INDEX

INDEX

Aachen, effigy burnt at, i. 120, ii. 25

Aargau, Swiss canton, of, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 119; superstition as to oak-mistletoe in, ii. 82; mistletoe called “thunder-besom” in, 85, 301; birth-trees in, 165

Abeghian, Manuk, on creeping through cleft trees in Armenia, ii. 172

Abensberg in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144

Abeokuta, use of bull-roarers at, ii. 229 n.

Aber, the Lake of, in Upper Austria, ii. 189

Aberdeenshire, custom at reaping the last corn in, i. 12; need-fire in, 296; holed rock used by childless women in, ii. 187

Aberfeldy, Hallowe’en fires near, i. 232

Aborigines of Victoria, their custom as to emu fat, i. 13

Abougit, Father X., S.J., on the ceremony of the new fire at Jerusalem, i. 130

Abruzzi, new Easter fire in the, i. 122; water consecrated at Easter in the, 122 sqq.; Midsummer rites of fire and water in the, 209 sq.

Acacia, the heart in the flower of the, ii. 135 sq.

Acarnanian story of Prince Sunless, i. 21

Achern, St. John’s fires at, i. 168

Achterneed, in Ross-shire, Beltane cakes at, i. 153

Acireale, in Sicily, Midsummer fires at, i. 210

Adder stones, i. 15

Addison, Joseph, on witchcraft in Switzerland, ii. 42 n. 2

Adonis and Aphrodite, ii. 294 sq.

Aelst, Peter van, painter, ii. 36

Aeneas and the Golden Bough, ii. 285, 293 sq.

Africa, girls secluded at puberty in, i. 22 sqq.; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 79 sqq.; birth-trees in, ii. 160 sqq.; use of bull-roarers in, 229 n., 232

——, British Central, the Anyanja of, i. 81

——, British East, i. 81; ceremony of new fire in, 135 sq.; the Nandi of, ii. 229 n.; the Akikuyu of, 262 sq.

——, East, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 135; the Swahili of, ii. 160

——, German East, the Wajagga of, ii. 160; the Washamba of, 183; the Bondeis of, 263; the Wadoe of, 312

——, German South-West, the Ovambo of, ii. 183

——, North, Midsummer fires in, i. 213 sqq.

——, South, the Thonga of, ii. 297

——, West, theory of an external soul embodied in an animal prevalent in, ii. 200 sqq.; ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in, 251 sqq.

African stories of the external soul, ii. 148 sqq.; Balders, 312 sqq.

Afterbirth buried under a tree, ii. 160 sq., 162, 163, 164, 165; of child animated by a ghost and sympathetically connected with a banana-tree, 162; regarded as brother or sister of child, 162 n. 2; regarded as a second child, 162 n. 2; regarded as a guardian spirit, 223 n. 2; and navel-string regarded as guardian angels of the man, ii. 162 n. 2

Agaric growing on birch-trees, superstitions as to, i. 148

Aglu, New year fires at, i. 217

Air thought to be poisoned at eclipses, i. 162 n.

Aisne, Midsummer fires in the department of, i. 187

Aix, squibs at Midsummer in, i. 193; Midsummer king at, i. 194, ii. 25; bathing at Midsummer in, 216

Agni, Hindoo deity, i. 99 n. 2; the fire-god, ii. 1, 296

Ague, Midsummer bonfires deemed a cure for, i. 162; leaps across the Midsummer bonfires thought to be a preventive of, 174

Agweh, on the Slave Coast, custom of widows at, ii. 18 sq.

Ahlen, in Munsterland, i. 247

Ahriman, the devil of the Persians, i. 95

Aht or Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 43 sq.

Ahura Mazda, the supreme being of the Persians, i. 95

Ain, Lenten fires in the department of, i. 114

Ainos of Japan, their mourning caps, i. 20; their use of mugwort in exorcism, ii. 60; their veneration for mistletoe, 79

A-Kamba of British East Africa, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 23

Akikuyu of British East Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 81; ritual of the new birth among the, ii. 262 sq.

Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, Roman version of, ii. 105

Alaska, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 45 sq.; the Esquimaux of, ii. 155

Alastir and the Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of, ii. 129 sq.

Albania, Midsummer fires in, i. 212; the Yule log in, 264

Albanian story of the external soul, ii. 104 n. 3

Albert Nyanza, the Wakondyo of the, ii. 162 sq.

Albino head of secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 251

Alders free from mistletoe, ii. 315

Alfoors or Toradjas of Celebes, their custom at the smelting of iron, ii. 154; their doctrine of the plurality of souls, 222

Algeria, Midsummer fires in, i. 213

Alice Springs in Central Australia, ii. 238

Allan, John Hay, on the Hays of Errol, ii. 283

Allandur temple, at St. Thomas’s Mount, Madras, ii. 8

All-healer, name applied to mistletoe, ii. 77, 79, 82

All Saints’ Day, omens on, i. 240; the first of November, 225; bonfires on, 246; sheep passed through a hoop on, ii. 184

All Souls, Feast of, i. 223 sq., 225 n. 3

Almond-trees, mistletoe on, ii. 316

A-Louyi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28 n. 5

Alsace, Midsummer fires in, i. 169; cats burnt in Easter bonfires in, ii. 40

Althenneberg, in Bavaria, Easter fires at, i. 143 sq.

Altmark, Easter bonfires in, i. 140, 142

Alum burnt at Midsummer, i. 214

Alungu, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 24 sq.

Alur, a tribe of the Upper Nile, i. 64

Alvarado, Pedro de, Spanish general, ii. 214

Amadhlozi, ancestral spirits in serpent form, ii. 211 n. 2

Amambwe, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 24 sq.

Amatongo, plural of itongo, ii. 302 n.

Amazon, ordeals of young men among the Indians of the, i. 62 sq.

Ambamba, in West Africa, death, resurrection, and the new birth in, ii. 256

Amboyna, hair of criminals cut in, ii. 158

Ambras, Midsummer customs at, i. 173

America, Central, the Mosquito territory in, i. 86

America, North, Indians of, not allowed to sit on bare ground in war, i. 5; seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, 41 sqq.; dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the Indians of, 87 sqq.; stories of the external soul among the Indians of, ii. 151 sq.; religious associations among the Indian tribes of, 267 sqq.

——, South, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 56 sqq.; effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, 128; Midsummer fires in, 212 sq.

Ammerland, in Oldenburg, cart-wheel used as charm against witchcraft in, i. 345 n. 3

Amphitryo besieges Taphos, ii. 103

Amulets, rings and bracelets as, i. 92; as soul-boxes, ii. 155; degenerate into ornaments, 156 n. 2

Ancestor, wooden image of, ii. 155

Ancestors, worship of, in Fiji, ii. 243 sq.

Ancestral spirits incarnate in serpents, ii. 211

Anderson, Miss, of Barskimming, i. 171 n. 3

Andes, the Peruvian, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in the, i. 128

Andjra, a district of Morocco, i. 17; Midsummer fires in the, 213 sq.; Midsummer rites of water in, 216; animals bathed at Midsummer in, ii. 31

Andreas, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 224, 305, 307 n. 1

Angass, the, of Northern Nigeria, their belief in external human souls lodged in animals, ii. 210

Angel, need-fire revealed by an, i. 287

—— -man, effigy of, burnt at Midsummer, i. 167

Angelus bell, the, i. 110, ii. 47

Angoniland, British Central Africa, customs as to girls at puberty in, i. 25 sq.; customs as to salt in, 27

Angus, superstitious remedy for the “quarter-ill” in, i. 296 n. 1

Anhalt, Easter bonfires in, i. 140

Animal, bewitched, or part of it, burnt to compel the witch to appear, i. 303, 305, 307 sq., 321 sq.; sickness transferred to, ii. 181; and man, sympathetic relation between, 272 sq.

Animal familiars of wizards and witches, ii. 196 sq., 201 sq.

Animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in England, Wales, and Scotland, i. 300 sqq.; witches transformed into, 315 sqq., ii. 311 sq.; bewitched, buried alive, i. 324 sqq.; live, burnt at Spring and Midsummer festivals, ii. 38 sqq.; the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, 41 sq., 43 sq.; the language of, learned by means of fern-seed, 66 n.; external soul in, 196 sqq.; magical transformation of men into animals, 207; helpful, in fairy tales. See Helpful

Ankenmilch bohren, to make the need-fire, i. 270 n.

Ankole, in Central Africa, i. 80

Annam, dread of menstruous women in, i. 85; use of wormwood to avert demons in, ii. 61 n. 1

Anpu and Bata, ancient Egyptian story of, ii. 134 sqq.

Anthemis nobilis, camomile, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 63

Ant-hill, insane people buried in an, i. 64

Ants employed to sting girls at puberty, i. 61; to sting young men, i. 62 sq.

Antonius Mountain, in Thuringia, Christmas bonfire on the, i. 265 sq.

Antwerp, wicker giants at, ii. 35 sq.

Anula tribe of Northern Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. 235

Anyanja of British Central Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 81 sq.

Apaches, i. 21; use of bull-roarers among the, ii, 230 n.

Apala cured by Indra in the Rigveda, ii. 192

Ape, a Batta totem, ii. 223

Aphrodite and Adonis, ii. 294 sq.

Apollo, identified with the Celtic Grannus, i. 112

—— Soranus, ii. 14, 15 n. 3

Apollo’s temple at Cumae, i. 99

Apple, divination by the sliced, i. 238; and candle, biting at, 241, 242, 243, 245

Apple-tree as life-index of boy, ii. 165

—— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108; mistletoe on, ii. 315, 316 n. 5

Apples, dipping for, at Hallowe’en, i. 237, 239, 241, 242, 243, 245

Apricot-trees, mistletoe on, ii. 316

April, the twenty-seventh of, in popular superstitions of Morocco, i. 17 sq.; ceremony of the new fire in, 136 sq., ii. 3; Chinese festival of fire in, 3

Arab women in Morocco, their superstitions as to plants at Midsummer, ii. 51

Arabia, tree-spirits in snake form in, ii. 44 n. 1

Arabian, modern, story of the external soul, ii. 137 sq.

Arabian Nights, story of the external soul in the, ii. 137

Arabs of Morocco, their Midsummer customs, i. 214

Aran, in the valley of the Garonne, Midsummer fires at, i. 193

Arch, child after an illness passed under an, ii. 192; young men at initiation passed under a leafy, 193; triumphal, suggested origin of the, 195

Archer (Tirant), effigy of, ii. 36

Arches, novices at initiation passed under arches in Australia, ii. 193 n. 1

Archways, passing under, as a means of escaping evil spirits or sickness, ii. 179 sqq.

Ardennes, the Belgian, bonfires on the first Sunday of Lent in the, i. 107 sq.; the French, Lenten fires and customs in the, 109 sq.; Midsummer fires in the, 188; the Yule log in the, 253; cats burnt alive in Lenten bonfires, ii. 40

Argo, tree of which the ship was made, ii. 94 n. 1

Argyleshire stories of the external soul, ii. 127 sqq.

Argyrus, temple of Hercules at, i. 99 n. 3

Aricia, the priest of, and the Golden Bough, i. 1; the priest of Diana at, perhaps a personified Jupiter, ii. 302 sq.

Arician grove, the Midsummer festival of fire in the, ii. 285; the priest of the, a personification of an oak-spirit, 285

Ariminum, triumphal arch of Augustus at, ii. 194 n. 4

Arizona and New Mexico, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 230 n., 231

Arks, sacred, of the Cherokees, i. 11 sq.

Armenia, were-wolves in, i. 316; sick people creep through cleft trees in, ii. 173

Armenian church, bonfires at Candlemas in the, i. 131

—— idea of the sun as a wheel, i. 334 n. 1

Arms of youths punctured to make them good hunters, i. 58

Arnstadt, witches burnt at, i. 6

Arran, the need-fire in, i. 293

Arrows used as a love-charm, i. 14

Artemis Perasia, at Castabala in Cappadocia, ii. 14

Artemisia absinthium, wormwood, ii. 58 n. 3, 61 n. 1

—— vulgaris, mugwort, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 58 sqq.

Artois, mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 59

Arunta of Central Australia, their sacred pole, i. 7; their dread of women at menstruation, 77; legend that the ancestors kept their spirits in their churinga, ii. 218 n. 3; rites of initiation among the, 233 sq.; initiation of medicine-men among the, 238

Aryan god of the thunder and the oak, i. 265

—— peoples, stories of the external soul among, ii. 97 sqq.

Aryans of Europe, importance of the Midsummer festival among the, ii. 40; the oak the chief sacred tree of the, 89 sq.

Ascension Day, parasitic rowan should be cut on, ii. 281

Asceticism not primitive, i. 65

Ash Wednesday, effigy burnt on, i. 120

Ash-trees, children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or rickets, ii. 168 sqq.

Ashes in divination, i. 243, 244, 245. See also Sticks, Charred

—— of bonfires put in fowls’ nests, i. 112, 338; increase fertility of fields, 141, 337; make cattle thrive, 141, 338; placed in a person’s shoes, 156; administered to cattle to make them fat, ii. 4

—— of dead, disposal of the, i. 11

—— of Easter bonfire mixed with seed at sowing, i. 121

—— of Hallowe’en fires scattered, i. 233

—— of holy fires a protection against demons, ii. 8, 17

—— of Midsummer fires strewed on fields to fertilize them, i. 170, 190, 203; a protection against conflagration, 174, 196; a protection against lightning, 187, 188; a protection against thunder, 190; put by people in their shoes, 191 sq.; a cure for consumption, 194 sq.; rubbed by people on their hair or bodies, 213, 214, 215; good for the eyes, 214

Ashes of the need-fire strewn on fields to protect the crops against vermin, i. 274; used as a medicine, 286

—— of New Year’s fire used to rub sore eyes, i. 218

—— of Yule log strewed on fields, i. 250; used to heal swollen glands, 251

Ashur, Arab New Year’s Day, i. 217, 218

Asia Minor, the Celts in, ii. 89; cure for possession by an evil spirit in, 186; creeping through rifted rocks in, 189

Aspen, mistletoe on, ii. 315

Aspidium filix mas, the male fern, superstitions as to, ii. 66 sq.

Ass, child passed under an, as a cure for whooping-cough, ii. 192 n. 1

Assam, the Khasis of, ii. 146; the Lushais of, 185 sq.

Assiga, tribe of South Nigeria, ii. 204

Associations, religious, among the Indian tribes of North America, ii. 267 sqq.

Assyrian ritual, use of golden axe in, ii. 80 n. 3

Aston, W. G., quoted, i. 137 sq.; on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. 10 n. 1

Astral spirit of a witch, i. 317

Atai, external soul in the Mota language, ii. 197 sq.

Ath, in Hainaut, procession of giants at, ii. 36

Athboy, in County Meath, i. 139

Athena, priestess of, uses a white umbrella, i. 20 n. 1

Athenians offer cakes to Cronus, i. 153 n. 3

Athens, ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, i. 130

Athis, in Normandy, Christmas bonfires at, i. 266

Athos, Mount, mistletoe at, ii. 319, 320 n.

Atrae, city in Mesopotamia, i. 82

Aubrey, John, on the Midsummer fires, i. 197

Aufkirchen in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144

August, procession of wicker giants in, ii. 36

——, first of, Festival of the Cross on the, i. 220

—— the eighteenth, feast of Florus and Laurus, i. 220

—— the sixth, festival of St. Estapin, ii. 188

Augustus, triumphal arch of Augustus at Ariminum, ii. 195 n. 4

Aunis, wonderful herbs gathered on St. John’s Eve in, ii. 45; St. John’s wort in, 55; vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62 n. 4; four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, 63

—— and Saintonge, Midsummer fires in, i. 192

Aurora, in the New Hebrides, tamaniu in, ii. 198

Australia, dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, i. 76 sqq.; passing under an arch as a rite of initiation in, ii. 193 n. 1; initiation of young men in, 227, 233 sqq.; use of bull-roarers in, 228 n. 2

——, Central, pointing sticks or bones in, i. 14 n. 3; its desert nature, ii. 230 n. 2

——, South-Eastern, sex totems among the natives of, ii. 214 sqq.

