n. The quality or state of being a rogue. [Jocose] "Your rogueship." Dryden.

Rogu"ish, a. 1. Vagrant. [Obs.] Spenser.

His roguish madness Allows itself to anything.

Shak.

2. Resembling, or characteristic of, a rogue; knavish.

3. Pleasantly mischievous; waggish; arch.

The most bewitching leer with her eyes, the most roguish cast.

Dryden.

-- Rogu"ish*ly, adv. -- Rogu"ish*ness, n.

Rogu"y (?), a. Roguish. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Ro"hob (?), n. An inspissated juice. See Rob.

Roi"al (?), a. Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Roil (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Roiling.] [Cf. OE. roilen to wander; possibly fr. OF. roeler to roll, equiv. to F. rouler. See Roll, v., and cf. Rile.] 1. To render turbid by stirring up the dregs or sediment of; as, to roil wine, cider, etc. , in casks or bottles; to roil a spring.

2. To disturb, as the temper; to ruffle the temper of; to rouse the passion of resentment in; to perplex.

That his friends should believe it, was what roiled him [Judge Jeffreys] exceedingly.

R. North.

Provincial in England and colloquial in the United States. A commoner, but less approved, form is rile.

Roil, v. i. 1. To wander; to roam. [Obs.]

2. To romp. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Roil"y (?), a. Turbid; as, roily water.

Roin (?), v. t. See Royne. [Obs.]

Roin, n. [F. rogne. See Roynish.] A scab; a scurf, or scurfy spot. [Obs.]

Roin"ish, a. See Roynish. [Obs.]

Roint (?), interj. See Aroint.

Roist (?), v. i. See Roister.

Roist"er (?), v. i. [Probably fr. F. rustre boor, a clown, clownish, fr. L. rustucus rustic. See Rustic.] To bluster; to swagger; to bully; to be bold, noisy, vaunting, or turbulent.

I have a roisting challenge sent amongst The dull and factious nobles of the Greeks.

Shak.

Roist"er (?), n. See Roisterer.

Roist"er*er (?), n. A blustering, turbulent fellow.

If two roisterers met, they cocked their hats in each other faces.

Macaulay.

Roist"er*ly, a. Blustering; violent. [R.]

Roist"er*ly, adv. In a roistering manner. [R.]

Rok"am*bole (?), n. See Rocambole.

Roke (?), n. [See Reek.] 1. Mist; smoke; damp [Prov. Eng.] [Written also roak, rook, and rouk.]

2. A vein of ore. [Pov.Eng.] Halliwell.

{ Roke"age (?), Rok"ee (?), } n. [Cf. Nocake.] Parched Indian corn, pounded up and mixed with sugar; -- called also yokeage. [Local, U.S.]

Rok"e*lay (?), n. [Cf. Roquelaure.] A short cloak. [Written also rockelay, rocklay, etc.] [Scot.]

Rok"y (?), a. [See Roke.] Misty; foggy; cloudy. [Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Rôle (?), n. [F. See Roll.] A part, or character, performed by an actor in a drama; hence, a part of function taken or assumed by any one; as, he has now taken the rôle of philanthropist.

Title rôle, the part, or character, which gives the title to a play, as the part of Hamlet in the play of that name.

Roll (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rolling.] [OF. roeler, roler, F. rouler, LL. rotulare, fr. L. royulus, rotula, a little wheel, dim. of rota wheel; akin to G. rad, and to Skr. ratha car, chariot. Cf. Control, Roll, n., Rotary.] 1. To cause to revolve by turning over and over; to move by turning on an axis; to impel forward by causing to turn over and over on a supporting surface; as, to roll a wheel, a ball, or a barrel.

2. To wrap round on itself; to form into a spherical or cylindrical body by causing to turn over and over; as, to roll a sheet of paper; to roll parchment; to roll clay or putty into a ball.

3. To bind or involve by winding, as in a bandage; to inwrap; -- often with up; as, to roll up a parcel.

4. To drive or impel forward with an easy motion, as of rolling; as, a river rolls its waters to the ocean.

The flood of Catholic reaction was rolled over Europe.

J. A. Symonds.

5. To utter copiously, esp. with sounding words; to utter with a deep sound; -- often with forth, or out; as, to roll forth some one's praises; to roll out sentences.

Who roll'd the psalm to wintry skies.

Tennyson.

6. To press or level with a roller; to spread or form with a roll, roller, or rollers; as, to roll a field; to roll paste; to roll steel rails, etc.

7. To move, or cause to be moved, upon, or by means of, rollers or small wheels.

8. To beat with rapid, continuous strokes, as a drum; to sound a roll upon.

9. (Geom.) To apply (one line or surface) to another without slipping; to bring all the parts of (one line or surface) into successive contact with another, in suck manner that at every instant the parts that have been in contact are equal.

10. To turn over in one's mind; to revolve.

Full oft in heart he rolleth up and down The beauty of these florins new and bright.

Chaucer.

To roll one's self, to wallow. -- To roll the eye, to direct its axis hither and thither in quick succession. -- To roll one's r's, to utter the letter r with a trill. [Colloq.]

Roll, v. i. 1. To move, as a curved object may, along a surface by rotation without sliding; to revolve upon an axis; to turn over and over; as, a ball or wheel rolls on the earth; a body rolls on an inclined plane.

And her foot, look you, is fixed upon a spherical stone, which rolls, and rolls, and rolls.

Shak.

2. To move on wheels; as, the carriage rolls along the street. "The rolling chair." Dryden.

3. To be wound or formed into a cylinder or ball; as, the cloth rolls unevenly; the snow rolls well.

4. To fall or tumble; -- with over; as, a stream rolls over a precipice.

5. To perform a periodical revolution; to move onward as with a revolution; as, the rolling year; ages roll away.

6. To turn; to move circularly.

And his red eyeballs roll with living fire.

Dryden.

7. To move, as waves or billows, with alternate swell and depression.

What different sorrows did within thee roll.

Prior.

8. To incline first to one side, then to the other; to rock; as, there is a great difference in ships about rolling; in a general semse, to be tossed about.

Twice ten tempestuous nights I rolled.

Pope.

9. To turn over, or from side to side, while lying down; to wallow; as, a horse rolls.

10. To spread under a roller or rolling-pin; as, the paste rolls well.

11. To beat a drum with strokes so rapid that they can scarcely be distinguished by the ear.

12. To make a loud or heavy rumbling noise; as, the thunder rolls.

To roll about, to gad abroad. [Obs.]

Man shall not suffer his wife go roll about.

Chaucer.

Roll, n. [F. rôle a roll (in sense 3), fr. L. rotulus &?; little wheel, LL., a roll, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. Rôle, Rouleau, Roulette.] 1. The act of rolling, or state of being rolled; as, the roll of a ball; the roll of waves.

2. That which rolls; a roller. Specifically: (a) A heavy cylinder used to break clods. Mortimer. (b) One of a set of revolving cylinders, or rollers, between which metal is pressed, formed, or smoothed, as in a rolling mill; as, to pass rails through the rolls.

3. That which is rolled up; as, a roll of fat, of wool, paper, cloth, etc. Specifically: (a) A document written on a piece of parchment, paper, or other materials which may be rolled up; a scroll.

Busy angels spread The lasting roll, recording what we say.

Prior.

<! p. 1249 !>

(b) Hence, an official or public document; a register; a record; also, a catalogue; a list.

The rolls of Parliament, the entry of the petitions, answers, and transactions in Parliament, are extant.

Sir M. Hale.

The roll and list of that army doth remain.

Sir J. Davies.

(c) A quantity of cloth wound into a cylindrical form; as, a roll of carpeting; a roll of ribbon. (d) A cylindrical twist of tobacco.

4. A kind of shortened raised biscuit or bread, often rolled or doubled upon itself.

5. (Naut.) The oscillating movement of a vessel from side to side, in sea way, as distinguished from the alternate rise and fall of bow and stern called pitching.

6. A heavy, reverberatory sound; as, the roll of cannon, or of thunder.

7. The uniform beating of a drum with strokes so rapid as scarcely to be distinguished by the ear.

8. Part; office; duty; rôle. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Long roll (Mil.), a prolonged roll of the drums, as the signal of an attack by the enemy, and for the troops to arrange themselves in line. -- Master of the rolls. See under Master. -- Roll call, the act, or the time, of calling over a list names, as among soldiers. -- Rolls of court, of parliament (or of any public body), the parchments or rolls on which the acts and proceedings of that body are engrossed by the proper officer, and which constitute the records of such public body. -- To call the roll, to call off or recite a list or roll of names of persons belonging to an organization, in order to ascertain who are present or to obtain responses from those present.

Syn. -- List; schedule; catalogue; register; inventory. See List.

Roll"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being rolled.

Roll"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, rolls; especially, a cylinder, sometimes grooved, of wood, stone, metal, etc., used in husbandry and the arts.

2. A bandage; a fillet; properly, a long and broad bandage used in surgery.

3. (Naut.) One of series of long, heavy waves which roll in upon a coast, sometimes in calm weather.

4. A long, belt-formed towel, to be suspended on a rolling cylinder; -- called also roller towel.

5. (Print.) A cylinder coated with a composition made principally of glue and molassess, with which forms of type are inked previously to taking an impression from them. W. Savage.

6. A long cylinder on which something is rolled up; as, the roller of a man.

7. A small wheel, as of a caster, a roller skate, etc.

8. (Zoöl.) ANy insect whose larva rolls up leaves; a leaf roller. see Tortrix.

9. [CF. F. rollier.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Old World picarian birds of the family Coraciadæ. The name alludes to their habit of suddenly turning over or "tumbling" in flight.

Many of the species are brilliantly colored. The common European species (Coracias garrula) has the head, neck, and under parts light blue varied with green, the scapulars chestnut brown, and the tail blue, green, and black. The broad-billed rollers of India and Africa belong to the genus Eurystomus, as the oriental roller (E. orientalis), and the Australian roller, or dollar bird (E. Pacificus). The latter is dark brown on the head and neck, sea green on the back, and bright blue on the throat, base of the tail, and parts of the wings. It has a silvery-white spot on the middle of each wing.

10. (Zoöl.) Any species of small ground snakes of the family Tortricidæ.

Ground roller (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Madagascar rollers belonging to Atelornis and allied genera. They are nocturnal birds, and feed on the ground. -- Roller bolt, the bar in a carriage to which the traces are attached; a whiffletree. [Eng.] -- Roller gin, a cotton gin inn which rolls are used for separating the seeds from the fiber. -- Roller mill. See under Mill. -- Roller skate, a skate which has small wheels in the place of the metallic runner; -- designed for use in skating upon a smooth, hard surface, other than ice.

Roll"ey (-), n. [Probably fr. roll.] A small wagon used for the underground work of a mine. Tomlison.

Rol"lic (rl"lk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rollicked (-lkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Rollicking.] [Corrupt. fr. frolic, under the influence of roll.] To move or play in a careless, swaggering manner, with a frolicsome air; to frolic; to sport; commonly in the form rollicking. [Colloq.]

He described his friends as rollicking blades.

T. Hook.

Roll"ing (?), a. 1. Rotating on an axis, or moving along a surface by rotation; turning over and over as if on an axis or a pivot; as, a rolling wheel or ball.

2. Moving on wheels or rollers, or as if on wheels or rollers; as, a rolling chair.

3. Having gradual, rounded undulations of surface; as, a rolling country; rolling land. [U.S.]

Rolling bridge. See the Note under Drawbridge. -- Rolling circle of a paddle wheel, the circle described by the point whose velocity equals the velocity of the ship. J. Bourne. -- Rolling fire (Mil.), a discharge of firearms by soldiers in line, in quick succession, and in the order in which they stand. -- Rolling friction, that resistance to motion experienced by one body rolling upon another which arises from the roughness or other quality of the surfaces in contact. -- Rolling mill, a mill furnished with heavy rolls, between which heated metal is passed, to form it into sheets, rails, etc. -- Rolling press. (a) A machine for calendering cloth by pressure between revolving rollers. (b) A printing press with a roller, used in copperplate printing. -- Rolling stock, or Rolling plant, the locomotives and vehicles of a railway. -- Rolling tackle (Naut.), tackle used to steady the yards when the ship rolls heavily. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Roll"ing-pin` (?), n. A cylindrical piece of wood or other material, with which paste or dough may be rolled out and reduced to a proper thickness.

Roll"way` (?), n. A place prepared for rolling logs into a stream.

Roll"y-po`ly (?), n. A kind of pudding made of paste spread with fruit, rolled into a cylindrical form, and boiled or steamed. -- a. Shaped like a rolly-poly; short and stout. [Written also roly- poly.]

Roll"y-pool`y (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A game in which a ball, rolling into a certain place, wins. [Written also rouly-pouly.]

Ro"ly-po`ly (?), n. & a. Rolly- poly.

Rom"age (?), n. & v. See Rummage. [Obs.] Shak.

Ro*ma"ic (?), a. [NGr. &?;&?;&?;&?;: cf. F. romaïque. See Roman.] Of or relating to modern Greece, and especially to its language. -- n. The modern Greek language, now usually called by the Greeks Hellenic or Neo-Hellenic.

The Greeks at the time of the capture of Constantinople were proud of being "Romai^oi, or Romans . . . Hence the term Romaic was the name given to the popular language. . . . The Greek language is now spoken of as the Hellenic language. Encyc. Brit.

Ro"man (?), a. [L. Romanus, fr. Roma Rome: cf. F. romain. Cf. Romaic, Romance, Romantic.] 1. Of or pertaining to Rome, or the Roman people; like or characteristic of Rome, the Roman people, or things done by Romans; as, Roman fortitude; a Roman aqueduct; Roman art.

2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion; professing that religion.

3. (Print.) (a) Upright; erect; -- said of the letters or kind of type ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic characters. (b) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as I., IV., i., iv., etc.; -- said of numerals, as distinguished from the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc.

Roman alum (Chem.), a cubical potassium alum formerly obtained in large quantities from Italian alunite, and highly valued by dyers on account of its freedom from iron. -- Roman balance, a form of balance nearly resembling the modern steelyard. See the Note under Balance, n., 1. -- Roman candle, a kind of firework (generally held in the hand), characterized by the continued emission of shower of sparks, and the ejection, at intervals, of brilliant balls or stars of fire which are thrown upward as they become ignited. -- Roman Catholic, of, pertaining to, or the religion of that church of which the pope is the spiritual head; as, a Roman Catholic priest; the Roman Catholic Church. -- Roman cement, a cement having the property of hardening under water; a species of hydraulic cement. -- Roman law. See under Law. -- Roman nose, a nose somewhat aquiline. -- Roman ocher, a deep, rich orange color, transparent and durable, used by artists. Ure. -- Roman order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite, a., 2.

Ro"man, n. 1. A native, or permanent resident, of Rome; a citizen of Rome, or one upon whom certain rights and privileges of a Roman citizen were conferred.

2. Roman type, letters, or print, collectively; -- in distinction from Italics.

Ro*mance" (?), n. [OE. romance, romant, romaunt, OF. romanz, romans, romant, roman, F. roman, romance, fr. LL. Romanice in the Roman language, in the vulgar tongue, i. e., in the vulgar language which sprang from Latin, the language of the Romans, and hence applied to fictitious compositions written in this vulgar tongue; fr. L. Romanicus Roman, fr. Romanus. See Roman, and cf. Romanic, Romaunt, Romansch, Romanza.] 1. A species of fictitious writing, originally composed in meter in the Romance dialects, and afterward in prose, such as the tales of the court of Arthur, and of Amadis of Gaul; hence, any fictitious and wonderful tale; a sort of novel, especially one which treats of surprising adventures usually befalling a hero or a heroine; a tale of extravagant adventures, of love, and the like. "Romances that been royal." Chaucer.

Upon these three columns -- chivalry, gallantry, and religion -- repose the fictions of the Middle Ages, especially those known as romances. These, such as we now know them, and such as display the characteristics above mentioned, were originally metrical, and chiefly written by nations of the north of France.

Hallam.

2. An adventure, or series of extraordinary events, resembling those narrated in romances; as, his courtship, or his life, was a romance.

3. A dreamy, imaginative habit of mind; a disposition to ignore what is real; as, a girl full of romance.

4. The languages, or rather the several dialects, which were originally forms of popular or vulgar Latin, and have now developed into Italian. Spanish, French, etc. (called the Romanic languages).

5. (Mus.) A short lyric tale set to music; a song or short instrumental piece in ballad style; a romanza.

Syn. -- Fable; novel; fiction; tale.

Ro*mance", a. Of or pertaining to the language or dialects known as Romance.

Ro*mance", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romanced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Romancing (?).] To write or tell romances; to indulge in extravagant stories.

A very brave officer, but apt to romance.

Walpole.

Ro*man"cer (?), n. One who romances.

Ro*man"cist (?), n. A romancer. [R.]

Ro*man"cy (?), a. Romantic. [R.]

Ro`man*esque" (?), a. [F. romanesque; cf. It. romanesco.] 1. (Arch.) Somewhat resembling the Roman; -- applied sometimes to the debased style of the later Roman empire, but esp. to the more developed architecture prevailing from the 8th century to the 12th.

2. Of or pertaining to romance or fable; fanciful.

Romanesque style (Arch.), that which grew up from the attempts of barbarous people to copy Roman architecture and apply it to their own purposes. This term is loosely applied to all the styles of Western Europe, from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the appearance of Gothic architecture.

Ro`man*esque", n. Romanesque style.

Ro*man"ic (?), a. [L. Romanicus. See Romance, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Rome or its people.

2. Of or pertaining to any or all of the various languages which, during the Middle Ages, sprung out of the old Roman, or popular form of Latin, as the Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provencal, etc.

3. Related to the Roman people by descent; -- said especially of races and nations speaking any of the Romanic tongues.

Romanic spelling, spelling by means of the letters of the Roman alphabet, as in English; -- contrasted with phonetic spelling.

Ro"man*ish (?), a. Pertaining to Romanism.

Ro"man*ism (?), n. The tenets of the Church of Rome; the Roman Catholic religion.

Ro"man*ist, n. One who adheres to Romanism.

Ro"man*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Romanized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Romanizing (?).] 1. To Latinize; to fill with Latin words or idioms. [R.] Dryden.

2. To convert to the Roman Catholic religion.

Ro"man*ize, v. i. 1. To use Latin words and idioms. "Apishly Romanizing." Milton.

2. To conform to Roman Catholic opinions, customs, or modes of speech.

Ro"man*i`zer (?), n. One who Romanizes.

Ro*mansch" (?), n. [Grisons rumansch, rumonsch, romonsch. See Romance.] The language of the Grisons in Switzerland, a corruption of the Latin. [Written also Romansch, and Rumonsch.]

Ro*mant" (?), n. A romaunt. [Obs.]

Ro*man"tic (?), a. [F. romantique, fr. OF. romant. See Romance.] 1. Of or pertaining to romance; involving or resembling romance; hence, fanciful; marvelous; extravagant; unreal; as, a romantic tale; a romantic notion; a romantic undertaking.

Can anything in nature be imagined more profane and impious, more absurd, and undeed romantic, than such a persuasion?

South.

Zeal for the good of one's country a party of men have represented as chimerical and romantic.

Addison.

2. Entertaining ideas and expectations suited to a romance; as, a romantic person; a romantic mind.

3. Of or pertaining to the style of the Christian and popular literature of the Middle Ages, as opposed to the classical antique; of the nature of, or appropriate to, that style; as, the romantic school of poets.

4. Characterized by strangeness or variety; suggestive of adventure; suited to romance; wild; picturesque; -- applied to scenery; as, a romantic landscape.

Syn. -- Sentimental; fanciful; fantastic; fictitious; extravagant; wild; chimerical. See Sentimental.

The romantic drama. See under Drama.

Ro*man"tic*al (?), a. Romantic.

Ro*man"tic*al*y, adv. In a romantic manner.

Ro*man"ti*cism (?), n. [CF. It. romanticismo, F. romantisme, romanticisme.] A fondness for romantic characteristics or peculiarities; specifically, in modern literature, an aiming at romantic effects; -- applied to the productions of a school of writers who sought to revive certain medi&?;val forms and methods in opposition to the so-called classical style.

He [Lessing] may be said to have begun the revolt from pseudo-classicism in poetry, and to have been thus unconsciously the founder of romanticism.

Lowell.

Ro*man"ti*cist (?), n. One who advocates romanticism in modern literature. J. R. Seeley.

Ro*man"tic*ly (?), adv. Romantically. [R.] Strype.

Ro*man"tic*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being romantic; widness; fancifulness. Richardson.

Rom"a*ny (?), n. [Gypsy romano, romani, adj., gypsy; cf. rom husband.] 1. A gypsy.

2. The language spoken among themselves by the gypsies. [Written also Rommany.]

||Ro*man"za (?), n. [It.] See Romance, 5.

Ro*maunt" (?), n. [See Romance.] A romantic story in verse; as, the "Romaunt of the Rose."

O, hearken, loving hearts and bold, Unto my wild romaunt.

Mrs. Browning.

Rom"ble (?), v.& n. Rumble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rom*bow"line (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) Old, condemned canvas, rope, etc., unfit for use except in chafing gear. [Written also rumbowline.]

{ Ro"me*ine (?), Ro"me*ite (?), } n. [F. roméine. So calledafter the French mineralogist Romé L'Isle.] (Min.) A mineral of a hyacinth or honey-yellow color, occuring in square octahedrons. It is an antimonate of calcium.

Rome"kin (?), n. [CF. Rummer.] A drinking cup. [Written also romkin.] [Obs.] Halliwell.

{ Rome" pen`ny (?), or Rome" scot` (?) }. See Peter pence, under Peter.

Rome"ward (?), adv. Toward Rome, or toward the Roman Catholic Church.

Rome"ward, a. Tending or directed toward Rome, or toward the Roman Catholic Church.

To analyze the crisis in its Anglican rather than in its Romeward aspect.

Gladstone.

Rom"ic (?), n. A method of notation for all spoken sounds, proposed by Mr. Sweet; -- so called because it is based on the common Roman-letter alphabet. It is like the palæotype of Mr. Ellis in the general plan, but simpler.

Rom"ish (?), a. Belonging or relating to Rome, or to the Roman Catholic Church; -- frequently used in a disparaging sense; as, the Romish church; the Romish religion, ritual, or ceremonies.

Rom"ist, n. A Roman Catholic. [R.] South.

Romp (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Romping.] [A variant of ramp. See Ramp to leap, Rampallian.] To play rudely and boisterously; to leap and frisk about in play.

Romp, n. 1. A girl who indulges in boisterous play.

<! p. 1250 !>

2. Rude, boisterous play or frolic; rough sport.

While romp-loving miss Is hauled about in gallantry robust.

Thomson.

Romp"ing (?), a. Inclined to romp; indulging in romps.

A little romping girl from boarding school.

W. Irving.

Romp"ing*ly, adv. In a romping manner.

Romp"ish, a. Given to rude play; inclined to romp.

--- Romp"ish, adv. -- Romp"ish*ness, n.

Rom"pu (?), a. [F. rompu, p. p. of rompre to breeak, L. rumpere. See Rupture.] (Her.) Broken, as an ordinary; cut off, or broken at the top, as a chevron, a bend, or the like.

Ron`ca*dor" (?), n. [Sp., a snorer, fr. roncar to snore. So called in allusion to the grunting noise made by them on being taken from the water. ] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of California sciænoid food fishes, especially Roncador Stearnsi, which is an excellent market fish, and the red roncador (Corvina, or Johnius, saturna).

Ron"chil (?), n. [Cf. Sp. ronquillo slightly hoarse.] (Zoöl.) An American marine food fish (Bathymaster signatus) of the North Pacific coast, allied to the tilefish. [Written also ronquil.]

Ron"co (?), n. [Sp. ronco hoarse.] (Zoöl.) See Croaker, n., 2. (a). [Texas]

||Ron`dache" (?), n. [F.] (Anc. Armor.) A circular shield carried by ||foot soldiers.

||Ronde (?), n. [F.] (Print.) A kind of script in which the heavy ||strokes are nearly upright, giving the characters when taken together ||a round look.

Ron*deau" (?), n. [F. See Roundel.] [Written also rondo.] 1. A species of lyric poetry so composed as to contain a refrain or repetition which recurs according to a fixed law, and a limited number of rhymes recurring also by rule.

When the rondeau was called the rondel it was mostly written in fourteen octosyllabic lines of two rhymes, as in the rondels of Charles d'Orleans. . . . In the 17th century the approved form of the rondeau was a structure of thirteen verses with a refrain. Encyc. Brit.

2. (Mus.) See Rondo, 1.

Ron"del (?), n. [Cf. Rondeau, Roundel.] 1. (Fort.) A small round tower erected at the foot of a bastion. [Obs.]

2. [F.] (a) Same as Rondeau. (b) Specifically, a particular form of rondeau containing fourteen lines in two rhymes, the refrain being a repetition of the first and second lines as the seventh and eighth, and again as the thirteenth and fourteenth. E. W. Gosse.

||Ron`de*le"ti*a (?), n. [NL. So named after William Rondelet, a French ||naturalist.] (Bot.) A tropical genus of rubiaceous shrubs which often ||have brilliant flowers.

Ron"dle (?), n. [Cf. Rondel.] 1. A rondeau. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A round mass, plate, or disk; especially (Metal.), the crust or scale which forms upon the surface of molten metal in the crucible.

Ron"do (?), n. [It. rondò, fr. F. rondeau. See Rondeau.] 1. (Mus.) A composition, vocal or instrumental, commonly of a lively, cheerful character, in which the first strain recurs after each of the other strains. "The Rondo-form was the earliest and most frequent definite mold for musical construction." Grove.

2. (Poetry) See Rondeau, 1.

Ron"dure (?), n. [Cf. F. rondeur roundness.] 1. A round; a circle. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Roundness; plumpness. [R.]

High-kirtled for the chase, and what was shown Of maiden rondure, like the rose half-blown.

Lowell.

Rong (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Ring. Chaucer.

Rong, n. Rung (of a ladder). [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Ron`geur" (?), n. [F., fr. ronger to gnaw.] (Surg.) An instrument for ||removing small rough portions of bone.

{ Ron"ion, Ron"yon } (?), n. [F. rogne scab, mange.] A mangy or scabby creature.

"Aroint thee, with!" the rump-fed ronyon cries.

Shak.

Ron"ne (?), obs. imp. pl., and Ron"nen (&?;), obs. p. p. of Renne, to run. Chaucer.

Ront (?), n. [See Runt.] A runt. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rood (rd), n. [AS. rd a cross; akin to OS. rda, D. roede rod, G. ruthe, rute, OHG. ruota. Cf. Rod a measure.] 1. A representation in sculpture or in painting of the cross with Christ hanging on it.

Generally, the Trinity is represented, the Father as an elderly man fully clothed, with a nimbus around his head, and holding the cross on which the Son is represented as crucified, the Holy Spirit descending in the form of a dove near the Son's head. Figures of the Virgin Mary and of St. John are often placed near the principal figures.

Savior, in thine image seen Bleeding on that precious rood.

Wordsworth.

2. A measure of five and a half yards in length; a rod; a perch; a pole. [Prov. Eng.]

3. The fourth part of an acre, or forty square rods.

By the rood, by the cross; -- a phrase formerly used in swearing. "No, by the rood, not so." Shak. -- Rood beam (Arch.), a beam across the chancel of a church, supporting the rood. -- Rood loft (Arch.), a loft or gallery, in a church, on which the rood and its appendages were set up to view. Gwilt. -- Rood screen (Arch.), a screen, between the choir and the body of the church, over which the rood was placed. Fairholt. -- Rood tower (Arch.), a tower at the intersection of the nave and transept of a church; -- when crowned with a spire it was called also rood steeple. Weale. -- Rood tree, the cross. [Obs.] "Died upon the rood tree." Gower.

Roo"de*bok (?), n. [D. rood red + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) The pallah.

Rood"y (?), a. Rank in growth. [Prov. Eng.]

Roof (?), n. [OE. rof, AS. hr&?;f top, roof; akin to D. roef cabin, Icel. hr&?;f a shed under which ships are built or kept; cf. OS. hr&?;st roof, Goth. hr&?;t. Cf. Roost.] 1. (Arch.) The cover of any building, including the roofing (see Roofing) and all the materials and construction necessary to carry and maintain the same upon the walls or other uprights. In the case of a building with vaulted ceilings protected by an outer roof, some writers call the vault the roof, and the outer protection the roof mask. It is better, however, to consider the vault as the ceiling only, in cases where it has farther covering.

2. That which resembles, or corresponds to, the covering or the ceiling of a house; as, the roof of a cavern; the roof of the mouth.

The flowery roof Showered roses, which the morn repaired.

Milton.

3. (Mining.) The surface or bed of rock immediately overlying a bed of coal or a flat vein.

Bell roof, French roof, etc. (Arch.) See under Bell, French, etc. -- Flat roof. (Arch.) (a) A roof actually horizontal and level, as in some Oriental buildings. (b) A roof nearly horizontal, constructed of such material as allows the water to run off freely from a very slight inclination. -- Roof plate. (Arch.) See Plate, n., 10.

Roof (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roofed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Roofing.] 1. To cover with a roof.

I have not seen the remains of any Roman buildings that have not been roofed with vaults or arches.

Addison.

2. To inclose in a house; figuratively, to shelter.

Here had we now our country's honor roofed.

Shak.

Roof"er (?), n. One who puts on roofs.

Roof"ing, n. 1. The act of covering with a roof.

2. The materials of which a roof is composed; materials for a roof. Gwilt.

3. Hence, the roof itself; figuratively, shelter. "Fit roofing gave." Southey.

4. (Mining) The wedging, as of a horse or car, against the top of an underground passage. Raymond.

Roof"less, a. 1. Having no roof; as, a roofless house.

2. Having no house or home; shelterless; homeless.

Roof"let (?), n. A small roof, covering, or shelter.

Roof"tree` (?), n. The beam in the angle of a roof; hence, the roof itself.

Now for me the woods may wither, now for me the rooftree fall.

Tennyson.

Roof`y (?), a. Having roofs. [R.] Dryden.

Rook (rk), n. Mist; fog. See Roke. [Obs.]

Rook, v. i. To squat; to ruck. [Obs.] Shak.

Rook, n. [F. roc (cf. Sp. roque), fr. Per. & Ar. rokh, or rukh, the rook or castle at chess, also the bird roc (in this sense perhaps a different word); cf. Hind. rath a war chariot, the castle at chess, Skr. ratha a car, a war car. Cf. Roll.] (Chess) One of the four pieces placed on the corner squares of the board; a castle.

Rook, n. [AS. hrc; akin to OHG. hruoh, ruoh, ruoho, Icel. hrkr, Sw. roka, Dan. raage; cf. Goth. hrukjan to crow.] 1. (Zoöl.) A European bird (Corvus frugilegus) resembling the crow, but smaller. It is black, with purple and violet reflections. The base of the beak and the region around it are covered with a rough, scabrous skin, which in old birds is whitish. It is gregarious in its habits. The name is also applied to related Asiatic species.

The rook . . . should be treated as the farmer's friend.

Pennant.

2. A trickish, rapacious fellow; a cheat; a sharper. Wycherley.

Rook, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rooked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rooking.] To cheat; to defraud by cheating. "A band of rooking officials." Milton.

Rook"er*y (?), n.; pl. Rookeries (&?;). 1. The breeding place of a colony of rooks; also, the birds themselves. Tennyson.

2. A breeding place of other gregarious birds, as of herons, penguins, etc.

3. The breeding ground of seals, esp. of the fur seals.

4. A dilapidated building with many rooms and occupants; a cluster of dilapidated or mean buildings.

5. A brothel. [Low]

Rook"y (-), a. [See Roky.] Misty; gloomy. [Obs.]

Light thickens, and the crow Makes wing to the rooky wood.

Shak.

Some make this Shakespearean word mean "abounding in rooks."

Room (rm), n. [OE. roum, rum, space, AS. rm; akin to OS., OFries. & Icel. rm, D. ruim, G. raum, OHG. rm, Sw. & Dan. rum, Goth. rms, and to AS. rm, adj., spacious, D. ruim, Icel. rmr, Goth. rms; and prob. to L. rus country (cf. Rural), Zend ravah wide, free, open, ravan a plain.] 1. Unobstructed spase; space which may be occupied by or devoted to any object; compass; extent of place, great or small; as, there is not room for a house; the table takes up too much room.

Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room.

Luke xiv. 22.

There was no room for them in the inn.

Luke ii. 7.

2. A particular portion of space appropriated for occupancy; a place to sit, stand, or lie; a seat.

If he have but twelve pence in his purse, he will give it for the best room in a playhouse.

Overbury.

When thou art bidden of any man to a wedding, sit not down in the highest room.

Luke xiv. 8.

3. Especially, space in a building or ship inclosed or set apart by a partition; an apartment or chamber.

I found the prince in the next room.

Shak.

4. Place or position in society; office; rank; post; station; also, a place or station once belonging to, or occupied by, another, and vacated. [Obs.]

When he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judea in the room of his father Herod.

Matt. ii. 22.

Neither that I look for a higher room in heaven.

Tyndale.

Let Bianca take her sister's room.

Shak.

5. Possibility of admission; ability to admit; opportunity to act; fit occasion; as, to leave room for hope.

There was no prince in the empire who had room for such an alliance.

Addison.

Room and space (Shipbuilding), the distance from one side of a rib to the corresponding side of the next rib; space being the distance between two ribs, in the clear, and room the width of a rib. -- To give room, to withdraw; to leave or provide space unoccupied for others to pass or to be seated. -- To make room, to open a space, way, or passage; to remove obstructions; to give room.

Make room, and let him stand before our face.

Shak.

Syn. -- Space; compass; scope; latitude.

Room (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roomed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rooming.] To occupy a room or rooms; to lodge; as, they arranged to room together.

Room, a. [AS. rm.] Spacious; roomy. [Obs.]

No roomer harbour in the place.

Chaucer.

Room"age (?), n. [From Room. CF. Rummage.] Space; place; room. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Room"er (?), n. A lodger. [Colloq.]

Room"er (?), adv. [See Room, a.] At a greater distance; farther off. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

Room"ful (?), a. Abounding with room or rooms; roomy. "A roomful house." [R.] Donne.

Room"ful, n.; pl. Roomfuls (&?;). As much or many as a room will hold; as, a roomful of men. Swift.

Room"i*ly (?), adv. Spaciously.

Room"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being roomy; spaciousness; as, the roominess of a hall.

Room"less, a. Being without room or rooms. Udall.

Room"mate` (?), n. One of twe or more occupying the same room or rooms; one who shares the occupancy of a room or rooms; a chum.

Room"some (?), a. Roomy. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Roomth (?), n. Room; space. [Obs.] Drayton.

Roomth"y (?), a. Roomy; spacious. [Obs.] Fuller.

Room"y (?), a. Having ample room; spacious; large; as, a roomy mansion; a roomy deck. Dryden.

Roon (?), a. & n. Vermilion red; red. [R.]

Her face was like the lily roon.

J. R. Drake.

Roop (?), n. See Roup. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Roor"back, Roor"bach } (?), n. A defamatory forgery or falsehood published for purposes of political intrigue. [U.S.]

The word originated in the election canvass of 1844, when such a forgery was published, to the detriment of James K. Polk, a candidate for President, purporting to be an extract from the "Travels of Baron Roorbach."

Roo"sa oil` (?). The East Indian name for grass oil. See under Grass.

Roost (?), n. Roast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Roost (?), v. t. See Roust, v. t.

Roost, n. [AS. hrst; akin to OD. roest roost, roesten to roost, and probably to E. roof. Cf. Roof.] 1. The pole or other support on which fowls rest at night; a perch.

He clapped his wings upon his roost.

Dryden.

2. A collection of fowls roosting together.

At roost, on a perch or roost; hence, retired to rest.

Roost, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roosting.] 1. To sit, rest, or sleep, as fowls on a pole, limb of a tree, etc.; to perch. Wordsworth.

2. Fig.; To lodge; to rest; to sleep.

O, let me where thy roof my soul hath hid, O, let me roost and nestle there.

Herbert.

Roost"cock` (?), n. The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Roost"er (?), n. The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [U.S.]

Nor, when they [the Skinners and Cow Boys] wrung the neck of a rooster, did they trouble their heads whether he crowed for Congress or King George.

W. Irving.

Root (?), v. i. [AS. wrtan; akin to wrt a snout, trunk, D. wroeten to root, G. rüssel snout, trunk, proboscis, Icel. rta to root, and perhaps to L. rodere to gnaw (E. rodent) or to E. root, n.] 1. To turn up the earth with the snout, as swine.

2. Hence, to seek for favor or advancement by low arts or groveling servility; to fawn servilely.

Root, v. t. To turn up or to dig out with the snout; as, the swine roots the earth.

Root, n. [Icel. rt (for vrt); akin to E. wort, and perhaps to root to turn up the earth. See Wort.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The underground portion of a plant, whether a true root or a tuber, a bulb or rootstock, as in the potato, the onion, or the sweet flag. (b) The descending, and commonly branching, axis of a plant, increasing in length by growth at its extremity only, not divided into joints, leafless and without buds, and having for its offices to fix the plant in the earth, to supply it with moisture and soluble matters, and sometimes to serve as a reservoir of nutriment for future growth. A true root, however, may never reach the ground, but may be attached to a wall, etc., as in the ivy, or may hang loosely in the air, as in some epiphytic orchids.

<! p. 1251 !>

2. An edible or esculent root, especially of such plants as produce a single root, as the beet, carrot, etc.; as, the root crop.

3. That which resembles a root in position or function, esp. as a source of nourishment or support; that from which anything proceeds as if by growth or development; as, the root of a tooth, a nail, a cancer, and the like. Specifically: (a) An ancestor or progenitor; and hence, an early race; a stem.

They were the roots out of which sprang two distinct people.

Locke.

(b) A primitive form of speech; one of the earliest terms employed in language; a word from which other words are formed; a radix, or radical. (c) The cause or occasion by which anything is brought about; the source. "She herself . . . is root of bounty." Chaucer.

The love of money is a root of all kinds of evil.

1 Tim. vi. 10 (rev. Ver.)

(d) (Math.) That factor of a quantity which when multiplied into itself will produce that quantity; thus, 3 is a root of 9, because 3 multiplied into itself produces 9; 3 is the cube root of 27. (e) (Mus.) The fundamental tone of any chord; the tone from whose harmonics, or overtones, a chord is composed. Busby.

(f) The lowest place, position, or part. "Deep to the roots of hell." Milton. "The roots of the mountains." Southey.

4. (Astrol.) The time which to reckon in making calculations.

When a root is of a birth yknowe [known].

Chaucer.

Aërial roots. (Bot.) (a) Small roots emitted from the stem of a plant in the open air, which, attaching themselves to the bark of trees, etc., serve to support the plant. (b) Large roots growing from the stem, etc., which descend and establish themselves in the soil. See Illust. of Mangrove. -- Multiple primary root (Bot.), a name given to the numerous roots emitted from the radicle in many plants, as the squash. -- Primary root (Bot.), the central, first-formed, main root, from which the rootlets are given off. -- Root and branch, every part; wholly; completely; as, to destroy an error root and branch. -- Root-and-branch men, radical reformers; -- a designation applied to the English Independents (1641). See Citation under Radical, n., 2. -- Root barnacle (Zoöl.), one of the Rhizocephala. -- Root hair (Bot.), one of the slender, hairlike fibers found on the surface of fresh roots. They are prolongations of the superficial cells of the root into minute tubes. Gray. -- Root leaf (Bot.), a radical leaf. See Radical, a., 3 (b). -- Root louse (Zoöl.), any plant louse, or aphid, which lives on the roots of plants, as the Phylloxera of the grapevine. See Phylloxera. -- Root of an equation (Alg.), that value which, substituted for the unknown quantity in an equation, satisfies the equation. -- Root of a nail (Anat.), the part of a nail which is covered by the skin. -- Root of a tooth (Anat.), the part of a tooth contained in the socket and consisting of one or more fangs. -- Secondary roots (Bot.), roots emitted from any part of the plant above the radicle. -- To strike root, To take root, to send forth roots; to become fixed in the earth, etc., by a root; hence, in general, to become planted, fixed, or established; to increase and spread; as, an opinion takes root. "The bended twigs take root." Milton.

Root (rt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooting.] 1. To fix the root; to enter the earth, as roots; to take root and begin to grow.

In deep grounds the weeds root deeper.

Mortimer.

2. To be firmly fixed; to be established.

If any irregularity chanced to intervene and to cause misappehensions, he gave them not leave to root and fasten by concealment.

Bp. Fell.

Root, v. t. 1. To plant and fix deeply in the earth, or as in the earth; to implant firmly; hence, to make deep or radical; to establish; -- used chiefly in the participle; as, rooted trees or forests; rooted dislike.

2. To tear up by the root; to eradicate; to extirpate; -- with up, out, or away. "I will go root away the noisome weeds." Shak.

The Lord rooted them out of their land . . . and cast them into another land.

Deut. xxix. 28.

Root"cap` (rt"kp`), n. (Bot.) A mass of parenchymatous cells which covers and protects the growing cells at the end of a root; a pileorhiza.

Root"ed, a. Having taken root; firmly implanted; fixed in the heart. "A rooted sorrow." Shak.

-- Root"ed*ly, adv. -- Root"ed*ness, n.

Rooter (?), n. One who, or that which, roots; one that tears up by the roots.

Root"er*y, n. A pile of roots, set with plants, mosses, etc., and used as an ornamental object in gardening.

Root"less, a. Destitute of roots.

Root"let (?), n. A radicle; a little root.

Root"stock` (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial underground stem, producing leafly s&?;ems or flower stems from year to year; a rhizome.

Root"y (?), a. Full of roots; as, rooty ground.

Ro*pal"ic (?), a. See Rhopalic.

Rope (?), n. [AS. rp; akin to D. reep, G. reif ring hoop, Icel. reip rope, Sw. rep, Dan. reb, reeb Goth. skaudaraip latchet.] 1. A large, stout cord, usually one not less than an inch in circumference, made of strands twisted or braided together. It differs from cord, line, and string, only in its size. See Cordage.

2. A row or string consisting of a number of things united, as by braiding, twining, etc.; as, a rope of onions.

3. pl. The small intestines; as, the ropes of birds.

Rope ladder, a ladder made of ropes. -- Rope mat., a mat made of cordage, or strands of old rope. -- Rope of sand, something of no cohession or fiber; a feeble union or tie; something not to be relied upon. -- Rope pump, a pump in which a rapidly running endless rope raises water by the momentum communicated to the water by its adhesion to the rope. -- Rope transmission (Mach.), a method of transmitting power, as between distant places, by means of endless ropes running over grooved pulleys. -- Rope's end, a piece of rope; especially, one used as a lash in inflicting punishment. -- To give one rope, to give one liberty or license; to let one go at will uncheked.

Rope (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Roping.] To be formed into rope; to draw out or extend into a filament or thread, as by means of any glutinous or adhesive quality.

Let us not hang like ropingicicles Upon our houses' thatch.

Shak.

Rope, v. t. 1. To bind, fasten, or tie with a rope or cord; as, to rope a bale of goods. Hence: --

2. To connect or fasten together, as a party of mountain climbers, with a rope.

3. To partition, separate, or divide off, by means of a rope, so as to include or exclude something; as, to rope in, or rope off, a plot of ground; to rope out a crowd.

4. To lasso (a steer, horse). [Colloq. U.S.]

5. To draw, as with a rope; to entice; to inveigle; to decoy; as, to rope in customers or voters. [Slang, U.S.]

6. To prevent from winning (as a horse), by pulling or curbing. [Racing Slang, Eng.]

Rope"band` (?), n. (Naut.) A small piece of spun yarn or marline, used to fasten the head of the sail to the spar. [Written also roband, and robbin.]

Rope"dan`cer (?), n. One who dances, walks, or performs acrobatic feats, on a rope extended through the air at some height. -- Rope"dan`cing, n.

Rop"er (?), n. 1. A maker of ropes. P. Plowman.

2. One who ropes goods; a packer.

3. One fit to be hanged. [Old Slang] Douce.

Rop"er*y (?), n. 1. A place where ropes are made.

2. Tricks deserving the halter; roguery. [Obs.] "Saucy merchant . . . so full of his ropery." Shak.

Rope's"-end` (?), v. t. To punish with a rope's end.

Rope"walk` (?), a. A long, covered walk, or a low, level building, where ropes are manufactured.

Rope"walk`er (?), n. A ropedancer.

Rope"-yarn` (?), n. the yarn or thread of any stuff of which the strands of a rope are made.

Rop"i*ly (?), adv. In a ropy manner; in a viscous or glutinous manner.

Rop"i*ness, n. Quality of being ropy; viscosity.

Rop"ish, a. Somewhat ropy.

Rop"y (?), a. capable of being drawn into a thread, as a glutinous substance; stringy; viscous; tenacious; glutinous; as ropy sirup; ropy lees.

Roq"ue*laure (?; 277), n. [F.; so called after Duc de Roquelaure, in the reign of Louis XIV.] A cloak reaching about to, or just below, the knees, worn in the 18th century. [Written also roquelo.]

Ro*quet" (?), v. t. [Etymol. uncertain] (Croquet) To hit, as another's ball, with one's own ball.

Ro*quet", v. i. To hit another's ball with one's own.

Ro"ral (?), a. [L. ros, roris, dew.] Of or pertaining to dew; consisting of dew; dewy. [R.] M. Green.

Ro*ra"tion (?), n. [L. roratio, fr. rorare to drop dew, fr. ros dew.] A falling of dew. [R.]

Ro"ric (?), a. [L. ros, roris, dew.] Of or pertaining to dew; resembling dew; dewy.

Roric figures (Physics), figures which appear upon a polished surface, as glass, when objects which have been near to, or in contact with, the surface are removed and the surface breathed upon; -- called also Moser's images.

Ro"rid (?), a. [L. roridus, fr. ros, roris, dew.] Dewy; bedewed. [R.] T. Granger.

Ro*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. rorifer; ros, roris, dew + ferre to bear: cf. F. rorifère.] generating or producing dew. [R.]

Ro*rif"lu*ent (?), a. [L. ros, roris, dew + fluens, p. pr. of fluere to flow.] Flowing with dew. [R.]

Ror"qual (?), n. [Norw. rorqualus a whale with folds.] (Zoöl.) A very large North Atlantic whalebone whale (Physalus antiquorum, or Balænoptera physalus). It has a dorsal fin, and strong longitudinal folds on the throat and belly. Called also razorback.

It is one of the largest of the whales, somethimes becoming nearly one hundred feet long, but it is more slender than the right whales, and is noted for its swiftness. The name is sometimes applied to other related species of finback whales.

Ro"ru*lent (?), a. [L. rorulentus, from ros, roris, dew.] 1. Full of, or abounding in, dew. [R.]

2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface appearing as if dusty, or covered with fine dew.

Ro"ry (?), a. [L. ros, roris, dew.] Dewy. [R.]

And shook his wings with rory May-dew wet.

Fairfax.

Ro*sa"ceous (?), a. [L. rosaceus, fr. rosa rose.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Rosaceæ) of which the rose is the type. It includes also the plums and cherries, meadowsweet, brambles, the strawberry, the hawthorn, applies, pears, service trees, and quinces. (b) Like a rose in shape or appearance; as, a rosaceous corolla.

2. Of a pure purpish pink color.

Ro*sac"ic (?), a. [See Rosaceous.] (Old med. Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (called also lithic acid) found in certain red precipitates of urine. See Uric. [Obs.]

Ro*sal"gar (?), n. realgar. [Obs.] chaucer.

||Ro*sa"li*a (?), n. [Cf. F. rosalie.] (Mus.) A form of melody in which ||a phrase or passage is successively repeated, each time a step or ||half step higher; a melodic sequence.

Ros*an"i*line (? or ?), n. [Rose + aniline.] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous base, C20H21N3O, obtained by oxidizing a mixture of aniline and toluidine, as a colorless crystalline substance which forms red salts. These salts are essential components of many of the socalled aniline dyes, as fuchsine, aniline red, etc. By extension, any one of the series of substances derived from, or related to, rosaniline proper.

Ro*sa"ri*an (?), n. A cultivator of roses.

Ro"sa*ry (?), n.; pl. Rosaries (#). [LL. rosarium a string of beads, L. rosarium a place planted with roses, rosa a rose: cf. F. rosaire. See Rose.] 1. A bed of roses, or place where roses grow. "Thick rosaries of scented thorn." Tennyson.

2. (R.C.Ch.) A series of prayers (see Note below) arranged to be recited in order, on beads; also, a string of beads by which the prayers are counted.

His idolized book, and the whole rosary of his prayers.

Milton.

A rosary consists of fifteen decades. Each decade contains ten Ave Marias marked by small beads, preceded by a Paternoster, marked by a larger bead, and concluded by a Gloria Patri. Five decades make a chaplet, a third part of the rosary. Bp. Fitzpatrick.

3. A chapelet; a garland; a series or collection, as of beautiful thoughts or of literary selections.

Every day propound to yourself a rosary or chaplet of good works to present to God at night.

Jer. Taylor.

4. A coin bearing the figure of a rose, fraudulently circulated in Ireland in the 13th century for a penny.

Rosary shell (Zoöl.), any marine gastropod shell of the genus Monodonta. They are top-shaped, bright-colored and pearly.

Ros"cid (?), a. [L. roscidus, fr. ros, roris, dew.] Containing, or consisting of, dew; dewy. [R.] Bacon.

Ros"coe*lite (?), n. [From an English chemist, H.E. Roscoe + -lite.] (Min.) A green micaceous mineral occurring in minute scales. It is essentially a silicate of aluminia and potash containing vanadium.

Rose (?), imp. of Rise.

Rose, n. [AS. rose, L. rosa, probably akin to Gr. &?;, Armor. vard, OPer. vareda; and perhaps to E. wort: cf. F. rose, from the Latin. Cf. Copperas, Rhododendron.] 1. A flower and shrub of any species of the genus Rosa, of which there are many species, mostly found in the morthern hemispere

Roses are shrubs with pinnate leaves and usually prickly stems. The flowers are large, and in the wild state have five petals of a color varying from deep pink to white, or sometimes yellow. By cultivation and hybridizing the number of petals is greatly increased and the natural perfume enhanced. In this way many distinct classes of roses have been formed, as the Banksia, Baurbon, Boursalt, China, Noisette, hybrid perpetual, etc., with multitudes of varieties in nearly every class.

2. A knot of ribbon formed like a rose; a rose knot; a rosette, esp. one worn on a shoe. Sha.

3. (Arch.) A rose window. See Rose window, below.

4. A perforated nozzle, as of a pipe, spout, etc., for delivering water in fine jets; a rosehead; also, a strainer at the foot of a pump.

5. (Med.) The erysipelas. Dunglison.

6. The card of the mariner's compass; also, a circular card with radiating lines, used in other instruments.

7. The color of a rose; rose-red; pink.

8. A diamond. See Rose diamond, below.

Cabbage rose, China rose, etc. See under Cabbage, China, etc. -- Corn rose (Bot.) See Corn poppy, under Corn. -- Infantile rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. -- Jamaica rose. (Bot.) See under Jamaica. -- Rose acacia (Bot.), a low American leguminous shrub (Robinia hispida) with handsome clusters of rose-colored blossoms. -- Rose aniline. (Chem.) Same as Rosaniline. -- Rose apple (Bot.), the fruit of the tropical myrtaceous tree Eugenia Jambos. It is an edible berry an inch or more in diameter, and is said to have a very strong roselike perfume. -- Rose beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small yellowish or buff longlegged beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus), which eats the leaves of various plants, and is often very injurious to rosebushes, apple trees, grapevines, etc. Called also rose bug, and rose chafer. (b) The European chafer. -- Rose bug. (Zoöl.) same as Rose beetle, Rose chafer. -- Rose burner, a kind of gas-burner producing a rose-shaped flame. -- Rose camphor (Chem.), a solid odorless substance which separates from rose oil. -- Rose campion. (Bot.) See under Campion. -- Rose catarrh (Med.), rose cold. -- Rose chafer. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European beetle (Cetonia aurata) which is often very injurious to rosebushes; -- called also rose beetle, and rose fly. (b) The rose beetle (a). -- Rose cold (Med.), a variety of hay fever, sometimes attributed to the inhalation of the effluvia of roses. See Hay fever, under Hay. -- Rose color, the color of a rose; pink; hence, a beautiful hue or appearance; fancied beauty, attractiveness, or promise. <! p. 1252 !> -- Rose de Pompadour, Rose du Barry, names succesively given to a delicate rose color used on Sèvres porcelain. -- Rose diamond, a diamond, one side of which is flat, and the other cut into twenty-four triangular facets in two ranges which form a convex face pointed at the top. Cf. Brilliant, n. -- Rose ear. See under Ear. -- Rose elder (Bot.), the Guelder-rose. -- Rose engine, a machine, or an appendage to a turning lathe, by which a surface or wood, metal, etc., is engraved with a variety of curved lines. Craig. -- Rose family (Bot.) the Roseceæ. See Rosaceous. -- Rose fever (Med.), rose cold. -- Rose fly (Zoöl.), a rose betle, or rose chafer. -- Rose gall (Zoöl.), any gall found on rosebushes. See Bedeguar. -- Rose knot, a ribbon, or other pliade band plaited so as to resemble a rose; a rosette. -- Rose lake, Rose madder, a rich tint prepared from lac and madder precipitated on an earthy basis. Fairholt. -- Rose mallow. (Bot.) (a) A name of several malvaceous plants of the genus Hibiscus, with large rose-colored flowers. (b) the hollyhock. -- Rose nail, a nail with a convex, faceted head. -- Rose noble, an ancient English gold coin, stamped with the figure of a rose, first struck in the reign of Edward III., and current at 6s. 8d. Sir W. Scott. -- Rose of China. (Bot.) See China rose (b), under China. -- Rose of Jericho (Bot.), a Syrian cruciferous plant (Anastatica Hierochuntica) which rolls up when dry, and expands again when moistened; -- called also resurrection plant. - - Rose of Sharon (Bot.), an ornamental malvaceous shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus). In the Bible the name is used for some flower not yet identified, perhaps a Narcissus, or possibly the great lotus flower. -- Rose oil (Chem.), the yellow essential oil extracted from various species of rose blossoms, and forming the chief part of attar of roses. -- Rose pink, a pigment of a rose color, made by dyeing chalk or whiting with a decoction of Brazil wood and alum; also, the color of the pigment. -- Rose quartz (Min.), a variety of quartz which is rose- red. -- Rose rash. (Med.) Same as Roseola. -- Rose slug (Zoöl.), the small green larva of a black sawfly (Selandria rosæ). These larvæ feed in groups on the parenchyma of the leaves of rosebushes, and are often abundant and very destructive. -- Rose window (Arch.), a circular window filled with ornamental tracery. Called also Catherine wheel, and marigold window. Cf. wheel window, under Wheel. -- Summer rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. See Roseola. -- Under the rose [a translation of L. sub rosa], in secret; privately; in a manner that forbids disclosure; -- the rose being among the ancients the symbol of secrecy, and hung up at entertainments as a token that nothing there said was to be divulged. -- Wars of the Roses (Eng. Hist.), feuds between the Houses of York and Lancaster, the white rose being the badge of the House of York, and the red rose of the House of Lancaster.

Rose (?), v. t. 1. To render rose-colored; to redden; to flush. [Poetic] "A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty." Shak.

2. To perfume, as with roses. [Poetic] Tennyson.

Ro"se*al (?), a. [L. roseus, fr. rosa a rose.] resembling a rose in smell or color. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Ro"se*ate (?), a. [Cf. L. roseus, rosatus, prepared from roses. See Roseal, Rose.] 1. Full of roses; rosy; as, roseate bowers.

2. resembling a rose in color or fragrance; esp., tinged with rose color; blooming; as, roseate beauty; her roseate lips.

Roseate tern (Zoöl.), an American and European tern (Sterna Dougalli) whose breast is roseate in the breeding season.

Rose"bay` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) the oleander. [Obs.] (b) Any shrub of the genus Rhododendron. [U.S.] (c) An herb (Epilobium spicatum) with showy purple flowers, common in Europe and North America; -- called also great willow herb.

Rose"bud` (?), n. The flower of a rose before it opens, or when but partially open.

Rose"bush` (?), n. The bush or shrub which bears roses.

Rose"-col`ored (?), a. 1. Having the color of a pink rose; rose-pink; of a delicate pink color.

2. Uncommonly beautiful; hence, extravagantly fine or pleasing; alluring; as, rose-colored anticipations.

Rose"-cut` (?), a. Cut flat on the reverse, and with a convex face formed of triangular facets in rows; - - said of diamonds and other precious stones. See Rose diamond, under Rose. Cf. Brilliant, n.

Rose"drop`, n. 1. A lozenge having a rose flavor.

2. A kind of earring. Simmonds.

3. (Med.) A ruddy eruption upon the nose caused by drinking ardent spirits; a grog blossom.

Rose"finch (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Asiatic finches of the genera Carpodacus, and Propasser, and allied genera, in which the male is more or less colored with rose red.

Rose"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large marine scorpænoid food fish (Sebastes marinus) found on the northern coasts of Europe and America. called also red perch, hemdurgan, Norway haddok, and also, erroneously, snapper, bream, and bergylt.

When full grown it is usually bright rose-red or orange-red; the young are usually mottled with red and ducky brown.

Rose"head` (?), n. 1. See Rose, n., 4.

2. A many-sided pyramidal head upon a nail; also a nail with such a head.

Ro"se*ine (? or ?), n. See Magenta.

Ro"se*lite (?), n. [From the German mineralogist G. Rose + -lite.] (Min.) A hydrous arsenite of cobalt, occuring in small red crystals, allied to erythrite.

||Ro"sel"la (?), n. [NL., dim. of L. rosa rose.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful ||Australian parrakeet (Platycercus eximius) often kept as a cage bird. ||The head and back of the neck are scarlet, the throat is white, the ||back dark green varied with lighter green, and the breast yellow.

Ro*selle" (?), n. (Bot.) a malvaceous plant (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) cultivated in the east and West Indies for its fleshy calyxes, which are used for making tarts and jelly and an acid drink.

Rose`mal"oes (?), n. [From the native name; cf. Malay rasamla the name of the tree.] The liquid storax of the East Indian Liquidambar orientalis.

Rose"ma*ry (?), n. [OE. rosmarine, L. rosmarinus; ros dew (cf. Russ. rosa, Lith. rasa, Skr. rasa juice) + marinus marine: cf. F. romarin. In English the word has been changed as if it meant the rose of Mary. See Marine.] A labiate shrub (Rosmarinus officinalis) with narrow grayish leaves, growing native in the southern part of France, Spain, and Italy, also in Asia Minor and in China. It has a fragrant smell, and a warm, pungent, bitterish taste. It is used in cookery, perfumery, etc., and is an emblem of fidelity or constancy.

There's rosemary, that's for remembrance.