Australian languages, words for fire and wood in, ii. 296

Austria, Midsummer fires in, i. 172 sqq.; the Yule log among the Servians of, 262 sqq.; need-fire in Upper, 279; fern-seed at Midsummer in, ii. 65; mistletoe used to prevent nightmare in, 85

Autumn fires, i. 220 sqq.

Auvergne, Lenten fires in, i. 111 sq.; story of a were-wolf in, 308 sq.

Ave Maria bell, ii. 47

Avernus, Lake, and the Golden Bough, ii. 285 n. 2

Awa-nkonde, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28

“Awasungu, the house of the,” i. 28

Awka in South Nigeria, i. 4

Azemmur, in Morocco, Midsummer fires at, i. 214

Azores, bonfires and divination on Midsummer Eve in the, i. 208 sq.; fern-seed at Midsummer in the, ii. 66

Aztecs, their punishment of witches and wizards, ii. 159

Baal and Beltane, i. 149 n. 1, 150 n. 1, 157

Babine Lake in British Columbia, i. 47

Backache at reaping, leaps over the Midsummer bonfire thought to be a preventive of, i. 165, 168, 189, 344 sq.; set down to witchcraft, 343 n., 345; at harvest, mugwort a protection against, ii. 59; creeping through a holed stone to prevent backache at harvest, 189

Badache, double-axe, Midsummer King of the, i. 194

Badagas of the Neilgherry Hills, their fire-walk, ii. 8 sq.

Baden, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 117; Easter bonfires in, 145; Midsummer fires in, 167 sqq.

Badham Court oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. 316

Badnyak, Yule log, i. 259, 263

Badnyi Dan, Christmas Eve, i. 258, 263

Bag, souls of persons deposited in a, ii. 142, 153, 155

Baganda, children live apart from their parents among the, i. 23 n. 2; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 23 sq.; superstition as to women who do not menstruate, 24; abstain from salt in certain cases, 27 sq.; their dread of menstruous women, 80 sq.; their beliefs and customs concerning the afterbirth, ii. 162. See also Uganda

Bahaus or Kayans of Central Borneo, i. 4 sq.

Bahima of Central Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 80

Bahr-el-Ghazal province, ceremony of the new fire in the, i. 134 sq.

Bakairi, the, of Brazil, call bull-roarers “thunder and lightning,” ii. 231 sq.

Baking-forks, witches ride on, ii. 73, 74

Bakuba or Bushongo of the Congo, i. 4

Balder, his body burnt, i. 102; worshipped in Norway, 104; camomile sacred to, ii. 63; burnt at Midsummer, 87; Midsummer sacred to, 87; a tree-spirit or deity of vegetation, 88 sq.; interpreted as a mistletoe-bearing oak, 93 sq.; his invulnerability, 94; why Balder was thought to shine, 293

—— and the mistletoe, i. 101 sq., ii. 76 sqq., 302; his life or death in the mistletoe, 279, 283; perhaps a real man deified, 314 sq.

——, the myth of, i. 101 sqq.; reproduced in the Midsummer festival of Scandinavia, ii. 87; perhaps dramatized in ritual, 88; Indian parallel to, 280; African parallels to, 312 sqq.

Balder’s Balefires, name formerly given to Midsummer bonfires in Sweden, i. 172, ii. 87

—— Grove, i. 104, ii. 315

Balders-brâ, Balder’s eyelashes, a name for camomile, ii. 63

Bâle, Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, i. 119

Balefires, Balder’s, at Midsummer in Sweden, i. 172

Bali, filing of teeth in, i. 68 n. 2; birth-trees in, ii. 164

Balkan Peninsula, need-fire in the, i. 281

Ball, game of, played to determine the King of Summer, i. 195

Ballyvadlea, in Tipperary, woman burnt as a witch at, i. 323 sq.

Balnagown loch, in Lismore, i. 316

Balong of the Cameroons, their external souls in animals, ii. 203

Balquhidder, hill of the fires at, i. 149; Hallowe’en bonfires at, 232

Balum, New Guinea word signifying bull-roarer, ghost, and mythical monster, ii. 242

Banana-tree, afterbirth of child buried under a, ii. 162, 163, 164

Bancroft, H. H., on the external souls of the Zapotecs, ii. 212

Banivas of the Orinoco, their scourging of girls at puberty, i. 66 sqq.

Baraka, blessed or magical virtue, i. 216, 218, ii. 51

Barclay, Sheriff, on Hallowe’en fires, i. 232

Bardney bumpkin, on witch as hare, i. 318

Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of the, ii. 129 sq.

Barker, W. G. M. Jones, on need-fire in Yorkshire, i. 286 sq.

Barley plant, external soul of prince in a, ii. 102

Ba-Ronga, the, of South Africa, their story of a clan whose external souls were in a cat, ii. 150 sq.

Barotse or Marotse of the Zambesi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28, 29

Barren cattle driven through fire, i. 203, 338

—— women hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, ii. 51

Barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, ii. 176

Barsana, in North India, Holi bonfires at, ii. 2, 5

Bartle Bay, in British New Guinea, festival of the wild mango tree at, i. 7 sqq.

Basque hunter transformed into bear, ii. 226, 270

—— story of the external soul, ii. 139

Bastar, province of India, treatment of witches in, ii. 159

Bastian, Adolph, on rites of initiation in West Africa, ii. 256 sq.

Basutos, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 31

Bata and Anpu, ancient Egyptian story of, ii. 134 sqq.

Bathing in the sea at Easter, i. 123; at Midsummer, 208, 210, 216, ii. 29 sq.; thought to be dangerous on Midsummer Day, 26 sq.

Bats, the lives of men in, ii. 215 sq., 217; called men’s “brothers,” 215, 216, 218

Battas, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. 223; their totemic system, 224 sqq.

Battel, Andrew, on the colour of negro children at birth, ii. 251 n. 1

Bavaria, Easter bonfires in, i. 143 sq.; belief as to eclipses in, 162; Midsummer fires in, 164 sqq.; leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, ii. 26; the divining-rod in, 67 sq.; creeping through a holed stone or narrow opening in, 188 sq.

——, Upper, use of mistletoe in, ii. 85 n. 4

Bavarian peasants, their belief as to hazel, ii. 69 n.

Bavili, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 31

Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in Yorkshire, i. 198

Bean, King of the, i. 153 n. 1

Beans, divination by, i. 209

Bear, external soul of warrior in a, ii. 151; Basque hunter transformed into, 226, 270; simulated transformation of novice into a, 274 sq.

—— clan, ii. 271, 272 n. 1

—— -dance of man who pretends to be a bear, ii. 274

Bear’s skin, Lapp women shoot blindfold at a, ii. 280 n.

Bearers to carry royal personages, i. 3 sq.

Beating girls at puberty, i. 61, 66 sq.; as a form of purification, 61, 64 sqq.

Beauce, festival of torches in, i. 113; story of a were-wolf in, 309

—— and Perche, Midsummer fires in, i. 188

Beaver clan, ii. 272

Bechuana belief as to sympathetic relation of man to wounded crocodile, ii. 210 sq.

Bee, external soul of an ogre in a, ii. 101

Beech or fir used to make the Yule log, i. 249

—— -tree burnt in Lenten bonfire, i. 115 sq.

Beeches, struck by lightning, proportion of, ii. 298 sq.; free from mistletoe, 315

Bees thought to be killed by menstruous women, i. 96; ashes of bonfires used to cure ailments of, 142

Beetle, external soul in a, ii. 138, 140

Begetting novices anew at initiation, pretence of, ii. 248

Behar, the fire-walk in, ii. 5

Beifuss, German name for mugwort, ii. 60 n. 6

Bel, the fires of, i. 147, 157, 158 sq.

Beleth, John, his Rationale Divinorum Officiorum quoted, i. 161 n. 2

Belford, in Northumberland, the Yule log at, i. 256

Belgium, Lenten fires in, i. 107 sq.; Midsummer fires in, 194 sq.; the Yule log in, 249; bathing on Midsummer Day in, ii. 30; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, 53; mugwort gathered on St. John’s Day or Eve in, 59 sq.; vervain gathered on St. John’s Day in, 62; four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, 63; the witches’ Sabbath in, 73

Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 46; custom of mourners among the, ii. 174

Belli-Paaro society in West Africa, rites of initiation in the, ii. 257 sqq.

Bellochroy, i. 290

Bells worn by priest in exorcism, i. 5; on his legs, ii. 8

——, church, silenced in Holy Week, i. 123, 125 n. 1; rung on Midsummer Eve, ii. 47 sq.; rung to drive away witches, 73

Beltane, popularly derived from Baal, i. 149 n. 1, 150 n. 1; the need-fire at, 293; the Yellow Day of, 293; sheep passed through a hoop at, ii. 184

—— and Hallowe’en the two chief fire-festivals of the British Celts, ii. 40 sq.

—— cakes, i. 148 sq., 150, 152, 153, 154, 155

—— carline, i. 148, 153

—— Eve (the Eve of May Day), a witching time, i. 295

—— fire, pretence of throwing a man into the, i. 148, ii. 25; kindled by the friction of oak-wood, i. 148, 155, ii. 91

—— fires, i. 146 sqq.; in Wales, 155 sq.; in Ireland, 157 sq.; in Nottinghamshire, 157

Benametapa, the king of, in East Africa, i. 135

Bengal, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 68; the Oraons of, ii. 311

Bengalee stories of the external soul, ii. 101 sq., 102

Beni Ahsen, a tribe in Morocco, ii. 31; their Midsummer fires, i. 215 sq.

—— Mgild, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their Midsummer fires, i. 215

—— Snous, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer rites, i. 216

Bent, J. Theodore, on passing sick children through a cleft oak, ii. 172

Berber belief as to water at Midsummer, ii. 31

—— tale, milk-tie in a, ii. 138 n. 1

Berbers of North Africa, their Midsummer customs, i. 213 sqq., 219

Bergen, Midsummer bonfires at, i. 171

Bering Strait, the Esquimaux of, i. 91

Berleburg, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248

Berlin, the divining-rod at, ii. 68

Bern, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172; the Yule log in the canton of, 249; witches put to death in the canton of, ii. 42 n. 2

Berry, Lenten fire custom in, i. 115; Midsummer fires in, 189; the Yule log in, 251 sq.; four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, ii. 63

Besoms, blazing, flung aloft to make the corn grow high, i. 340; used to drive away witches, ii. 74

Bethlehem, new Easter fire carried to, i. 130 n.

“Between the two Beltane fires,” i. 149

Beul, fire of, need-fire, i. 293

Bevan, Professor A. A., i. 83 n. 1

Beverley, on the initiatory rites of the Virginian Indians, ii. 266 sq.

Bewitched animals burnt alive, i. 300 sqq.; buried alive, 324 sqq.

—— cow, mugwort applied to, ii. 59

—— things burnt to compel the witch to appear, i. 322

Bhils of India, torture of witches among the, ii. 159

Bhuiyars of Mirzapur, their dread of menstrual pollution, i. 84

Bhuiyas, a Dravidian tribe, fire-walk among the, ii. 5 sq.

Bhut, demon, ii. 312

Bidasari and the golden fish, Malay story of, ii. 147 sq., 220

Bilqula. See Bella Coola

Binbinga tribe of Northern Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. 234 sq.; initiation of medicine-man in the, 239

Binding up a cleft stick or tree a mode of barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, ii. 176

Bir, a tribal hero, ii. 6

Birch used to kindle need-fire, i. 291

—— and plane, fire made by the friction of, i. 220

——, branches of, on Midsummer Day, i. 177, 196; a protection against witchcraft, ii. 185

—— trees set up at Midsummer, i. 177; used to keep off witches, ii. 20 n.; mistletoe on, 315

Bird, disease transferred to, ii. 187; brings first fire to earth, 295

Bird-lime made from mistletoe, ii. 317

Birds, external souls in, ii. 104, 111, 119, 142, 144, 150; carry seed of mistletoe, 316

Birseck, Lenten fires at, i. 119

Birth, the new, of novices at initiation, ii. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261

Birth-names of Central American Indians, ii. 214 n. 1

—— -trees in Africa, ii. 160 sqq.; in Europe, 165

Birthday of the Sun at the winter solstice, i. 246

Bisection of the year, Celtic, i. 223

Black Corrie of Ben Breck, the giant of, in an Argyleshire tale, ii. 129 sq.

—— Forest, Midsummer fires in the, i. 168

—— Isle, Ross-shire, i. 301

—— poplars, mistletoe on, ii. 316, 318 n. 6

—— spauld, a disease of cattle, cure for, i. 325

—— three-legged horse ridden by witches, ii. 74

Blackening girls at puberty, i. 41, 60

Blemishes, physical, transferred to witches, i. 160 n. 1

Blindness of Hother, ii. 279 n. 4

Block, the Yule, i. 247

Blocksberg, the resort of witches, i. 171; the Mount of the Witches, ii. 74

Blood, girls at puberty forbidden to see, i. 46; disastrous effect of seeing menstruous, 77; drawn from women who do not menstruate, 81

—— -brotherhood between men and animals among the Fans, ii. 201, 226 n. 1

—— -covenant between men and animals, ii. 201, 214, 226 n. 1

——, human, used in rain-making ceremonies, ii. 232 sq.

——, menstruous, dread of, i. 76; deemed fatal to cattle, 80; miraculous virtue attributed to, 82 sq.; medicinal application of, 98 n. 1

—— of St. John found on St. John’s wort and other plants at Midsummer, ii. 56, 57

—— of sheep poured on image of god as a sin-offering, i. 82

Boa-constrictors, kings at death turn into, ii. 212 n.

Boas, Dr. Franz, on seclusion of Shuswap girls at puberty, i. 53; on customs observed by mourners among the Bella Coola Indians, ii. 174; on initiation into the wolf society of the Nootka Indians, 270 sq.; on the relation between clans and secret societies, 273 n. 1

Boar’s skin, shoes of, worn by a king at inauguration, i. 4

Boars, familiar spirits of wizards in, ii. 196 sq.; lives of persons bound up with those of, 201, 203, 205; external human souls in, 207

Bocage of Normandy, Midsummer fires in the, i. 185; the Yule log in the, 252; torchlight processions on Christmas Eve in the, 266

Body-without-soul in a Ligurian story, ii. 107; in a German story, 116 sq.; in a Breton story, 132 sq.; in a Basque story, 139

Boeotian festival of the Great Daedala, ii. 77 n. 1

Bogota, rigorous training of the heir to the throne of, i. 19

Bohemia, water and fire consecrated at Easter in, i. 123 sq.; bonfires on May Day in, 159; Midsummer fires in, 173 sqq.; need-fire in, 278 sq.; charm to make corn grow high in, 340; offering to water-spirits on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 28; simples gathered on St. John’s Night in, 49; divination by means of flowers on Midsummer Eve in, 52 sq.; mugwort at Midsummer in, 59; elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer in, 64; wild thyme gathered on Midsummer Day in, 64; fern-seed at Midsummer in, 66; “thunder besoms” in, 85; fern-seed on St. John’s Day in, 287, 288

Bohemian poachers, their use of vervain, ii. 62; their use of seeds of fir-cones, 64

—— story of the external soul, ii. 110

Bohus, Midsummer fires in, i. 172

Boidès, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1

Boiling bewitched animal or part of it to compel witch to appear, i. 321 sq., 323

—— milk, omens drawn from, ii. 8

—— resin, ordeal of, i. 311

Boils, crawling under a bramble as a cure for, ii. 180

Bolivia, the Chiriguanos of, i. 56; the Yuracares of, 57 sq.; fires on St. John’s Eve in, 213; La Paz in, ii. 50

Boloki of the Upper Congo, birth-plants among the, ii. 161 sq.; use of bull-roarers among the, 229 n.