Shak.

Marsh rosemary. (a) A little shrub (Andromeda polifolia) growing in cold swamps and having leaves like those of the rosemary. (b) See under Marsh. -- Rosemary pine, the loblolly pine. See under Loblolly.

Ros"en (?), a. Consisting of roses; rosy. [Obs.]

Ro"sen*mül`ler's or"gan (?). [So named from its first describer, J. C. Rosenmüller, a German anatomist.] (Anat.) The parovarium.

Ro"se*o- (?). (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) signifying rose-red; specifically used to designate certain rose-red compounds (called roseo-cobaltic compounds) of cobalt with ammonia. Cf. Luteo-.

||Ro*se"o*la (?), n. [NL., dim. of L. rosa a rose.] (med.) A ||rose-colored efflorescence upon the skin, occurring in circumscribed ||patches of little or no elevation and often alternately fading and ||reviving; also, an acute specific disease which is characterized by ||an eruption of this character; -- called also rose rash. -- ||Ro*se"o*lous (#), a.

Rose"-pink` (?), a. 1. Having a pink color like that of the rose, or like the pigment called rose pink. See Rose pink, under Rose.

2. Disposed to clothe everything with roseate hues; hence, sentimental. "Rose-pink piety." C. Kingsley.

Ros"er (?), n. A rosier; a rosebush. [Obs.]

Rose"-red` (?), a. Red as a rose; specifically (Zoöl.), of a pure purplish red color. Chaucer.

Rose"-ri`al (?), n. [See Rose, and Royal.] A name of several English gold coins struck in different reigns and having having different values; a rose noble.

Rose"root` (?), n. (Bot.) A fleshy-leaved herb (Rhodiola rosea); rosewort; -- so called because the roots have the odor of roses.

Ros"er*y (?), n. A place where roses are cultivated; a nursery of roses. See Rosary, 1.

Ro"set (?), n. [F. rosette. See Rosette.] A red color used by painters. Peacham.

Ro-set"ta stone` (?). A stone found at Rosetta, in Egypt, bearing a trilingual inscription, by aid of which, with other inscriptions, a key was obtained to the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. Brande & C.

Ro*set"ta wood` (?). An east Indian wood of a reddish orange color, handsomely veined with darker marks. It is occasionally used for cabinetwork. Ure.

Ro*sette (?), n. [F., dim. of rose a rose. Cf. Roset.] 1. An imitation of a rose by means of ribbon or other material, -- used as an ornament or a badge.

2. (Arch.) An ornament in the form of a rose or roundel, -much used in decoration.

3. A red color. See Roset.

4. A rose burner. See under Rose.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) Any structure having a flowerlike form; especially, the group of five broad ambulacra on the upper side of the spatangoid and clypeastroid sea urchins. See Illust. of Spicule, and Sand dollar, under Sand. (b) A flowerlike color marking; as, the rosettes on the leopard.

Rose" wa`ter (?). Water tinctured with roses by distillation.

Rose"-wa`ter, a. Having the odor of rose water; hence, affectedly nice or delicate; sentimental. "Rose-water philanthropy." Carlyle.

Rose"wood (?), n. A valuable cabinet wood of a dark red color, streaked and variegated with black, obtained from several tropical leguminous trees of the genera Dalbergia and Machærium. The finest kind is from Brazil, and is said to be from the Dalbergia nigra.

African rosewood, the wood of the leguminous tree Pterocarpus erinaceus. -- Jamaica rosewood, the wood of two West Indian trees (Amyris balsamifera, and Linocieria ligustrina). -- New South Wales rosewood, the wood of Trichilia glandulosa, a tree related to the margosa.

Rose"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of any one of several species of lepidopterous insects which feed upon the leaves, buds, or blossoms of the rose, especially Cacæcia rosaceana, which rolls up the leaves for a nest, and devours both the leaves and buds.

Rose"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) Roseroot. (b) Any plant nearly related to the rose. Lindley.

Ros`i*cru"cian (?), n. [The name is probably due to a German theologian, Johann Valentin Andreä, who in anonymous pamphlets called himself a knight of the Rose Cross (G. Rosenkreuz), using a seal with a St. Andrew's cross and four roses.)] One who, in the 17th century and the early part of the 18th, claimed to belong to a secret society of philosophers deeply versed in the secrets of nature, -- the alleged society having existed, it was stated, several hundred years.

The Rosicrucians also called brothers of the Rosy Cross, Rosy-cross Knights, Rosy-cross philosophers, etc. Among other pretensions, they claimed to be able to transmute metals, to prolong life, to know what is passing in distant places, and to discover the most hidden things by the application of the Cabala and science of numbers.

Ros`i*cru"cian (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Rosicrucians, or their arts.

Ros"ied (?), a. Decorated with roses, or with the color of roses.

Ro"sier (?), n. [F., fr. L. rosarius of roses. Cf. Rosary.] A rosebush; roses, collectively. [Obs.]

Crowned with a garland of sweet rosier.

Spenser.

Ros"i*ly (?), adv. In a rosy manner. M. Arnold.

Ros"in (?), n. [A variant of resin.] The hard, amber-colored resin left after distilling off the volatile oil of turpentine; colophony.

Rosin oil, an oil obtained from the resin of the pine tree, -- used by painters and for lubricating machinery, etc.

Ros"in, v. t. To rub with rosin, as musicians rub the bow of a violin.

Or with the rosined bow torment the string.

Gay.

Ros"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being rosy.

Ros"in*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The compass plant. See under Compass. (b) A name given in California to various composite plants which secrete resins or have a resinous smell.

Ros"in*y (?), a. like rosin, or having its qualities.

Ros"land (?), n. [W. rhos a meadow, a moor + E. land.] heathy land; land full of heather; moorish or watery land. [prov. Eng.]

Ros"ma*rine` (?), n. [OE. See Rosemary.] 1. Dew from the sea; sea dew. [Obs.]

That purer brine And wholesome dew called rosmarine.

B. Jonson.

2. Rosemary. [Obs.] Spenser. "Biting on anise seed and rosmarine." Bp. Hall.

Ros"ma*rine, n. [Norw. rosmar a walrus; ros a horse (akin to E. horse) + (probably) mar the sea.] A fabulous sea animal which was reported to climb by means of its teeth to the tops of rocks to feed upon the dew.

And greedly rosmarines with visages deforme.

Spenser.

Ro*sol"ic (?), a. [Rose + carbolic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex red dyestuff (called rosolic acid) which is analogous to rosaniline and aurin. It is produced by oxidizing a mixture of phenol and cresol, as a dark red amorphous mass, C20H16O3, which forms weak salts with bases, and stable ones with acids. Called also methyl aurin, and, formerly, corallin.

Ross (?); 115), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] The rough, scaly matter on the surface of the bark of trees. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Ross, v. t. To divest of the ross, or rough, scaly surface; as, to ross bark. [Local, U.S.]

Ros"sel (?), n. Light land; rosland. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.

Ros"sel cur`rent (?). [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.] (Oceanography) A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea. [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Ros"sel*ly (?), a. Loose; light. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Rost (?), n. See Roust. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Ros"tel (?), n. [L. rostellum, dim. of rostrum a beak: cf. F. rostelle.] same as Rostellum.

Ros*tel"lar (?), a. Pertaining to a rostellum.

Ros"tel*late (?), a. [NL. rostellatus.] Having a rostellum, or small beak; terminating in a beak.

Ros*tel"li*form (?), a. Having the form of a rostellum, or small beak.

||Ros*tel"lum (?), n.; pl. Rostella (#). [L. See Rostel.] A small ||beaklike process or extension of some part; a small rostrum; as, the ||rostellum of the stigma of violets, or of the operculum of many ||mosses; the rostellum on the head of a tapeworm.

Ros"ter (?), n. [Perhaps a corruption of register; or cf. roll.] (Mil.) A register or roll showing the order in which officers, enlisted men, companies, or regiments are called on to serve.

Ros"tra (?), n. pl. See Rostrum, 2.

Ros"tral (?), a. [L. rostralis, fr. rostrum a beak; cf. F. rostral.] Of or pertaining to the beak or snout of an animal, or the beak of a ship; resembling a rostrum, esp., the rostra at Rome, or their decorations.

[Monuments] adorned with rostral crowns and naval ornaments.

Addison.

{ Ros"trate (?), Ros"tra*ted (?) }, a. [L. rostratus, fr. rostrum a beak. See Rostrum.] 1. Having a process resembling the beak of a bird; beaked; rostellate.

2. Furnished or adorned with beaks; as, rostrated galleys.

||Ros*trif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. rostrum beak + ferre to bear.] ||(Zoöl.) A division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, having the head ||prolonged into a snout which is not retractile.

Ros"tri*form (?), a. [L. rostrum a beak + -form: cf. F. rostrifarme.] Having the form of a beak.

||Ros"tru*lum (-tr*lm), n.; pl. Rostrula (#). [NL., dim. of L. rostrum ||a beak.] A little rostrum, or beak, as of an insect.

Ros"trum (-trm), n.; pl. L. Rostra (#), E. Rostrums (#). [L., beak, ship's beak, fr. rodere, rosum, to gnaw. See Rodent.] 1. The beak or head of a ship.

<! p. 1253 !>

2. pl. (Rostra) (Rom. Antiq.) The Beaks; the stage or platform in the forum where orations, pleadings, funeral harangues, etc., were delivered; -- so called because after the Latin war, it was adorned with the beaks of captured vessels; later, applied also to other platforms erected in Rome for the use of public orators.

3. Hence, a stage for public speaking; the pulpit or platform occupied by an orator or public speaker.

Myself will mount the rostrum in his favor.

Addison.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) Any beaklike prolongation, esp. of the head of an animal, as the beak of birds. (b) The beak, or sucking mouth parts, of Hemiptera. (c) The snout of a gastropod mollusk. See Illust. of Littorina. (d) The anterior, often spinelike, prolongation of the carapace of a crustacean, as in the lobster and the prawn.

5. (Bot.) Same as Rostellum.

6. (Old Chem.) The pipe to convey the distilling liquor into its receiver in the common alembic. Quincy.

7. (Surg.) A pair of forceps of various kinds, having a beaklike form. [Obs.] Coxe.

Ro"su*late (?), a. [NL. rosulatus, fr. L. rosa a rose.] (Bot.) Arranged in little roselike clusters; -- said of leaves and bracts.

Ros"y (?), a. [Compar. Rosier (?); superl. Rosiest.] Resembling a rose in color, form, or qualities; blooming; red; blushing; also, adorned with roses.

A smile that glowed Celestial rosy-red, love's proper hue.

Milton.

While blooming youth and gay delight Sit thy rosy cheeks confessed.

Prior.

Rosy is sometimes used in the formation of self&?;xplaining compounde; as, rosy-bosomed, rosy- colored, rosy-crowned, rosy-fingered, rosy- tinted.

Rosy cross. See the Note under Rosicrucian, n.

Rot (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rotting.] [OE. rotien, AS. rotian; akin to D. rotten, Prov. G. rotten, OHG. rozz&?;n, G. rösten to steep flax, Icel. rotna to rot, Sw. ruttna, Dan. raadne, Icel. rottin rotten. &radic;117. Cf. Ret, Rotten.] 1. To undergo a process common to organic substances by which they lose the cohesion of their parts and pass through certain chemical changes, giving off usually in some stages of the process more or less offensive odors; to become decomposed by a natural process; to putrefy; to decay.

Fixed like a plant on his peculiar spot, To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot.

Pope.

2. Figuratively: To perish slowly; to decay; to die; to become corrupt.

Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons.

Macaulay.

Rot, poor bachelor, in your club.

Thackeray.

Syn. -- To putrefy; corrupt; decay; spoil.

Rot, v. t. 1. To make putrid; to cause to be wholly or partially decomposed by natural processes; as, to rot vegetable fiber.

2. To expose, as flax, to a process of maceration, etc., for the purpose of separating the fiber; to ret.

Rot, n. 1. Process of rotting; decay; putrefaction.

2. (Bot.) A disease or decay in fruits, leaves, or wood, supposed to be caused by minute fungi. See Bitter rot, Black rot, etc., below.

3. [Cf. G. rotz glanders.] A fatal distemper which attacks sheep and sometimes other animals. It is due to the presence of a parasitic worm in the liver or gall bladder. See 1st Fluke, 2.

His cattle must of rot and murrain die.

Milton.

Bitter rot (Bot.), a disease of apples, caused by the fungus Glæosporium fructigenum. F. L. Scribner. -- Black rot (Bot.), a disease of grapevines, attacking the leaves and fruit, caused by the fungus Læstadia Bidwellii. F. L. Scribner. -- Dry rot (Bot.) See under Dry. -- Grinder's rot (Med.) See under Grinder. -- Potato rot. (Bot.) See under Potato. -- White rot (Bot.), a disease of grapes, first appearing in whitish pustules on the fruit, caused by the fungus Coniothyrium diplodiella. F. L. Scribner.

||Ro"ta (?), n. [L. rota wheel. The name is said to allude to the ||design of the floor of the room in which the court used to sit, which ||was that of a wheel. See Rotary.] 1. An ecclesiastical court of Rome, ||called also Rota Romana, that takes cognizance of suits by appeal. It ||consists of twelve members.

2. (Eng. Hist.) A short-lived political club established in 1659 by J.Harrington to inculcate the democratic doctrine of election of the principal officers of the state by ballot, and the annual retirement of a portion of Parliament.

Ro"ta (?), n. (Mus.) A species of zither, played like a guitar, used in the Middle Ages in church music; -- written also rotta.

Ro"ta*cism (?), n. See Rhotacism.

Ro"tal (?), a. Relating to wheels or to rotary motion; rotary. [R.]

Ro"ta*lite (?), n. [L. rota wheel + -lite.] (Paleon.) Any fossil foraminifer of the genus Rotalia, abundant in the chalk formation. See Illust. under Rhizopod.

Ro"ta*ry (?), a. [L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. barouche, Rodomontade, Roué, Round, a., Rowel.] Turning, as a wheel on its axis; pertaining to, or resembling, the motion of a wheel on its axis; rotatory; as, rotary motion.

Rotary engine, steam engine in which the continuous rotation of the shaft is produced by the direct action of the steam upon rotating devices which serve as pistons, instead of being derived from a reciprocating motion, as in the ordinary engine; a steam turbine; -- called also rotatory engine. -- Rotary pump, a pump in which the fluid is impelled by rotating devices which take the place of reciprocating buckets or pistons. -- Rotary shears, shears, as for cloth, metal, etc., in which revolving sharp-edged or sharp-cornered wheels do the cutting. -- Rotary valve, a valve acting by continuous or partial rotation, as in the four-way cock.

Ro"ta*scope (?), n. [L. rota a wheel + -scope.] Same as Gyroscope, 1.

Ro"tate (?), a. [L. rotatus, p. p. of rotare to turn round like a wheel, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Roue.] Having the parts spreading out like a wheel; wheel-shaped; as, a rotate spicule or scale; a rotate corolla, i.e., a monopetalous corolla with a flattish border, and no tube or a very short one.

Ro"tate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rotating.] 1. To turn, as a wheel, round an axis; to revolve.

2. To perform any act, function, or operation in turn, to hold office in turn; as, to rotate in office.

Ro"tate, v. i. 1. To cause to turn round or revolve, as a wheel around an axle.

2. To cause to succeed in turn; esp., to cause to succeed some one, or to be succeeded by some one, in office. [Colloq.] "Both, after a brief service, were rotated out of office." Harper's Mag.

Ro"ta*ted (?), a. Turned round, as a wheel; also, wheel-shaped; rotate.

Ro*ta"tion (?), n. [L. rotatio: cf. F. rotation.] 1. The act of turning, as a wheel or a solid body on its axis, as distinguished from the progressive motion of a revolving round another body or a distant point; thus, the daily turning of the earth on its axis is a rotation; its annual motion round the sun is a revolution.

2. Any return or succesion in a series.

Moment of rotation. See Moment of inertia, under Moment. -- Rotation in office, the practice of changing public officers at frequent intervals by discharges and substitutions. -- Rotation of crops, the practices of cultivating an orderly succession of different crops on the same land.

Ro*ta"tion (?), a. Pertaining to, or resulting from, rotation; of the nature of, or characterized by, rotation; as, rotational velocity.

Ro"ta*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. rotatif.] turning, as a wheel; rotary; rotational.

This high rotative velocity of the sun must cause an equatorial rise of the solar atmosphere.

Siemens.

Rotative engine, a steam engine in which the reciprocating motion of the piston is transformed into a continuous rotary motion, as by means of a connecting rod, a working beam and crank, or an oscillating cylinder.

Ro*ta"tor (?), n. [L.] 1. (Anat.) that which gives a rotary or rolling motion, as a muscle which partially rotates or turns some part on its axis.

2. (Metal.) A revolving reverberatory furnace.

||Ro`ta*to"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Rotifera.

Ro"ta*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. rotatoire. See Rotate, Rotary.] 1. Turning as on an axis; rotary.

2. Going in a circle; following in rotation or succession; as, rotatory assembles. Burke.

3. (Opt.) Producing rotation of the plane of polarization; as, the rotatory power of bodies on light. See the Note under polarization. Nichol.

Ro"ta*to*ry, n. (Zoöl.) A rotifer. [R.] Kirby.

Rotche (?), n. (Zoöl.) A very small arctic sea bird (Mergulus alle, or Alle alle) common on both coasts of the Atlantic in winter; -- called also little auk, dovekie, rotch, rotchie, and sea dove.

Rotch"et (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European red gurnard (Trigla pini).

Rote (?), n. A root. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rote (?), n. [OE. rote, probably of German origin; cf. MHG. rotte, OHG. rota, hrota, LL. chrotta. Cf. Crowd a kind of violin.] (Mus.) A kind of guitar, the notes of which were produced by a small wheel or wheel-like arrangement; an instrument similar to the hurdy-gurdy.

Well could he sing and play on a rote.

Chaucer.

extracting mistuned dirges from their harps, crowds, and rotes.

Sir W. Scott.

Rote, n. [Cf. Rut roaring.] The noise produced by the surf of the sea dashing upon the shore. See Rut.

Rote, n. [OF. rote, F. route, road, path. See Route, and cf. Rut a furrow, Routine.] A frequent repetition of forms of speech without attention to the meaning; mere repetition; as, to learn rules by rote. Swift.

till he the first verse could [i. e., knew] all by rote.

Chaucer.

Thy love did read by rote, and could not spell.

Shak.

Rote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roting.] To learn or repeat by rote. [Obs.] Shak.

Rote, v. i. To go out by rotation or succession; to rotate. [Obs.] Z. Grey.

Ro*tel"la (?), n. [NL., dim. of rota wheel; cf. LL. rotella a little whell.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small, polished, brightcolored gastropods of the genus Rotella, native of tropical seas.

Rot"gut (?), n. 1. Bad small beer. [Slang]

2. Any bad spirituous liquor, especially when adulterated so as to be very deleterious. [Slang]

Roth"er (?), a. [AS. hryðer; cf. D. rund.] (Zoöl.) Bovine. -- n. A bovine beast. [Obs.] Shak.

Rother beasts, cattle of the bovine genus; black cattle. [Obs.] Golding. -- Rother soil, the dung of rother beasts.

Roth"er, n. [OE. See Rudder.] A rudder.

Rother nail, a nail with a very full head, used for fastening the rudder irons of ships; -- so called by shipwrights.

Ro"ti*fer (?; 277), n. [NL. see Rotifera.] (Zoöl.) One of the Rotifera. See Illust. in Appendix.

||Ro*tif"e*ra (?), n.; pl. [NL., from L. rota &?; wheel + ferre to ||bear.] (Zoöl.) An order of minute worms which usually have one or two ||groups of vibrating cilia on the head, which, when in motion, often ||give an appearance of rapidly revolving wheels. The species are very ||numerous in fresh waters, and are very diversified in form and ||habits.

Ro"ti*form (?), a. [L. rota wheel + -form.] 1. Wheel-shaped; as, rotiform appendages.

2. (Bot.) Same as Rotate.

Rot"ta (?), n. (Mus.) See Rota.

Rot"ten (?), a. [Icel. rotinn; akin to Sw. rutten, Dan. radden. See Rot.] Having rotted; putrid; decayed; as, a rotten apple; rotten meat. Hence: (a) Offensive to the smell; fetid; disgusting.

You common cry of curs! whose breath I hate As reek of the rotten fens.

Shak.

(b) Not firm or trusty; unsound; defective; treacherous; unsafe; as, a rotten plank, bone, stone. "The deepness of the rotten way." Knolles.

Rotten borough. See under Borough. -- Rotten stone (Min.), a soft stone, called also Tripoli (from the country from which it was formerly brought), used in all sorts of finer grinding and polishing in the arts, and for cleaning metallic substances. The name is also given to other friable siliceous stones applied to like uses.

Syn. -- Putrefied; decayed; carious; defective; unsound; corrupt; deceitful; treacherous.

-- Rot"ten*ly, adv. -- Rot"ten*ness, n.

||Rot"u*la (?), n. [L., a little wheel; cf. It. rotula.] (Anat.) The ||patella, or kneepan.

Rot"u*lar (?), a. [L. rotula, dim. of rota wheel.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the rotula, or kneepan.

Ro*tund" (?), a. [L. rotundus. See Round, and cf. Rotunda.] 1. Round; circular; spherical.

2. Hence, complete; entire.

3. (Bot.) Orbicular, or nearly so. Gray.

Ro*tund", n. A rotunda. [Obs.] Burke.

Ro*tun"da (?), n. [Cf. It. rotonda, F. rotonde; both fr. L. rotundus round. See Rotund, a.] (Arch.) A round building; especially, one that is round both on the outside and inside, like the Pantheon at Rome. Less properly, but very commonly, used for a large round room; as, the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington.

Ro*tund"ate (?), a. Rounded; especially, rounded at the end or ends, or at the corners.

Ro*tund`i*fo"li*ous (?), a. [L. rotundus round + folium a leaf.] (Bot.) Having round leaves.

Ro*tund"i*ty (?), n. [L. rotunditas: cf. F. rotondité.] 1. The state or quality of being rotu&?;; roundness; sphericity; circularity.

Smite flat the thick rotundity o'the world!

Shak.

2. Hence, completeness; entirety; roundness.

For the more rotundity of the number and grace of the matter, it passeth for a full thousand.

Fuller.

A boldness and rotundity of speech.

Hawthorne.

Ro*tund"ness, n. Roundness; rotundity.

Ro*tun"do (?), n. See Rotunda.

Ro*tur"er (?), n. A roturier. [Obs.] Howell.

||Ro`tu`rier" (?), n. [F.] A person who is not of noble birth; specif., ||a freeman who during the prevalence of feudalism held allodial land.

Rot"y (?), v. t. [See Rot.] To make rotten. [Obs.]

Well bet is rotten apple out of hoard, Than that it roty all the remenant.

Chaucer.

||Rou"ble (?), n. A coin. See Ruble.

Rouche (?), n. See Ruche.

||Rou`é" (?), n. [F., properly p. p. of rouer to break upon the wheel, ||fr. roue a wheel, L. rota. See Rotate, Rotary.] One devoted to a life ||of sensual pleasure; a debauchee; a rake.

||Rou`et" (?), n. [F.] A small wheel formerly fixed to the pan of ||firelocks for discharging them. Crabb.

Rouge (?), a. [F., fr. L. rubeus red, akin to rubere to be red, ruber red. See Red.] red. [R.]

||Rouge et noir (&?;) [F., red and black], a game at cards in which ||persons play against the owner of the bank; -- so called because the ||table around which the players sit has certain compartments colored ||red and black, upon which the stakes are deposited. Hoyle.

Rouge, n. [F.] 1. (Chem.) A red amorphous powder consisting of ferric oxide. It is used in polishing glass, metal, or gems, and as a cosmetic, etc. Called also crocus, jeweler's rouge, etc.

2. A cosmetic used for giving a red color to the cheeks or lips. The best is prepared from the dried flowers of the safflower, but it is often made from carmine. Ure.

Rouge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rouged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rouging .] To paint the face or cheeks with rouge.

Rouge, v. t. To tint with rouge; as, to rouge the face or the cheeks.

Rouge`croix" (? or ?), n. [F., literally, red cross.] (Her.) One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

Rouge" drag`on (?), n. [F., literally, red dragon.] (Her.) One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

<! p. 1254 !>

Rough (?), a. [Compar. Rougher (?); superl. Roughest.] [OE. rou&?;, rou, row, rugh, ruh, AS. r&?;h; akin to LG. rug, D. rug, D. ruig, ruw, OHG. r&?;h, G. rauh, rauch; cf. Lith. raukas wrinkle, rukti to wrinkle. &radic; 18. Cf. Rug, n.] 1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth. Specifically: (a) Not level; having a broken surface; uneven; -- said of a piece of land, or of a road. "Rough, uneven ways." Shak.

(b) Not polished; uncut; -- said of a gem; as, a rough diamond. (c) Tossed in waves; boisterous; high; -- said of a sea or other piece of water.

More unequal than the roughest sea.

T. Burnet.

(d) Marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; disordered; -- said of dress, appearance, or the like; as, a rough coat. "A visage rough." Dryden. "Roughsatyrs." Milton.

2. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish. Specifically: (a) Not courteous or kind; harsh; rude; uncivil; as, a rough temper.

A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough.

Shak.

A surly boatman, rough as wayes or winds.

Prior.

(b) Marked by severity or violence; harsh; hard; as, rough measures or actions.

On the rough edge of battle.

Milton.

A quicker and rougher remedy.

Clarendon.

Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness which rough and imperious usage often produces.

Locke.

(c) Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating; -- said of sound, voice, and the like; as, a rough tone; rough numbers. Pope.

(d) Austere; harsh to the taste; as, rough wine. (e) Tempestuous; boisterous; stormy; as, rough weather; a rough day.

He stayeth his rough wind.

Isa. xxvii. 8.

Time and the hour runs through the roughest day.

Shak.

(f) Hastily or carelessly done; wanting finish; incomplete; as, a rough estimate; a rough draught.

Rough diamond, an uncut diamond; hence, colloquially, a person of intrinsic worth under a rude exterior. -- Rough and ready. (a) Acting with offhand promptness and efficiency. "The rough and ready understanding." Lowell.

(b) Produced offhand. "Some rough and ready theory." Tylor.

Rough, n. 1. Boisterous weather. [Obs.] Fletcher.

2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy.

In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as, a diamond or a sketch in the rough.

Contemplating the people in the rough.

Mrs. Browning.

Rough, adv. In a rough manner; rudely; roughly.

Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats.

Sir W. Scott.

Rough, v. t. 1. To render rough; to roughen.

2. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes. Crabb.

3. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; -- with out; as, to rough out a carving, a sketch.

Roughing rolls, rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars. -- To rough it, to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts.

Rough`cast" (?), v. t. 1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, correction, or polish. Dryden.

2. To mold without nicety or elegance; to form with asperities and inequalities.

3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles; as, to roughcast a building.

Rough"cast`, n. 1. A rude model; the rudimentary, unfinished form of a thing.

2. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mixture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings. Shak.

Rough"cast`er (?), n. One who roughcasts.

Rough"draw` (?), v. t. To draw or delineate rapidly and by way of a first sketch.

Rough"dry` (?), v. t. in laundry work, to dry without smoothing or ironing.

Rough"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roughened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Roughening.] [From Rough.] To make rough.

Rough"en, v. i. To grow or become rough.

Rough"-foot`ed (?), a. (Zoöl.) Feather-footed; as, a rough-footed dove. [R.] Sherwood.

Rough"-grained (?), a. Having a rough grain or fiber; hence, figuratively, having coarse traits of character; not polished; brisque.

Rough"head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The redfin.

Rough"hew` (?), v. t. 1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as, to roughhew timber.

2. To give the first form or shape to; to form rudely; to shape approximately and rudely; to roughcast.

There's a divinity that shapes our ends, Roughhew them how we will.

Shak.

Rough"hew`er (?), n. One who roughhews.

Rough"hewn` (?), a. 1. Hewn coarsely without smoothing; unfinished; not polished.

2. Of coarse manners; rude; uncultivated; rough-grained. "A roughhewn seaman." Bacon.

Rough"ing-in` (?), n. The first coat of plaster laid on brick; also, the process of applying it.

Rough"ings (?), n. pl. Rowen. [Prov. Eng.]

Rough"ish, a. Somewhat rough.

Rough"leg` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large hawks of the genus Archibuteo, having the legs feathered to the toes. Called also rough-legged hawk, and rough-legged buzzard.

The best known species is Archibuteo lagopus of Northern Europe, with its darker American variety (Sancti- johannis). The latter is often nearly or quite black. The ferruginous roughleg (Archibuteo ferrugineus) inhabits Western North America.

Rough"-legged` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the legs covered with feathers; -- said of a bird.

rough-legged hawk. (Zoöl.) See Roughleg.

Rough"ly, adv. In a rough manner; unevenly; harshly; rudely; severely; austerely.

Rough"ness, n. The quality or state of being rough.

Rough"rid`er (?), n. One who breaks horses; especially (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer in the British cavalry, whose duty is to assist the riding master.

Rough"scuff (?), n. [Rough + scuff.] A rough, coarse fellow; collectively, the lowest class of the people; the rabble; the riffraff. [Colloq. U.S.]

Rough"set`ter (?), n. A mason who builds rough stonework.

Rough"shod (?), a. Shod with shoes armed with points or calks; as, a roughshod horse.

To ride roughshod, to pursue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may cause others.

Rough"strings` (?), n. pl. (Capr.) Pieces of undressed timber put under the steps of a wooden stair for their support.

Rought (?), obs. imp. of Reach.

Rought, obs. imp. of Reck, to care. Chaucer.

Rough"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of small ground snakes of the family Uropeltidæ; -- so called from their rough tails.

Rough"work` (?), v. t. To work over coarsely, without regard to nicety, smoothness, or finish. Moxon.

Rough"wrought` (?), a. Wrought in a rough, unfinished way; worked over coarsely.

Rouk (?), v. i. See 5th Ruck, and Roke. [Obs.]

||Rou`lade" (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A smoothly running passage of short ||notes (as semiquavers, or sixteenths) uniformly grouped, sung upon ||one long syllable, as in Handel's oratorios.

||Rou`leau" (?), n.; pl. F. Rouleaux (F. &?;; E. &?;), E. Rouleaus (#). ||[F., a roll, dim. fr. fr. rôle, formerly also spelt roulle. See ||Roll.] A little roll; a roll of coins put up in paper, or something ||resembling such a roll.

Rou*lette" (?), n. [F., properly, a little wheel or ball. See Rouleau, Roll.] 1. A game of chance, in which a small ball is made to move round rapidly on a circle divided off into numbered red and black spaces, the one on which it stops indicating the result of a variety of wagers permitted by the game.

2. (Fine Arts) (a) A small toothed wheel used by engravers to roll over a plate in order to order to produce rows of dots. (b) A similar wheel used to roughen the surface of a plate, as in making alterations in a mezzotint.

3. (Geom.) the curve traced by any point in the plane of a given curve when the latter rolls, without sliding, over another fixed curve. See Cycloid, and Epycycloid.

Rou"ly-pou`ly (?), n. See Rolly- pooly.

{ Roun, Rown (?) }, v. i. & t. [AS. r&?;nian, fr. r&?;n a rune, secret, mystery; akin to G. raunen to whisper. See Rune.] To whisper. [obs.] Gower.

Another rouned to his fellow low.

Chaucer.

Rounce (rouns), n. [Cf. F. ronce bramble, brier, thorn, ranche a round, step, rack, or E. round.] (Print.) The handle by which the bed of a hand press, holding the form of type, etc., is run in under the platen and out again; -- sometimes applied to the whole apparatus by which the form is moved under the platen.

Roun"ce*val (?), a. [F. Ronceval, Roncevaux, a town at the foot of the foot of the Pyrenees, Sp. Roncesvalles.] Large; strong; -- from the gigantic bones shown at Roncesvalles, and alleged to be those of old heroes. [Obs.]

Roun"ce*val, n. A giant; anything large; a kind of pea called also marrowfat. [Obs.]

Roun"cy (?), n. A common hackney horse; a nag. [Obs.]

he rode upon a rouncy as he could.

Chaucer.

Round (?), v. i. & t. [From Roun.] To whisper. [obs.] Shak. Holland.

The Bishop of Glasgow rounding in his ear, "Ye are not a wise man," . . . he rounded likewise to the bishop, and said, "Wherefore brought ye me here?"

Calderwood.

Round, a. [OF. roond, roont, reond, F. rond, fr. L. rotundus, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Rotund, roundel, Rundlet.] 1. Having every portion of the surface or of the circumference equally distant from the center; spherical; circular; having a form approaching a spherical or a circular shape; orbicular; globular; as, a round ball. "The big, round tears." Shak.

Upon the firm opacous globe Of this round world.

Milton.

2. Having the form of a cylinder; cylindrical; as, the barrel of a musket is round.

3. Having a curved outline or form; especially, one like the arc of a circle or an ellipse, or a portion of the surface of a sphere; rotund; bulging; protuberant; not angular or pointed; as, a round arch; round hills. "Their round haunches gored." Shak.

4. Full; complete; not broken; not fractional; approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.; -- said of numbers.

Pliny put a round number near the truth, rather than the fraction.

Arbuthnot.

5. Not inconsiderable; large; hence, generous; free; as, a round price.

Three thousand ducats; 'tis a good round sum.

Shak.

Round was their pace at first, but slackened soon.

Tennyson.

6. Uttered or emitted with a full tone; as, a round voice; a round note.

7. (Phonetics) Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, making the opening more or less round in shape; rounded; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

8. Outspoken; plain and direct; unreserved; unqualified; not mincing; as, a round answer; a round oath. "The round assertion." M. Arnold.

Sir Toby, I must be round with you.

Shak.

9. Full and smoothly expanded; not defective or abrupt; finished; polished; -- said of style, or of authors with reference to their style. [Obs.]

In his satires Horace is quick, round, and pleasant.

Peacham.

10. Complete and consistent; fair; just; -- applied to conduct.

Round dealing is the honor of man's nature.

Bacon.

At a round rate, rapidly. Dryden. -- In round numbers, approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, etc.; as, a bin holding 99 or 101 bushels may be said to hold in round numbers 100 bushels. -- Round bodies (Geom.), the sphere right cone, and right cylinder. -- Round clam (Zoöl.), the quahog. -- Round dance one which is danced by couples with a whirling or revolving motion, as the waltz, polka, etc. -- Round game, a game, as of cards, in which each plays on his own account. -- Round hand, a style of penmanship in which the letters are formed in nearly an upright position, and each separately distinct; -- distinguished from running hand. -- Round robin. [Perhaps F. round round + ruban ribbon.] (a) A written petition, memorial, remonstrance, protest, etc., the signatures to which are made in a circle so as not to indicate who signed first. "No round robins signed by the whole main deck of the Academy or the Porch." De Quincey. (b) (Zoöl.) The cigar fish. -- Round shot, a solid spherical projectile for ordnance. -- Round Table, the table about which sat King Arthur and his knights. See Knights of the Round Table, under Knight. -- Round tower, one of certain lofty circular stone towers, tapering from the base upward, and usually having a conical cap or roof, which crowns the summit, -- found chiefly in Ireland. They are of great antiquity, and vary in heigh from thirty-five to one hundred and thiry feet. -- Round trot, one in which the horse throws out his feet roundly; a full, brisk, quick trot. Addison. -- Round turn (Naut.), one turn of a rope round a timber, a belaying pin, etc. -- To bring up with a round turn, to stop abruptly. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- Circular; spherical; globular; globase; orbicular; orbed; cylindrical; full; plump; rotund.

Round (?), n. 1. Anything round, as a circle, a globe, a ring. "The golden round" [the crown]. Shak.

In labyrinth of many a round self- rolled.

Milton.

2. A series of changes or events ending where it began; a series of like events recurring in continuance; a cycle; a periodical revolution; as, the round of the seasons; a round of pleasures.

3. A course of action or conduct performed by a number of persons in turn, or one after another, as if seated in a circle.

Women to cards may be compared: we play A round or two; which used, we throw away.

Granville.

The feast was served; the bowl was crowned; To the king's pleasure went the mirthful round.

Prior.

4. A series of duties or tasks which must be performed in turn, and then repeated.

the trivial round, the common task.

Keble.

5. A circular dance.

Come, knit hands, and beat the ground, In a light fantastic round.

Milton.

6. That which goes round a whole circle or company; as, a round of applause.

7. Rotation, as in office; succession. Holyday.

8. The step of a ladder; a rundle or rung; also, a crosspiece which joins and braces the legs of a chair.

All the rounds like Jacob's ladder rise.

Dryden.

9. A course ending where it began; a circuit; a beat; especially, one freguently or regulary traversed; also, the act of traversing a circuit; as, a watchman's round; the rounds of the postman.

10. (Mil.) (a) A walk performed by a guard or an officer round the rampart of a garrison, or among sentinels, to see that the sentinels are faithful and all things safe; also, the guard or officer, with his attendants, who performs this duty; -- usually in the plural. (b) A general discharge of firearms by a body of troops in which each soldier fires once. (c) Ammunition for discharging a piece or pieces once; as, twenty rounds of ammunition were given out.

11. (Mus.) A short vocal piece, resembling a catch in which three or four voices follow each other round in a species of canon in the unison.

12. The time during which prize fighters or boxers are in actual contest without an intermission, as prescribed by their rules; a bout.

13. A brewer's vessel in which the fermentation is concluded, the yeast escaping through the bunghole.

14. A vessel filled, as for drinking. [R.]

15. An assembly; a group; a circle; as, a round of politicians. Addison.

16. (Naut.) See Roundtop.

17. Same as Round of beef, below.

Gentlemen of the round. (a) Gentlemen soldiers of low rank who made the rounds. See 10 (a), above. (b) Disbanded soldiers who lived by begging. [Obs.]

Worm-eaten gentlemen of the round, such as have vowed to sit on the skirts of the city, let your provost and his half dozen of halberdiers do what they can.

B. Jonson.

-- Round of beef, the part of the thigh below the aitchbone, or between the rump and the leg. See Illust. of beef. -- Round steak, a beefsteak cut from the round. -- Sculpture in the round, sculpture giving the full form, as of man; statuary, distinguished from relief.

<! p. 1255 !>

Round, adv. 1. On all sides; around.

Round he throws his baleful eyes.

Milton.

2. Circularly; in a circular form or manner; by revolving or reversing one's position; as, to turn one's head round; a wheel turns round.

3. In circumference; as, a ball is ten inches round.

4. From one side or party to another; as to come or turn round, -- that is, to change sides or opinions.

5. By or in a circuit; by a course longer than the direct course; back to the starting point.

6. Through a circle, as of friends or houses.

The invitations were sent round accordingly.

Sir W. Scott.

7. Roundly; fully; vigorously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

All round, over the whole place; in every direction. -- All-round, of general capacity; as, an all-round man. [Colloq.] -- To bring one round. (a) To cause one to change his opinions or line of conduct. (b) To restore one to health. [Colloq.]

Round (?), prep. On every side of, so as to encompass or encircle; around; about; as, the people atood round him; to go round the city; to wind a cable round a windlass.

The serpent Error twines round human hearts.

Cowper.

Round about, an emphatic form for round or about. "Moses . . . set them [The elders] round about the tabernacle." Num. xi. 24. -- To come round, to gain the consent of, or circumvent, (a person) by flattery or deception. [Colloq.]

Round, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rounding.] 1. To make circular, spherical, or cylindrical; to give a round or convex figure to; as, to round a silver coin; to round the edges of anything.

Worms with many feet, which round themselves into balls, are bred chiefly under logs of timber.

Bacon.

The figures on our modern medals are raised and rounded to a very great perfection.

Addison.

2. To surround; to encircle; to encompass.

The inclusive verge Of golden metal that must round my brow.

Shak.

3. To bring to fullness or completeness; to complete; hence, to bring to a fit conclusion.

We are such stuff As dreams are made on, and our little life Is rounded with a sleep.

Shak.

4. To go round wholly or in part; to go about (a corner or point); as, to round a corner; to round Cape Horn.

5. To make full, smooth, and flowing; as, to round periods in writing. Swift.

To round in (Naut.) To haul up; usually, to haul the slack of (a rope) through its leading block, or to haul up (a tackle which hangs loose) by its fall. Totten. (b) To collect together (cattle) by riding around them, as on cattle ranches. [Western U.S.]

Round, v. i. 1. To grow round or full; hence, to attain to fullness, completeness, or perfection.

The queen your mother rounds apace.

Shak.

So rounds he to a separate mind, From whence clear memory may begin.

Tennyson.

2. To go round, as a guard. [Poetic]

They . . . nightly rounding walk.

Milton.

3. To go or turn round; to wheel about. Tennyson.

To round to (Naut.), to turn the head of a ship toward the wind.

Round"a*bout` (?), a. 1. Circuitous; going round; indirect; as, roundabout speech.

We have taken a terrible roundabout road.

Burke.

2. Encircling; enveloping; comprehensive. "Large, sound, roundabout sense." Locke.

Round"a*bout`, n. 1. A horizontal wheel or frame, commonly with wooden horses, etc., on which children ride; a merry-go-round. Smart.

2. A dance performed in a circle. Goldsmith.

3. A short, close jacket worn by boys, sailors, etc.

4. A state or scene of constant change, or of recurring labor and vicissitude. Cowper.

Round"a*bout`ness, n. The quality of being roundabout; circuitousness.

Round"-arm` (?), a. (Cricket) Applied to the method delivering the ball in bowling, by swinging the arm horizontally. R. A. Proctor.

Round"-backed` (?), a. Having a round back or shoulders; round-shouldered.

Round"ed, a. (Phonetics) Modified by contraction of the lip opening; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

Roun"del (?), n. [OF. rondel a roundelay, F. rondel, rondeau, a dim. fr. rond; for sense 2, cf. F. rondelle a round, a round shield. See Round, a., and cf. Rondel, Rondelay.] 1. (Mus.) A rondelay. "Sung all the roundel lustily." Chaucer.

Come, now a roundel and a fairy song.

Shak.

2. Anything having a round form; a round figure; a circle.

The Spaniards, casting themselves into roundels, . . . made a flying march to Calais.

Bacon.

Specifically: (a) A small circular shield, sometimes not more than a foot in diameter, used by soldiers in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. (b) (Her.) A circular spot; a sharge in the form of a small circle. (c) (Fort.) A bastion of a circular form.

Round"e*lay (?), n. [OF. rondelet, dim. of rondel. See Roundel, Roundeau, and cf. Roundlet, Rundlet.] 1. (Poetry) See Rondeau, and Rondel.

2. (Mus.) (a) A tune in which a simple strain is often repeated; a simple rural strain which is short and lively. Spenser. Tennyson. (b) A dance in a circle.

3. Anything having a round form; a roundel.

Round"er (?), n. 1. One who rounds; one who comes about frequently or regularly.

2. A tool for making an edge or surface round.

3. pl. An English game somewhat resembling baseball; also, another English game resembling the game of fives, but played with a football.

Now we play rounders, and then we played prisoner's base.

Bagehot.

Round"fish (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any ordinary market fish, exclusive of flounders, sole, halibut, and other flatfishes. (b) A lake whitefish (Coregonus quadrilateralis), less compressed than the common species. It is very abundant in British America and Alaska.

Round"head` (?), n. (Eng. Hist.) A nickname for a Puritan. See Roundheads, the, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. Toone.

Round"head`ed, a. Having a round head or top.

Round"house` (?), n. 1. A constable's prison; a lockup, watch-house, or station house. [Obs.]

2. (Naut.) (a) A cabin or apartament on the after part of the quarter-deck, having the poop for its roof; -- sometimes called the coach. (b) A privy near the bow of the vessel.

3. A house for locomotive engines, built circularly around a turntable.

Round"ing, a. Round or nearly round; becoming round; roundish.

Round"ing, n. 1. (Naut.) Small rope, or strands of rope, or spun yarn, wound round a rope to keep it from chafing; -- called also service.

2. (Phonetics) Modifying a speech sound by contraction of the lip opening; labializing; labialization. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

Round"ish, a. Somewhat round; as, a roundish seed; a roundish figure. -- Round"ish*ness, n.

Round"let (?), n. A little circle. J. Gregory.

Round"ly, adv. 1. In a round form or manner.

2. Openly; boldly; peremptorily; plumply.

He affirms everything roundly.

Addison.

3. Briskly; with speed. locke.

Two of the outlaws walked roundly forward.

Sir W. Scott.

4. Completely; vigorously; in earnest. Shak.

5. Without regard to detail; in gross; comprehensively; generally; as, to give numbers roundly.

In speaking roundly of this period.

H. Morley.

Round"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being round in shape; as, the roundness of the globe, of the orb of the sun, of a ball, of a bowl, a column, etc.

2. Fullness; smoothness of flow; as, the roundness of a period; the roundness of a note; roundness of tone.

3. Openess; plainess; boldness; positiveness; as, the roundness of an assertion.

Syn. -- Circularity; sphericity; globosity; globularity; globularness; orbicularness; cylindricity; fullness; plumpness; rotundity.

Round"ridge` (?), v. t. (Agric.) To form into round ridges by plowing. B. Edwards.

Round"-shoul`dered (?), a. Having the shoulders stooping or projecting; round-backed.

Rounds"man (?), n.; pl. Roundsmen (&?;). A patrolman; also, a policeman who acts as an inspector over the rounds of the patrolmen.

Round"top` (?), n. (Naut.) A top; a platform at a masthead; -- so called because formerly round in shape.

Round"-up` (?), n. The act of collecting or gathering together scattered cattle by riding around them and driving them in. [Western U.S.]

Roun"dure (?; 135), n. [Cf. Rondure.] Roundness; a round or circle. [Obs.] Shak.

Round"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A nematoid worm.

Round"y (?), a. Round. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Roup (?), v. i. & t. [Cf. AS. hr&?;pan to cry out, G. rufen, Goth. hr&?;pian. Cf. Roop.] To cry or shout; hence, to sell by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Roup, n. 1. An outcry; hence, a sale of gods by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson.

To roup, that is, the sale of his crops, was over.

J. C. Shairp.

2. A disease in poultry. See Pip.

Rous"ant (?), a. (her.) Rising; -- applied to a bird in the attitude of rising; also, sometmes, to a bird in profile with wings addorsed.

Rouse (rouz or rous), v. i. & t. [Perhaps the same word as rouse to start up, "buckle to."] (Naut.) To pull or haul strongly and all together, as upon a rope, without the assistance of mechanical appliances.

Rouse (rouz), n. [Cf. D. roes drunkeness, icel. r&?;ss, Sw. rus, G. rauchen, and also E. rouse, v.t., rush, v.i. Cf. Row a disturbance.] 1. A bumper in honor of a toast or health. [Obs.] Shak.

2. A carousal; a festival; a drinking frolic.

Fill the cup, and fill the can, Have a rouse before the morn.

Tennyson.

Rouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roused (rouzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rousing.] [Probably of Scan. origin; cf. Sw. rusa to rush, Dan. ruse, AS. hreósan to fall, rush. Cf. Rush, v.] 1. To cause to start from a covert or lurking place; as, to rouse a deer or other animal of the chase.

Like wild boars late roused out of the brakes.

Spenser.

Rouse the fleet hart, and cheer the opening hound.

Pope.

2. To wake from sleep or repose; as, to rouse one early or suddenly.

3. To excite to lively thought or action from a state of idleness, languor, stupidity, or indifference; as, to rouse the faculties, passions, or emotions.

To rouse up a people, the most phlegmatic of any in Christendom.

Atterbury.

4. To put in motion; to stir up; to agitate.

Blustering winds, which all night long Had roused the sea.

Milton.

5. To raise; to make erect. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak.

Rouse, v. i. 1. To get or start up; to rise. [Obs.]

Night's black agents to their preys do rouse.

Shak.

2. To awake from sleep or repose.

Morpheus rouses from his bed.

Pope.

3. To be exited to thought or action from a state of indolence or inattention.

Rous"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, rouses.

2. Something very exciting or great. [Colloq.]

3. (Brewing) A stirrer in a copper for boiling wort.

Rous"ing (?), a. 1. Having power to awaken or excite; exciting.

I begin to feel Some rousing motions in me.

Milton.

2. Very great; violent; astounding; as, a rousing fire; a rousing lie. [Colloq.]

Rous"ing*ly, adv. In a rousing manner.

Rous*sette" (?), n. [F.; -- so called in allusion to the color. See Russet.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fruit bat, especially the large species (Pieropus vulgaris) inhabiting the islands of the Indian ocean. It measures about a yard across the expanded wings.

2. (Zoöl.) Any small shark of the genus Scyllium; -- called also dogfish. See Dogfish.

Roust (roust), v. t. To rouse; to disturb; as, to roust one out. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Roust, n. [Cf. Icel. röst an estuary.] A strong tide or current, especially in a narrow channel. [Written also rost, and roost.] Jamieson.

Roust"a*bout` (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A laborer, especially a deck hand, on a river steamboat, who moves the cargo, loads and unloads wood, and the like; in an opprobrious sense, a shiftless vagrant who lives by chance jobs. [Western U.S.]

Rout (rout), v. i. [AS. hrtan.] To roar; to bellow; to snort; to snore loudly. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.

Rout, n. A bellowing; a shouting; noise; clamor; uproar; disturbance; tumult. Shak.

This new book the whole world makes such a rout about.

Sterne.

"My child, it is not well," I said, "Among the graves to shout; To laugh and play among the dead, And make this noisy rout."

Trench.

Rout, v. t. [A variant of root.] To scoop out with a gouge or other tool; to furrow.

To rout out (a) To turn up to view, as if by rooting; to discover; to find. (b) To turn out by force or compulsion; as, to rout people out of bed. [Colloq.]

Rout, v. i. To search or root in the ground, as a swine. Edwards.

Rout, n. [OF. route, LL. rupta, properly, a breaking, fr. L. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere to break. See Rupture, reave, and cf. Rote repetition of forms, Route. In some senses this word has been confused with rout a bellowing, an uproar.] [Formerly spelled also route.] 1. A troop; a throng; a company; an assembly; especially, a traveling company or throng. [Obs.] "A route of ratones [rats]." Piers Plowman. "A great solemn route." Chaucer.

And ever he rode the hinderest of the route.

Chaucer.

A rout of people there assembled were.

Spenser.

2. A disorderly and tumultuous crowd; a mob; hence, the rabble; the herd of common people.

the endless routs of wretched thralls.

Spenser.

The ringleader and head of all this rout.

Shak.

Nor do I name of men the common rout.

Milton.

3. The state of being disorganized and thrown into confusion; -- said especially of an army defeated, broken in pieces, and put to flight in disorder or panic; also, the act of defeating and breaking up an army; as, the rout of the enemy was complete.

thy army . . . Dispersed in rout, betook them all to fly.

Daniel.

To these giad conquest, murderous rout to those.

pope.

4. (Law) A disturbance of the peace by persons assembled together with intent to do a thing which, if executed, would make them rioters, and actually making a motion toward the executing thereof. Wharton.

5. A fashionable assembly, or large evening party. "At routs and dances." Landor.

To put to rout, to defeat and throw into confusion; to overthrow and put to flight.

Rout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Routed; p. pr. & vb. n. Routing.] To break the ranks of, as troops, and put them to flight in disorder; to put to rout.

That party . . . that charged the Scots, so totally routed and defeated their whole army, that they fied.

Clarendon.

Syn. -- To defeat; discomfit; overpower; overthrow.

Rout, v. i. To assemble in a crowd, whether orderly or disorderly; to collect in company. [obs.] Bacon.

In all that land no Christian[s] durste route.

Chaucer.

Route (rt or rout; 277), n. [OE. & F. route, OF. rote, fr. L. rupta (sc. via), fr. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere to break; hence, literally, a broken or beaten way or path. See Rout, and cf. Rut a track.] The course or way which is traveled or passed, or is to be passed; a passing; a course; a road or path; a march.

Wide through the furzy field their route they take.

Gay.

Rout"er (?), n. (Carp.) (a) A plane made like a spokeshave, for working the inside edges of circular sashes. (b) A plane with a hooked tool protruding far below the sole, for smoothing the bottom of a cavity.

Routhe (?), n. Ruth; sorrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rou"ti*na*ry (?), a. Involving, or pertaining to, routine; ordinary; customary. [R.] Emerson.

Rou*tine" (?), n. [F., fr. route a path, way, road. See Route, Roterepetition.] 1. A round of business, amusement, or pleasure, daily or frequently pursued; especially, a course of business or offical duties regularly or frequently returning.

2. Any regular course of action or procedure rigidly adhered to by the mere force of habit.

Rou*tin""ism (?), n. the practice of doing things with undiscriminating, mechanical regularity.

Rou*tin"ist, n. One who habituated to a routine.

Rout"ish (?), a. Uproarious; riotous. [Obs.]

Rout"ous*ly (?), adv. (Law) With that violation of law called a rout. See 5th Rout, 4.

||Roux (?), n. [F. beurre roux brown butter.] (Cookery) A thickening, ||made of flour, for soups and gravies.

<! p. 1256 !>

Rove (rv), v. t. [perhaps fr. or akin to reeve.] 1. To draw through an eye or aperture.

2. To draw out into flakes; to card, as wool. Jamieson.

3. To twist slightly; to bring together, as slivers of wool or cotton, and twist slightly before spinning.

Rove (rv), n. 1. A copper washer upon which the end of a nail is clinched in boat building.

2. A roll or sliver of wool or cotton drawn out and slighty twisted, preparatory to further process; a roving.

Rove, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Roving.] [Cf. D. rooven to rob; akin to E. reave. See Reave, Rob.] 1. To practice robbery on the seas; to wander about on the seas in piracy. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

2. Hence, to wander; to ramble; to rauge; to go, move, or pass without certain direction in any manner, by sailing, walking, riding, flying, or otherwise.

For who has power to walk has power to rove.

Arbuthnot.

3. (Archery) To shoot at rovers; hence, to shoot at an angle of elevation, not at point-blank (rovers usually being beyond the point-blank range).

Fair Venus' son, that with thy cruel dart At that good knight so cunningly didst rove.

Spenser.

Syn. -- To wander; roam; range; ramble stroll.

Rove, v. t. 1. To wander over or through.

Roving the field, I chanced A goodly tree far distant to behold.

milton.

2. To plow into ridges by turning the earth of two furrows together.

Rove, n. The act of wandering; a ramble.

In thy nocturnal rove one moment halt.

Young.

Rove beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of beetles of the family Staphylinidæ, having short elytra beneath which the wings are folded transversely. They are rapid runners, and seldom fly.

Rov"er (?), n. [D. roover a robber. See Rove, v. i.] 1. One who practices robbery on the seas; a pirate.

Yet Pompey the Great deserveth honor more justly for scouring the seas, and taking from the rovers 846 sail of ships.

Holland.

2. One who wanders about by sea or land; a wanderer; a rambler.

3. Hence, a fickle, inconstant person.

4. (Croquet) A ball which has passed through all the hoops and would go out if it hit the stake but is continued in play; also, the player of such a ball.

5. (Archery) (a) Casual marks at uncertain distances. Encyc. Brit.

(b) A sort of arrow. [Obs.]

All sorts, flights, rovers, and butt shafts.

B. Jonson.

At rovers, at casual marks; hence, at random; as, shooting at rovers. See def. 5 (a) above. Addison.

Bound down on every side with many bands because it shall not run at rovers.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

Rov"ing, n. 1. The operatin of forming the rove, or slightly twisted sliver or roll of wool or cotton, by means of a machine for the purpose, called a roving frame, or roving machine.

2. A roll or sliver of wool or cotton drawn out and slightly twisted; a rove. See 2d Rove, 2.

Roving frame, Roving machine, a machine for drawing and twisting roves and twisting roves and winding them on bobbin for the spinning machine.

Rov"ing, n. The act of one who roves or wanders.

Rov"ing*ly, adv. In a wandering manner.

Rov"ing*ness, n. The state of roving.

Row (?), a. & adv. [See Rough.] Rough; stern; angry. [Obs.] "Lock he never so row." Chaucer.

Row, n. [Abbrev. fr. rouse, n.] A noisy, turbulent quarrel or disturbance; a brawl. [Colloq.] Byron.

Row (?), n. [OE. rowe, rawe, rewe, AS. rw, r&?;w; probably akin to D. rij, G. reihe; cf. Skr. r&?;kh a line, stroke.] A series of persons or things arranged in a continued line; a line; a rank; a file; as, a row of trees; a row of houses or columns.

And there were windows in three rows.

1 Kings vii. 4.

The bright seraphim in burning row.

Milton.

Row culture (Agric.), the practice of cultivating crops in drills. -- Row of points (Geom.), the points on a line, infinite in number, as the points in which a pencil of rays is intersected by a line.

Row (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rowing.] [AS. r&?;wan; akin to D. roeijen, MHG. rüejen, Dan. roe, Sw. ro, Icel. r&?;a, L. remus oar, Gr. &?;, Skr. aritra. &radic;8. Cf. Rudder.] 1. To propel with oars, as a boat or vessel, along the surface of water; as, to row a boat.

2. To transport in a boat propelled with oars; as, to row the captain ashore in his barge.

Row, v. i. 1. To use the oar; as, to row well.

2. To be moved by oars; as, the boat rows easily.

Row, n. The act of rowing; excursion in a rowboat.

Row"a*ble (?), a. That may be rowed, or rowed upon. "That long barren fen, once rowable." B. Jonson.

Row"an (?), n. Rowan tree.

Rowan barry, a barry of the rowan tree.

Row"an tree` (?). [Cf. Sw. rönn, Dan. rönne, Icel. reynir, and L. ornus.] (Bot.) A european tree (Pyrus aucuparia) related to the apple, but with pinnate leaves and flat corymbs of small white flowers followed by little bright red berries. Called also roan tree, and mountain ash. The name is also applied to two American trees of similar habit (Pyrus Americana, and P. sambucifolia).

Row"boat` (?), n. A boat designed to be propelled by oars instead of sails.

Row"dy (?), n.; pl. Rowdies (#). [From Rout, or Row a brawl.] One who engages in rows, or noisy quarrels; a ruffianly fellow. M. Arnold.

Row"dy*dow (?), n. Hubbub; uproar. [Vulgar]

Row"dy*dow`dy (?), a. Uproarious. [Vulgar]

Row"dy*ish, a. Resembling a rowdy in temper or conduct; characteristic of a rowdy.

Row"dy*ism (?), n. the conduct of a rowdy.

Rowed (?), a. Formed into a row, or rows; having a row, or rows; as, a twelve-rowed ear of corn.

Row"el (?), n. [OF. roele, rouele, properly, a little wheel, F. rouelle collop, slice, LL. rotella a little wheel, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, and cf. Rota.] 1. The little wheel of a spur, with sharp points.

With sounding whip, and rowels dyed in blood.

Cowper.

2. A little flat ring or wheel on horses' bits.

The iron rowels into frothy foam he bit.