Bondeis of German East Africa, rites of initiation among the, ii. 263 sq.

Bone used to point with in sorcery, i. 14; incident of, in folk-tales, 73 n. 3; of bird (eagle or swan), women at menstruation obliged to drink out of, 45, 48, 49, 50, 73 n. 3, 90, 92

Bones burnt in the Easter bonfires, i. 142; burnt in Midsummer fires, 203

—— of dead husbands carried by their widows, i. 91 n. 4

Bonfire Day in County Leitrim, i. 203

Bonfires supposed to protect against conflagrations, i. 107, 108; protect houses against lightning and conflagration, 344; lit by the persons last married, 107, 109; a protection against witchcraft, 108, 109, 154; a protection against sickness, 108, 109; a protection against sorcery, 156; quickening and fertilizing influence of, 336 sqq.; omens of marriage drawn from, 338 sq.; protect fields against hail, 344; at festivals in India, ii. 1 sqq. See also Fires

Bonfires, Midsummer, intended to drive away dragons, i. 161; protect cattle against witchcraft, 188; thought to ensure good crops, 188, 336

Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz, i. 270

Bonnach stone in a Celtic story, ii. 126

Bordes, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1, 113

Borlase, William, on Midsummer fires in Cornwall, i. 199

Borneo, festivals in, i. 13; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 35 sq.; birth-custom in, ii. 154 sq.; trees and plants as life-indices in, 164 sq.; creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral in, 175 sq.; giving the slip to an evil spirit in, 179 sq.

——, the Dyaks of, i. 5, ii. 222

——, the Kayans of, i. 4 sq.

Bororo of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, ii. 230 n.

Borrow, witches come to, i. 322, 323, ii. 73

Bosnia, need-fire in, i. 286; life-trees of children in, ii. 165

Bossuet, Bishop, on the Midsummer bonfires, i. 182

Bottesford, in Lincolnshire, mistletoe deemed a remedy for epilepsy at, ii. 83

Bottle, external soul of queen in a, ii. 138

Bougainville, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 229 n.

Bough, the Golden, ii. 279 sqq.; and the priest of Aricia, i. 1; a branch of mistletoe, ii. 284 sqq., 315 sqq. See also Golden Bough

Boulia district of Queensland, i. 14

Bourbonnais, mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, ii. 83

Bourdifailles, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1

Bourke, Captain J. G., on the bull-roarer, ii. 231

Bowels, novice at initiation supplied by spirits with a new set of, ii. 235 sqq.

Bowes, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, i. 287

Box, external soul of king in a, ii. 102, 149; external soul of cannibal in a, 117

Boxes or arks, sacred, i. 11 sq.

Box-tree, external soul of giant in a, ii. 133

Boxwood blessed on Palm Sunday, i. 184, ii. 47

Boy and girl produce need-fire by friction of wood, i. 281

Boys at initiation thought to be swallowed by wizards, ii. 233

Brabant, Midsummer fires in, i. 194; St. Peter’s bonfires in, 195; wicker giants in, ii. 35

Bracelets as amulets, i. 92

Braemar Highlanders, their Hallowe’en fires, i. 233 sq.

Brahman, the Hindoo creator, i. 95

Brahman called “twice born,” ii. 276

—— boys forbidden to see the sun, i. 68 n. 2

—— student, his observances at end of his studentship, i. 20

Brahmanic ritual at inauguration of a king, i. 4

Bramble, crawling under a, as a cure for whooping-cough, etc., ii. 180

Brand, John, on the Yule log, i. 247, 255

Brandenburg, simples culled at Midsummer in, ii. 48

Brandons, the Sunday of the, i. 110; torches carried about fields and streets, 111 n. 1

Brands of Midsummer fires a protection against lightning, conflagration, and spells, i. 183; a protection against thunder, 191; lighted, carried round cattle, 341

Braunrode in the Harz Mountains, Easter fires at, i. 142

Brazier, walking through a lighted, ii. 3 sqq.

Brazil, the Guaranis of, i. 56; seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, 56, 59 sq.; the Uaupes of, 61; ordeals undergone by young men among the Indians of, 62 sq.; effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, 128; fires of St. John in, 213; the Caripunas of, ii. 230; the Bororo of, 230 n.; the Nahuqua of, 230; the Bakairi of, 231

Bread, reverence for, i. 13

Breadalbane, i. 149; treatment of mad cow in, 326

Breadfruit-tree planted over navel-string of child, ii. 163

“Breath, scoring above the,” cutting a witch on the forehead, i. 315 n. 2

Breitenbrunn, the “Charcoal Man” at, ii. 26 n. 2

Brekinjska, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Bresse, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 189

Brest, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 184

Breteuil, canton of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 187

Breton belief that women can be impregnated by the moon, i. 76

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 132 sq.

Brezina, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Briar-thorn, divination by, i. 242

Bri-bri Indians of Costa Rica, seclusion of women at menstruation among the, i. 86

Bride not allowed to tread the earth, i. 5; last married, made to leap over bonfire, ii. 22

—— and bridegroom, mock, at bonfires, i. 109 sq.

Bride, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 306, 307 n. 1

Bridegroom not to touch the ground with his feet, i. 5

Brie, Isle de France, effigy of giant burnt on Midsummer Eve at, ii. 38

Brihaspati, Hindoo deity, i. 99 n. 2

Briony, wreaths of, at Midsummer, i. 210

Brisbane River in Queensland, use of bull-roarers on the, ii. 233 sqq.

British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 46 sqq.; dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the Indians of, 89 sq.; the Kwakiutl of, ii. 186; Koskimo Indians of, 229; rites of initiation among the Indians of, 270 sqq.; the Thompson Indians of, 297; the Shuswap Indians of, 297 n. 3

Brittany, Midsummer fires in, i. 183 sqq.; stones thrown into the Midsummer fires in, 240; the Yule log in, 253; mistletoe hung over doors of stables and byres in, ii. 287; fern-seed used by treasure-seekers in, 288

Brochs, prehistoric ruins, i. 291

Brocken, in the Harz mountains, associated with witches, i. 160 n. 1, 171 n. 3

Broom, a protective against witchcraft, i. 210

“Brother” and “sister,” titles given by men and women to their sex totems, ii. 215, 216, 218

Brotherhood of the Green Wolf at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 sq.

Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the Two, ii. 134 sqq.

Brown, Dr. George, quoted, i. 32 sqq.; on external soul in Melanesia, ii. 199

Brughe, John, his cure for bewitched cattle, i. 324 sq.

Brund (or brand), the Christmas, the Yule log, i. 257

Brunswick, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96; Easter bonfires in, 140; need-fire in, 277 sq.

Buchan, Hallowe’en fires in, i. 232 sq.

Bûche de Noël, the Yule log, i. 249

Buddha and the crocodile, Indian story, ii. 102 n. 4

Buffalo, external souls of a clan in a, ii. 151; a Batta totem, 223

—— clan in Uganda, i. 3

Buffaloes, external human souls in, ii. 207, 208

Bühl, St. John’s fires at, i. 168

Bukaua, the, of New Guinea, girls at puberty secluded among the, i. 35; their rites of initiation, ii. 239 sqq.

Bu-ku-rú, ceremonial uncleanness, i. 65 n. 1, 86

Buléon, Mgr., quoted by Father H. Trilles, ii. 202 n. 1

Bulgaria, the Yule log in, i. 264 n. 1; need-fire in, 281, 285; simples and flowers culled on St. John’s Day in, ii. 50; creeping through an arch of vines as a cure in, 180; creeping under the root of a willow as a cure for whooping-cough in, 180 sq.

——, Simeon, prince of, ii. 156 sq.

Bullet blessed by St. Hubert used to shoot witches with, i. 315 sq.

Bullock, bewitched, burnt to cause the witch to appear, i. 303

Bull-roarers swung, i. 133; sounded at initiation of lads, ii. 227, 228 sqq., 233 sqq., 240, 241; used as magical instruments to make rain, 230 sqq.; sounded at festivals of the dead, 230 n.; made from trees struck by lightning, 231; sounded to make the wind blow, 232; called “thunder and lightning,” 232; sounded to promote the growth of the crops, 232; originally magical instruments for making thunder, wind, and rain, 233; not to be seen by women, 234, 235, 242; called by name which means a ghost or spirit of the dead, 242; called by the same name as the monster who swallows lads at initiation, 242; kept in men’s club-house, 242; named after dead men, 242 n. 1

——, sound of, thought to resemble thunder, ii. 228 sqq.; supposed to increase the food supply, 230; supposed to be the voice of a spirit, 233, 234, 235

Burchard, Bishop of Worms, his condemnation of a heathen practice, ii. 191

Bures, bonfires, i. 110 n. 1, 111 n. 1

Burford, in Oxfordshire, Midsummer giant and dragon at, ii. 37

Burghead, the burning of the Clavie at, i. 266 sq.; the old rampart at, 267 sq.

Burgundy, Firebrand Sunday in, i. 114; the Yule log in, 254

Burma, the Karens of, ii. 157

Burne, Miss F. C., and Jackson, Miss G. F., on the fear of witchcraft in Shropshire, i. 342 n. 4

Burning the witches on May Day, i. 157, 159, 160; of effigies in the Midsummer fires, 195; of the witches in the Hallowe’en fires, 232 sq.; of the Clavie at Burghead, 266 sq.; of a bewitched animal or part of it to cause the witch to appear, 303, 305, 307 sq., 321 sq.; of human beings in the fires, ii. 21 sqq.; of live animals at spring and Midsummer festivals, 38 sqq.; the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, 41 sq., 43 sq.; of human victims annually, 286 n. 2

—— discs thrown into the air, i. 116 sq., 119, 143, 165, 166, 168 sq., 172

—— the Easter Man, i. 144

“—— the Old Wife (Old Woman),” i. 116, 120

“—— the Witches,” i. 116, 118 sq., 154; a popular name for the fires of the festivals, ii. 43

—— wheels rolled down hill, i. 116, 117 sq., 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 sq., 163 sq., 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, 334, 337 sq.; rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, 191, 340 sq.; perhaps intended to burn witches, 345

Burns, Robert, i. 207; on Hallowe’en, 234

Burnt sacrifices to stay cattle-plague in England, Wales, and Scotland, i. 300 sqq.

Burs, a preservative against witchcraft, i. 177

Burying bewitched animals alive, i. 324 sqq.

—— girls at puberty in the ground, i. 38 sqq.

Bushmen, their dread of menstruous women, i. 79; their way of warming up the star Sirius, 332 sq.

Bushongo, royal persons among the, not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 4; use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229; rites of initiation among the, 264 sqq.

Butter thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, i. 180; bewitched, burnt at a cross-road, 322

“—— -churning,” Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, i. 279

Byron, Lord, and the oak, ii. 166

Cabbages, divination by, at Hallowe’en, i. 242. See also Kail

Caesar on the fortification walls of the Gauls, i. 267; on human sacrifices among the Celts of Gaul, ii. 32

Caesarea. See Everek

Caffre villages, women’s tracks at, i. 80

Caffres of South Africa, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 30; use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229 n., 232

Cages, girls at puberty confined in, i. 32 sqq., 44, 45

Cailleach beal-tine, the Beltane carline, i. 148

Cairnshee, in Kincardineshire, Midsummer fires on, i. 206

Caithness, need-fire in, i. 290 sqq.

Cake, St. Michael’s, i. 149, 154 n. 3; salt, divination by, 238 sq.; the Yule or Christmas, 257, 259, 261

Cakes, Hallowe’en, i. 238, 241, 245; Beltane, 148 sq., 150, 152, 153, 154, 155; divination by, 242, 243

Calabar, soul of chief in sacred grove at, ii. 161; negroes of, their belief in external or bush souls lodged in animals, 204 sqq., 220, 222 n. 5; the fattening-house for girls in, 259

Calabria, holy water at Easter in, i. 123

Calamities, almost all, set down to witchcraft, ii. 19 sq.

Calendar, change in the Chinese, i. 137; Mohammedan, 216 sq., 218 sq.; the Julian, used by Mohammedans, 218 sq.; the reform of, in relation to floral superstitions, ii. 55 n. 1

Calendars, conflict of, i. 218

Calendeau, calignau, the Yule-log, i. 250

Calf burnt alive to stop a murrain, i. 300 sq.

California, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 41 sqq.; ordeals among the Indians of, 64; the Senal Indians of, ii. 295; the Maidu Indians of, 295, 298

Callander, the parish of, Beltane fires in, i. 150 sqq.; Hallowe’en fires in, 231

Calves burnt to stop disease in the herds, i. 301, 306

Calymnos, a Greek island, superstition as to menstruous women in, i. 96 sq.; Midsummer fires in, 212

Cambodia, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 70; ritual at cutting a parasitic orchid in, ii. 81

Cambodian or Siamese story of the external soul, ii. 102

Cambridgeshire, witch as cat in, i. 317

Cambus o’ May, near Ballater, holed stone at, ii. 187

Cameroons, life of person bound up with tree in the, ii. 161; theory of the external soul in, 200, 202 sq.

Camomile (Anthemis nobilis) burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213; sacred to Balder, ii. 63; gathered at Midsummer, 63

Campbell, Rev. J. G., on deiseal, i. 151 n.

Campbell, Rev. John, on Coranna customs, ii. 192, 192 n. 1

Campo di Giove, in the Abruzzi, Easter candles at, i. 122

Candle, the Easter or Paschal, i. 121, 122, 125; divination by the flame of a, 229; the Yule or Christmas, 255, 256, 260; external soul in a, ii. 125 sq.

—— and apple, biting at, i. 241, 242, 243, 245

Candlemas in the Armenian church, bonfires at, i. 131; the Yule log at, 256 n.

—— candles, i. 264 n. 4

Candles used to keep off witches, i. 245

Canopus and Sirius in Bushman lore, i. 333

Capart, Jean, on palettes found in Egyptian tombs, ii. 155 n. 3

Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, i. 37, 38

Caper-spurge (Euphorbia lathyris) identified with mythical springwort, ii. 69

Capital of column, external soul in, ii. 156 sq.

Capitol at Rome, the oak of Jupiter on the, ii. 89

Cappadocia, the fire-walk at Castabala in, ii. 14

Capri, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin in, i. 220 sq.

Capricorn, time when the sun enters the tropic of, ii. 1

Caps worn in mourning, i. 20

Cardiganshire, Hallowe’en in, i. 226

Caribs, their theory of the plurality of souls, ii. 221

Carinthia, new fire at Easter in, i. 124

Caripunas Indians of Brazil, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 230 n.

Carmichael, Alexander, on need-fire, i. 293 sqq.; on snake stones, ii. 311

Carn Brea, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Carnarvonshire, the cutty black sow in, i. 240

Carnival, effigy burnt at end of, i. 120; wicker giants at the, ii. 35

Carnmoor, in Mull, need-fire kindled on, i. 289 sq.

Carnwarth, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires at, i. 199

Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in the, ii. 295

Carpathian Mountains, Midsummer fires on the, i. 175; need-fire in the, 281; the Huzuls of the, ii. 49

Carrier Indians of North-Western America, funeral custom of the, i. 11; their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, 91 sqq.; their honorific totems, ii. 273 sqq.

Carver, Captain Jonathan, his description of the rite of death and resurrection, ii. 267 sq.