Spenser.

3. (Far.) A roll of hair, silk, etc., passed through the flesh of horses, answering to a seton in human surgery.

Row"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roweled (?) or Rowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Roweling or Rowelling.] (Far.) To insert a rowel, or roll of hair or silk, into (as the flesh of a horse). Mortimer.

Row"el bone` (?). See rewel bone. [Obs.]

Row"en (?), n. [Cf. E. rough, OE. row, rowe.] [Called also rowet, rowett, rowings, roughings.] 1. A stubble field left unplowed till late in the autumn, that it may be cropped by cattle.

Turn your cows, that give milk, into your rowens till snow comes.

Mortimer.

2. The second growth of grass in a season; aftermath. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Row"er (?), n. One who rows with an oar.

Row"ett (?), n. See Rowen.

Row"lock (? colloq. &?;), n. [For oarlock; AS. rloc, where the second part is skin to G. loch a hole, E. lock a fastening. See Oar, and Lock.] (Naut.) A contrivance or arrangement serving as a fulcrum for an oar in rowing. It consists sometimes of a notch in the gunwale of a boat, sometimes of a pair of pins between which the oar rests on the edge of the gunwale, sometimes of a single pin passing through the oar, or of a metal fork or stirrup pivoted in the gunwale and suporting the oar.

Rown (?), v. i. & t. see Roun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Row"port (?), n. (Naut.) An opening in the side of small vessels of war, near the surface of the water, to facilitate rowing in calm weather.

Rox"burgh (?; Scot. &?;), n. [From the third duke of Roxburgh (Scotland), a noted book collector who had his books so bound.] A style of bookbinding in which the back is plain leather, the sides paper or cloth, the top gilt-edged, but the front and bottom left uncut.

Roy (roi), n. [F. roi.] A king. [obs.]

Roy, a. Royal. [Obs.] Chapman.

Roy"al (?), a. [OE. roial, riall, real, OF. roial. reial, F. royal, fr. L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, king. See Rich, and cf. regal, real a coin, Rial.] 1. Kingly; pertaining to the crown or the sovereign; suitable for a king or queen; regal; as, royal power or prerogative; royal domains; the royal family; royal state.

2. Noble; generous; magnificent; princely.

How doth that royal merchant, good Antonio?

Shak.

3. Under the patronage of royality; holding a charter granted by the sovereign; as, the Royal Academy of Arts; the Royal Society.

Battle royal. See under Battle. - - Royal bay (Bot.), the classic laurel (Laurus nobilis.) -- Royal eagle. (Zoöl.) See Golden eagle, under Golden. -- Royal fern (Bot.), the handsome fern Osmunda regalis. See Osmund. -- Royal mast (Naut.), the mast next above the topgallant mast and usually the highest on a square-rigged vessel. The royal yard and royal sail are attached to the royal mast. -- Royal metal, an old name for gold. -- Royal palm (Bot.), a magnificent West Indian palm tree (Oreodoxa regia), lately discovered also in Florida. -- Royal pheasant. See Curassow. -- Royal purple, an intense violet color, verging toward blue. -- Royal tern (Zoöl.), a large, crested American tern (Sterna maxima). -- Royal tiger. (Zoöl.) See Tiger. -- Royal touch, the touching of a diseased person by the hand of a king, with the view of restoring to health; -- formerly extensively practiced, particularly for the scrofula, or king's evil.

Syn. -- Kingly; regal; monarchical; imperial; kinglike; princely; august; majestic; superb; splendid; illustrious; noble; magnanimous.

Roy"al, n. 1. Printing and writing papers of particular sizes. See under paper, n.

2. (Naut.) A small sail immediately above the topgallant sail. Totten.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the upper or distal branches of an antler, as the third and fourth tynes of the antlers of a stag.

4. (Gun.) A small mortar.

5. (Mil.) One of the soldiers of the first regiment of foot of the British army, formerly called the Royals, and supposed to be the oldest regular corps in Europe; -- now called the Royal Scots.

6. An old English coin. See Rial.

Roy"al*et (?), n. A petty or powerless king. [R.]

there were at this time two other royalets, as only kings by his leave.

Fuller.

Roy"al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. royalisme.] the principles or conduct of royalists.

Roy"al*ist, n. [Cf. F. royaliste.] An adherent of a king (as of Charles I. in England, or of the Bourbons in france); one attached to monarchical government.

Where Ca'ndish fought, the Royalists prevailed.

Waller.

Roy`al*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of making loyal to a king. [R.] Saintsbury.

Roy"al*ize (?), v. t. to make royal. Shak.

Roy"al*ly (?), adv. In a royal or kingly manner; like a king; as becomes a king.

His body shall be royally interred.

Dryden.

Roy"al*ty (?), n.; pl. Royalties (#). [OF. roialté, royaulté, F. royauté. See Royal, and cf. Regality.] 1. The state of being royal; the condition or quality of a royal person; kingship; kingly office; sovereignty.

Royalty by birth was the sweetest way of majesty.

Holyday.

2. The person of a king or sovereign; majesty; as, in the presence of royalty.

For thus his royalty doth speak.

Shak.

3. An emblem of royalty; -- usually in the plural, meaning regalia. [Obs.]

Wherefore do I assume These royalties, and not refuse to reign?

Milton.

4. Kingliness; spirit of regal authority.

In his royalty of nature Reigns that which would be fear'd.

Shak.

5. Domain; province; sphere. Sir W. Scott.

6. That which is due to a sovereign, as a seigniorage on gold and silver coined at the mint, metals taken from mines, etc.; the tax exacted in lieu of such share; imperiality.

7. A share of the product or profit (as of a mine, forest, etc.), reserved by the owner for permitting another to use the property.

8. Hence (Com.), a duty paid by a manufacturer to the owner of a patent or a copyright at a certain rate for each article manufactured; or, a percentage paid to the owner of an article by one who hires the use of it.

Royne (roin), v. t. [F. rogner, OF. rooignier, to clip, pare, scare, fr. L. rotundus round See Rotund.] To bite; to gnaw. [Written also roin.] [Obs.] Spenser.

Royn"ish, a. [F. rogneux, from rogne scab, mange, itch.] Mangy; scabby; hence, mean; paltry; troublesome. [Written also roinish.] [Obs.] "The roynish clown." Shak.

{ Roys"ter (?), Roys"ter*er (?) }, n. same as Roister, Roisterer.

Roys"ton crow` (?). [So called from Royston, a town in England.] (Zoöl.) See Hooded crow, under Hooded.

Roy"te*let (?), n. [F. roitelet, dim. of roi king.] A little king. [Archaic] Heylin. Bancroft.

Roy"tish (?), a. [Prob. for riotish, from riot, like Scot. roytous for riotous.] Wild; irregular. [Obs.]

Rub (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rubbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rubbing.] [Probably of Celtic origin; cf. W. rhwbiaw, gael. rub.] 1. To subject (a body) to the action of something moving over its surface with pressure and friction, especially to the action of something moving back and forth; as, to rub the flesh with the hand; to rub wood with sandpaper.

It shall be expedient, after that body is cleaned, to rub the body with a coarse linen cloth.

Sir T. Elyot.

2. To move over the surface of (a body) with pressure and friction; to graze; to chafe; as, the boat rubs the ground.

3. To cause (a body) to move with pressure and friction along a surface; as, to rub the hand over the body.

Two bones rubbed hard against one another.

Arbuthnot.

4. To spread a substance thinly over; to smear.

The smoothed plank, . . . New rubbed with balm.

Milton.

5. To scour; to burnish; to polish; to brighten; to cleanse; -- often with up or over; as, to rub up silver.

The whole business of our redemption is to rub over the defaced copy of the creation.

South.

6. To hinder; to cross; to thwart. [R.]

'T is the duke's pleasure, Whose disposition, all the world well knows, Will not be rubbed nor stopped.

Shak.

To rub down. (a) To clean by rubbing; to comb or curry; as, to down a horse. (b) To reduce or remove by rubbing; as, to rub down the rough points. -- To rub off, to clean anything by rubbing; to separate by friction; as, to rub off rust. -- To rub out, to remove or separate by friction; to erase; to obliterate; as, to rub out a mark or letter; to rub out a stain. -- To rub up. (a) To burnish; to polish; to clean. (b) To excite; to awaken; to rouse to action; as, to rub up the memory.

Rub, v. i. 1. To move along the surface of a body with pressure; to grate; as, a wheel rubs against the gatepost.

2. To fret; to chafe; as, to rub upon a sore.

3. To move or pass with difficulty; as, to rub through woods, as huntsmen; to rub through the world.

To rub along or on, to go on with difficulty; as, they manage, with strict economy, to rub along. [Colloq.]

Rub, n. [Cf. W. rhwb. See Rub, v,t,] 1. The act of rubbing; friction.

2. That which rubs; that which tends to hinder or obstruct motion or progress; hindrance; obstruction, an impediment; especially, a difficulty or obstruction hard to overcome; a pinch.

Every rub is smoothed on our way.

Shak.

To sleep, perchance to dream; ay, there's the rub.

Shak.

Upon this rub, the English ambassadors thought fit to demur.

Hayward.

One knows not, certainly, what other rubs might have been ordained for us by a wise Providence.

W. Besant.

3. Inequality of surface, as of the ground in the game of bowls; unevenness. Shak.

4. Something grating to the feelings; sarcasm; joke; as, a hard rub.

5. Imperfection; failing; fault. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

6. A chance. [Obs.]

Flight shall leave no Greek a rub.

Chapman.

7. A stone, commonly flat, used to sharpen cutting tools; a whetstone; -- called also rubstone.

Rub iron, an iron guard on a wagon body, against which a wheel rubs when cramped too much.

Rub"a-dub (?), n. The sound of a drum when continuously beaten; hence, a clamorous, repeated sound; a clatter.

The rubadub of the abolition presses.

D. Webster.

<! p. 1257 !>

||Ru*ba"to (?), a. [It.] Robbed; borrowed.

||Temple rubato. [It.] (Mus.) Borrowed time; -- a term applied to a ||style of performance in which some tones are held longer than their ||legitimate time, while others are proportionally curtailed.

Rub"bage (?; 48), n. Rubbish. [Obs.]

Rub"ber (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, rubs. Specifically: (a) An instrument or thing used in rubbing, polishing, or cleaning. (b) A coarse file, or the rough part of a file. (c) A whetstone; a rubstone. (d) An eraser, usually made of caoutchouc. (e) The cushion of an electrical machine. (f) One who performs massage, especially in a Turkish bath. (g) Something that chafes or annoys; hence, something that grates on the feelings; a sarcasm; a rub. Thackeray.

2. In some games, as whist, the odd game, as the third or the fifth, when there is a tie between the players; as, to play the rubber; also, a contest determined by the winning of two out of three games; as, to play a rubber of whist. Beaconsfield. "A rubber of cribbage." Dickens.

3. India rubber; caoutchouc.

4. An overshoe made of India rubber. [Colloq.]

Antimony rubber, an elastic durable variety of vulcanized caoutchouc of a red color. It contains antimony sulphide as an important constituent. -- Hard rubber, a kind of vulcanized caoutchouc which nearly resembles horn in texture, rigidity, etc. -- India rubber, caoutchouc. See Caoutchouc. -- Rubber cloth, cloth covered with caoutchouc for excluding water or moisture. -- Rubber dam (Dentistry), a shield of thin sheet rubber clasped around a tooth to exclude saliva from the tooth.

Rub"bidge (?), n. Rubbish. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Rub"bing, a. & n. from Rub, v.

Rub"bish (?), n. [OE. robows, robeux, rubble, originally an Old French plural from an assumed dim. of robe, probably in the sense of trash; cf. It. robaccia trash, roba stuff, goods, wares, robe. Thus, etymologically rubbish is the pl. of rubble. See Robe, and cf. Rubble.] Waste or rejected matter; anything worthless; valueless stuff; trash; especially, fragments of building materials or fallen buildings; ruins; débris.

What rubbish and what offal!

Shak.

he saw the town's one half in rubbish lie.

Dryden.

Rubbish pulley. See Gin block, under Gin.

Rub"bish (?), a. Of or pertaining to rubbish; of the quality of rubbish; trashy. De Quincey.

Rub"ble (?), n. [From an assumed Old French dim. of robe See Rubbish.] 1. Water-worn or rough broken stones; broken bricks, etc., used in coarse masonry, or to fill up between the facing courses of walls.

Inside [the wall] there was rubble or mortar.

Jowett (Thucyd.).

2. Rough stone as it comes from the quarry; also, a quarryman's term for the upper fragmentary and decomposed portion of a mass of stone; brash. Brande & C.

3. (Geol.) A mass or stratum of fragments or rock lying under the alluvium, and derived from the neighboring rock. Lyell.

4. pl. The whole of the bran of wheat before it is sorted into pollard, bran, etc. [Prov. Eng.] Simmonds.

Coursed rubble, rubble masonry in which courses are formed by leveling off the work at certain heights.

Rub"ble*stone` (?), n. See Rubble, 1 and 2.

Rub"ble*work` (?), n. Masonry constructed of unsquared stones that are irregular in size and shape.

Rub"bly (?), a. Relating to, or containing, rubble.

Ru*bed"i*nous (?), a. [L. rubedo redness, fr. rubere to be red.] Reddish. [R.] M. Stuart.

Ru`be*fa"cient (?), a. [L. rubefaciens, p. pr. of rubefacere to make red; rubere to be red + facere to make.] Making red. -- n. (Med.) An external application which produces redness of the skin.

Ru`be*fac"tion (?), n. The act or process of making red.

Ru"be*let (r"b*lt), n. A little ruby. Herrick.

||Ru*bel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. rubellus reddish.] (Med.) An acute ||specific disease with a dusky red cutaneous eruption resembling that ||of measles, but unattended by catarrhal symptoms; -- called also ||German measles.

Ru*belle" (?), n. [L. rubellus reddish.] A red color used in enameling. Weale.

Ru"bel*lite (?), n. [L. rubellus reddish, dim. of ruber red.] (Min.) A variety of tourmaline varying in color from a pale rose to a deep ruby, and containing lithium.

||Ru*be"o*la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. ruber red.] (Med.) (a) the measles. ||(b) Rubella.

Ru`ber*y*thrin"ic (?), a. [L. ruber red + erythrin.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid extracted from madder root. It is a yellow crystalline substance from which alizarin is obtained.

Ru*bes"cence (?), n. The quality or state of being rubescent; a reddening; a flush.

Ru*bes"cent (?), a. [L. rubescens, -entis, p. pr. of rubescere to grow red, v. incho from rubere to be red: cf. F. rubescent. See Ruby.] Growing or becoming red; tending to redness.

Ru`bi*a"ceous (?), a. [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a very large natural order of plants (Rubiaceæ) named after the madder (Rubia tinctoria), and including about three hundred and seventy genera and over four thousand species. Among them are the coffee tree, the trees yielding peruvian bark and quinine, the madder, the quaker ladies, and the trees bearing the edible fruits called genipap and Sierre Leone peach, besides many plants noted for the beauty or the fragrance of their blossoms.

Ru"bi*a*cin (?), n. [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Chem) A substance found in madder root, and probably identical with ruberythrinic acid.

Ru"bi*an (?), n. [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Chem.) One of several color-producing glycosides found in madder root.

Ru`bi*an"ic (?), a. (Chem.) pertaining to, or derived from, rubian; specifically, designating an acid called also ruberythrinic acid. [Obs.]

Ru" bi*ble (?), n. A ribble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ru"bi*can (?), a. [F.] Colored a prevailing red, bay, or black, with flecks of white or gray especially on the flanks; -- said of horses. Smart.

Ru"bi*celle (?), n. [Cf. F. rubacelle, rubicelle, fr. L. rubeus red, reddish.] (Min.) A variety of ruby of a yellowish red color, from Brazil.

Ru"bi*con (?), n. (Anc. geog.) A small river which separated Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, the province alloted to Julius Cæsar.

By leading an army across this river, contrary to the prohibition of the civil government at Rome, Cæsar precipitated the civil war which resulted in the death of Pompey and the overthrow of the senate; hence, the phrase to pass or cross the Rubicon signifies to take the decisive step by which one is committed to a hazardous enterprise from which there is no retreat.

Ru"bi*cund (?), a. [L. rubicundus, fr. rubere to be red, akin to ruber red. See Red.] Inclining to redness; ruddy; red. "His rubicund face." Longfellow.

Ru`bi*cun"di*ty (?), n. [LL. rubicunditas.] The quality or state of being rubicund; ruddiness.

To parade your rubicundity and gray hairs.

Walpole.

Ru*bid"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to rubidium; containing rubidium.

Ru"bi*dine (? or ?), n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous base homologous with pyridine, obtained from coal tar as an oily liquid, C11H17N; also, any one of the group od metameric compounds of which rubidine is the type.

Ru*bid"i*um (?), n. [NL., fr. L. rubidus red, fr. rubere to be red. So called from two dark red spectroscopic lines by means of which it was discovered in the lepidolite from Rozena, Moravia. See Rubicund.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element. It occurs quite widely, but in small quantities, and always combined. It is isolated as a soft yellowish white metal, analogous to potassium in most of its properties. Symbol Rb. Atomic weight, 85.2.

Ru*bif"ic (?), a. [L. ruber red + facere to make.] Making red; as, rubific rays. Grew.

Ru`bi*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. rubification.] The act of making red. Howell.

Ru"bi*form (?), a. [L. ruber red + -form.] Having the nature or quality of red; as, the rubiform rays of the sun. [R.] Sir I. newton.

Ru"bi*fy (?), v. t. [Cf. F. rubéfier. See Rubific.] To redden. [R.] "Waters rubifying." Chaucer.

{ Ru*big"i*nose` (?), Ru*big"i*nous (?) }, a. [L. rubiginosus, fr. rubigo, robigo, rust: cf. F. rubigineux.] (Bot.) Having the appearance or color of iron rust; rusty- looking.

||Ru*bi"go (?), n. [L. rubigo, robigo, rust of metals, rust, blight.] ||(bot.) same as Rust, n., 2.

Ru"bin (?), n. [Cf. LL. rubinus, It. rubino. See Ruby.] A ruby. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ru"bi*ous (?), a. [L. rubeus, fr. rubere to be red. See Rouge.] Red; ruddy. [Obs.] Shak.

Ru`bi*re"tin (?), n. [Rubian + Gr. &?; resin.] (Chem.) One of the red dye products extracted from madder root, and probably identical with ruberythrinic acid.

Ru"ble (?), n. [Russ. ruble.] The unit of monetary value in Russia. It is divided into 100 copecks, and in the gold coin of the realm (as in the five and ten ruble pieces) is worth about 77 cents. The silver ruble is a coin worth about 60 cents. [Written also rouble.]

Ru"bric (?), n. [OE. rubriche, OF. rubriche, F. rubrique ( cf. it. rubrica), fr. L. rubrica red earth for coloring, red chalk, the title of a law (because written in red), fr. ruber red. See red.] That part of any work in the early manuscripts and typography which was colored red, to distinguish it from other portions. Hence, specifically: (a) A titlepage, or part of it, especially that giving the date and place of printing; also, the initial letters, etc., when printed in red. (b) (Law books) The title of a statute; -- so called as being anciently written in red letters. Bell. (c) (Liturgies) The directions and rules for the conduct of service, formerly written or printed in red; hence, also, an ecclesiastical or episcopal injunction; -- usually in the plural.

All the clergy in England solemnly pledge themselves to observe the rubrics.

Hook.

(d) Hence, that which is established or settled, as by authority; a thing definitely settled or fixed. Cowper.

Nay, as a duty, it had no place or rubric in human conceptions before Christianity.

De Quincey.

Ru"bric, v. t. To adorn ith red; to redden; to rubricate. [R.] Johnson.

{ Ru"bric (?), Ru"bric*al (?) }, a. 1. Colored in, or marked with, red; placed in rubrics.

What though my name stood rubric on the walls Or plaistered posts, with claps, in capitals?

Pope.

2. Of or pertaining to the rubric or rubrics. "Rubrical eccentricities." C. Kingsley.

Ru"bri*cate (?), a. [L. rubricatus p. p. of rubricare to color red. See Rubric, n.] Marked with red. Sp&?;lmman.

Ru"bri*cate (?), v. t. To mark or distinguished with red; to arrange as in a rubric; to establish in a settled and unchangeable form. Foxe.

A system . . . according to which the thoughts of men were to be classed and rubricated forever after.

Hare.

{ Ru*bri"cian (?), Ru"bri*cist (?) }, n. One skilled in, or tenaciously adhering to, the rubric or rubrics.

Ru*bric"i*ty (?), n. Redness. [R.]

Rub"stone` (?), n. A stone for scouring or rubbing; a whetstone; a rub.

||Ru"bus (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of rosaceous plants, including the ||raspberry and blackberry.

Ru"by (?), n.; pl. Rubies (#). [F. rubis (cf. Pr. robi), LL. rubinus, robinus, fr. L. rubeus red, reddish, akin to ruber. See Rouge, red.] 1. (Min.) A precious stone of a carmine red color, sometimes verging to violet, or intermediate between carmine and hyacinth red. It is a red crystallized variety of corundum.

Besides the true or Oriental ruby above defined, there are the balas ruby, or ruby spinel, a red variety of spinel, and the rock ruby, a red variety of garnet.

Of rubies, sapphires, and pearles white.

Chaucer.

2. The color of a ruby; carmine red; a red tint.

The natural ruby of your cheeks.

Shak.

3. That which has the color of the ruby, as red wine. Hence, a red blain or carbuncle.

4. (Print.) See Agate, n., 2. [Eng.]

5. (Zoöl.) Any species of South American humming birds of the genus Clytolæma. The males have a ruby-colored throat or breast.

Ruby of arsenic, Ruby of sulphur (Chem.), a glassy substance of a red color and a variable composition, but always consisting chiefly of the disulphide of arsenic; -- called also ruby sulphur. -- Ruby of zinc (Min.), zinc sulphide; the mineral zinc blende or sphalerite. -- Ruby silver (Min.), red silver. See under Red.

Ru"by, a. Ruby-colored; red; as, ruby lips.

Ru"by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rubied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rubying.] To make red; to redden. [R.] Pope.

Ru"by*tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A European gold wasp (Chrysis ignita) which has the under side of the abdomen bright red, and the other parts deep bluish green with a metallic luster. The larva is parasitic in the nests of other wasps and of bees.

Ru"by-tailed` (?), a. Having the tail, or lower part of the body, bright red.

Ru"by*throat` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of humming birds belonging to Trochilus, Calypte, Stellula, and allies, in which the male has on the throat a brilliant patch of red feathers having metallic reflections; esp., the common humming bird of the Eastern United States (Trochilus colubris).

Ru"by*wood` (?), n. red sandalwood. See under Sandalwood.

Ru*cer"vine (?), a. [NL. Rucervus, the genus, fr. NL. Rusa a certain genus of deer (Malay r&?;sa deer) + Cervus.] (Zoöl.) Of, like, or pertaining to, a deer of the genus Rucervus, which includes the swamp deer of India.

Ruche (?), n. [F. ruche ruche, beehive, OF. rusche a beehive, which was formerly made of the bark of trees; cf. W. rhisg, rhisgl, bark, gael. rusg bark, rind.] 1. A plaited, quilled, or goffered strip of lace, net, ribbon, or other material, -- used in place of collars or cuffs, and as a trimming for women's dresses and bonnets. [Written also rouche.]

2. A pile of arched tiles, used to catch and retain oyster spawn.

Ruch"ing, n. A ruche, or ruches collectively.

Ruck (?), n. A roc. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Drayton.

Ruck, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rucked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rucking.] [Icel hrukkast to wrinkle, hrukka wrinkle, fold.] To draw into wrinkles or unsightly folds; to crease; as, to ruck up a carpet. Smart.

Ruck, n. [Icel. hrukka. Cf. Ruck, v. t.] A wrinkle or crease in a piece of cloth, or in needlework.

Ruck, v. i. [Cf. Dan. ruge to brood, to hatch.] To cower; to huddle together; to squat; to sit, as a hen on eggs. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Gower. South.

The sheep that rouketh in the fold.

Chaucer.

Ruck, n. [Cf. Ruck.] 1. A heap; a rick. [Prov Eng. & Scot.]

2. The common sort, whether persons or things; as, the ruck in a horse race. [Colloq.]

The ruck in society as a whole.

Lond. Sat. Rev.

Ruc*ta"tion (?), n. [L. ructatio, fr. ructare to belch: cf. F. ructation.] The act of belching wind.

Ruc"tion (?), n. An uproar; a quarrel; a noisy outbreak. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Rud (?), n. [AS. rudu, akin to reád red. &radic;113. See Red, and cf. Ruddy.] 1. Redness; blush. [Obs.]

2. Ruddle; red ocher.

3. (Zoöl.) The rudd.

Rud, v. t. To make red. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rudd (?), n. [See Rud, n.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water European fish of the Carp family (Leuciscus erythrophthalmus). It is about the size and shape of the roach, but it has the dorsal fin farther back, a stouter body, and red irises. Called also redeye, roud, finscale, and shallow. A blue variety is called azurine, or blue roach.

Rud"der (?), n. A riddle or sieve. [Prov. Eng.]

<! p. 1258 !>

Rud"der (?), n. [OE. rother, AS. rðer a paddle; akin to D. roer rudder, oar, G. ruder, OHG. roadar, Sw. roder, ror, Dan. roer, ror. &radic; 8. See Row to propel with an oar, and cf. Rother. ] 1. (Naut.) The mechanical appliance by means of which a vessel is guided or steered when in motion. It is a broad and flat blade made of wood or iron, with a long shank, and is fastened in an upright position, usually by one edge, to the sternpost of the vessel in such a way that it can be turned from side to side in the water by means of a tiller, wheel, or other attachment.

2. Fig.: That which resembles a rudder as a guide or governor; that which guides or governs the course.

For rhyme the rudder is of verses.

Hudibras.

Balance rudder (Naut.), a rudder pivoted near the middle instead of at the edge, -- common on sharpies. -- Drop rudder (Naut.), a rudder extending below the keel so as to be more effective in steering. -- Rudder chain (Naut.), one of the loose chains or ropes which fasten the rudder to the quarters to prevent its loss in case it gets unshipped, and for operating it in case the tiller or the wheel is broken. -- Rudder coat (Naut.), a covering of tarred canvas used to prevent water from entering the rudderhole. -- Rudder fish. (Zoöl.) (a) The pilot fish. (b) The amber fish (Seriola zonata), which is bluish having six broad black bands. (c) A plain greenish black American fish (Leirus perciformis); -- called also black rudder fish, logfish, and barrel fish. The name is also applied to other fishes which follow vessels. -- Rudder pendants (Naut.), ropes connected with the rudder chains.

Rud"der*head` (?), n. (Naut.) The upper end of the rudderpost, to which the tiller is attached.

Rud"der*hole (?), n. (Naut.) The hole in the deck through which the rudderpost passes.

Rud"der*less, a. Without a rudder.

Rud"der*post (?), n. (Naut.) The shank of a rudder, having the blade at one end and the attachments for operating it at the other.

Rud"der*stock` (?), n. (Naut.) The main part or blade of the rudder, which is connected by hinges, or the like, with the sternpost of a vessel.

Rud"died (?), a. Made ruddy or red.

Rud"di*ly (?), adv. In a ruddy manner. Byron.

Rud"di*ness, n. The quality or state of being ruddy; as, the ruddiness of the cheeks or the sky.

Rud"dle (?), v. t. To raddle or twist. [Obs.]

Rud"dle, n. A riddle or sieve. [Obs.] Holland.

Rud"dle, n. [See Rud; cf. Reddle.] (Min.) A species of red earth colored by iron sesquioxide; red ocher.

Rud"dle, v. t. To mark with ruddle; to raddle; to rouge. "Their ruddled cheeks." Thackeray.

A fair sheep newly ruddled.

Lady M. W. Montagu.

Rud"dock (?), n. [AS. ruddic; cf. W. rhuddog the redbreast. &radic;113. See Rud, n.] [Written also raddock.] 1. (Zoöl.) The European robin. "The tame ruddock and the coward kite." Chaucer.

2. A piece of gold money; -- probably because the gold of coins was often reddened by copper alloy. Called also red ruddock, and golden ruddock. [Obs.]

Great pieces of gold . . . red ruddocks.

Florio.

Rud"dy (?), a. [Compar. Ruddier (?); superl. Ruddiest.] [AS. rudig. See Rud, n.] 1. Of a red color; red, or reddish; as, a ruddy sky; a ruddy flame. Milton.

They were more ruddy in body than rubies.

Lam. iv. 7.

2. Of a lively flesh color, or the color of the human skin in high health; as, ruddy cheeks or lips. Dryden.

Ruddy duck (Zoöl.), an American duck (Erismatura rubida) having a broad bill and a wedge-shaped tail composed of stiff, sharp feathers. The adult male is rich brownish red on the back, sides, and neck, black on the top of the head, nape, wings, and tail, and white on the cheeks. The female and young male are dull brown mixed with blackish on the back; grayish below. Called also dunbird, dundiver, ruddy diver, stifftail, spinetail, hardhead, sleepy duck, fool duck, spoonbill, etc. -- Ruddy plover (Zoöl.) the sanderling.

Rud"dy, v. t. To make ruddy. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Rude (?), a. [Compar. Ruder (?); superl. Rudest.] [F., fr. L. rudis.] 1. Characterized by roughness; umpolished; raw; lacking delicacy or refinement; coarse.

Such gardening tools as art, yet rude, . . . had formed.

Milton.