Casablanca, Midsummer fires at, i. 214

Cashmeer stories of the external soul, ii. 100 sq., 138 n. 1

Caspar, Balthasar, and Melchior, the Three Holy Kings, ii. 68

Cassel, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, ii. 35

Cassowaries, men disguised as, in Duk-duk ceremonies, ii. 247

Castabala, in Cappadocia, the fire-walk at, ii. 14

Castiglione a Casauria, Midsummer customs at, i. 210

Castle Ditches, in the Vale of Glamorgan, bonfires at, i. 156

Castres, in Southern France, ii. 187

Cat, a representative of the devil, ii. 40; story of a clan whose souls were all in one, 150 sq.; a Batta totem, 223. See also Cats

Caterpillars, bonfires as a protection against, i. 114

Catholic Church, its consecration of the Midsummer festival to St. John the Baptist, i. 181

Cato on a Roman cure for dislocation, ii. 177

Cats burnt in bonfires, i. 109, ii. 39 sq.; perhaps burnt as witches, 41; witches changed into, i. 315 n. 1, 317, 318, 319 sq., ii. 311 sq.

Cattle sacrificed at holy oak, i. 181; protected against sorcery by sprigs of mullein, 190; fire carried round, 201, 206; driven out to pasture in spring and back in autumn, 223; acquire the gift of speech on Christmas Eve, 254; driven through the need-fire, 270 sqq.; killed by fairy darts, 303; lighted brands carried round, 341; thought to benefit by festivals of fire, ii. 4, 7; fumigated with smoke of Midsummer herbs, 53

—— and sheep driven through, round, or between bonfires, i. 108, 109, 141, 154, 157, 158, 159, 165, 175, 176, 179, 185, 188, 192, 202, 203, 204, 301, ii. 8, 9, 11 sq., 13

—— disease, the Midsummer fires a protection against, i. 176; attributed to witchcraft, 302 sq., 343

—— -plague, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 270 sqq.; sacrifice of an animal to stay a, 300 sqq.

—— -rearing tribes of South Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 79 sq.

Cave, initiation of medicine-men by spirits in a, ii. 237 sqq.

—— of Cruachan, the “Hell-gate of Ireland,” i. 226

Cedar-bark, red, used in ceremonies of a secret society, ii. 271

Celebes, Macassar in, i. 14; souls of persons removed for safety from their bodies in, ii. 153 sq.

——, Central, the Toradjas of, i. 311 sqq.

——, Southern, birth-trees in, ii. 164

Celibacy of the Vestal Virgins, i. 138 n. 5

Celtic bisection of the year, i. 223

—— population, their superstition as to Snake Stones, i. 15

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 126 sqq.

Celts, their two great fire-festivals on the Eve of May Day and Hallowe’en, i. 222, 224; the oak worshipped by the, ii. 89

——, the British, their chief fire-festivals, Beltane and Hallowe’en, ii. 40 sq.

—— of Brittany, their use of mistletoe, ii. 320

—— of Gaul, their human sacrifices, ii. 32 sq.; the victims perhaps witches and wizards, 41 sq.; W. Mannhardt’s theory, 43

—— of Ireland, their new fire on Hallowe’en, i. 139

—— of northern Italy, ii. 320

Celts (prehistoric implements) called “thunderbolts,” i. 14 sq.

Central Provinces of India, cure for fever in the, ii. 190

Ceos, Greek island of, sick children passed through a cleft oak in, ii. 172

Ceram, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36; belief that strength of young people is in their hair in, ii. 158; rites of initiation to the Kakian association in, 249 sqq.

Ceremony, magical, to ensure fertility of women, i. 23 sq., 31

Cetraro in Calabria, Easter custom at, i. 123

Ceylon, the king of, and his external soul, ii. 102

Chaco, the Gran, i. 58; marriage custom of Indians of the, i. 75; Indians of the, i. 98 n. 1

——, the Paraguayan, i. 56

Chadwick, Professor H. M., i. 103 n.

Chaka, Zulu king, ii. 212 n.

Chalk, white, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, ii. 241

Chambers, E. K., on the Celtic bisection of the year, i. 223

“Charcoal Man” at Midsummer, ii. 26 n. 2

Charente Inférieure, department of, St. John’s fires in the, i. 192

Chariot, patient drawn through the yoke of a, ii. 192

Chariots used by sacred persons, i. 4 n. 1

Charlemagne, i. 270

Chaste young men kindle need-fire, i. 273

Chastity associated with abstinence from salt, i. 27 sq.

Château-Tierry, Midsummer fires at, i. 187 sq.

Chatham Islands, birth-trees in the, ii. 165

Chavandes, bonfires, i. 109 n. 2

Cheadle, in Staffordshire, the Yule log at, i. 256

Cheese, the Beltane, kept as a charm against the bewitching of milk-produce, i. 154

Chêne-Doré, “the gilded oak,” in Perche, ii. 287 n. 1

Chepstow oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. 316

Cheremiss of the Volga, their Midsummer festival, i. 181

Cherokees, their sacred arks, i. 11 sq.; their ideas as to trees struck by lightning, ii. 296 sq.

Cherry-tree wood used for Yule log, i. 250

—— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108

Chervil-seed burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Chesnitsa, Christmas cake, i. 261

Chester, Midsummer giants at, ii. 37

Chevannes, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1

Cheyenne Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 54 sq.

—— women secluded at menstruation, i. 89

Chiaromonte, Midsummer custom at, i. 210

Chibisa, an African chief, ii. 314

Chicha, a native intoxicant, i. 57, 58

Chicory, the white flower of, opens all locks, ii. 71

Chief’s daughter, ceremonies observed by her at puberty, i. 30, 43

Chikumbu, a Yao chief, ii. 314

Chilblains, the Yule log a preventive of, i. 250

Childbirth, customs observed by women after, i. 20

Childless couples leap over bonfires to procure offspring, i. 214, 338

Childless women creep through a holed stone, ii. 187

Children live apart from their parents among the Baganda, i. 23 n. 2; born feet foremost, curative power attributed to, 295; passed across the Midsummer fires, 182, 189 sq., 192, 203; passed through holes in ground or turf to cure them, ii. 190 sq.

Chillingworth, Thomas, passed through a cleft ash-tree for rupture, ii. 168 sq.

Chimney, witches fly up the, ii. 74

—— -piece, divination by names on, i. 237

China, were-wolves in, i. 310 sq.; annual ceremony of the new fire in, 136 sq., ii. 3; use of fire to bar ghosts in, 17 sq.; spirits of plants in snake form in, 44 n. 1; use of mugwort in, 60

Chinese festival of fire, ii. 3 sqq.; story of the external soul, 145 sq.; theories as to the human soul, 221

Chinook Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 43

Chippeway Indians, their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i. 90 sq.

Chiquites Indians of Paraguay, their theory of sickness, ii. 226 n. 1

Chirbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257

Chiriguanos of Bolivia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 56

Choctaw women secluded at menstruation, i. 88

Chopping-knife, soul of woman in childbirth transferred for safety to a, ii. 153 sq.

Chota Nagpur, the fire-walk in, ii. 5

Chouquet, in Normandy, the Green Wolf at, i. 185

Christbrand, the Yule log, i. 248

Christenburg Crags, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198

Christian Church, its treatment of witches, ii. 42

Christklotz, the Yule log, i. 248

Christmas, an old pagan festival of the sun, i. 246, 331 sq.; new fire made by the friction of wood at, 264; mistletoe gathered at, ii. 291

—— cake, i. 257, 259, 261

—— candle, the, i. 255, 256, 260

—— Eve, cattle acquire the gift of speech on, i. 254; trees fumigated with wild thyme on, ii. 64; the fern blooms at, 66; witches dreaded on, 73; sick children passed through cleft trees on, 172

—— night, fern-seed blooms on, ii. 289

—— pig, i. 259

—— visiter, the, i. 261 sq., 263, 264

Church, the Christian, its treatment of witches, ii. 42

—— bells on Midsummer Eve, custom as to ringing, ii. 47 sq.; rung to drive away witches, 73

Churches used as places of divination at Hallowe’en, i. 229

Churinga, sacred sticks and stones of the Arunta, ii. 218 n. 3, 234

Chu-Tu-shi, a Chinese were-tiger, i. 310 sq.

Ciotat, Midsummer rites of fire and water at, i. 194

Circumambulating fields with lighted torches, i. 233 sq.

Circumcision, custom at, among the Washamba, ii. 183; of lads at initiation in Australia, 227 sq., 233, 234, 235; in New Guinea, 240 sq.; in Fiji, 243 sq.; in Rook, 246; custom of, on the Lower Congo, 251, 255 n. 1

Clach-nathrach, serpent stone, ii. 311

Clam shell, sacred, of the Omahas, i. 11

Clan of the Cat, ii. 150 sq.

Clappers, used instead of church bells in Holy Week, i. 125; wooden, used in China, 137

Classificatory system of relationship, ii. 234 n. 1, 314 n. 4

Claudius, the emperor, i. 15

Clavie, the burning of the, at Burghead, i. 266 sq.

Clay plastered on girls at puberty, i. 31; white, bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, ii. 255 n. 1, 259

Cleary, Bridget, burnt as a witch in Tipperary, i. 323 sq.

——, Michael, burns his wife as a witch, i. 323 sq.

Clee, in Lincolnshire, the Yule log at, i. 257

—— Hills, in Shropshire, fear of witchcraft in the, i. 342 n. 4

Cleft stick, passage through a, in connexion with puberty and circumcision, ii. 183 sq.

Climacteris scandens, women’s “sister” among the Kulin, ii. 216

Clodd, Edward, on the external soul, ii. 96 n. 1

Clog, the Yule, i. 247

Clonmel, trial for witch-burning at, i. 324

Clover, four-leaved, a counter-charm for witchcraft, i. 316; found at Midsummer, ii. 62 sq.

Clue of yarn, divination by a, i. 235, 240, 241, 243

Coal, magical, that turns to gold at Midsummer, ii. 60 sq.

Coast Murring tribe of New South Wales, the drama of resurrection exhibited to novices at initiation in the, ii. 235 sqq.

Cobern, effigy burnt at, i. 120

Coblentz, i. 248

Coccus Polonica and St. John’s blood, ii. 56

Cock, effigy of, in bonfire, i. iii; a black, used as counter-charm to witchcraft, 321; white, burnt in Midsummer bonfire, ii. 40; external soul of ogre in a, 100; killed on harvest-field, 280 n.; red, killed to cure person struck by lightning, 298 n. 2

—— or hen, striking blindfold at a, ii. 279 n. 4

Cock’s blood poured on divining-rod, ii. 282

Cockchafer, external soul in a golden, ii. 140

Cockchafers, witches as, i. 322

Coco-nut, soul of child deposited in a, i. 154 sq.

—— palm planted over navel-string and afterbirth of child, ii. 161, 163, compare 164; attracts lightning, 299 n. 2

Codrington, Dr. R. H., on the Melanesian conception of the external soul, ii. 197 sq.

Coel Coeth, Hallowe’en bonfire, i. 239

Cohen, S. S., i. 128 n. 1

Coil, sick children passed through a, ii. 185 sq.

Cold food, festival of the, in China, i. 137

Cole, Lieut.-Colonel H. W. G., on a custom of the Lushais, ii. 185 sq.

Colic, popular remedies for, i. 17; leaping over bonfires as a preventive of, 107, 195 sq., 344; attributed to witchcraft, 344

Coll, the Hole Stone in the island of, ii. 187

Colleda, an old Servian goddess, i. 259

Cologne, St. John’s fourteen Midsummer victims at, ii. 27

Colombia, the Goajiras of, i. 34 n. 1; Guacheta in, 74

Combe d’Ain, i. 114

Comminges, Midsummer fires in, i. 192 sq.

Community, welfare of, bound up with the life of the divine king, i. 1 sq.; purified in the persons of its representatives, ii. 24

Condé, in Normandy, i. 266

Conductivity, electric, of various kinds of wood, ii. 299 n. 2

Conflagrations, bonfires supposed to protect against, i. 107, 108, 140, 142, 344; brands of Midsummer bonfires thought to be a protection against, 165, 174, 183, 188, 196; the Yule log a protection against, 248 sq., 250, 255, 256, 258; Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. 48; mountain arnica a protection against, 58; oak-mistletoe a protection against, 85

Conflict of calendars, solar and lunar, i. 218

Congo, seclusion of girls at puberty on the Lower, i. 31; birth-trees on the, 161 sq.; theory of the external soul on the, ii. 200; use of bull-roarers on the, 229

——, the French, the Fans of, ii. 161

——, the Lower, rites of initiation on the, ii. 251 sqq.

Connaught, Midsummer fires in, i. 203; cave of Cruachan in, 226; palace of the kings of, ii. 127

Connemara, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Constance, the Lake of, ii. 26

Constantinople, column at, ii. 157

Consumption, ashes of the Midsummer fires a cure for, i. 194 sq.; transferred to bird, ii. 187

Consumptive patients passed through holes in stones or rocks, ii. 186 sq.

Continence as preparation for walking through fire, ii. 3

Conty, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Conway, Professor R. S., on the etymology of Soranus, ii. 15 n. 1

Cook, A. B., on the oak of Errol, ii. 284 n. 1

Cook, menstruous women not allowed to, i. 80, 82, 84, 90

Copper needle, story of man who could only be killed by a, ii. 314

Corannas, a Hottentot people, children after an illness passed under an arch among the, ii. 192

Cords tied tightly round the bodies of girls at puberty, i. 92 n. 1

Corea, custom observed after childbirth by women in, i. 20; use of torches to ensure good crops in, 340

Cormac, on Beltane fires, i. 157

Cor-mass, procession of wicker giants at Dunkirk, ii. 34

Corn, charm to make the corn grow tall, i. 18; thrown on the man who brings in the Yule log, 260, 262, 264; blazing besoms flung aloft to make the corn grow high, 340

—— -spirit in last standing corn, i. 12; human representatives of, put to death, ii. 25; in animal shape, 43

Cornel-tree wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 286

Cornwall, Snake Stones in, i. 15, 16 n. 1; Midsummer fires in, 199 sq.; burnt sacrifices to stay cattle-disease in, 300 sq.; holed stone through which people used to creep in, ii. 187

Corpse, priest of Earth forbidden to see a, i. 4

Corpus Christi Day, processions on, i. 165

Corrèze and Creuse, departments of, St. John’s fires in the, i. 190

Corsica, Midsummer fires in, i. 209

Cos, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 130; Midsummer fires in, 212

Cosquin, E., on helpful animals and external souls in folk-tales, ii. 133 n. 1

Cosse de Nau, the Yule log, i. 251

Costa Rica, Indians of, their customs in fasts, i. 20; ceremonial uncleanness among the, 65 n. 1; the Bri-bri Indians of, 86; the Guatusos of, ii. 230 n.

Coudreau, H., quoted, i. 63 sq.

Coulommiers, in France, notion as to mistletoe at, ii. 316 n. 1

Counter-charm for witchcraft, “scoring above the breath,” i. 316 n. 2

Couples married within the year obliged to dance by torchlight, i. 115, 339

Coventry, Midsummer giants at, ii. 37

Cows, witches steal milk from, i. 343; mistletoe given to, ii. 86; milked through a hole in a branch or a “witch’s nest,” 185

Crackers burnt to frighten ghosts, ii. 17, 18

Cracow, Midsummer fires in the district of, i. 175

Cream, ceremony for thickening, i. 262

Creek Indians, their dread of menstruous women, i. 88

Creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an epidemic, i. 283 sq.; through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, ii. 170 sqq.; through narrow openings in order to escape ghostly pursuers, 177 sqq.

Creuse and Corrèze, departments of, St. John’s fires in the, i. 190

Criminals shorn to make them confess, ii. 158 sq.