2. Hence, specifically: (a) Unformed by taste or skill; not nicely finished; not smoothed or polished; -- said especially of material things; as, rude workmanship. "Rude was the cloth." Chaucer.

Rude and unpolished stones.

Bp. Stillingfleet.

The heaven-born child All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies.

Milton.

(b) Of untaught manners; unpolished; of low rank; uncivil; clownish; ignorant; raw; unskillful; -- said of persons, or of conduct, skill, and the like. "Mine ancestors were rude." Chaucer.

He was but rude in the profession of arms.

Sir H. Wotton.

the rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.

Gray.

(c) Violent; tumultuous; boisterous; inclement; harsh; severe; -- said of the weather, of storms, and the like; as, the rude winter.

[Clouds] pushed with winds, rude in their shock.

Milton.

The rude agitation [of water] breaks it into foam.

Boyle.

(d) Barbarous; fierce; bloody; impetuous; -- said of war, conflict, and the like; as, the rude shock of armies. (e) Not finished or complete; inelegant; lacking chasteness or elegance; not in good taste; unsatisfactory in mode of treatment; -- said of literature, language, style, and the like. "The rude Irish books." Spenser.

Rude am I in my speech.

Shak.

Unblemished by my rude translation.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Impertinent; rough; uneven; shapeless; unfashioned; rugged; artless; unpolished; uncouth; inelegant; rustic; coarse; vulgar; clownish; raw; unskillful; untaught; illiterate; ignorant; uncivil; impolite; saucy; impudent; insolent; surly; currish; churlish; brutal; uncivilized; barbarous; savage; violent; fierce; tumultuous; turbulent; impetuous; boisterous; harsh; inclement; severe. See Impertiment.

-- Rude"ly (#), adv. -- Rude"ness, n.

Ru"den*ture (?; 135), n. [F., fr. L. rudens a rope.] (Arch.) Cabling. See Cabling. gwilt.

Ru"de*ra*ry (?), a. [L. ruderarius, fr. rudus, ruderis, stones crushed and mixed with lime, old rubbish.] Of or pertaining to rubbish.. [Obs.] Bailey.

Rudes"by (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] An uncivil, turbulent fellow. [Obs.] Shak.

Rü"des*heim`er (?), n. A German wine made near Rüdesheim, on the Rhine.

Ru"di*ment (?), n. [L. rudimentum, fr. rudis unwrought, ignorant, rude: cf. F. rudiment. See Rude.] 1. That which is unformed or undeveloped; the principle which lies at the bottom of any development; an unfinished beginning.

but I will bring thee where thou soon shalt quit Those rudiments, and see before thine eyes The monarchies of the earth.

Milton.

the single leaf is the rudiment of beauty in landscape.

I. Taylor.

2. Hence, an element or first principle of any art or science; a beginning of any knowledge; a first step.

This boy is forest-born, And hath been tutored in the rudiments of many desperate studies.

Shak.

There he shall first lay down the rudiments Of his great warfare.

Milton.

3. (Biol.) An imperfect organ or part, or one which is never developed.

Ru"di*ment, v. t. To furnish with first principles or rules; to insrtuct in the rudiments. Gayton.

Ru`di*men"tal (?), a. Rudimentary. Addison.

Ru`di*men"ta*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. rudimentaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to rudiments; consisting in first principles; elementary; initial; as, rudimental essays.

2. (Biol.) Very imperfectly developed; in an early stage of development; embryonic.

Rud"ish (?), a. Somewhat rude. Foote.

Ru*dis"tes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. rudis rough.] (Paleon.) An extinct order or suborder of bivalve mollusks characteristic of the Cretaceous period; -- called also Rudista. See Illust. under Hippurite.

Ru"di*ty (?), n. [L. ruditas ignorance, fr. rudis rude, illiterate.] Rudeness; ignorance. [R.]

Rud"mas*day (?), n. [See Rood, Mass, Day.] (R.C.Ch.) Either of the feasts of the Holy Cross, occuring on May 3 and September 14, annually.

Ru*dolph"ine (?), a. Pertaining to, or designating, a set of astronomical tables computed by Kepler, and founded on the observations of Tycho Brahe; -- so named from Rudolph II., emperor of Germany.

Rue (?), n. [F. rue, L. ruta, akin to Gr. &?;; cf. AS. r&?;de.] 1. (Bot.) A perennial suffrutescent plant (Ruta graveolens), having a strong, heavy odor and a bitter taste; herb of grace. It is used in medicine.

Then purged with euphrasy and rue The visual nerve, for he had much to see.

Milton.

They [the exorcists] are to try the devil by holy water, incense, sulphur, rue, which from thence, as we suppose, came to be called herb of grace.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Fig.: Bitterness; disappointment; grief; regret.

Goat's rue. See under Goat. -- Rue anemone, a pretty springtime flower (Thalictrum anemonides) common in the United States. -- Wall rue, a little fern (Asplenium Ruta- muraria) common on walls in Europe.

Rue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ruing.] [OE. rewen, reouwen, to grive, make sorry, AS. hreówan; akin to OS. hrewan, D. rouwen, OHG. hriuwan, G. reun, Icel. hruggr grieved, hrugð sorrow. &radic; 18. Cf. Ruth.] 1. To lament; to regret extremely; to grieve for or over. Chaucer.

I wept to see, and rued it from my heart.

Chapmen.

Thy will Chose freely what it now so justly rues.

Milton.

2. To cause to grieve; to afflict. [Obs.] "God wot, it rueth me." Chaucer.

3. To repent of, and withdraw from, as a bargain; to get released from. [Prov. Eng.]

Rue, v. i. 1. To have compassion. [Obs.]

God so wisly [i. e., truly] on my soul rue.

Chaucer.

Which stirred men's hearts to rue upon them.

Ridley.

2. To feel sorrow and regret; to repent.

Work by counsel and thou shalt not rue.

Chaucer.

Old year, we'll dearly rue for you.

Tennyson.

Rue, n. [AS. hreów. See Rue, v. t.] Sorrow; repetance. [Obs.] Shak.

Rue"ful (?), a. 1. Causing one to rue or lament; woeful; mournful; sorrowful.

2. Expressing sorrow. "Rueful faces." Dryden.

Two rueful figures, with long black cloaks.

Sir W. Scott.

-- Rue"ful*ly, adv. -- Rue"ful*ness, n.

Ru"ell bone` (?). See rewel bone. [Obs.]

Ru*elle" (&?;), n. [F. ruelle a narrow street, a lan&?;, ruelle, fr. rue a street.] A private circle or assembly at a private house; a circle. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ru*fes"cent (?), a. [L. rufescens, p. pr. of rufescere to become reddish, fr. rufus red: cf. F. rufescent.] Reddish; tinged with red.

Ruff (?), n. [F. ronfle; cf. It. ronfa, Pg. rufa, rifa.] (Card Playing) (a) A game similar to whist, and the predecessor of it. Nares.

(b) The act of trumping, especially when one has no card of the suit led.

Ruff, v. i. & t. (Card Playing) To trump.

Ruff, n. [Of uncertain origin: cf. Icel. r&?;finn rough, uncombed, Pr. ruf rude, rough, Sp. rufo frizzed, crisp, curled, G. raufen to pluck, fight, rupfen to pluck, pull, E. rough. &radic;18. Cf. Ruffle to wrinkle.] 1. A muslin or linen collar plaited, crimped, or fluted, worn formerly by both sexes, now only by women and children.

Here to-morrow with his best ruff on.

Shak.

His gravity is much lessened since the late proclamation came out against ruffs; . . . they were come to that height of excess herein, that twenty shillings were used to be paid for starching of a ruff.

Howell.

2. Something formed with plaits or flutings, like the collar of this name.

I reared this flower; . . . Soft on the paper ruff its leaves I spread.

Pope.

3. An exhibition of pride or haughtiness.

How many princes . . . in the ruff of all their glory, have been taken down from the head of a conquering army to the wheel of the victor's chariot!

L'Estrange.

4. Wanton or tumultuous procedure or conduct. [Obs.]

To ruffle it out in a riotous ruff.

Latimer.

5. (Mil.) A low, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll; a ruffle.

6. (Mach.) A collar on a shaft ot other piece to prevent endwise motion. See Illust. of Collar.

7. (Zoöl.) A set of lengthened or otherwise modified feathers round, or on, the neck of a bird.

8. (Zoöl.) (a) A limicoline bird of Europe and Asia (Pavoncella, or Philommachus, pugnax) allied to the sandpipers. The males during the breeding season have a large ruff of erectile feathers, variable in their colors, on the neck, and yellowish naked tubercles on the face. They are polygamous, and are noted for their pugnacity in the breeding season. The female is called reeve, or rheeve. (b) A variety of the domestic pigeon, having a ruff of its neck.

Ruff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ruffing.] 1. To ruffle; to disorder. Spenser.

2. (Mil.) To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum.

3. (Hawking) To hit, as the prey, without fixing it.

{ Ruff, Ruffe } (?), n. [OE. ruffe.] (Zoöl.) A small freshwater European perch (Acerina vulgaris); -- called also pope, blacktail, and stone, or striped, perch.

Ruffed (?), a. Furnished with a ruff.

Ruffed grouse (Zoöl.), a North American grouse (Bonasa umbellus) common in the wooded districts of the Northern United States. The male has a ruff of brown or black feathers on each side of the neck, and is noted for the loud drumming sound he makes during the breeding season. Called also tippet grouse, partridge, birch partridge, pheasant, drummer, and white-flesher. -- ruffed lemur (Zoöl.), a species of lemur (lemur varius) having a conspicuous ruff on the sides of the head. Its color is varied with black and white. Called also ruffed maucaco.

Ruf"fian (? or ?; 277), n. [F. rufien, OF. ruffen, ruffian, pimp. libertine, ake; cf. pr. & Sp. rufian, It. ruffiano; all perhaps of German or Dutch origin; cf. G. raufen to pluck, scuffle, fight, OD. roffen to pander. Cf. Ruffle to grow urbulent.] 1. A pimp; a pander; also, a paramour. [Obs.]

he [her husband] is no sooner abroad than she is instantly at home, reveling with her ruffians.

Bp. Reynolds.

2. A boisterous, cruel, brutal fellow; a desperate fellow ready for murderous or cruel deeds; a cutthroat.

Wilt thou on thy deathbed play the ruffian?

Shak.

Ruf"fian, a. brutal; cruel; savagely boisterous; murderous; as, ruffian rage.

Ruf"fian, v. i. To play the ruffian; to rage; to raise tumult. [R.] Shak.

Ruf"fian*age (?), n. Ruffians, collectively; a body of ruffians. "The vilest ruffianage." Sir F. Palgrave.

Ruf"fian*ish, a. Having the qualities or manners of a ruffian; ruffianly.

Ruf"fian*like` (?), a. Ruffianly. Fulke.

Ruf"fian*ly, a. Like a ruffian; bold in crimes; characteristic of a ruffian; violent; brutal.

Ruf"fian*ous (?), a. Ruffianly. [Obs.] Chapman.

Ruf"fin (?), a. [See Ruffian.] Disordered. [Obs.]

His ruffin rainment all was stained with blood.

Spenser.

<! p. 1259 !>

Ruf"fle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ruffling (?).] [From Ruff a plaited collar, a drum beat, a tumult: cf. OD. ruyffelen to wrinkle.] 1. To make into a ruff; to draw or contract into puckers, plaits, or folds; to wrinkle.

2. To furnish with ruffles; as, to ruffle a shirt.

3. To oughen or disturb the surface of; to make uneven by agitation or commotion.

The fantastic revelries . . . that so often ruffled the placid bosom of the Nile.

I. Taylor.

She smoothed the ruffled seas.

Dryden.

4. To erect in a ruff, as feathers.

[the swan] ruffles her pure cold plume.

Tennyson.

5. (Mil.) To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum.

6. To discompose; to agitate; to disturb.

These ruffle the tranquillity of the mind.

Sir W. Hamilton.

But, ever after, the small violence done Rankled in him and ruffled all his heart.

Tennyson.

7. To throw into disorder or confusion.

Where best He might the ruffled foe infest.

Hudibras.

8. To throw together in a disorderly manner. [R.]

I ruffled up falen leaves in heap.

Chapman

To ruffle the feathers of, to exite the resentment of; to irritate.

Ruf"fle (?), v. i. [Perhaps of different origin from ruffle to wrinkle; cf. OD. roffeln, roffen, to pander, LG. raffein, Dan. ruffer a pimp. Cf. Rufflan.] 1. To grow rough, boisterous, or turbulent. [R.]

The night comes on, and the bleak winds Do sorely ruffle.

Shak.

2. To become disordered; to play loosely; to flutter.

On his right shoulder his thick mane reclined, Ruffles at speed, and dances in the wind.

Dryden.

3. To be rough; to jar; to be in contention; hence, to put on airs; to swagger.

They would ruffle with jurors.

Bacon.

Gallants who ruffled in silk and embroidery.

Sir W. Scott.

Ruf"fle, n. [See Ruffle, v. t. & i.] 1. That which is ruffled; specifically, a strip of lace, cambric, or other fine cloth, plaited or gathered on one edge or in the middle, and used as a trimming; a frill.

2. A state of being ruffled or disturbed; disturbance; agitation; commotion; as, to put the mind in a ruffle.

3. (Mil.) A low, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll; -- called also ruff. H. L. Scott.

4. (Zoöl.) The connected series of large egg capsules, or oöthecæ, of any one of several species of American marine gastropods of the genus Fulgur. See Oötheca.

Ruffle of a boot, the top turned down, and scalloped or plaited. Halliwell.

Ruf"fle*less, a. Having no ruffle.

Ruf"fle*ment (?), n. The act of ruffling. [R.]

Ruf"fler (?), n. 1. One who ruffles; a swaggerer; a bully; a ruffian.

Assaults, if not murders, done at his own doors by that crew of rufflers.

Milton.

2. That which ruffles; specifically, a sewing machine attachment for making ruffles.

Ru`fi*gal"lic (?), a. [Rufiopin + gallic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid which is obtained from gallic acid as a brown or red crystalline substance, and is related to rufiopin and anthracene.

Ru`fi*o"pin (?), n. [L. rufus reddish + opianic.] (Chem.) A yellowish red crystalline substance related to anthracene, and obtained from opianic acid.

Ru"fol (?), n. [L. rufus reddish + -ol.] (Chem.) A phenol derivative of anthracene obtained as a white crystalline substance, which on oxidation produces a red dyestuff related to anthraquinone.

Ru"fous (?), a. [L. rufus.] Reddish; of a yellowish red or brownish red color; tawny.

Ruft (?), n. (Med.) Eructation; belching. [Obs.]

Ruf"ter*hood (?), n. [Cf. Ruff a plaited collar.] (Falconry) A kind of hood for a hawk.

Rug (?), n. [Cf. Sw. rugg entanglend hair, ruggig rugged, shaggy, probably akin to E. rough. See Rough, a.] 1. A kind of coarse, heavy frieze, formerly used for garments.

They spin the choicest rug in Ireland. A friend of mine . . . repaired to Paris Garden clad in one of these Waterford rugs. The mastiffs, . . . deeming he had been a bear, would fain have baited him.

Holinshed.

2. A piece of thick, nappy fabric, commonly made of wool, -- used for various purposes, as for covering and ornamenting part of a bare floor, for hanging in a doorway as a potière, for protecting a portion of carpet, for a wrap to protect the legs from cold, etc.

3. A rough, woolly, or shaggy dog.

Rug gown, a gown made of rug, of or coarse, shaggy cloth. B. Johnson.

Rug, v. t. To pull roughly or hastily; to plunder; to spoil; to tear. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

||Ru"ga (?), n.; pl. Rugæ (#). [L.] (Nat. Hist.) A wrinkle; a fold; as, ||the rugæ of the stomach.

Ru"gate (?), a. [L. rugatus, p. p. of rugare to wrinkle, fr. ruga a wrinkle.] Having alternate ridges and depressions; wrinkled. Dana.

Rug"ged (?), a. [See Rug, n.] 1. Full of asperities on the surface; broken into sharp or irregular points, or otherwise uneven; not smooth; rough; as, a rugged mountain; a rugged road.

The rugged bark of some broad elm.

Milton.

2. Not neat or regular; uneven.

His well-proportioned beard made rough and rugged.

Shak.

3. Rough with bristles or hair; shaggy. "The rugged Russian bear." Shak.

4. Harsh; hard; crabbed; austere; -- said of temper, character, and the like, or of persons.

Neither melt nor endear him, but leave him as hard, rugged, and unconcerned as ever.

South.

5. Stormy; turbulent; tempestuous; rude. Milton.

6. Rough to the ear; harsh; grating; -- said of sound, style, and the like.

Through the harsh cadence of a rugged line.

Dryden.

7. Sour; surly; frowning; wrinkled; -- said of looks, etc. "Sleek o'er your rugged looks." Shak.

8. Violent; rude; boisterrous; -- said of conduct, manners, etc.

9. Vigorous; robust; hardy; -- said of health, physique, etc. [Colloq. U.S.]

Syn. -- Rough; uneven; wrinkled; cragged; coarse; rude; harsh; hard; crabbed; severe; austere; surly; sour; frowning; violent; boisterous; tumultuous; turbulent; stormy; tempestuous; inclement.

-- Rug"ged*ly (#), adv. -- Rug"ged*ness, n.

Rug"ging (?), n. A coarse kind of woolen cloth, used for wrapping, blanketing, etc.

Rug"-gowned (?), a. Wearing a coarse gown or shaggy garment made of rug. Beau. & Fl.

Rug"gy (?), a. Rugged; rough. [Obs.] "With ruggy, ashy hairs." Chaucer.

Rug"-head`ed (?), a. Having shaggy hair; shock-headed. [Obs.]

Those rough rug-headed kerns.

Shak.

Rug"in (?), n. A nappy cloth. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Ru"gine (?), n. [F.] (Surg.) An instrument for scraping the periosteum from bones; a raspatory.

Ru"gine, v. t. [F. ruginer to scrape.] To scrape or rasp, as a bone; to scale. [R.] Wiseman.

||Ru*go"sa (?), n. pl. [NL. See Rugose.] (Paleon.) An extinct tribe of ||fossil corals, including numerous species, many of them of large ||size. They are characteristic of the Paleozoic formations. The ||radiating septs, when present, are usually in multiples of four. See ||Cyathophylloid.

Ru*gose" (?), a. [L. rugosus, r. ruga a wrinkle.] Wrinkled; full of wrinkles; specifically (Bot.), having the veinlets sunken and the spaces between them elevated, as the leaves of the sage and horehound.

Ru*gos"i*ty (?), n. [L. rugositas: cf. F. rugosité.] The quality or state of being rugose.

Ru"gous (?), a. [Cf. F. rugueux.] Wrinkled; rugose.

Ru`gu*lose" (?), a. Somewhat rugose.

Ruhm"korff's coil` (?). [So called from its inventor, Ruhmkorff, a german physicist.] (Elec.) See Induction coil, under Induction.

Ru"in (?), n. [OE. ruine, F. ruine, fr. L. ruina, fr. ruere, rutum, to fall with violence, to rush or tumble down.] 1. The act of falling or tumbling down; fall. [Obs.] "His ruin startled the other steeds." Chapman.

2. Such a change of anything as destroys it, or entirely defeats its object, or unfits it for use; destruction; overthrow; as, the ruin of a ship or an army; the ruin of a constitution or a government; the ruin of health or hopes. "Ruin seize thee, ruthless king!" Gray.

3. That which is fallen down and become worthless from injury or decay; as, his mind is a ruin; especially, in the plural, the remains of a destroyed, dilapidated, or desolate house, fortress, city, or the like.

The Veian and the Gabian towers shall fall, And one promiscuous ruin cover all; Nor, after length of years, a stone betray The place where once the very ruins lay.

Addison.

The labor of a day will not build up a virtuous habit on the ruins of an old and vicious character.

Buckminster.

4. The state of being dcayed, or of having become ruined or worthless; as, to be in ruins; to go to ruin.

5. That which promotes injury, decay, or destruction.

The errors of young men are the ruin of business.

Bacon.

Syn. -- Destruction; downfall; perdition; fall; overthrow; subversion; defeat; bane; pest; mischief.

Ru"in, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruined (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Ruining.] [Cf. F. ruiner, LL. ruinare. See Ruin, n.] To bring to ruin; to cause to fall to pieces and decay; to make to perish; to bring to destruction; to bring to poverty or bankruptcy; to impair seriously; to damage essentially; to overthrow.

this mortal house I'll ruin.

Shak.

By thee raised, I ruin all my foes.

Milton.

The eyes of other people are the eyes that ruin us.

Franklin.

By the fireside there are old men seated, Seeling ruined cities in the ashes.

Longfellow.

Ru"in, v. i. To fall to ruins; to go to ruin; to become decayed or dilapidated; to perish. [R.]

Though he his house of polished marble build, Yet shall it ruin like the moth's frail cell.

Sandys.

If we are idle, and disturb the industrious in their business, we shall ruin the faster.

Locke.

Ru"in*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being ruined.

Ru"in*ate (?), v. t. [LL. ruinatus, p. p. of ruinare to ruin. See Ruin.] 1. To demolish; to subvert; to destroy; to reduce to poverty; to ruin.

I will not ruinate my f&?;ther's house.

Shak.

Ruinating thereby the health of their bodies.

Burton.

2. To cause to fall; to cast down.

On the other side they saw that perilous rock Threatening itself on them to ruinate.

Spenser.

Ru"in*ate, v. i. To fall; to tumble. [Obs.]

Ru"in*ate (?), a. [L. ruinatus, p. p.] Involved in ruin; ruined.

My brother Edward lives in pomp and state, I in a mansion here all ruinate.

J. Webster.

Ru`in*a"tion (?), n. [LL. ruinatio.] The act of ruining, or the state of being ruined.

Ru"in*er (?), n. One who, or that which, ruins.

Ru"in*i*form (?), a. [Ruin + - form: cf. F. ruiniforme.] Having the appearance of ruins, or of the ruins of houses; -- said of certain minerals.

Ru"in*ous (?), a. [L. ruinosus: cf. F. ruineux. See Ruin.] 1. Causing, or tending to cause, ruin; destructive; baneful; pernicious; as, a ruinous project.

After a night of storm so ruinous.

Milton.

2. Characterized by ruin; ruined; dilapidated; as, an edifice, bridge, or wall in a ruinous state.

3. Composed of, or consisting in, ruins.

Behold, Damascus . . . shall be a ruinous heap.

Isa. xvii. 1.

Syn. -- Dilapidated; decayed; demolished; pernicious; destructive; baneful; wasteful; mischievous.

-- Ru"in*ous*ly (#), adv. -- Ru"in*ous*ness, n.

Rukh (?), n. [Srr Roc.] 1. The roc.

2. (Zoöl.) A large bird, supposed by some to be the same as the extinct Epiornis of Madagascar. [Obs.]

Rul"a*ble (?), a. That may be ruled; subject to rule; accordant or conformable to rule. Bacon.

Rule (?), n. [OE. reule, riule, OF. riule, reule, F. régle, fr. L. regula a ruler, rule, model, fr. regere, rectum, to lead straight, to direct. See Right, a., and cf. Regular.] 1. That which is prescribed or laid down as a guide for conduct or action; a governing direction for a specific purpose; an authoritative enactment; a regulation; a prescription; a precept; as, the rules of various societies; the rules governing a school; a rule of etiquette or propriety; the rules of cricket.

We profess to have embraced a religion which contains the most exact rules for the government of our lives.

Tillotson.

2. Hence: (a) Uniform or established course of things.

'T is against the rule of nature.

Shak.

(b) Systematic method or practice; as, my ule is to rise at six o'clock. (c) Ordibary course of procedure; usual way; comon state or condition of things; as, it is a rule to which there are many exeptions. (d) Conduct in general; behavior. [Obs.]

This uncivil rule; she shall know of it.

Shak.

3. The act of ruling; administration of law; government; empire; authority; control.

Obey them that have the rule over you.

Heb. xiii. 17.

His stern rule the groaning land obeyed.

Pope.

4. (Law) An order regulating the practice of the courts, or an order made between parties to an action or a suit. Wharton.

5. (Math.) A determinate method prescribed for performing any operation and producing a certain result; as, a rule for extracting the cube root.

6. (Gram.) A general principle concerning the formation or use of words, or a concise statement thereof; thus, it is a rule in England, that s or es , added to a noun in the singular number, forms the plural of that noun; but "man" forms its plural "men", and is an exception to the rule.

7. (a) A straight strip of wood, metal, or the like, which serves as a guide in drawing a straight line; a ruler. (b) A measuring instrument consisting of a graduated bar of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, which is usually marked so as to show inches and fractions of an inch, and jointed so that it may be folded compactly.

A judicious artist will use his eye, but he will trust only to his rule.

South.

8. (Print.) (a) A thin plate of metal (usually brass) of the same height as the type, and used for printing lines, as between columns on the same page, or in tabular work. (b) A composing rule. See under Conposing.

As a rule, as a general thing; in the main; usually; as, he behaves well, as a rule. -- Board rule, Caliber rule, etc. See under Board, Caliber, etc. -- Rule joint, a knuckle joint having shoulders that abut when the connected pieces come in line with each other, and thus permit folding in one direction only. -- Rule of three (Arith.), that rule which directs, when three terms are given, how to find a fourth, which shall have the same ratio to the third term as the second has to the first; proportion. See Proportion, 5 (b). -- Rule of thumb, any rude process or operation, like that of using the thumb as a rule in measuring; hence, judgment and practical experience as distinguished from scientific knowledge.

Syn. -- regulation; law; precept; maxim; guide; canon; order; method; direction; control; government; sway; empire.

Rule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ruling.] [Cf. OF. riuler, ruiler, L. regulare. See Rule, n., and cf. Regulate.] 1. To control the will and actions of; to exercise authority or dominion over; to govern; to manage. Chaucer.

A bishop then must be blameless; . . . one that ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection.

1 Tim. iii. 2, 4.

2. To control or direct by influence, counsel, or persuasion; to guide; -- used chiefly in the passive.

I think she will be ruled In all respects by me.

Shak.

3. To establish or settle by, or as by, a rule; to fix by universal or general consent, or by common practice.

That's are ruled case with the schoolmen.

Atterbury.

4. (Law) To require or command by rule; to give as a direction or order of court.

5. To mark with lines made with a pen, pencil, etc., guided by a rule or ruler; to print or mark with lines by means of a rule or other contrivance effecting a similar result; as, to rule a sheet of paper of a blank book.

Ruled surface (Geom.), any surface that may be described by a straight line moving according to a given law; -- called also a scroll.

Rule, v. i. 1. To have power or command; to exercise supreme authority; -- often followed by over.

By me princes rule, and nobles.

Prov. viii. 16.

We subdue and rule over all other creatures.

Ray.

2. (Law) To lay down and settle a rule or order of court; to decide an incidental point; to enter a rule. Burril. Bouvier.

3. (Com.) To keep within a (certain) range for a time; to be in general, or as a rule; as, prices ruled lower yesterday than the day before.

Rule"less, a. Destitute of rule; lawless. Spenser.

Rule"-mon`ger (?), n. A stickler for rules; a slave of rules [R.] Hare.

<! p. 1260 !>

Rul"er (rl"r), n. 1. One who rules; one who exercises sway or authority; a governor.

And he made him ruler over all the land.

Gen. xli. 43.

A prince and ruler of the land.

Shak.

2. A straight or curved strip of wood, metal, etc., with a smooth edge, used for guiding a pen or pencil in drawing lines. Cf. Rule, n., 7 (a).

Parallel ruler. See under Parallel.

Rul"ing, a. 1. Predominant; chief; reigning; controlling; as, a ruling passion; a ruling sovereign.

2. Used in marking or engraving lines; as, a ruling machine or pen.

Syn. -- Predominant; chief; controlling; directing; guiding; governing; prevailing; prevalent.

Rul"ing, n. 1. The act of one who rules; ruled lines.

2. (Law) A decision or rule of a judge or a court, especially an oral decision, as in excluding evidence.

Rul"ing*ly, adv. In a ruling manner; so as to rule.

Rul"li*chies (rl"l*chz), n. pl. [Cf. D. rolletje a little roll.] Chopped meat stuffed into small bags of tripe. They are cut in slices and fried. [Local, New York]

Rul"y (?), a. [From Rule.] Orderly; easily restrained; -- opposed to unruly. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

Rum (?), n. [probably shortened from Prov. E. rumbullion a great tumult, formerly applied in the island of Barbadoes to an intoxicating liquor.] A kind of intoxicating liquor distilled from cane juice, or from the scummings of the boiled juice, or from treacle or molasses, or from the lees of former distillations. Also, sometimes used colloquially as a generic or a collective name for intoxicating liquor.

Rum bud, a grog blossom. [Colloq.] -- Rum shrub, a drink composed of rum, water, sugar, and lime juice or lemon juice, with some flavoring extract.

Rum, a. [Formerly rome, a slang word for good; possibly of Gypsy origin; cf. Gypsy rom a husband, a gypsy.] Old-fashioned; queer; odd; as, a rum idea; a rum fellow. [Slang] Dickens.

Rum, n. A queer or odd person or thing; a country parson. [Slang, Obs.] Swift.

Rum"ble (?), v. i. [OE. romblen, akin to D. rommelen, G. rumpeln, Dan. rumle; cf. Icel. rymja to roar.] 1. To make a low, heavy, continued sound; as, the thunder rumbles at a distance.

In the mean while the skies 'gan rumble sore.

Surrey.

The people cried and rombled up and down.

Chaucer.

2. To murmur; to ripple.

To rumble gently down with murmur soft.

Spenser.

Rum"ble, n. 1. A noisy report; rumor. [Obs.]

Delighting ever in rumble that is new.

Chaucer.

2. A low, heavy, continuous sound like that made by heavy wagons or the reverberation of thunder; a confused noise; as, the rumble of a railroad train.

Clamor and rumble, and ringing and clatter.

Tennyson.

Merged in the rumble of awakening day.

H. James.

3. A seat for servants, behind the body of a carriage.

Kit, well wrapped, . . . was in the rumble behind.

Dickens.

4. A rotating cask or box in which small articles are smoothed or polished by friction against each other.

Rum"ble, v. t. To cause to pass through a rumble, or shaking machine. See Rumble, n., 4.

Rum"bler (?), n. One who, or that which, rumbles.

Rum"bling (?), a. & n. from Rumble, v. i.

Rum"bling*ly, adv. In a rumbling manner.

Rum"bo (?), n. Grog. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott.

Rum*bow"line (?), n. (Naut.) Same as Rombowline.

||Ru"men (?), n. [L. rumen, - inis, the throat.] 1. (Anat.) The first ||stomach of ruminants; the paunch; the fardingbag. See Illust. below.

2. The cud of a ruminant.

Ru"mi*cin (?), n. (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance found in the root of yellow dock (Rumex crispus) and identical with chrysophanic acid.

Rumi*nal (?), a. [L. ruminalis.] (Zoöl.) Ruminant; ruminating. [R.]

Ru"mi*nant (?), a. [L. ruminans, -antis, p. pr.: cf. F. ruminant. See Ruminate.] (Zoöl.) Chewing the cud; characterized by chewing again what has been swallowed; of or pertaining to the Ruminantia.

Ru"mi*nant, n. (Zoöl.) A ruminant animal; one of the Ruminantia.

||Ru`mi*nan"ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Artiodactyla ||having four stomachs. This division includes the camels, deer, ||antelopes, goats, sheep, neat cattle, and allies.

The vegetable food, after the first mastication, enters the first stomach (r). It afterwards passes into the second (n), where it is moistened, and formed into pellets which the animal has the power of bringing back to the mouth to be chewed again, after which it is swallowed into the third stomach (m), whence it passes to the fourth (s), where it is finally digested.

Ru"mi*nant*ly (?), adv. In a ruminant manner; by ruminating, or chewing the cud.

Ru"mi*nate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ruminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ruminating.] [L. ruminatus, p. p. of ruminari, ruminare, fr. rumen, -inis, throat, akin to ructare to belch, erugere to belch out, Gr. &?;, AS. roccettan.] 1. To chew the cud; to chew again what has been slightly chewed and swallowed. "Cattle free to ruminate." Wordsworth.

2. Fig.: To think again and again; to muse; to meditate; to ponder; to reflect. Cowper.

Apart from the hope of the gospel, who is there that ruminates on the felicity of heaven?

I. Taylor.

Ru"mi*nate (?), v. t. 1. To chew over again.

2. Fig.: To meditate or ponder over; to muse on.

Mad with desire, she ruminates her sin.

Dryden.

What I know Is ruminated, plotted, and set down.

Shak.

{ Ru"mi*nate (?), Ru"mi*na`ted (?) }, a. (Bot.) Having a hard albumen penetrated by irregular channels filled with softer matter, as the nutmeg and the seeds of the North American papaw.

Ru`mi*na"tion (?), n. [L. ruminatio: cf. F. rumination.] 1. The act or process of ruminating, or chewing the cud; the habit of chewing the cud.

Rumination is given to animals to enable them at once to lay up a great store of food, and afterward to chew it.

Arbuthnot.

2. The state of being disposed to ruminate or ponder; deliberate meditation or reflection.

Retiring full of rumination sad.

Thomson.

3. (Physiol.) The regurgitation of food from the stomach after it has been swallowed, -- occasionally observed as a morbid phenomenon in man.

Ru"mi*na*tive (?), a. Inclined to, or engaged in, rumination or meditation.

Ru"mi*na`tor (?), n. [L.] One who ruminates or muses; a meditator.

Rum"kin (?), n. [Cf. Rummer, and see -kin.] A popular or jocular name for a drinking vessel. [Obs.]

Rum"mage (?; 48), n. [For roomage, fr. room; hence originally, a making room, a packing away closely. See Room.] 1. (Naut.) A place or room for the stowage of cargo in a ship; also, the act of stowing cargo; the pulling and moving about of packages incident to close stowage; -- formerly written romage. [Obs.]

2. A searching carefully by looking into every corner, and by turning things over.

He has made such a general rummage and reform in the office of matrimony.

Walpole.

Rummage sale, a clearance sale of unclaimed goods in a public store, or of odds and ends which have accumulated in a shop. Simmonds.

Rum"mage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rummaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rummaging (?).] 1. (Naut.) To make room in, as a ship, for the cargo; to move about, as packages, ballast, so as to permit close stowage; to stow closely; to pack; -- formerly written roomage, and romage. [Obs.]

They might bring away a great deal more than they do, if they would take pain in the romaging.

Hakluyt.

2. To search or examine thoroughly by looking into every corner, and turning over or removing goods or other things; to examine, as a book, carefully, turning over leaf after leaf.

He . . . searcheth his pockets, and taketh his keys, and so rummageth all his closets and trunks.

Howell.

What schoolboy of us has not rummaged his Greek dictionary in vain for a satisfactory account!

M. Arnold.

Rum"mage, v. i. To search a place narrowly.

I have often rummaged for old books in Little Britain and Duck Lane.

Swift.

[His house] was haunted with a jolly ghost, that . . . . . . rummaged like a rat.

Tennyson.

Rum"ma*ger (?), n. 1. One who rummages.

2. (Naut.) A person on shipboard whose business was to take charge of stowing the cargo; -- formerly written roomager, and romager. [Obs.]

The master must provide a perfect mariner, called a romager, to range and bestow all merchandise.

Hakluyt.

Rum"mer (&?;), n. [D. roemer, romer, akin to G. römer, Sw. remmare; perhaps properly, Roman.] A large and tall glass, or drinking cup. [Obs.] J. Philips.

Rum"my (?), a. Of or pertaining to rum; characteristic of rum; as a rummy flavor.

Rum"my, n.; pl. Rummies (&?;). One who drinks rum; an habitually intemperate person. [Low]

Rum"my, a. [See Rum, a.] Strange; odd. [Slang]

Rum"ney (?), n. A sort of Spanish wine. [Obs.]

Ru"mor (?), n. [F. rumeur, L. rumor; cf. rumificare, rumitare to rumor, Skr. ru to cry.] [Written also rumour.] 1. A flying or popular report; the common talk; hence, public fame; notoriety.

This rumor of him went forth throughout all Judea, and throughout all the region round about.

Luke vii. 17.

Great is the rumor of this dreadful knight.

Shak.

2. A current story passing from one person to another, without any known authority for its truth; -- in this sense often personified.

Rumor next, and Chance, And Tumult, and Confusion, all embroiled.

Milton.

3. A prolonged, indistinct noise. [Obs.] Shak.

Ru"mor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rumored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rumoring.] To report by rumor; to tell.

'T was rumored My father 'scaped from out the citadel.

Dryden.

Ru"mor*er (?), n. A teller of news; especially, one who spreads false reports. Shak.

Ru"mor*ous (?), a. [Cf. OF. rumoreux, It. rumoroso, romoroso.] 1. Of or pertaining to a rumor; of the nature of rumors. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

2. Famous; notorious. [Obs.] Bale.

3. Murmuring. [Obs. or Poetic] Drayton.

Rump (?), n. [OE. rumpe; akin to D. romp trunk, body, LG. rump, G. rumpf, Dan. rumpe rump, Icel. rumpr, Sw. rumpa rump, tail.] 1. The end of the backbone of an animal, with the parts adjacent; the buttock or buttocks.

2. Among butchers, the piece of beef between the sirloin and the aitchbone piece. See Illust. of Beef.

3. Fig.: The hind or tail end; a fag-end; a remnant.

Rump Parliament, or The Rump (Eng. Hist.), the remnant of the Long Parliament after the expulsion by Cromwell in 1648 of those who opposed his purposes. It was dissolved by Cromwell in 1653, but twice revived for brief sessions, ending finally in 1659.

The Rump abolished the House of Lords, the army abolished the Rump, and by this army of saints Cromwell governed.

Swift.

-- Rump steak, a beefsteak from the rump. Goldsmith.

Rump"er (?), n. A member or a supporter of the Rump Parliament. I. Disraeli.

Rump"-fed (?), a. A Shakespearean word of uncertain meaning. Perhaps "fattened in the rump, pampered." "The rump-fed ronyon."

Rum"ple (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rumpled p. pr. & vb. n. Rumpling (&?;).] [Cf. rimple, and D. rimpelen to wrinkle, rompelig rough, uneven, G. rümpfen to wrinkle, MHG. rümphen, OHG. rimpfan, Gr. "ra`mfos the crooked beak of birds of prey, &?; to roam.] To make uneven; to form into irregular inequalities; to wrinkle; to crumple; as, to rumple an apron or a cravat.

They would not give a dog's ear of their most rumpled and ragged Scotch paper for twenty of your fairest assignats.

Burke.

Rum"ple, n. A fold or plait; a wrinkle. Dryden.

Rum"pled (?), a. Wrinkled; crumpled. Pope.

Rump"less (?), a. Destitute of a rump.

Rum"ply (?), a. Rumpled. Carlyle.

Rum"pus (?), n. A disturbance; noise and confusion; a quarrel. [Colloq.]

Rum"sell`er (?), n. One who sells rum; one who deals in intoxicating liquors; especially, one who sells spirituous beverages at retail.

Run (?), v. i. [imp. Ran (?) or Run; p. p. Run; p. pr. & vb. n. Running.] [OE. rinnen, rennen (imp. ran, p. p. runnen, ronnen). AS. rinnan to flow (imp. ran, p. p. gerunnen), and iernan, irnan, to run (imp. orn, arn, earn, p. p. urnen); akin to D. runnen, rennen, OS. & OHG. rinnan, G. rinnen, rennen, Icel. renna, rinna, Sw. rinna, ränna, Dan. rinde, rende, Goth. rinnan, and perh. to L. oriri to rise, Gr. &?; to stir up, rouse, Skr. &?; (cf. Origin), or perh. to L. rivus brook (cf. Rival). &radic;11. Cf. Ember, a., Rennet.] 1. To move, proceed, advance, pass, go, come, etc., swiftly, smoothly, or with quick action; -- said of things animate or inanimate. Hence, to flow, glide, or roll onward, as a stream, a snake, a wagon, etc.; to move by quicker action than in walking, as a person, a horse, a dog. Specifically: --

2. Of voluntary or personal action: (a) To go swiftly; to pass at a swift pace; to hasten.

"Ha, ha, the fox!" and after him they ran.

Chaucer.

(b) To flee, as from fear or danger.

As from a bear a man would run for life.

Shak.

(c) To steal off; to depart secretly.

My conscience will serve me to run from this jew.

Shak.

(d) To contend in a race; hence, to enter into a contest; to become a candidate; as, to run for Congress.

Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run, that ye may obtain.

1 Cor. ix. 24.

(e) To pass from one state or condition to another; to come into a certain condition; -- often with in or into; as, to run into evil practices; to run in debt.

Have I not cause to rave and beat my breast, to rend my heart with grief and run distracted?

Addison.

(f) To exert continuous activity; to proceed; as, to run through life; to run in a circle. (g) To pass or go quickly in thought or conversation; as, to run from one subject to another.

Virgil, in his first Georgic, has run into a set of precepts foreign to his subject.

Addison.

(h) To discuss; to continue to think or speak about something; -- with on. (i) To make numerous drafts or demands for payment, as upon a bank; -- with on. (j) To creep, as serpents.

3. Of involuntary motion: (a) To flow, as a liquid; to ascend or descend; to course; as, rivers run to the sea; sap runs up in the spring; her blood ran cold. (b) To proceed along a surface; to extend; to spread.

The fire ran along upon the ground.

Ex. ix. 23.

(c) To become fluid; to melt; to fuse.

As wax dissolves, as ice begins to run.

Addison.

Sussex iron ores run freely in the fire.

Woodward.

(d) To turn, as a wheel; to revolve on an axis or pivot; as, a wheel runs swiftly round. (e) To travel; to make progress; to be moved by mechanical means; to go; as, the steamboat runs regularly to Albany; the train runs to Chicago. (f) To extend; to reach; as, the road runs from Philadelphia to New York; the memory of man runneth not to the contrary.

She saw with joy the line immortal run, Each sire impressed, and glaring in his son.

Pope.

(g) To go back and forth from place to place; to ply; as, the stage runs between the hotel and the station. (h) To make progress; to proceed; to pass.

As fast as our time runs, we should be very glad in most part of our lives that it ran much faster.

Addison.

(i) To continue in operation; to be kept in action or motion; as, this engine runs night and day; the mill runs six days in the week.

When we desire anything, our minds run wholly on the good circumstances of it; when it is obtained, our minds run wholly on the bad ones.

Swift.

(j) To have a course or direction; as, a line runs east and west.

Where the generally allowed practice runs counter to it.

Locke.

Little is the wisdom, where the flight So runs against all reason.

Shak.

(k) To be in form thus, as a combination of words.

The king's ordinary style runneth, "Our sovereign lord the king."

Bp. Sanderson.

(l) To be popularly known; to be generally received.

Men gave them their own names, by which they run a great while in Rome.

Sir W. Temple.

Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himself.

Knolles.

<! p. 1261 !>

(m) To have growth or development; as, boys and girls run up rapidly.

If the richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves.

Mortimer.

(n) To tend, as to an effect or consequence; to incline.

A man's nature runs either to herbs or weeds.

Bacon.

Temperate climates run into moderate governments.

Swift.

(o) To spread and blend together; to unite; as, colors run in washing.

In the middle of a rainbow the colors are . . . distinguished, but near the borders they run into one another.

I. Watts.

(p) To have a legal course; to be attached; to continue in force, effect, or operation; to follow; to go in company; as, certain covenants run with the land.

Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid.

Sir J. Child.

(q) To continue without falling due; to hold good; as, a note has thirty days to run. (r) To discharge pus or other matter; as, an ulcer runs. (s) To be played on the stage a number of successive days or nights; as, the piece ran for six months. (t) (Naut.) To sail before the wind, in distinction from reaching or sailing closehauled; -- said of vessels.

4. Specifically, of a horse: To move rapidly in a gait in which each leg acts in turn as a propeller and a supporter, and in which for an instant all the limbs are gathered in the air under the body. Stillman (The Horse in Motion).

5. (Athletics) To move rapidly by springing steps so that there is an instant in each step when neither foot touches the ground; -- so distinguished from walking in athletic competition.

As things run, according to the usual order, conditions, quality, etc.; on the average; without selection or specification. -- To let run (Naut.), to allow to pass or move freely; to slacken or loosen. -- To run after, to pursue or follow; to search for; to endeavor to find or obtain; as, to run after similes. Locke. -- To run away, to flee; to escape; to elope; to run without control or guidance. -- To run away with. (a) To convey away hurriedly; to accompany in escape or elopement. (b) To drag rapidly and with violence; as, a horse runs away with a carriage. -- To run down. (a) To cease to work or operate on account of the exhaustion of the motive power; -- said of clocks, watches, etc. (b) To decline in condition; as, to run down in health. -- To run down a coast, to sail along it. -- To run for an office, to stand as a candidate for an office. -- To run in or into. (a) To enter; to step in. (b) To come in collision with. -- To run in trust, to run in debt; to get credit. [Obs.] -- To run in with. (a) To close; to comply; to agree with. [R.] T. Baker. (b) (Naut.) To make toward; to near; to sail close to; as, to run in with the land. -- To run mad, To run mad after or on. See under Mad. -- To run on. (a) To be continued; as, their accounts had run on for a year or two without a settlement. (b) To talk incessantly. (c) To continue a course. (d) To press with jokes or ridicule; to abuse with sarcasm; to bear hard on. (e) (Print.) To be continued in the same lines, without making a break or beginning a new paragraph. -- To run out. (a) To come to an end; to expire; as, the lease runs out at Michaelmas. (b) To extend; to spread. "Insectile animals . . . run all out into legs." Hammond. (c) To expatiate; as, to run out into beautiful digressions. (d) To be wasted or exhausted; to become poor; to become extinct; as, an estate managed without economy will soon run out.

And had her stock been less, no doubt She must have long ago run out.

Dryden.

-- To run over. (a) To overflow; as, a cup runs over, or the liquor runs over. (b) To go over, examine, or rehearse cursorily. (c) To ride or drive over; as, to run over a child. -- To run riot, to go to excess. -- To run through. (a) To go through hastily; as to run through a book. (b) To spend wastefully; as, to run through an estate. -- To run to seed, to expend or exhaust vitality in producing seed, as a plant; figuratively and colloquially, to cease growing; to lose vital force, as the body or mind. -- To run up, to rise; to swell; to grow; to increase; as, accounts of goods credited run up very fast.

But these, having been untrimmed for many years, had run up into great bushes, or rather dwarf trees.

Sir W. Scott.

-- To run with. (a) To be drenched with, so that streams flow; as, the streets ran with blood. (b) To flow while charged with some foreign substance. "Its rivers ran with gold." J. H. Newman.

Run (&?;), v. t. 1. To cause to run (in the various senses of Run, v. i.); as, to run a horse; to run a stage; to run a machine; to run a rope through a block.

2. To pursue in thought; to carry in contemplation.

To run the world back to its first original.

South.

I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and run it up to its "punctum saliens."

Collier.

3. To cause to enter; to thrust; as, to run a sword into or through the body; to run a nail into the foot.

You run your head into the lion's mouth.

Sir W. Scott.

Having run his fingers through his hair.

Dickens.

4. To drive or force; to cause, or permit, to be driven.

They ran the ship aground.

Acts xxvii. 41.

A talkative person runs himself upon great inconveniences by blabbing out his own or other's secrets.

Ray.

Others, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural philosophy into metaphysical notions.

Locke.

5. To fuse; to shape; to mold; to cast; as, to run bullets, and the like.

The purest gold must be run and washed.

Felton.

6. To cause to be drawn; to mark out; to indicate; to determine; as, to run a line.

7. To cause to pass, or evade, offical restrictions; to smuggle; -- said of contraband or dutiable goods.

Heavy impositions . . . are a strong temptation of running goods.

Swift.

8. To go through or accomplish by running; as, to run a race; to run a certain career.

9. To cause to stand as a candidate for office; to support for office; as, to run some one for Congress. [Colloq. U.S.]

10. To encounter or incur, as a danger or risk; as, to run the risk of losing one's life. See To run the chances, below. "He runneth two dangers." Bacon.

11. To put at hazard; to venture; to risk.

He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them, and run his fortune with them.

Clarendon.

12. To discharge; to emit; to give forth copiously; to be bathed with; as, the pipe or faucet runs hot water.

At the base of Pompey's statua, Which all the while ran blood, great Cæsar fell.

Shak.

13. To be charged with, or to contain much of, while flowing; as, the rivers ran blood.

14. To conduct; to manage; to carry on; as, to run a factory or a hotel. [Colloq. U.S.]

15. To tease with sarcasms and ridicule. [Colloq.]

16. To sew, as a seam, by passing the needle through material in a continuous line, generally taking a series of stitches on the needle at the same time.

17. To migrate or move in schools; -- said of fish; esp., to ascend a river in order to spawn.

To run a blockade, to get to, or away from, a blockaded port in safety. -- To run down. (a) (Hunting) To chase till the object pursued is captured or exhausted; as, to run down a stag. (b) (Naut.) To run against and sink, as a vessel. (c) To crush; to overthrow; to overbear. "Religion is run down by the license of these times." Berkeley. (d) To disparage; to traduce. F. W. Newman. -- To run hard. (a) To press in competition; as, to run one hard in a race. (b) To urge or press importunately. (c) To banter severely. - - To run into the ground, to carry to an absurd extreme; to overdo. [Slang, U.S.] -- To run off, to cause to flow away, as a charge of molten metal from a furnace. -- To run on (Print.), to carry on or continue, as the type for a new sentence, without making a break or commencing a new paragraph. -- To run out. (a) To thrust or push out; to extend. (b) To waste; to exhaust; as, to run out an estate. (c) (Baseball) To put out while running between two bases. -- To run the chances, or one's chances, to encounter all the risks of a certain course. -- To run through, to transfix; to pierce, as with a sword. "[He] was run through the body by the man who had asked his advice." Addison. -- To run up. (a) To thrust up, as anything long and slender. (b) To increase; to enlarge by additions, as an account. (c) To erect hastily, as a building.

Run (?), n. 1. The act of running; as, a long run; a good run; a quick run; to go on the run.

2. A small stream; a brook; a creek.

3. That which runs or flows in the course of a certain operation, or during a certain time; as, a run of must in wine making; the first run of sap in a maple orchard.

4. A course; a series; that which continues in a certain course or series; as, a run of good or bad luck.

They who made their arrangements in the first run of misadventure . . . put a seal on their calamities.

Burke.

5. State of being current; currency; popularity.

It is impossible for detached papers to have a general run, or long continuance, if not diversified with humor.

Addison.

6. Continued repetition on the stage; -- said of a play; as, to have a run of a hundred successive nights.

A canting, mawkish play . . . had an immense run.

Macaulay.

7. A continuing urgent demand; especially, a pressure on a bank or treasury for payment of its notes.

8. A range or extent of ground for feeding stock; as, a sheep run. Howitt.

9. (Naut.) (a) The aftermost part of a vessel's hull where it narrows toward the stern, under the quarter. (b) The distance sailed by a ship; as, a good run; a run of fifty miles. (c) A voyage; as, a run to China.

10. A pleasure excursion; a trip. [Colloq.]

I think of giving her a run in London.

Dickens.

11. (Mining) The horizontal distance to which a drift may be carried, either by license of the proprietor of a mine or by the nature of the formation; also, the direction which a vein of ore or other substance takes.

12. (Mus.) A roulade, or series of running tones.

13. (Mil.) The greatest degree of swiftness in marching. It is executed upon the same principles as the double-quick, but with greater speed.

14. The act of migrating, or ascending a river to spawn; -- said of fish; also, an assemblage or school of fishes which migrate, or ascend a river for the purpose of spawning.

15. In baseball, a complete circuit of the bases made by a player, which enables him to score one; in cricket, a passing from one wicket to the other, by which one point is scored; as, a player made three runs; the side went out with two hundred runs.

The "runs" are made from wicket to wicket, the batsmen interchanging ends at each run.

R. A. Proctor.

16. A pair or set of millstones.

At the long run, now, commonly, In the long run, in or during the whole process or course of things taken together; in the final result; in the end; finally.

[Man] starts the inferior of the brute animals, but he surpasses them in the long run.

J. H. Newman.

-- Home run. (a) A running or returning toward home, or to the point from which the start was made. Cf. Home stretch. (b) (Baseball) See under Home. -- The run, or The common run, etc., ordinary persons; the generality or average of people or things; also, that which ordinarily occurs; ordinary current, course, or kind.

I saw nothing else that is superior to the common run of parks.

Walpole.

Burns never dreamed of looking down on others as beneath him, merely because he was conscious of his own vast superiority to the common run of men.

Prof. Wilson.

His whole appearance was something out of the common run.

W. Irving.

-- To let go by the run (Naut.), to loosen and let run freely, as lines; to let fall without restraint, as a sail.

Run, a. 1. Melted, or made from molten material; cast in a mold; as, run butter; run iron or lead.

2. Smuggled; as, run goods. [Colloq.] Miss Edgeworth.

Run steel, malleable iron castings. See under Malleable. Raymond.

Run"a*gate (?), n. [F. renégat, Prov. renegat. LL. renegatus; confused with E. run and gate a way. See Renegade.] A fugitive; a vagabond; an apostate; a renegade. See Renegade. Bunyan.

Wretched runagates from the jail.

De Quincey.

Who has not been a runagate from duty?

Hare.

Run"a*way` (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, flees from danger, duty, restraint, etc.; a fugitive.

Thou runaway, thou coward, art thou fled?

Shak.

2. The act of running away, esp. of a horse or teams; as, there was a runaway yesterday.

Run"a*way`, a. 1. Running away; fleeing from danger, duty, restraint, etc.; as, runaway soldiers; a runaway horse.

2. Accomplished by running away or elopement, or during flight; as, a runaway marriage.

Run*ca"tion (?), n. [L. runcatio, fr. runcare to weed out.] A weeding. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Runch (?), n. (Bot.) The wild radish. Dr. Prior.

Run"ci*nate (?), a. [L. runcinatus, p. p. of runcinare to plane off, fr. runcina a plane.] (Bot.) Pinnately cut with the lobes pointing downwards, as the leaf of the dandelion.

Run"del (?), n. [Cf. Rindle.] A moat with water in it; also, a small stream; a runlet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Run"del, n. [Cf. Rundle.] A circle. [Prov. Eng.]

Run"dle (?), n. [E. round. Cf. Rondle.] 1. A round; a step of a ladder; a rung. Duppa.

2. A ball. [Obs.] Holland.

3. Something which rotates about an axis, as a wheel, or the drum of a capstan. "An axis or cylinder having a rundle about it." Bp. Wilkins.

4. (Mach.) One of the pins or trundles of a lantern wheel.

Rund"let (?), n. [Dim. of OF. rondele a little tun, fr. rond round. See Round, and cf. Roundlet, Runlet.] A small barrel of no certain dimensions. It may contain from 3 to 20 gallons, but it usually holds about 14½ gallons. [Written also runlet.]

Rune (rn), n. [AS. rn a rune, a secret, a mystery; akin to Icel. rn, OHG. & Goth. rna a secret, secret colloquy, G. & Dan. rune rune, and probably to Gr. 'ereyna^n to search for. Cf. Roun to whisper.] 1. A letter, or character, belonging to the written language of the ancient Norsemen, or Scandinavians; in a wider sense, applied to the letters of the ancient nations of Northern Europe in general.

The Norsemen had a peculiar alphabet, consisting of sixteen letters, or characters, called runes, the origin of which is lost in the remotest antiquity. The signification of the word rune (mystery) seems to allude to the fact that originally only a few were acquainted with the use of these marks, and that they were mostly applied to secret tricks, witchcrafts and enchantments. But the runes were also used in communication by writing.

2. pl. Old Norse poetry expressed in runes.

Runes were upon his tongue, As on the warrior's sword.

Longfellow.

Rune stone, a stone bearing a runic inscription.

Ru"ner (?), n. A bard, or learned man, among the ancient Goths. Sir W. Temple.

Rung (?), imp. & p. p. of Ring.

Rung, n. [OE. ronge, AS. hrung, a staff, rod, pole; akin to G. runge a short, thick piece of iron or wood, OD. ronghe a prop, support, Icel. röng a rib in a ship, Goth. Hrugga a staff.] 1. (Shipbuilding) A floor timber in a ship.

2. One of the rounds of a ladder.

3. One of the stakes of a cart; a spar; a heavy staff.

4. (Mach.) One of the radial handles projecting from the rim of a steering wheel; also, one of the pins or trundles of a lantern wheel.

Rung"head` (?), n. (Shipbuilding) The upper end of a floor timber in a ship.

Ru"nic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a rune, to runes, or to the Norsemen; as, runic verses; runic letters; runic names; runic rhyme.

Runic staff. See Clog almanac, under Clog. -- Runic wand, a willow wand bearing runes, formerly thought to have been used by the heathen tribes of Northern Europe in magical ceremonies.

Run"let (?), n. [Run + - let.] A little run or stream; a streamlet; a brook.

To trace out to its marshy source every runlet that has cast in its tiny pitcherful with the rest.

Lowell.

Run"let, n. Same as Rundlet. "A stoup of sack, or a runlet of canary." Sir W. Scott.

Run"nel (?), n. [From Run. Cf. Rindle.] A rivulet or small brook.

Bubbling runnels joined the sound.

Collins.

By the very sides of the way . . . there are slow runnels, in which one can see the minnows swimming.

Masson.

Run"ner (?), n. [From Run.] 1. One who, or that which, runs; a racer.

2. A detective. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

3. A messenger. Swift.

4. A smuggler. [Colloq.] R. North.

5. One employed to solicit patronage, as for a steamboat, hotel, shop, etc. [Cant, U.S.]

6. (Bot.) A slender trailing branch which takes root at the joints or end and there forms new plants, as in the strawberry and the common cinquefoil.

7. The rotating stone of a set of millstones.

8. (Naut.) A rope rove through a block and used to increase the mechanical power of a tackle. Totten.

<! p. 1262 !>

9. One of the pieces on which a sled or sleigh slides; also the part or blade of a skate which slides on the ice.

10. (Founding) (a) A horizontal channel in a mold, through which the metal flows to the cavity formed by the pattern; also, the waste metal left in such a channel. (b) A trough or channel for leading molten metal from a furnace to a ladle, mold, or pig bed.

11. The movable piece to which the ribs of an umbrella are attached.

12. (Zoöl.) A food fish (Elagatis pinnulatus) of Florida and the West Indies; -- called also skipjack, shoemaker, and yellowtail. The name alludes to its rapid successive leaps from the water.

13. (Zoöl.) Any cursorial bird.

14. (Mech.) (a) A movable slab or rubber used in grinding or polishing a surface of stone. (b) A tool on which lenses are fastened in a group, for polishing or grinding.

Run"net (?), n. See Rennet.

Run"ning (?), a. 1. Moving or advancing by running. Specifically, of a horse; (a) Having a running gait; not a trotter or pacer. (b) trained and kept for running races; as, a running horse. Law.