Croatia, Midsummer fires in, i. 178

Croats of Istria, their belief as to the activity of witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. 75

Crocodile, a Batta totem, ii. 223

Crocodiles, fat of, i. 14; lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 201, 202, 206, 209; external human souls in, 207, 209

Cronus, cakes offered to, i. 153 n. 3

Crops supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 79, 96; leaping over bonfires to ensure good, 107; Midsummer fires thought to ensure good, 188, 336; torches swung by eunuchs to ensure good, 340; bull-roarers sounded to promote the growth of the, ii. 232

Cross River natives, their lives bound up with those of certain animals, ii. 202 sq., 204

—— -roads, ceremonies at, i. 24; witches at, 160 n. 1; Midsummer fires lighted at, 172, 191; divination at, 229; bewitched things burnt at, 322

Crosses chalked up to protect houses and cattle-stalls against witches, i. 160 n. 1, ii. 74

Crow, hooded, sacrifice to, i. 152

Crowdie, a dish of milk and meal, i. 237

Crown or garland of flowers in Midsummer bonfire, i. 184, 185, 188, 192; of Roses, festival of the, 195. See also Flowers

Cruachan, the herdsman or king of, Argyleshire story of, ii. 127 sqq.; in Connaught, the cave of, i. 226

Cryptocerus atratus, F., stinging ants, i. 62

Cuissard, Ch., on Midsummer fires, i. 182 sq.

Cumae, the Sibyl at, i. 99

Cumanus, inquisitor, ii. 158

Cumberland, Midsummer fires in, i. 197

Cups, special, used by girls at puberty, i. 50, 53

Curative powers ascribed to persons born feet foremost, i. 295

Cures, popular, prescribed by Marcellus of Bordeaux, i. 17

Cursing a mist in Switzerland, i. 280

Cuzco, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 132

Cycle of thirty years (Druidical), ii. 77

Cycles of sixty years (Boeotian, Indian, and Tibetan), ii. 77 n. 1

Cythnos, Greek island, sickly children pushed through a hole in a rock in, ii. 189

Czechs cull simples at Midsummer, ii. 49

Dacotas or Sioux, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268 sq.

Daedala, Boeotian festival of the Great, ii. 77 n. 1

Dairy, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive, ii. 86

Daizan, king of Atrae, i. 83

Dalhousie Castle, the Edgewell Tree at, ii. 166

Dalmatia, the Yule log in, i. 263

Dalyell, J. G., on Beltane, i. 149 n. 1

Damun, in German New Guinea, ceremony of initiation at, ii. 193

Danae, the story of, i. 73 sq.

Dance at Sipi in Northern India, i. 12; of young women at puberty, ii. 183; in the grave at initiation, 237; in honour of the big or grey wolf, 276 n. 2

Dances of fasting men and women at festival, i. 8 sq.; of Duk-duk society, 11; of girls at puberty, 28, 29, 30, 37, 42, 50, 58, 59; round bonfires, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, 120, 131, 142, 145, 148, 153 sq., 159, 166, 172, 173, 175, 178, 182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 246, ii. 2, 39; masked, bull-roarers used at, 230 n.; of novices at initiation, 258, 259

Dancing with the fairies at Hallowe’en, i. 227

Dandelions gathered at Midsummer, ii. 49

Danger apprehended from the sexual relation, ii. 277 sq.

Dangers thought to attend women at menstruation, i. 94

Danish stories of the external soul, ii. 120 sqq.

—— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, i. 70 sqq.

Danserosse or danseresse, a stone, i. 110

Danube, worship of Grannus on the, i. 112

Danzig, the immortal lady of, i. 100

Daphne gnidium gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51

Dapper, O., on ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in the Belli-Paaro society, ii. 257 sqq.

Daramulun, a mythical being who instituted and superintends the initiation of lads in Australia, ii. 228, 233, 237; his voice heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, 228. See also Thrumalun and Thuremlin

“Darding Knife,” pretence of death and resurrection at initiation to the, ii. 274 sq.

Darling River, the Ualaroi of the, ii. 233

Darma Rajah, Hindoo god, ii. 6

Darowen, in Wales, Midsummer fires at, i. 201

Darwin, Charles, on the cooling of the sun, ii. 307

Darwin, Sir Francis, on the Golden Bough, ii. 318, 319 n. 3

Dashers of churns, witches ride on, ii. 73 sq.

Date of Chinese festival changed, i. 137

Dathi, king of Ireland, and his Druid, i. 228 sq.

Davies, J. Ceredig, as to witches in Wales, i. 321 n. 2

Dawn of the Day, prayers to the, i. 50 sq., 53; prayer of adolescent girl to the, 98 n. 1

Dawson, James, on sex totems in Victoria, ii. 216

Dead, festival of the, i. 223 sq., 225 sq.; souls of the, sit round the Midsummer fire, 183, 184; sacrifice of reindeer to the, ii. 178; incarnate in serpents, 211 sq.; bull-roarers sounded at festivals of the, 230 n.; first-fruits offered to the souls of the, 243

“Death, carrying out,” i. 119; “the burying of,” 119; effigies of, burnt in spring fires, ii. 21 sq.; omens of, 54, 64; customs observed by mourners after a death in order to escape from the ghost, 174 sqq.; identified with the sun, 174 n. 1

Death and resurrection, ritual of, ii. 225 sqq.; in Australia, 227 sqq.; in New Guinea, 239 sqq.; in Fiji, 243 sqq.; in Rook, 246; in New Britain, 246 sq.; in Ceram, 249 sqq.; in Africa, 251 sqq.; in North America, 266 sqq.; traces of it elsewhere, 276 sq.

Debregeasia velutina, used to kindle fire by friction, ii. 8

December, the last day of, Hogmanay, i. 266; the twenty-first, St. Thomas’s Day, 266

Decle, L., quoted, i. 4 n. 1

Dee, holed stone used by childless women in the Aberdeenshire, ii. 187

Deer and the family of Lachlin, superstition concerning, ii. 284

Deffingin, in Swabia, Midsummer bonfires at, i. 166 sq.

Dehon, P., on witches as cats among the Oraons, ii. 312

Deiseal, deisheal, dessil, the right-hand turn, in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 150 n. 1, 154

Delagoa Bay, the Thonga of, i. 29

Delaware Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 54

Delivery, charms to ensure women an easy, i. 49, 50 sq., 52; women creep through a rifted rock to obtain an easy, ii. 189

Delmenhorst, in Oldenburg, Easter fires at, i. 142

Delos, new fire brought from, i. 136

Delphi, perpetual fire at, ii. 91 n. 7; the picture of Orpheus at, 294; Stheni, near, 317

Demeter, the torches of, i. 340 n. 1; serpents in the worship of, ii. 44 n.

Demnat, in the Atlas, New Year rites at, i. 217, 218

Demon supposed to attack girls at puberty, i. 67 sq.; festival of fire instituted to ban a, ii. 3

Demons attack women at puberty and childbirth, i. 24 n. 2; expelled at the New Year, 134 sq.; abroad on Midsummer Eve, 172; ashes of holy fires a protection against, ii. 8, 17; vervain a protection against, 62; guard treasures, 65. See also Evil Spirits

Déné or Tinneh Indians, their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i. 91 sqq.; the Western, tattooing among the, 98 n. 1 See also Tinneh

Denham Tracts, on need-fire in Yorkshire, i. 287 sq.

Denmark, fires on St. John’s Eve in, i. 171; passing sick children through a hole in the ground in, 190, 191; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, ii. 170, 172

Dessil. See Deiseal

Deux-Sèvres, department of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 191; fires on All Saints’ Day in the, 245 sq.

Devil, the, seen on Midsummer Eve, i. 208

Devil’s bit, St. John’s wort, ii. 55 n. 2

Devils, ghosts, and hobgoblins abroad on Midsummer Eve, i. 202

Devonshire, need-fire in, i. 288; animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in, 302; belief in witchcraft in, 302; crawling under a bramble as a cure for whooping-cough in, ii. 180

Dew, rolling in the, at Midsummer, i. 208, with n. 1; at Midsummer a protection against witchcraft, ii. 74

Diana and Juno, ii. 302 n. 2

Diana, priest of, at Nemi, ii. 315

Diana’s Mirror, the Lake of Nemi, ii. 303

Dieri of Central Australia, their dread of women at menstruation, i. 77; use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229 sq., 232; bleed themselves to make rain, 232

Dijon, Lenten fires at, i, 114

Dingle, church of St. Brandon near, ii. 190

Diodorus Siculus, on the human sacrifices of the Celts, ii. 32

Dioscorides on mistletoe, ii. 318 n. 1

Dipping for apples at Hallowe’en, i. 237, 239, 241, 242, 245

Discs, burning, thrown into the air, i. 116 sq., 119, 143, 165, 166, 168 sq., 172, 328, 334; burning, perhaps directed at witches, 345

Disease, walking through fire as a remedy for, ii. 7; conceived as something physical that can be stripped off the patient and left behind, 172

Diseases of cattle ascribed to witchcraft, i. 343

Dish, external soul of warlock in a, ii. 141

Dishes, special, used by girls at puberty, i. 47, 49

Dislocation, Roman cure for, ii. 177

Divination on St. John’s Night (Midsummer Eve), i. 173, ii. 46 n. 3, 50, 52 sqq., 61, 64, 67 sqq.; at Midsummer in Spain and the Azores, i. 208 sq.; at Hallowe’en, 225, 228 sqq.; by stones at Hallowe’en fires, 230 sq., 239, 240; by stolen kail, 234 sq., 241; by clue of yarn, 235, 240, 241, 243; by hemp seed, 235, 241, 245; by winnowing-basket, 236; by thrown shoe, 236; by wet shirt, 236, 241; by white of eggs, 236 sq., 238; by apples in water, 237; by a ring, 237; by names on chimney-piece, 237; by three plates or basins, 237 sq., 240, 244; by nuts in fire, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245; by salt cake, or salt herring, 238 sq.; by the sliced apple, 238; by eavesdropping, 238, 243, 244; by knife, 241; by briar-thorn, 242; by melted lead, 242; by cabbages, 242; by cake at Hallowe’en, 242, 243; by ashes, 243, 244, 245; by salt, 244; by raking a rick, 247; magic dwindles into, 336. See also Divining-rod

Divine personages not allowed to touch the ground with their feet, i. 2 sqq.; not allowed to see the sun, 18 sqq.; suspended for safety between heaven and earth, 98 sq.

Divining-rod cut on Midsummer Eve, ii. 67 sqq.; made of hazel, 67 sq., 291 n. 3; made of mistletoe in Sweden, 69, 291; made of four sorts of wood, 69; made of willow, 69 n.; made out of a parasitic rowan, 281 sq.

Divisibility of life, doctrine of the, ii. 221

Dobischwald, in Silesia, need-fire at, i. 278

Dodona, Zeus and his sacred oak at, ii. 49 sq.

Dog not allowed to enter priest’s house, i. 4; beaten to ensure woman’s fertility, 69; charm against the bite of a mad, ii. 56; a Batta totem, 223

—— Star, or Sirius, supposed by the ancients to cause the heat of summer, i. 332

Dolac, need-fire at, i. 286

Dolmen, sick children passed through a hole in a, ii. 188

Dommartin, Lenten fires at, i. 109

Door, separate, for girls at puberty, i. 43, 44

Doorie, hill of, at Burghead, i. 267

Doors, separate, used by menstruous women, i. 84

Doorway, creeping through narrow opening in, as a cure, ii. 181 sq.

Dosadhs, an Indian caste, the fire-walk among the, ii. 5

Dosuma, king of, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 3

Douay, procession of the giants at, ii. 33 sq.

Double-axe, Midsummer king of the, i. 194

Dourgne, in Southern France, crawling through holed stones near, ii. 187 sq.

Dove, the ceremony of the fiery, at Easter in Florence, i. 126; a Batta totem, ii. 223

Doves, external soul of magicians in, ii. 104; Aeneas led by doves to the Golden Bough, 285, 316 n. 1

Dragon at Midsummer, effigy of, ii. 37; external soul of a queen in a, 105; of the water-mill, Servian story of the, 111 sqq.

Dragons driven away by smoke of Midsummer bonfires, i. 161; St. Peter’s fires lighted to drive away, 195

Draguignan, in the department of Var, Midsummer fires at, i. 193

Draupadi, the heroine of the Mahabharata, ii. 7

Dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i. 76 sqq.; dread of witchcraft in Europe, 342

Dream, guardian spirit or animal acquired in a, ii. 256 sq.

Dreaming on flowers on Midsummer Eve, i. 175

Dreams, oracular, i. 238, 242; of love on Midsummer Eve, ii. 52, 54; prophetic, on the bloom of the oak, 292; prophetic, on mistletoe, 293

Driving away the witches on Walpurgis Night, i. 160; at Midsummer, 170, 171

Drobede (Draupadi), the heroine of the epic Mahabharata, ii. 7

Drömling district, in Hanover, need-fire in, i. 277

Drought attributed to misconduct of young girls, i. 31

Druid, etymology of the word, i. 76 n. 1

Druidical custom of burning live animals, ii. 38; the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, 41 sq., 43 sq.; festivals, so-called, of the Scotch Highlanders, i. 147, 206

—— sacrifices, W. Mannhardt’s theory of the, ii. 43

Druidism, so-called, remains of, i. 233, 241; and the Christian Church in relation to witchcraft, ii. 42

Druid’s Glass, the, i. 16; prediction, the, 229

Druids’ Hill, the, i. 229

Druids, their superstition as to “serpents’ eggs,” i. 15; their human sacrifices, ii. 32 sq.; in relation to the Midsummer festival, 33 sqq., 45; their worship of the mistletoe and the oak, 76 sq., 301; their cycle of thirty years, 77; catch the mistletoe in a white cloth, 293

—— of Ireland, i. 157

Drynemetum, “the temple of the oak,” ii. 89

Duck baked alive as a sacrifice in Suffolk, i. 304

Duck’s egg, external soul in a, ii. 109 sq., 115 sq., 116, 119 sq., 120, 126, 130, 132

Duk-duk, secret society of New Britain, i. 11, ii. 246 sq.

Duke of York Island, ii. 199 n. 2; Duk-duk society in, 247; exogamous classes in, 248 n.

Duke Town, on the Calabar River, ii. 209

Dukkala, New Year customs in, i. 218

Dumbartonshire, Hallowe’en in, i. 237 n. 5

Dunbeath, in Caithness, i. 291

Dunkeld, i. 232

Dunkirk, procession of giants on Midsummer Day at, ii. 34 sq.

Durandus, G. (W. Durantis), his Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, i. 161

Durham, Easter candle in the cathedral of, i. 122 n.

Durris, parish of, Kincardineshire, Midsummer fires in the, i. 206 sq.

Dusk of the Evening, prayers to the, i. 53

Düsseldorf, Shrove Tuesday custom in the district of, i. 120

Dutch names for mistletoe, ii. 319 n. 1

Dwarf-elder at Midsummer detects witchcraft, ii. 64

Dyaks of Borneo, trees and plants as life indices among the, ii. 164 sq.; their doctrine of the plurality of souls, 222; of Landak and Tajan, marriage custom of the, i. 5; birth-trees among the, ii. 164; of Pinoeh, their custom at a birth, ii. 154 sq.

Eagle, sacrifice to, i. 152

—— bone, used to drink out of, i. 45

—— clan, ii. 271, 272 n. 1

—— -hawk, external soul of medicine-man in, ii. 199

—— -spirits and buried treasures, i. 218

Earth, taboos observed by the priest of, in Southern Nigeria, i. 4; prayers to, 50; and heaven, between, 1 sqq.

Easter, fern-seed blooms at, ii. 292 n. 2

—— candle, i. 121, 122, 125

—— ceremonies in the New World, i. 127 sq.

—— eggs, i. 108, 143, 144

—— Eve, new fire on, i. 121, 124, 126, 158; the fern blooms at, ii. 66

—— fires, i. 120 sqq.