2. Successive; one following the other without break or intervention; -- said of periods of time; as, to be away two days running; to sow land two years running.

3. Flowing; easy; cursive; as, a running hand.

4. Continuous; keeping along step by step; as, he stated the facts with a running explanation. "A running conquest." Milton.

What are art and science if not a running commentary on Nature?

Hare.

5. (Bot.) Extending by a slender climbing or trailing stem; as, a running vine.

6. (Med.) Discharging pus; as, a running sore.

Running block (Mech.), a block in an arrangement of pulleys which rises or sinks with the weight which is raised or lowered. -- Running board, a narrow platform extending along the side of a locomotive. -- Running bowsprit (Naut.) Same as Reefing bowsprit. -- Running days (Com.), the consecutive days occupied on a voyage under a charter party, including Sundays and not limited to the working days. Simmonds. -- Running fire, a constant fire of musketry or cannon. -- Running gear, the wheels and axles of a vehicle, and their attachments, in distinction from the body; all the working parts of a locomotive or other machine, in distinction from the framework. - - Running hand, a style of rapid writing in which the letters are usually slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen; -- distinguished from round hand. -- Running part (Naut.), that part of a rope that is hauled upon, -- in distinction from the standing part. -- Running rigging (Naut.), that part of a ship's rigging or ropes which passes through blocks, etc.; -- in distinction from standing rigging. -- Running title (Print.), the title of a book or chapter continued from page to page on the upper margin.

Run"ning, n. The act of one who, or of that which runs; as, the running was slow.

2. That which runs or flows; the quantity of a liquid which flows in a certain time or during a certain operation; as, the first running of a still.

3. The discharge from an ulcer or other sore.

At long running, in the long run. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Run"ning*ly, adv. In a running manner.

Run"nion (?), n. See Ronion.

Ru*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Rune + - logy.] The science of runes. -- Ru*nol"o*gist (#), n.

Run"round` (?), n. A felon or whitlow. [Colloq. U.S.]

Runt (?), n. [Written also rant.] [Scot. runt an old cow, an old, withered woman, a hardened stem or stalk, the trunk of a tree; cf. D. rund a bullock, an ox or cow, G. rind. Cf. Rother, a.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any animal which is unusually small, as compared with others of its kind; -- applied particularly to domestic animals.

2. (Zoöl.) A variety of domestic pigeon, related to the barb and carrier.

3. A dwarf; also, a mean, despicable, boorish person; -- used opprobriously.

Before I buy a bargain of such runts, I'll buy a college for bears, and live among 'em.

Beau. & Fl.

4. The dead stump of a tree; also, the stem of a plant. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Neither young poles nor old runts are durable.

Holland.

Runt"y (?), a. Like a runt; diminutive; mean.

Run"way` (?), n. 1. The channel of a stream.

2. The beaten path made by deer or other animals in passing to and from their feeding grounds.

Ru*pee" (r*p"), n. [Hind. rpiyah, fr. Skr. rpya silver, coined silver or gold, handsome.] A silver coin, and money of account, in the East Indies.

The valuation of the rupee of sixteen annas, the standard coin of India, by the United States Treasury department, varies from time to time with the price of silver. In 1889 it was rated at about thirty-two cents.

Ru"pel*la*ry (?), n. [From L. rupes a rock.] Rocky. [Obs.] "This rupellary nidary." Evelyn.

Ru"pert's drop` (?). A kind of glass drop with a long tail, made by dropping melted glass into water. It is remarkable for bursting into fragments when the surface is scratched or the tail broken; -- so called from Prince Rupert, nephew of Charles I., by whom they were first brought to England. Called also Rupert's ball, and glass tear.

||Ru"pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. G. &?; filth, dirt.] (Med.) An eruption ||upon the skin, consisting of vesicles with inflamed base and filled ||with serous, purulent, or bloody fluid, which dries up, forming a ||blackish crust.

Ru"pi*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to rupia.

||Ru*pic"o*la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. rupes, gen. rupis, a rock + colere ||to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) A genus of beautiful South American passerine ||birds, including the cock of the rock.

The species are remarkable for having an elevated fan-shaped crest of feathers on the head, and for the beautiful color of their plumage, which is mostly some delicate shade of yellow or orange.

Ru*pic"o*line (?), a. (Zoöl.) Rock-inhabiting.

Rup"tion (?), n. [L. ruptio, fr. rumpere, ruptum, to break.] A breaking or bursting open; breach; rupture. "By ruption or apertion." Wiseman.

Rup"tu*a*ry (?; 135), n. [Cf. Roturier.] One not of noble blood; a plebeian; a roturier. [R.]

The exclusion of the French ruptuaries ("roturiers," for history must find a word for this class when it speaks of other nations) from the order of nobility.

Chenevix.

Rup"ture (?; 135), n. [L. ruptura, fr. rumpere, ruptum to break: cf. F. rupture. See Reave, and cf. Rout a defeat.] 1. The act of breaking apart, or separating; the state of being broken asunder; as, the rupture of the skin; the rupture of a vessel or fiber; the rupture of a lutestring. Arbuthnot.

Hatch from the egg, that soon, Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed Their callow young.

Milton.

2. Breach of peace or concord between individuals; open hostility or war between nations; interruption of friendly relations; as, the parties came to a rupture.

He knew that policy would disincline Napoleon from a rupture with his family.

E. Everett.

3. (Med.) Hernia. See Hernia.

4. A bursting open, as of a steam boiler, in a less sudden manner than by explosion. See Explosion.

Modulus of rupture. (Engin.) See under Modulus.

Syn. -- Fracture; breach; break; burst; disruption; dissolution. See Fracture.

Rup"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruptured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rupturing.] 1. To part by violence; to break; to burst; as, to rupture a blood vessel.

2. To produce a hernia in.

Rup"ture, v. i. To suffer a breach or disruption.

Rup"tured (?; 135), a. (Med.) Having a rupture, or hernia.

Rup"ture*wort" (?; 135), n. (Bot.) (a) Same as Burstwort. (b) A West Indian plant (Alternanthera polygonoides) somewhat resembling burstwort.

Ru"ral (?), a. [F., fr. L. ruralis, fr. rus, ruris, the country. Cf. Room space, Rustic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country, as distinguished from a city or town; living in the country; suitable for, or resembling, the country; rustic; as, rural scenes; a rural prospect.

Here is a rural fellow; . . . He brings you figs.

Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to agriculture; as, rural economy.

Rural dean. (Eccl.) See under Dean. -- Rural deanery (Eccl.), the state, office, or residence, of a rural dean.

Syn. -- Rustic. -- Rural, Rustic. Rural refers to the country itself; as, rural scenes, prospects, delights, etc. Rustic refers to the character, condition, taste, etc., of the original inhabitants of the country, who were generally uncultivated and rude; as, rustic manners; a rustic dress; a rustic bridge; rustic architecture, etc.

We turn To where the silver Thames first rural grows.

Thomson.

Lay bashfulness, that rustic virtue, by; To manly confidence thy throughts apply.

Dryden.

||Ru*ra"les (r*r"lz), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The gossamer-winged ||butterflies; a family of small butterflies, including the ||hairstreaks, violets, and theclas.

Ru"ral*ism (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being rural; ruralness.

2. A rural idiom or expression.

Ru"ral*ist, n. One who leads a rural life. Coventry.

Ru*ral"i*ty (?), n.; pl. - ties (#). [Cf. LL. ruralitas.] 1. The quality or state of being rural.

2. A rural place. "Leafy ruralities." Carlyle.

Ru"ral*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruralized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ruralizing (?).] To render rural; to give a rural appearance to.

Ru"ral*ize, v. i. To become rural; to go into the country; to rusticate.

Ru"ral*ly, adv. In a rural manner; as in the country.

Ru"ral*ness, n. The quality or state of being rural.

Ru*ric"o*list (?), n. [L. ruricola; rus, ruris, the country + colere to inhabit.] An inhabitant of the country. [R.] Bailey.

Ru`ri*dec"a*nal (?), a. [L. rus, ruris the country + decanus the chief of ten. See Dean.] Of or pertaining to a rural dean; as, a ruridecanal district; the ruridecanal intellect. [R.]

Ru*rig"e*nous (?), a. [L. rurigena; rus, ruris, the country + genere, gignere, to bring forth, pass., to be born.] Born in the country. [Obs.]

Ruse (?), n. [F., fr. OF. reüser, rehuser, to turn aside, to shuffle, retreat, fr. L. recusare to refuse; pref. re- again + causa cause. See Cause, and cf. Recusant.] An artifice; trick; stratagem; wile; fraud; deceit.

||Ruse de guerre (&?;) [F.], a stratagem of war.

Rush (?), n. [OE. rusche, rische, resche, AS. risce, akin to LG. rusk, risch, D. & G. rusch; all probably fr. L. ruscum butcher's broom; akin to Goth. raus reed, G. rohr.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to many aquatic or marsh-growing endogenous plants with soft, slender stems, as the species of Juncus and Scirpus.

Some species are used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats, and the pith is used in some places for wicks to lamps and rushlights.

2. The merest trifle; a straw.

John Bull's friendship is not worth a rush.

Arbuthnot.

Bog rush. See under Bog. -- Club rush, any rush of the genus Scirpus. -- Flowering rush. See under Flowering. -- Nut rush (a) Any plant of the genus Scleria, rushlike plants with hard nutlike fruits. (b) A name for several species of Cyperus having tuberous roots. -- Rush broom, an Australian leguminous plant (Viminaria denudata), having long, slender branches. Also, the Spanish broom. See under Spanish. -- Rush candle, See under Candle. -- Rush grass, any grass of the genus Vilfa, grasses with wiry stems and one-flowered spikelets. -- Rush toad (Zoöl.), the natterjack. -- Scouring rush. (Bot.) Same as Dutch rush, under Dutch. -- Spike rush, any rushlike plant of the genus Eleocharis, in which the flowers grow in dense spikes. -- Sweet rush, a sweet-scented grass of Arabia, etc. (Andropogon schœnanthus), used in Oriental medical practice. -- Wood rush, any plant of the genus Luzula, which differs in some technical characters from Juncus.

Rush (rsh), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rushed (rsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Rushing.] [OE. ruschen; cf. AS. hryscan to make a noise, D. ruischen to rustle, G. rauschen, MHG. rschen to rush, to rustle, LG. rusken, OSw. ruska, Icel. & Sw. ruska to shake, Dan. ruske to shake, and E. rouse.] 1. To move forward with impetuosity, violence, and tumultuous rapidity or haste; as, armies rush to battle; waters rush down a precipice.

Like to an entered tide, they all rush by.

Shak.

2. To enter into something with undue haste and eagerness, or without due deliberation and preparation; as, to rush business or speculation.

They . . . never think it to be a part of religion to rush into the office of princes and ministers.

Sprat.

Rush, v. t. 1. To push or urge forward with impetuosity or violence; to hurry forward.

2. To recite (a lesson) or pass (an examination) without an error. [College Cant, U.S.]

Rush, n. 1. A moving forward with rapidity and force or eagerness; a violent motion or course; as, a rush of troops; a rush of winds; a rush of water.

A gentleman of his train spurred up his horse, and, with a violent rush, severed him from the duke.

Sir H. Wotton.

2. Great activity with pressure; as, a rush of business. [Colloq.]

3. A perfect recitation. [College Cant, U.S.]

4. (Football) (a) A rusher; as, the center rush, whose place is in the center of the rush line; the end rush. (b) The act of running with the ball.

Bunt rush (Football), a combined rush by main strength. -- Rush line (Football), the line composed of rushers.

Rush"-bear`ing (?), n. A kind of rural festival at the dedication of a church, when the parishioners brought rushes to strew the church. [Eng.] Nares.

Rush"buc`kler (?), n. A bullying and violent person; a braggart; a swashbuckler. [Obs.]

That flock of stout, bragging rushbucklers.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

Rushed (?), a. Abounding or covered with rushes.

Rush"er (?), n. One who rushes. Whitlock.

Rush"er, n. One who strewed rushes on the floor at dances. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Rush"i*ness (?), n. [From Rushy.] The quality or state of abounding with rushes.

Rush"ing*ly, adv. In a rushing manner.

Rush"light` (?), n. A rush candle, or its light; hence, a small, feeble light.

Rush"like` (?), a. Resembling a rush; weak.

Rush"y (?), a. 1. Abounding with rushes.

2. Made of rushes.

My rushy couch and frugal fare.

Goldsmith.

Ru"sine (?), a. [NL. rusa, the name of the genus, Malay rsa deer.] (Zoöl.) Of, like, or pertaining to, a deer of the genus Rusa, which includes the sambur deer (Rusa Aristotelis) of India.

Rusine antler (Zoöl.), an antler with the brow tyne simple, and the beam forked at the tip.

Rusk (?), n. [Sp. rosca de mar sea rusks, a kind of biscuit, rosca properly meaning, a screw, spiral.] 1. A kind of light, soft bread made with yeast and eggs, often toasted or crisped in an oven; or, a kind of sweetened biscuit.

2. A kind of light, hard cake or bread, as for stores. Smart.

3. Bread or cake which has been made brown and crisp, and afterwards grated, or pulverized in a mortar.

Rus"ma (?), n. [Corrupt. from Turk. khyryzma a paste used as a depilatory, fr. Gr. &?; an unguent; cf. F. rusma.] A depilatory made of orpiment and quicklime, and used by the Turks. See Rhusma.

Russ (?), n. sing. & pl. 1. A Russian, or the Russians. [Rare, except in poetry.]

2. The language of the Russians.

Russ, a. Of or pertaining to the Russians.

Rus"set (?), a. [F. rousset, dim. of roux red, L. russus (for rudtus, rudhtus), akin to E. red. See Red, and cf. Roussette.] 1. Of a reddish brown color, or (by some called) a red gray; of the color composed of blue, red, and yellow in equal strength, but unequal proportions, namely, two parts of red to one each of blue and yellow; also, of a yellowish brown color.

The morn, in russet mantle clad.

Shak.

Our summer such a russet livery wears.

Dryden.

2. Coarse; homespun; rustic. [R.] Shak.

Rus"set, n. 1. A russet color; a pigment of a russet color.

2. Cloth or clothing of a russet color.

3. A country dress; -- so called because often of a russet color. Dryden.

4. An apple, or a pear, of a russet color; as, the English russet, and the Roxbury russet.

Rus"set*ing, n. See Russet, n., 2 and 4.

Rus"set*y (?), a. Of a russet color; russet.

Rus"sia (?), n. A country of Europe and Asia.

Russia iron, a kind of sheet iron made in Russia, having a lustrous blue-black surface. -- Russia leather, a soft kind of leather, made originally in Russia but now elsewhere, having a peculiar odor from being impregnated with an oil obtained from birch bark. It is much used in bookbinding, on account of its not being subject to mold, and being proof against insects. -- Russia matting, matting manufactured in Russia from the inner bark of the linden (Tilia Europæa).

<! p. 1263. !>

Rus"sian (? or ?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Russia, its inhabitants, or language. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Russia; the language of Russia.

Russian bath. See under Bath.

Rus"sian*ize (?), v. t. To make Russian, or more or less like the Russians; as, to Russianize the Poles.

Rus"si*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Russia + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] The act or process of Russifying, or the state of being Russified.

Rus"si*fy (?), v. t. [Cf. F. russifier. See -fy.] To Russianize; as, to Russify conquered tribes.

{ Rus"so*phile (?), Rus*soph"i*list (?) }, n. [Russia + Gr. filei^n to love: cf. F. russophile.] One who, not being a Russian, favors Russian policy and aggrandizement. -- Rus*soph"ilism (#), n. [Chiefly newspaper words.]

{ Rus"so*phobe (?), Rus*soph"o*bist (?) }, [Russia + Gr. fobei^n to fear.] One who dreads Russia or Russian influence. [Words sometimes found in the newspapers.]

Rus`so*pho"bi*a (?), n. Morbid dread of Russia or of Russian influence.

Rust (?), n. [AS. rust; akin to D. roest, G. & Sw. rost, Icel. ryð; -- named from its color, and akin to E. red. &radic;113. See Red.] 1. (Chem.) The reddish yellow coating formed on iron when exposed to moist air, consisting of ferric oxide or hydroxide; hence, by extension, any metallic film of corrosion.

2. (Bot.) A minute mold or fungus forming reddish or rusty spots on the leaves and stems of cereal and other grasses (Trichobasis Rubigo-vera), now usually believed to be a form or condition of the corn mildew (Puccinia graminis). As rust, it has solitary reddish spores; as corn mildew, the spores are double and blackish.

Rust is also applied to many other minute fungi which infest vegetation, such as the species of Ustilago, Uredo, and Lecythea.

3. That which resembles rust in appearance or effects. Specifically: (a) A composition used in making a rust joint. See Rust joint, below. (b) Foul matter arising from degeneration; as, rust on salted meat. (c) Corrosive or injurious accretion or influence.

Sacred truths cleared from all rust and dross of human mixtures.

Eikon Basilike.

Rust is used in the formation of compounds of obvious meaning; as, rust-colored, rust-consumed, rust- eaten, and the like.

Rust joint, a joint made between surfaces of iron by filling the space between them with a wet mixture of cast-iron borings, sal ammoniac, and sulphur, which by oxidation becomes hard, and impervious to steam, water, etc. -- Rust mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Phytopius oleivorus) which, by puncturing the rind, causes the rust-colored patches on oranges.

Rust, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rusting.] [AS. rustian.] 1. To contract rust; to be or become oxidized.

If gold ruste, what shall iron do?

Chaucer.

Our armors now may rust.

Dryden.

2. To be affected with the parasitic fungus called rust; also, to acquire a rusty appearance, as plants.

3. Fig.: To degenerate in idleness; to become dull or impaired by inaction.

Must I rust in Egypt? never more Appear in arms, and be the chief of Greece?

Dryden.

Rust, v. t. 1. To cause to contract rust; to corrode with rust; to affect with rust of any kind.

Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.

Shak.

2. Fig.: To impair by time and inactivity. Johnson.

Rust"ful (?), a. Full of rust; resembling rust; causing rust; rusty. "Rustful sloth." Quarles.

Rus"tic (?), a. [L. rusticus, fr. rus, ruris, the country: cf. F. rustique. See Rural.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country; rural; as, the rustic gods of antiquity. "Rustic lays." Milton.

And many a holy text around she strews, That teach the rustic moralist to die.

Gray.

She had a rustic, woodland air.

Wordsworth.

2. Rude; awkward; rough; unpolished; as, rustic manners. "A rustic muse." Spenser.

3. Coarse; plain; simple; as, a rustic entertainment; rustic dress.

4. Simple; artless; unadorned; unaffected. Pope.

Rustic moth (Zoöl.), any moth belonging to Agrotis and allied genera. Their larvæ are called cutworms. See Cutworm. -- Rustic work. (a) (Arch.) Cut stone facing which has the joints worked with grooves or channels, the face of each block projecting beyond the joint, so that the joints are very conspicuous. (b) (Arch. & Woodwork) Summer houses, or furniture for summer houses, etc., made of rough limbs of trees fancifully arranged.

Syn. -- Rural; rude; unpolished; inelegant; untaught; awkward; rough; coarse; plain; unadorned; simple; artless; honest. See Rural.

Rus"tic, n. 1. An inhabitant of the country, especially one who is rude, coarse, or dull; a clown.

Hence to your fields, you rustics! hence, away.

Pope.

2. A rural person having a natural simplicity of character or manners; an artless, unaffected person. [Poetic]

Rus`tic*al (?), a. Rustic. "Rustical society." Thackeray. -- Rus"tic*al*ly, adv. -- Rus"tic*al*ness, n.

Rus"ti*cate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusticated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rusticating.] [L. rusticaticus, p. p. of rusticari to rusticate. See Rustic.] To go into or reside in the country; to ruralize. Pope.

Rus"ti*cate, v. t. To require or compel to reside in the country; to banish or send away temporarily; to impose rustication on.

The town is again beginning to be full, and the rusticated beauty sees an end of her banishment.

Idler.

Rus"ti*ca`ted (?), a. (Arch.) Resembling rustic work. See Rustic work (a), under Rustic.

Rus`ti*ca"tion (?), n. [L. rusticatio.] 1. The act of rusticating, or the state of being rusticated; specifically, the punishment of a student for some offense, by compelling him to leave the institution for a time.

2. (Arch.) Rustic work.

Rus*tic"ity (?), n. [L. rusticitas: cf. F. rusticité.] The quality or state of being rustic; rustic manners; rudeness; simplicity; artlessness.

The sweetness and rusticity of a pastoral can not be so well expressed in any other tongue as in the Greek, when rightly mixed and qualified with the Doric dialect.

Addison.

The Saxons were refined from their rusticity.

Sir W. Scott.

Rus"tic*ly (?), adv. In a rustic manner; rustically. Chapman.

Rust"i*ly (?), adv. In a rusty state.

Rust"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being rusty.

Rus"tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rustled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rustling (?).] [AS. hristlan to rustle; or cf. Sw. rusta to stir, make a riot, or E. rush, v.] 1. To make a quick succession of small sounds, like the rubbing or moving of silk cloth or dry leaves.

He is coming; I hear his straw rustle.

Shak.

Prouder than rustling in unpaid-for silk.

Shak.

2. To stir about energetically; to strive to succeed; to bustle about. [Slang, Western U.S.]

Rus"tle, v. t. To cause to rustle; as, the wind rustles the leaves.

Rus"tle, n. A quick succession or confusion of small sounds, like those made by shaking leaves or straw, by rubbing silk, or the like; a rustling.

When the noise of a torrent, the rustle of a wood, the song of birds, or the play of lambs, had power to fill the attention, and suspend all perception of the course of time.

Idler.

Rus"tler (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, rustles.

2. A bovine animal that can care for itself in any circumstances; also, an alert, energetic, driving person. [Slang, Western U.S.]

Rust"less (?), a. Free from rust.

Rust"y (?), a. [AS. rustig.] [Compar. Rustier (&?;); superl. Rustiest.] 1. Covered or affected with rust; as, a rusty knife or sword; rusty wheat.

2. Impaired by inaction, disuse, or neglect.

[Hector,] in this dull and long-continued truce, Is rusty grown.

Shak.

3. Discolored and rancid; reasty; as, rusty bacon.

4. Surly; morose; crusty; sullen. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Rusty words." Piers Plowman.

5. Rust-colored; dark. "Rusty blood." Spenser.

6. Discolored; stained; not cleanly kept; filthy.

The rusty little schooners that bring firewood from the British provinces.

Hawthorne.

7. (Bot.) Resembling, or covered with a substance resembling, rust; affected with rust; rubiginous.

Rut (?), n. [F. rut, OF. ruit, L. rugitus a roaring, fr. rugire to roar; - - so called from the noise made by deer in rutting time.] 1. (Physiol.) Sexual desire or œstrus of deer, cattle, and various other mammals; heat; also, the period during which the œstrus exists.

2. Roaring, as of waves breaking upon the shore; rote. See Rote.

Rut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rutting.] To have a strong sexual impulse at the reproductive period; -- said of deer, cattle, etc.

Rut, v. t. To cover in copulation. Dryden.

Rut, n. [variant of route.] A track worn by a wheel or by habitual passage of anything; a groove in which anything runs. Also used figuratively.

Rut, v. t. To make a rut or ruts in; -- chiefly used as a past participle or a participial adj.; as, a rutted road.

Ru`ta-ba"ga (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of turnip commonly with a large and long or ovoid yellowish root; a Swedish turnip. See Turnip.

Ru*ta"ceous (?), a. [L. rutaceous, from ruta rue. See Rue the plant.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to plants of a natural order (Rutaceæ) of which the rue is the type, and which includes also the orange, lemon, dittany, and buchu.

Ru"tate (r"tt), n. (Chem.) A salt of rutic acid.

Ruth (rth), n. [From Rue, v.: cf. Icel. hryggð, hrygð.] 1. Sorrow for the misery of another; pity; tenderness. [Poetic] "They weep for ruth." Chaucer. "Have ruth of the poor." Piers Plowman.

To stir up gentle ruth, Both for her noble blood, and for her tender youth.

Spenser.

2. That which causes pity or compassion; misery; distress; a pitiful sight. [Obs.]

It had been hard this ruth for to see.

Chaucer.

With wretched miseries and woeful ruth.

Spenser.

Ru*then"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, ruthenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which it has a higher valence as contrasted with ruthenious compounds.

Ru*the"ni*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, ruthenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which it has a lower valence as contrasted with ruthenic compounds.

Ru*the"ni*um (?), n. [NL. So named from the Ruthenians, a Little Russian people, as coming from Russia, the metal having been found in the Ural mountains.] (Chem.) A rare element of the light platinum group, found associated with platinum ores, and isolated as a hard, brittle steel-gray metal which is very infusible. Symbol Ru. Atomic weight 103.5. Specific gravity 12.26. See Platinum metals, under Platinum.

Ruth"ful (?), a. Full of ruth; as: (a) Pitiful; tender. (b) Full of sorrow; woeful. (c) Causing sorrow. Shak. -- Ruth"ful*ly, adv.

Ruth"less, a. Having no ruth; cruel; pitiless.

Their rage the hostile bands restrain, All but the ruthless monarch of the main.

Pope.

-- Ruth"less*ly, adv. -- Ruth"less*ness, n.

Ru"tic (r"tk), a. [Cf. Rutaceous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, rue (Ruta); as, rutic acid, now commonly called capric acid.

Ru"ti*lant (&?;), a. [L. rutilans, p. pr. of rutilare to have a reddish glow, fr. rutilus red: cf. F. rutilant.] Having a reddish glow; shining.

Parchments . . . colored with this rutilant mixture.

Evelyn.

Ru"ti*late (?), v. i. [L. rutilare, rutilatum.] To shine; to emit rays of light. [Obs.] Ure.

Ru"tile (r"tl), n. [L. rutilus red, inclining to golden yellow.] (Min.) A mineral usually of a reddish brown color, and brilliant metallic adamantine luster, occurring in tetragonal crystals. In composition it is titanium dioxide, like octahedrite and brookite.

Ru*til"i*an (r*tl"*an), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of lamellicorn beetles belonging to Rutila and allied genera, as the spotted grapevine beetle (Pelidnota punctata).

Ru"tin (r"tn), n. (Chem.) A glucoside resembling, but distinct from, quercitrin. Rutin is found in the leaves of the rue (Ruta graveolens) and other plants, and obtained as a bitter yellow crystalline substance which yields quercitin on decomposition.

Rut"ter (rt"tr), n. [D. ruiter a rider. Cf. Ruttier.] A horseman or trooper. [Obs.]

Such a regiment of rutters Never defied men braver.

Beau. & Fl.

Rut"ter, n. [From Rut.] That which ruts.

Rut"ter*kin (?), n. An old crafty fox or beguiler -- a word of contempt. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Rut"ti*er (?), n. [F. routier, fr. route a road. See Route.] A chart of a course, esp. at sea. [Obs.]

Rut"tish (?), a. Inclined to rut; lustful; libidinous; salacious. Shak. -- Rut"tish*ness, n.

Rut"tle, n. A rattling sound in the throat arising from difficulty of breathing; a rattle. [Obs.]

Rut"ty (?), a. Ruttish; lustful.

Rut"ty, a. Full of ruts; as, a rutty road.

Rut"ty, a. [See Root.] Rooty. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ru"ty*lene (?), n. (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C10H18, of the acetylene series. It is produced artificially.

Ry"al (? or ?), a. Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ry"al (?), n. See Rial, an old English coin.

Ry"der (?), n. 1. A clause added to a document; a rider. See Rider. [Obs.]

2. [D. rijder, properly, a rider.] A gold coin of Zealand [Netherlands] equal to 14 florins, about $ 5.60.

Rye (?), n. [OE. rie, reie, AS. ryge; akin to Icel. rugr, Sw. råg, Dan. rug, D. rogge, OHG. rocco, roggo, G. rocken, roggen, Lith. rugei, Russ. roje, and perh. to Gr. 'o`ryza rice. Cf. Rice.] 1. (Bot.) A grain yielded by a hardy cereal grass (Secale cereale), closely allied to wheat; also, the plant itself. Rye constitutes a large portion of the breadstuff used by man.

2. A disease in a hawk. Ainsworth.

Rye grass, Italian rye grass, (Bot.) See under Grass. See also Ray grass, and Darnel. -- Wild rye (Bot.), any plant of the genus Elymus, tall grasses with much the appearance of rye.

Rynd (? or ?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A piece of iron crossing the hole in the upper millstone by which the stone is supported on the spindle.

Ry"ot (r"t), n. [Ar. & Hind. ra'iyat, the same word as ra'iyah, a subject, tenant, peasant. See Rayah.] A peasant or cultivator of the soil. [India]

The Indian ryot and the Egyptian fellah work for less pay than any other laborers in the world.

The Nation.

Ry*poph"a*gous (r*pf"*gs), a. [Gr. "ry`pos filth + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating, or subsisting on, filth.

Rys (rs or rs), n. A branch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rysh (rsh), n. Rush, a plant. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ry*sim"e*ter (?), n. See Rhysimeter.

Ryth (rth), n. [Cf. AS. rið brook.] A ford. [Obs.]

||Ryt"i*na (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. "ryti`s a wrinkle.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ||large edentulous sirenians, allied to the dugong and manatee, ||including but one species (R. Stelleri); -- called also Steller's sea ||cow. [Written also Rhytina.]

It is now extinct, but was formerly abundant at Behring's Island, near Behring's Straits. It was twenty-five feet or more in length, with a thick, blackish, naked skin. The last were killed in 1768 for their oil and flesh.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us