—— Man, burning the, i. 144

—— Monday, fire-custom on, i. 143

—— Mountains, bonfires on, i. 140, 141

—— Saturday, new fire on, i. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130; the divining-rod baptized on, ii. 69

—— Sunday, red eggs on, i. 122

Eavesdropping, divination by, i. 238, 243, 244

Echternach in Luxemburg, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 116

Eclipses attributed to monster biting the sun or moon, i. 70; air thought to be poisoned at, 162 n.; thought to be caused by a monster attacking the luminary, 162 n.

Edda, the prose, story of Balder in, i. 101; the poetic, story of Balder in, 102

Eddesse, in Hanover, need-fire at, i. 275 sq.

Edersleben, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 169

Edgewell Tree, oak at castle of Dalhousie, ii. 166, 284

Effect, supposed, of killing a totem animal, ii. 220

Effigies burnt in bonfires, i. 106, 107, 116, 118 sq., 119 sq., 121, 122, 159, 167; of Judas burnt at Easter, 121, 127 sq., 130 sq.; burnt in the Midsummer fires, 172 sq., 195; of witches burnt in the fires, 342, ii. 19, 43; of human beings burnt in the fires, 21 sqq.; of giants burnt in the summer fires, 38

Effigy of absent friend cut in a tree, ii. 159 sq.

Efik, a tribe of Calabar, their belief in external or bush souls, ii. 206

Egede, Hans, on impregnation by the moon, i. 76

Egg broken in water, divination by means of, i. 208 sq.

Eggs, charm to ensure plenty of, i. 112, 338; begged for at Midsummer, 169; divination by white of, 236 sq., 238; external souls of fairy beings in, ii. 106 sqq., 110, 125, 132 sq., 140 sq.

——, Easter, i. 108, 122, 143, 144

Egypt, the Flight into, ii. 69 n.; deified kings of, their souls deposited during life in portrait statues, 157

Egyptian, ancient, story of the external soul, ii. 134 sqq.

—— doctrine of the ka or external soul, ii. 157 n. 2

—— tombs, plaques or palettes of schist in, ii. 155

Egyptians, human sacrifices among the, ii. 286 n. 2

Eifel Mountains, Lenten fires in the, i. 115 sq., 336 sq.; Cobern in the, 120; St. John’s fires in the, 169; the Yule log in the, 248; Midsummer flowers in the, ii. 48

Eighty-one (nine times nine), men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, 295

Eket, in North Calabar, ii. 209

Ekoi, a tribe of Calabar, their belief in external or bush souls, ii. 206 sqq.

Elangela, external soul in Fan language, ii. 201, 226 n. 1

Elbe, the river, dangerous on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer, ii. 64

Elecampane in a popular remedy, i. 17

Electric conductivity of various kinds of wood, ii. 299 n. 2

Elephant hunters, custom of, i. 5

Elephants, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 202, 203; external human souls in, 207

Elgin, medical use of mistletoe in, ii. 84

Elk clan of the Omaha Indians, i. 11

Elm wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 299

Embers of bonfires planted in fields, i. 117, 121; stuck in cabbage gardens, 174, 175; promote growth of crops, 337. See also Ashes and Sticks, charred

—— of Midsummer fires a protection against conflagration, i. 188; a protection against lightning, 190

Emily plain of Central Australia, ii. 238

Emmenthal, in Switzerland, superstition as to Midsummer Day in the, ii. 27; use of orpine at Midsummer in the, 62 n.

Emu fat not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13

—— -wren, called men’s “brother” among the Kurnai, ii. 215 n. 1, 216, 218

Encounter Bay tribe in South Australia, their dread of women at menstruation, i. 76

Energy, sanctity and uncleanness, different forms of the same mysterious, i. 97 sq.

England, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 n. 1; Midsummer fires in, 196 sqq.; the Yule log in, 255 sqq.; the need-fire in, 286 sqq.; Midsummer giants in, ii. 36 sqq.; divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61; fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65; the north of, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, 85 sq.; birth-trees in, 165; children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or rickets in, 168 sqq.; oak-mistletoe in, 316

English cure for whooping-cough, rheumatism, and boils, ii. 180

Ensival, bonfires at, i. 108

Entrails, external soul in, ii. 146 sq., 152

Epic of Kings, Firdusi’s, i. 104

Epidemic, creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an, i. 283 sq.

Epilepsy, yellow mullein a protection against, ii. 63; mistletoe a cure for, 78, 83, 84

Épinal, Lenten fires at, i. 109

Eriskay, fairies at Hallowe’en in, i. 226; salt cake at Hallowe’en in, 238 sq.

Errol, the Hays of, their fate bound up with oak-mistletoe, ii. 283 sq.

Escouvion or Scouvion, the Great and the Little, i. 108

Esquimaux, their superstition as to various meats, i. 13 sq.; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 55; ceremony of the new fire among the, 134; their custom at eclipses, 162 n.

—— of Alaska, child’s soul deposited in a bag among the, ii. 155

—— of Bering Strait, their belief as to menstruous women, i. 91

Esthonia, bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29; flowers gathered for divination and magic at Midsummer in, 53 sq.

Esthonians, Midsummer fires among the, i. 179 sq.; of Oesel cull St. John’s herbs on St. John’s Day, ii. 49

Eteobutads as umbrella-bearers at the festival of Scira, i. 20 n. 1

Eton, Midsummer fires at, i. 197

Eunuchs perform a ceremony for the fertility of the fields, i. 340

Euphorbia lathyris, caper-spurge, ii. 69

Euripides, his play on Meleager, ii. 103 n. 2

Europe, superstitions as to menstruous women in, i. 96 sq.; the fire-festivals of, 106 sqq.; great dread of witchcraft in, 342; birth-trees in, ii. 165; belief in, that strength of witches and wizards is in their hair, 158

Eurydice, Orpheus and, ii. 294

Eve of Samhain (Hallowe’en) in Ireland, i. 139

Everek (Caesarea), in Asia Minor, creeping through a rifted rock at, ii. 189

Evil eye, protection against, i. 17

—— spirit, mode of cure for possession by an, ii. 186

Evil spirits driven away at the New Year, i. 134 sq.; kept off by fire, 282, 285 sq.; St. John’s herbs a protection against, ii. 49; kept off by flowers gathered at Midsummer, 53 sq.; creeping through cleft trees to escape the pursuit of, 173 sqq. See also Demons

Ewe negroes, their dread of menstruous women, i. 82

Exogamous classes in Duke of York island, ii. 248 n.

Exorcizing vermin with torches, i. 340

Exorcism of evil spirits, i. 5; and ordeals, 66; at Easter, 123; use of St. John’s wort in, ii. 55; use of mugwort in, 60; by vervain, 62 n. 4

Expulsion of demons, annual, i. 135

External soul in folk-tales, ii. 95 sqq.; in folk-custom, 153 sqq.; in inanimate things, 153 sqq.; in plants, 159 sqq.; in animals, 196 sqq.; kept in totem, 220 sqq. See also Souls, External

Extinction of common fires before the kindling of the need-fire, i. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 sq., 279, 283, 285, 288, 289, 289 sq., 291, 291 sq., 292, 294, 297, 298 sq.; ceremonial, of fires, ii. 297 sq.

Eye, the evil, cast on cattle, i. 302, 303; oleander a protection against the, ii. 51

Eyes, looking through flowers at the Midsummer fire, thought to be good for the, i. 162, 163, 165 sq., 171, 174 sq., 344; ashes or smoke of Midsummer fire supposed to benefit the, 214 sq.; sore, attributed to witchcraft, 344; mugwort a protection against sore, ii. 59; of newly initiated lads closed, 241

Eyre, E. J., on menstruous women in Australia, i. 77

“Faery dairts” thought to kill cattle, i. 303

Failles, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1

Fair, great, at Uisnech in County Meath, i. 158

Fairies let loose at Hallowe’en, i. 224 sqq.; carry off men’s wives, 227; at Hallowe’en, dancing with the, 227; thought to kill cattle by their darts, 303; active on Hallowe’en and May Day, ii. 184 n. 4, 185

Fairy changelings, i. 151 n.; mistletoe a protection against, ii. 283

Falcon stone, at Errol, in Perthshire, ii. 283

Falkenstein chapel of St. Wolfgang, creeping through a rifted rock near the, ii. 189

Falling sickness, mistletoe a remedy for, ii. 83, 84

Famenne in Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108

Familiar spirits of wizards in boars, ii. 196 sq.

Fans of the French Congo, birth-trees among the, ii. 161

—— of the Gaboon, their theory of the external soul, ii. 200 sqq., 226 n. 1; guardian spirits acquired in dreams among the, 257

—— of West Africa, custom at end of mourning among the, ii. 18

Fast at puberty, ii. 222 n. 5

Fasting of girls at puberty, i. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66; of women at menstruation, 93, 94; as preparation for gathering magical plants, ii. 45, 55 n. 1, 58

—— men and women at a dancing festival, i. 8 sqq.

Fasts imposed on heirs to thrones in South America, i. 19; rules observed in, 20

Fat of emu not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13; of crocodiles and snakes as unguent, 14

Fattening-house for girls in Calabar, ii. 259

Feast of Florus and Lauras on August 18th, i. 220; of the Nativity of the Virgin, 220 sq.; of All Souls, 223 sq., 225 n. 3

Fechenots, fechenottes, Valentines, i. 110

Feet foremost, children born, curative power attributed to, i. 295

Fen-hall, i. 102

Ferintosh district, in Scotland, i. 227

Fern in a popular remedy, i. 17; the male (Aspidium filix mas), superstitions as 10, ii. 66 sq.

—— owl or goatsucker, sex totem of women, ii. 217

—— -seed gathered on Midsummer Eve, magical properties ascribed to, ii. 65 sqq.; blooms on Midsummer Eve, 287; blooms on Christmas Night, 288 sq.; reveals treasures in the earth, 287 sqq.; brought by Satan on Christmas night, 289; gathered at the solstices, Midsummer Eve and Christmas, 290 sq.; procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, 291; blooms at Easter, 292 n. 2

Feronia, Italian goddess, ii. 14

Ferrara, synod of, denounces practice of gathering fern-seed, ii. 66 n.

Fertility of women, magical ceremony to ensure, i. 23 sq., 31; of fields, processions with lighted torches to ensure the, 233 sq.; of the land supposed to depend on the number of human beings sacrificed, ii. 32, 33, 42 sq.

Fertilization of mango trees, ceremony for the, i. 10

Fertilizing fields with ashes of Midsummer fires, i. 170

Festival of the cold food in China, i. 137; Chinese, shifted in the calendar, 137; of the Cross on August 1st, 220; of the Dead, 223 sq., 225 sq.

Fetish, the great, in West Africa, ii. 256

Fever, leaping over the Midsummer bonfires as a preventive of, i. 166, 173, 194; Midsummer fires a protection against, 190; need-fire kindled to prevent, 297; cure for, in India, ii. 190

Fey, devoted, i. 231

Fez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216, ii. 31

Field-mice, burning torches as a protection against, i. 114, 115

—— and moles driven away by torches, ii. 340

Fields, cultivated, menstruous women not allowed to enter, i. 79; protected against insects by menstruous women, 98 n. 1; processions with torches through, 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 179, 339 sq.; protected against witches, 121; made fruitful by bonfires, 140; fertilized by ashes of Midsummer fires, 170; fertilized by burning wheel rolled over them, 191, 340 sq.; protected against hail by bonfires, 344

Fig-trees, charm to benefit, i. 18; sacred among the Fans, ii. 161

Fights between men and women about their sex totems, ii. 215, 217

Figo, bonfire, i. 111

Fiji, brides tattooed in, i. 34 n. 1; the fire-walk in, ii. 10 sq.; birth-trees in, 163; the drama of death and resurrection exhibited to novices at initiation in, 243 sqq.

Filey, in Yorkshire, the Yule log and candle at, i. 256

Finchra, mountain in Rum, ii. 284

Fingan Eve in the Isle of Man, i. 266

Finistère, bonfires on St. John’s Day in, i. 183

Finland, Midsummer fires in, i. 180 sq.; fir-tree as life-index in, ii. 165 sq.

Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, ii. 239

Fir-branches, prayers to, i. 51; at Midsummer, 177; Midsummer mummers clad in, ii. 25 sq.

—— -cones, seeds of, gathered on St. John’s Day, ii. 64

—— -tree as life-index, ii. 165 sq.; mistletoe on fir-trees, 315, 316

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 278, 282

—— or beech used to make the Yule log, i. 249

Firdusi’s Epic of Kings, i. 104

Fire, girls at puberty forbidden to see or go near, i. 29, 45, 46; menstruous women not allowed to touch or see, 84, 85; extinguished at menstruation, 87; in fire-festivals, different possible explanations of its use, 112 sq.; made by flints or by flint and steel, 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159; made by a burning-glass, 121, 127; made by a metal mirror, 132, 137, 138 n. 5; made by the friction of wood, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 sq., 148, 155, 169 sq., 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 sqq., 335 sq., ii. 8, 90, 295; not to be blown up with breath, i. 133; year called a fire, 137; thought to grow weak with age, 137; pretence of throwing a man into, 148, 186, ii. 25; carried round houses, corn, cattle, and women after child-bearing, 151 n.; used to drive away witches and demons at Midsummer, 170; as a protection against evil spirits, 282, 285 sq.; made by means of a wheel, 335 sq., ii. 91; as a destructive and purificatory agent, i. 341; used as a charm to produce sunshine, 341 sq.; employed as a barrier against ghosts, ii. 17 sqq.; as a purificatory agency, 19; used to burn or ban witches, 19 sq.; extinguished by mistletoe, 78, 84 sq., 293; of oak-wood used to detect a murderer, 92 n. 4; life of man bound up with a, 157; perpetual, of oak-wood, 285 sq.; conceived by savages as a property stored like sap in trees, 295; primitive ideas as to the origin of, 295 sq.

——, living, made by friction of wood, i. 220

——, new, kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 sqq.; festivals of new, 131 sqq.; made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264

“—— of heaven,” term applied to Midsummer bonfire, i. 334, 335

—— -drill used to kindle need-fire, i. 292

Fire-festivals of Europe, i. 106 sqq.; interpretation of the, 328 sqq., ii. 15 sqq.; at the solstices, i. 331 sq.; solar theory of the, 331 sqq.; purificatory theory of the, 341 sqq.; regarded as a protection against witchcraft, 342; the purificatory theory of the, more probable than the solar theory, 346; elsewhere than in Europe, ii. 1 sqq.; in India, 1 sqq., 5 sqq.; in China, 3 sqq.; in Japan, 9 sq.; in Fiji, 10 sq.; in Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad, 11; in Africa, 11 sqq.; in classical antiquity in Cappadocia and Italy, 14 sq.; their relation to Druidism, 33 sqq., 45

Fire-god, Armenian, i. 131 n. 3; of the Iroquois, prayers to the, 299 sq.

—— -walk, the, ii. 1 sqq.; a remedy for disease, 7; the meaning of the, 15 sqq.

Firebrand, external soul of Meleager in a, ii. 103

Firebrands, the Sunday of the, i. 110, 114

Fires extinguished as preliminary to obtaining new fire, i. 5; annually extinguished and relit, 132 sqq.; to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), 159 sq.; autumn, 220 sqq.; the need-fire, 269 sqq.; extinguished before the lighting of the need-fire, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 sq., 279, 283, 285, 288, 289 sq., 291, 291 sq., 292, 294, 297, 298 sq.; of the fire-festivals explained as sun-charms, 329, 331 sqq.; explained as purificatory, 329 sq., 341 sqq.; the burning of human beings in the, ii. 21 sqq.; perpetual, fed with oak-wood, 91; with pinewood, 91 n. 7; the solstitial, perhaps sun-charms, 292; extinguished and relighted from a flame kindled by lightning, 297 sq. See also Fire, Bonfires

——, the Beltane, i. 146 sqq.

——, the Easter, i. 120 sqq.

——, Hallowe’en, i. 222 sq., 230 sqq.

——, the Lenten, i. 106 sqq.

——, Midsummer, i. 160 sqq.; a protection against witches, 180; supposed to stop rain, 188, 336; supposed to be a preventive of backache in reaping, 189, 344 sq.; a protection against fever, 190

——, Midwinter, i. 246 sqq.

—— of St. John in France, i. 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193

—— on the Eve of Twelfth Day, i. 107

First-born lamb, wool of, used as cure for colic, i. 17

—— sons make need-fire, i. 294; special magical virtue attributed to, 295

First-fruits offered to the souls of the dead, ii. 243

Fish frightened or killed by proximity of menstruous women, i. 77, 93; external soul in a, ii. 99 sq., 122 sq.; golden, external soul of girl in a, 147 sq.; lives of people bound up with, 200, 202, 204, 209

Fisheries supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 77, 78, 90 sq., 93

Fison, Rev. Lorimer, on Fijian religion, ii. 244 n. 1, 2, 3, 246 n. 1

Fittleworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, ii. 169 sq.

Flames of bonfires, omens drawn from, i. 159, 165, 336

Flanders, Midsummer fires in, i. 194; the Yule log in, 249; wicker giants in, ii. 35

Flax, leaping over bonfires to make the flax grow tall, i. 119; charms to make flax grow tall, 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 180

—— crop, omens of the, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 165

—— seed sown in direction of flames of bonfire, i. 140, 337

Fleabane as a cure for headache, i. 17

Fleas, leaping over Midsummer fires to get rid of, i. 211, 212, 217

Flight into Egypt, the, ii. 69 n.

Flints, fire kindled by, i. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159

Floor, sitting on the, at Christmas, i. 261

Florence, ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, i. 126 sq.

Florus and Laurus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220

Flowers thrown on bonfire, ii. 8; external souls in, 117 sq. See also Crown

—— and herbs cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, 172, 173

—— at Midsummer thrown on roofs as a protection against lightning, i. 169; festival of, 177 sq.; as talismans, 183; in fires, 184, 188, 190; wreaths of, hung over doors and windows, 201; placed on mouths of wells, ii. 28; divination from, 50

—— on Midsummer Eve, blessed by St. John, i. 171; the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. 45 sqq.; used in divination, 52 sq.; used to dream upon, 52, 54

Flutes, sacred, played at initiation, ii. 241

Fly River, in British New Guinea, ii. 232

“Flying-rowan” (parasitic rowan), superstitions in regard to, ii. 281; used to make a divining-rod, 281 sq.

Foam of the sea, the demon Namuci killed by the, ii. 280; the totem of a clan in India, 281

Fo-Kien, province of China, festival of fire in, ii. 3 sqq.

Folgareit, in the Tyrol, Midsummer custom at, ii. 47

Folk-custom, external soul in, ii. 153 sqq.

—— -tales, the external soul in, ii. 95 sqq.

Follies of Dunkirk, ii. 34 sq.

Food, sacred, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13 sq.; girls at puberty not allowed to handle, 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42

Foods, forbidden, i. 4, 7, 19, 36 sq., 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 94

“Fool’s Stone” in ashes of Midsummer fire, i. 195

Forbidden thing of clan, ii. 313

Forchheim, in Bavaria, the burning of Judas at Easter in, i. 143

Foreskins of young men offered to ancestral spirits in Fiji, ii. 243 sq.

Forespeaking men and cattle, i. 303

Forgetfulness of the past after initiation, ii. 238, 254, 256, 258, 259, 266 sq.

Forked shape of divining-rod, ii. 67 n. 3

“Forlorn fire,” need-fire, i. 292

Foulères, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1

Foulkes, Captain, quoted, ii. 210

Four kinds of wood used to make the divining-rod, ii. 69, 291

Fourdin, E., on the procession of the giants at Ath, ii. 36 n. 2

Four-leaved clover, a counter-charm for witchcraft, i. 316; at Midsummer useful for magic, ii. 62 sq.

Fowler, W. Warde, on Midsummer custom, i. 206 n. 2; on sexta luna, ii. 77 n. 1; on the ceremony of passing under the yoke, 195 n. 4; on the oak and the thunder-god, 298, 299 n. 2, 300

Fowls’ nests, ashes of bonfires put in, i, 112, 338

Fox prayed to spare lambs, i. 152

Foxes burnt in Midsummer fires, ii. 39, 41; witches turn into, 41

Foxwell, Ernest, on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. 10 n. 1

Fraas, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, ii. 318

Frampton-on-Severn in Gloucestershire, ii. 316

France, Lenten fires in, i. 109 sqq.; Midsummer fires in, 181 sqq.; fires on All Saints’ Day in, 245 sq.; the Yule log in, 249 sqq.; wonderful herbs gathered on St. John’s Eve (Midsummer Eve) in, ii. 45 sqq.; mugwort (herb of St. John) at Midsummer in, 58 sq.; fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65; judicial treatment of sorcerers in, 158; birth-trees in, 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, 170. See also French

Franche-Comté, Lenten fires in, i. 110 sq.; fires of St. John in, 189; the Yule log in, 254

Franken, Middle, fire custom at Easter in, i. 143

Frankenstein, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 n.

Fraser Lake in British Columbia, i. 47

Freiburg, in Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 119; fern and treasure on St. John’s Night in, ii. 288

Freising, in Bavaria, creeping through a narrow opening in the cathedral of, ii. 189

French cure for whooping-cough, ii. 192 n. 1

—— Islands, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 229 n.

—— peasants, their superstition as to a virgin and a flame, i. 137 n.

Friction of wood, fire made by the, i. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 sq., 148, 155, 169 sq., 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 sqq., 335 sq., ii. 8; the most primitive mode of making fire, 90, 295

“Friendly Society of the Spirit” among the Naudowessies, ii. 267

Frigg or Frigga, the goddess, and Balder, i. 101, 102

Fringes worn over the eyes by girls at puberty, i. 47, 48

Fruit-trees threatened, i. 114; Midsummer fires lit under, 215; shaken at Christmas to make them bear fruit, 248; fumigated with smoke of need-fire, 280; fertilized by burning torches, 340

Fuga daemonum, St. John’s wort, ii. 55

Fulda, the Lord of the Wells at, ii. 28

Fumigating crops with smoke of bonfires, i. 201, 337

—— sheep and cattle, ii. 12, 13

Fumigation of pastures at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, i. 170; of fruit-trees, nets, and cattle with smoke of need-fire, 280; of byres with juniper, 296; of trees with wild thyme on Christmas Eve, ii. 64

Fünen, in Denmark, cure for childish ailments at, ii. 191

Funeral, customs observed by mourners after a funeral in order to escape from the ghost, ii. 174 sqq.

—— ceremony among the Michemis, i. 5

Furnace, walking through a fiery, ii. 3 sqq.

Furness, W. H., on passing under an archway, ii. 179 sq., 180 n. 1

Gabb, W. M., on ceremonial uncleanness, i. 65 n. 1

Gablonz, in Bohemia, Midsummer bed of flowers at, ii. 57

Gaboon, birth-trees in the, ii. 160; theory of the external soul in, 200 sq.

Gacko, need-fire at, i. 286

Gaidoz, H., on the custom of passing sick people through cleft trees, ii. 171

Gage, Thomas, on naguals among the Indians of Guatemala, ii. 213

Gaj, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Galatian senate met in Drynemetum, “the temple of the oak,” ii. 89

Galatians kept their old Celtic speech, ii. 89 n. 2

Galela, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 79

Galelareese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. 248

Gallic Councils, their prohibition of carrying torches, i. 199

Gallows Hill, magical plants gathered on the, ii. 57

—— -rope used to kindle need-fire, i. 277

Gandersheim, in Brunswick, need-fire at, i. 277

Gap, in the High Alps, cats roasted alive in the Midsummer fire at, ii. 39 sq.

Gardner, Mrs. E. A., i. 131 n. 1

Garlands of flowers placed on wells at Midsummer, ii. 28; thrown on trees, a form of divination, 53

Garlic roasted at Midsummer fires, i. 193

Garonne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 193

Gatschet, A. S., on the Toukawe Indians, ii. 276 n. 2

Gaul, “serpents’ eggs” in ancient, i. 15; human sacrifices in ancient, ii. 32 sq.

Gauls, their fortification walls, i. 267 sq.

Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, the Ingniet society in the, ii. 156

Gem, external soul of magician in a, ii. 105 sq.; external soul of giant in a, 130

Geneva, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172

Genius, the Roman, ii. 212 n.

Geranium burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Gerhausen, i. 166

German stories of the external soul, ii. 116 sqq.

Germans, human sacrifices offered by the ancient, ii. 28 n. 1; the oak sacred among the, 89

Germany, Lenten fires in, i. 115 sq.; Easter bonfires in, 140 sqq.; custom at eclipses in, 162 n.; the Midsummer fires in, 163 sqq.; the Yule log in, 247 sqq.; belief in the transformation of witches into animals in, 321 n. 2; colic, sore eyes, and stiffness of the back attributed to witchcraft in, 344 sq.; mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 59; orpine gathered at Midsummer in, 62 n.; fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, 83; the need-fire kindled by the friction of oak in, 91; oak-wood used to make up cottage fires on Midsummer Day in, 91 sq.; birth-trees in, 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture in, 170 sqq.

Gestr and the spae-wives, Icelandic story of, ii. 125 sq.

Gewar, King of Norway, i. 103

Ghost, oracular, in a cave, ii. 312 sq.

Ghosts extracted from wooden posts, i. 8; fire used to get rid of, ii. 17 sqq.; mugwort a protection against, 59; kept off by thorn bushes, 174 sq.; creeping through cleft sticks to escape from, 174 sqq.

Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, ii. 96 sqq., 119 sq.; mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, 243

Giant-fennel burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Giants of wicker-work at popular festivals in Europe, ii. 33 sqq.; burnt in the summer bonfires, 38

Giggenhausen, in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144

Gion shrine in Japan, i. 138

Gippsland, the Kurnai of, ii. 216

Giraldus Cambrensis on transformation of witches into hares, i. 315 n. 1

Girdle of wolf’s hide worn by were-wolves, i. 310 n. 1; of St. John, mugwort, ii. 59

Girdles of mugwort worn on St. John’s Day or Eve as preservative against backache, sore eyes, ghosts, magic, and sickness, ii. 59

Girkshausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248

Girl at puberty said to be wounded by a snake, i. 56; to be swallowed by a serpent, 57

—— and boy produce need-fire by friction of wood, 281

Girls at puberty, secluded, i. 22 sqq.; not allowed to touch the ground, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60; not allowed to see the sun, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68; not allowed to handle food, 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42; half buried in ground, 38 sqq.; not allowed to scratch themselves with their fingers, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92; not allowed to lie down, 44; gashed on back, breast, and belly, 60; stung by ants, 61; beaten severely, 61, 66 sq.; supposed to be attacked by a demon, 67 sq.; not to see the sky, 69; forbidden to break bones of hares, 73 n. 3

Gisors, crawling through a holed stone near, ii. 188

Givoy agon, living fire, made by the friction of wood, i. 220

Glamorgan, the Vale of, Beltane and Midsummer fires in the, i. 154; Midsummer fires in, 201, 338

Glands, ashes of Yule log used to cure swollen, i. 251

Glanvil, Joseph, on a witch in the form of a cat, i. 317

Glass, the Magician’s or Druid’s, i. 16

Glatz, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. 20 n.

Glawi, in the Atlas, New Year fires at, i. 217

Glencuaich, the hawk of, in a Celtic tale, ii. 127 sqq.

Glenorchy, the Beltane cake in, i. 149

“Glory, the Hand of,” mandragora, ii. 316

Gloucestershire, mistletoe growing on oaks in, ii. 316

Gnabaia, a spirit who swallows and disgorges lads at initiation, ii. 235

Gnid-eld, need-fire, i. 280

Goajiras of Colombia, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 34 n. 1

Goatsucker or fern owl, sex totem of women, ii. 217

God, Aryan, of the thunder and the oak, i. 265

—— on Earth, title of supreme chief of the Bushongo, ii. 264

Godolphin, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Gold, the flower of chicory to be cut with, ii. 71; root of marsh mallow to be dug with, 80 n. 3; buried, revealed by mistletoe and fern-seed, 287 sqq., 291

—— coin, magic plant to be dug up with a, ii. 57. See also Golden

Golden axe, sacred tamarisk touched with, ii. 80 n. 3

Golden Bough, the, ii. 279 sqq.; and the priest of Aricia, i. 1; a branch of mistletoe, ii. 284 sqq., 315 sqq.; Virgil’s account of the, 284 sq., 286, 293 sq., 315 sqq.; origin of the name, 286 sqq.

—— fish, girl’s external soul in a, ii. 147 sq., 220

—— knife, horse slain in sacrifice with a, ii. 80 n. 3

—— ring, half a hero’s strength in a, ii. 143

—— sickle, mistletoe cut by Druids with a, ii. 77, 88; sacred olive at Olympia cut with a, 80 n. 3

Golden sword and golden arrow, external soul of a hero in a, ii. 145

Goldie, Rev. Hugh, on the ukpong or external soul in Calabar, ii. 206

Goliath, effigy of, ii. 36

Goluan, Midsummer, i. 199

Good Friday, Judas driven out of church on, i. 146; the divining-rod cut on, ii. 68 n. 4; sick children passed through cleft trees on, 172

Goodrich-Freer, A., quoted, i. 154 n. 3

Googe, Barnabe, i. 124

Gooseberry bushes, wild, custom as to, ii. 48

Gorillas, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 202

Görz, belief as to witches at Midsummer about, ii. 75

Grain Coast, West Africa, initiation of girls on the, ii. 259

Grammont, in Belgium, festival of the “Crown of Roses” at, i. 195; the Yule log at, 249

Granada (South America), youthful rulers secluded in, i. 19

Grand Halleux, bonfires at, i. 107

Grannas-mias, torches, i. 111

Granno, invocation of, i. 111 sq.

Granno-mio, a torch, i. 111

Grannus, a Celtic deity, identified with Apollo, i. 111 sq.

Grant, the great laird of, not exempt from witchcraft, i. 342 n. 4

Grass, ceremony to make grass plentiful, i. 136

Gratz, puppet burned on St. John’s Eve at, i. 173

Grave, dance at initiation in, ii. 237

Great Man, who created the world and comes down in the form of lightning, ii. 298

Greece, Midsummer fires in, i. 211 sq.; mistletoe in, ii. 316, 317

Greek belief as to menstruous women, i. 98 n. 1

—— Church, ritual of the new fire at Easter in the, i. 128 sq.

—— stories of girls who were forbidden to see the sun, i. 72 sqq.; of the external soul, ii. 103 sqq.

Greeks deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, ii. 299

Green Wolf, Brotherhood of the, ii. 15 n.; at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 sq., ii. 25, 88

Greenlanders, their notion that women can conceive by the moon, i. 75 sq.

Gregor, Rev. Walter, ii. 284 n. 1; on virtue of children born feet foremost, i. 295 n. 3; on the “quarter-ill,” 296 n. 1; on the bewitching of cattle, 303

Greig, James S., ii. 187 n. 3

Greta, river in Yorkshire, i. 287

Grey, Sir George, on the kobong or totem, ii. 219 sq.

Grimm, J., on need-fire, i. 270 n., 272 sq.; on the relation of the Midsummer fires to Balder, ii. 87 n. 6; on the sanctity of the oak, 89; on the oak and lightning, 300

Grisons, threatening a mist in the, i. 280

Grizzly Bear clan, ii. 274

Groot, J. J. M. de, on mugwort in China, ii. 60

Grottkau, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 n.

Ground, sacred persons not allowed to set foot on, i. 2 sqq.; not to sit on bare, 4, 5, 12; girls at puberty not allowed to touch the, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60; magical plants not to touch the, ii. 51; mistletoe not allowed to touch the, 280

Grouse clan, ii. 273

Grove, Miss Florence, on withered mistletoe, ii. 287 n. 1

Grove, Balder’s, i. 104, ii. 315; sacred grove of Nemi, 315; soul of chief in sacred, 161. See also Arician

Grubb, Rev. W. B., i. 57 n. 1

Grün, in Bohemia, mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer at, ii. 58 n. 1

Guacheta in Colombia, i. 74

Guaranis of Brazil, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 56

Guaraunos of the Orinoco, uncleanness of menstruous women among the, i. 85 sq.

Guardian angels, afterbirth and navel-string regarded as a man’s, ii. 162 n. 2

—— spirit, afterbirth and seed regarded as, ii. 223 n. 2; acquired in a dream, 256 sq.

Guatemala, the nagual or external soul among the Indians of, ii. 212 sq.

Guatusos of Costa Rica, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 230 n.

Guayquiries of the Orinoco, their beliefs as to menstruous women, i. 85

Guelphs, the oak of the, ii. 166

Guiana, British, the Macusis of, i. 60; ordeals undergone by young men among the Indians of, 63 sq.

——, French, the Wayanas of, i. 63

Guizing at Christmas in Lerwick, i. 268 sq.

Guleesh and the fairies at Hallowe’en, i. 277 sq.

Gunn, David, kindles need-fire, i. 291

Guns fired to drive away witches, ii. 74

Gwalior, Holi fires in, ii. 2

Hadji Mohammad shoots a were-wolf, i. 312 sq.

Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, girls at puberty secluded among the, i. 44 sq.

Hail, bonfires thought to protect fields against, i. 344; ceremonies to avert, 144, 145; Midsummer fires a protection against, 176; mountain arnica a protection against, ii. 57 sq.

—— and thunderstorms caused by witches, i. 344

Hainan, island, i. 137

Hainaut, province of Belgium, fire customs in, i. 108; procession of giants in, ii. 36

Hair, unguent for, i. 14; prohibition to cut, 28; of girls at puberty shaved, 31, 56, 57, 59; Hindoo ritual of cutting a child’s, 99 n. 2; of the Virgin or St. John looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 sq., 190, 191; external soul in, ii. 103 sq., 148; strength of people bound up with their, 158 sq.; of criminals, witches, and wizards shorn to make them confess, 158 sq.; of children tied to trees, 165; of novices cut at initiation, 245, 251

—— and nails of child buried under a tree, ii. 161

Hairy Stone, the, at Midsummer, i. 212

Halberstadt district, need-fire in the, i. 273

Hall, C. F., among the Esquimaux, i. 13, 134

——, Rev. G. R., quoted, i. 198

Hallowe’en, new fire at, in Ireland, i. 139; an old Celtic festival of New Year, 224 sqq.; divination at, 225, 228 sqq.; witches, hobgoblins, and fairies let loose at, 226 sqq., 245; witches and fairies active on, ii. 184 n. 4, 185

—— and Beltane, the two chief fire festivals of the British Celts, ii. 40 sq.

—— cakes, i. 238, 241, 245

—— fires, i. 222 sq., 230 sqq.; in Wales, 156

Halmahera, rites of initiation in, ii. 248

Haltwhistle, in Northumberland, burnt sacrifice at, i. 301

Hamilton, Gavin, quoted, i. 47 sq.

Hammocks, girls at puberty hung up in, i. 56, 59, 60, 61, 66

“Hand of Glory,” mandragora, ii. 316

Hannibal despoils the shrine on Soracte, ii. 15

Hanover, the need-fire in, i. 275; Easter bonfires in, 140; custom on St. John’s Day about, ii. 56

Hare, pastern bone of a, in a popular remedy, i. 17

Hares, witches in the form of, i. 157; witches changed into, 315 n. 1, 316 sqq., ii. 41

Hares and witches in Yorkshire, ii. 197

Hareskin Tinneh, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 48

Harris, Slope of Big Stones in, i. 227

Hartland, E. S., on the life-token, ii. 119 n.

Haruvarus, degenerate Brahmans, their fire-walk, ii. 9

Harz district, Easter bonfires in the, i. 140; Midsummer fires in the, 169

—— Mountains, Easter fires in the, i. 142; need-fire in the, 276; springwort in the, ii. 69 sqq.

Hats, special, worn by girls at puberty, i. 45, 46, 47, 92. See also Hoods

Hausa story of the external soul, ii. 148 sq.

Hawaiians, the New Year of the, ii. 244

Hawkweed gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57

Hawthorn, mistletoe on, ii. 315, 316

Haxthausen, A. von, i. 181

Hays of Errol, their fate bound up with an oak-tree and the mistletoe growing on it, ii. 283 sq.

Hazebrouch, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, ii. 35

Hazel, the divining-rod made of, ii. 67 sq.; never struck by lightning, 69 n.

—— rods to drive cattle with, i. 204

Headache, cure for, i. 17; mugwort a protection against, ii. 59

Headdress, special, worn by girls at first menstruation, i. 92

Headless Hugh, Highland story of, ii. 130 sq.

—— horsemen in India, ii. 131 n. 1

Heads or faces of menstruous women covered, i. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55, 90

Hearne, Samuel, quoted, i. 90 sq.

Heart of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to appear, i. 321 sq.

Hearts of diseased cattle cut out and hung up as a remedy, i. 269 n. 1, 325

Heaven, the Queen of, ii. 303

—— and earth, between, i. 1 sqq., 98 sq.

Hector, first chief of Lochbuy, ii. 131 n. 1

Heiberg, Sigurd K., i. 171 n. 3

Heifer sacrificed at kindling need-fire, i. 290

Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire, Hallowe’en at, i. 237 n. 5

“Hell-gate of Ireland,” i. 226

Helmsdale, in Sutherland, need-fire at, i. 295

Helpful animals in fairy tales, ii. 107, 117, 120, 127 sqq., 130, 132, 133, 139 n. 2, 140 sq., 149

Hemlock branch, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 152

Hemlock branches, passing through a ring of, in time of sickness, ii. 186

—— stone in Nottinghamshire, i. 157

Hemorrhoids, root of orpine a cure for, ii. 62 n.

Hemp, how to make hemp grow tall, i. 109; leaping over the Midsummer bonfire to make the hemp grow tall, 166, 168

—— seed, divination by, i. 235, 241, 245

Hen and chickens imitated by a woman and her children at Christmas, i. 260

Henderson, William, on need-fire, i. 288 sq.; on a remedy for cattle-disease, 296 n. 1; on burnt sacrifice of ox, 301

Hen’s egg, external soul of giant in a, ii. 140 sq.

Henshaw, Richard, on external or bush souls in Calabar, ii. 205 sq.

Hephaestus worshipped in Lemnos, i. 138

Herb, a magic, gathered at Hallowe’en, i. 228

—— of St. John, mugwort, ii. 58

Herbs thrown across the Midsummer fires, i. 182, 201; wonderful, gathered on St. John’s Eve or Day, ii. 45 sqq.; of St. John, wonderful virtues ascribed to, 46

—— and flowers cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, 172, 173

Hercules at Argyrus, temple of, i. 99 n. 3

Herdsmen dread witches and wolves, i. 343

Herefordshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199; the Yule log in, 257 sq.

Herndon, W. L., quoted, i. 62 n. 3

Hernia, cure for, i. 98 n. 1

Herodias, cursed by Slavonian peasants, i. 345

Herrera, A. de, on naguals among the Indians of Honduras, ii. 213 sq.

Herrick, Robert, on the Yule log, i. 255

Herring, salt, divination by, i. 239

Herzegovina, the Yule log in, i. 263; need-fire in, 288

Hesse, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 118; Easter fires in, 140; wells decked with flowers on Midsummer Day in, ii. 28

Hewitt, J. N. B., on need-fire of the Iroquois, i. 299 sq.

Hiaina district of Morocco, ii. 51

Hidatsa Indians, their theory of the plurality of souls, ii. 221 sq.

Hieracium pilosella, mouse-ear hawk-weed, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57

Higgins, Rev. J. C., i. 207 n. 2

High Alps, department of the, Midsummer fires in the, ii. 39 sq.

High Priest, the Fijian, ii. 245

Highland story of Headless Hugh, ii. 130 sq.

Highlanders of Scotland, their medicinal applications of menstruous blood, i. 98 n. 1; their belief in the power of witches to destroy cattle, 343 n. 1; their belief concerning snake stones, ii. 311

Highlands of Scotland, snake stones in the, i. 16; Beltane fires in the, 146 sqq.; divination at Hallowe’en in the, 229, 234 sqq.; need-fire and Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak in the, ii. 91

Hildesheim, Easter rites of fire and water at, i. 124; Easter bonfires at, 141; the need-fire at, 272 sq.; hawk-weed gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. 57

Hill of the Fires in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 149

—— of Ward, in County Meath, i. 139

Himalayan districts, mistletoe in the, ii. 316

Hindoo maidens secluded at puberty, i. 68

—— marriage custom, i. 75

—— ritual, abstinence from salt in, i. 27; as to cutting a child’s hair, 99 n. 2

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 97 sqq.

—— use of menstruous fluid, i. 98 n. 1

—— women, their restrictions at menstruation, i. 84

Hindoos of Southern India, their Pongol festival, ii. 1; of the Punjaub, their custom of passing unlucky children through narrow openings, 190

Hippopotamus, external soul of chief in, ii. 200; lives of persons bound up with those of hippopotamuses, 201, 202, 205, 209

Hirpi Sorani, their fire-walk, ii. 14 sq.

Hlubi chief, his external soul in a pair of ox-horns, ii. 156

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, on Hallowe’en in Wales, i. 239

Hogg, Alexander, i. 206

Hogmanay, the last day of the year, i. 224, 266

Hohenstaufen Mountains in Wurtemberg, Midsummer fires in the, i. 166

Hole in tongue of medicine-man, ii. 238, 239

Holed stones which people creep through as a cure, ii. 187 sqq.

Holes in rocks or stones, sick people passed through, ii. 186 sqq.

Holi, a festival of Northern India, ii. 2 sq.

Holiness or taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, i. 6 sq.

Holland, Easter fires in, i. 145

Hollantide Eve (Hallowe’en) in the Isle of Man, i. 244

Hollertau, Bavaria, Easter fires in the, i. 122

Hollis, A. C., ii. 262 n. 2

Holly-tree, children passed through a cleft, ii. 169 n. 2

Holm-oak, the Golden Bough growing on a, ii. 285

Holy Apostles, church of the, at Florence, i. 126

—— Land, fire flints brought from the, i. 126

—— of Holies, the Fijian, ii. 244, 245

—— Sepulchre, church of the, at Jerusalem, ceremony of the new fire in the, i. 128 sq.

Homesteads protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, i. 344

Homoeopathic or imitative magic, i. 49, 133, ii. 287

Homoeopathy, magical, ii. 177

Homolje mountains in Servia, i. 282

Honduras, the nagual or external soul among the Indians of, ii. 213 sq., 226 n. 1

Honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. 273 sqq.

Hoods worn by women after childbirth, i. 20; worn by girls at puberty, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55; worn by women at menstruation, 90. See also Hats

Hoop, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, ii. 184; of rowan-tree, sheep forced through a, 184

Hoopoe brings the mythical springwort, ii. 70 n. 2

Horatius purified for the murder of his sister, ii. 194

Hornbeam, mistletoe on, ii. 315

Horse, the White, effigy carried through Midsummer fire, i. 203 sq.; witch in the shape of a, 319

—— sacrifice in ancient India, ii. 80 n. 3

Horse’s head thrown into Midsummer fire, ii. 40

Horse-chestnut, mistletoe on, ii. 315

Horses used by sacred persons, i. 4 n. 1; not to be touched or ridden by menstruous women, 88 sq., 96; driven through the need-fire, 276, 297

Hos, the, of Togoland (West Africa), their dread of menstruous women, i. 82

Hose, Dr. Charles, on creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral, ii. 175 sq.

—— and W. McDougall, on the ngarong or secret helper of the Ibans, ii. 224 n. 1

Hother, Hodr, or Hod, the blind god, and Balder, i. 101 sqq., ii. 279 n. 4

Hottentots drive their sheep through fire, ii. 11 sqq.

House-communities of the Servians, i. 259 n. 1

Houses protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, i. 344; made fast against witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. 73

“—— of the soul” in Isaiah, ii. 155 n. 3

Housman, Professor A. E., on the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, i. 220 sq.

Houstry, in Caithness, need-fire at, i. 291 sq.

Howitt, A. W., on seclusion of menstruous women, i. 78; on killing a totem animal, ii. 220 n. 2; on secrecy of totem names, 225 n.; on the drama of resurrection at initiation, 235 sqq.

Howitt, Miss E. B., ii. 226 n. 1

Howth, the western promontory of, Midsummer fire on, i. 204

—— Castle, life-tree of the St. Lawrence family at, ii. 166

Huahine, one of the Tahitian islands, ii. 11 n. 3

Hudson Bay Territory, the Chippeways of, i. 90

Hughes, Miss E. P., on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. 10 n. 1

Human beings burnt in the fires, ii. 21 sqq.

—— divinities put to death, i. 1 sq.

—— sacrifices at fire-festivals, i. 106; traces of, 146, 148, 150 sqq., 186, ii. 31; offered by the ancient Germans, ii. 28 n. 1; among the Celts of Gaul, 32 sq.; the victims perhaps witches and wizards, 41 sqq.; Mannhardt’s theory, 43

—— victims annually burnt, ii. 286 n. 2

Hungarian story of the external soul, ii. 140

Hungary, Midsummer fires in, i. 178 sq.

Hunt, Holman, his picture of the new fire at Jerusalem, i. 130 n.

Hunt, Robert, on burnt sacrifices, i. 303

Hunters avoid girls at puberty, i. 44, 46; luck of, spoiled by menstruous women, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94

Huon Gulf in German New Guinea, ii. 239

Hupa Indians of California, seclusion of girls among the, i. 42

Hurons of Canada, custom of their women at menstruation, i. 88 n. 1

Huskanaw, initiatory ceremony of the Virginian Indians, ii. 266

Hut burnt at Midsummer, i. 215 sq.

Hutchinson, W., quoted, i. 197 n. 4

Huts, special, for menstruous women, i. 79, 82, 85 sqq.

Huzuls of the Carpathians kindle new fire at Christmas, i. 264; gather simples on St. John’s Night, ii. 49

Hyaenas, men turned into, i. 313

Hypericum perforatum, St. John’s wort, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 54 sqq. See also St. John’s Wort

Hyphear, a kind of mistletoe, ii. 317, 318

Hyrrockin, a giantess, i. 102

Ibans of Borneo, their ngarong or secret helper, ii. 224 n. 1

Ibos of the Niger delta, their belief in external human souls lodged in animals, ii. 203 sq.

Ibrahim Pasha, i. 129

Icelandic stories of the external soul, ii. 123 sqq.

Icolmkill, the hill of the fires in, i. 149

Ideler, L., on the Arab year before Mohammed, i. 217 n. 1

Idhlozi, ancestral spirit in serpent form, ii. 211

Iglulik, Esquimaux of, i. 134

Ilmenau, witches burnt at, i. 6

Iluvans of Malabar, marriage custom of, i. 5

Image of god carried through fire, ii. 4; reason for carrying over a fire, 24

Images, colossal, filled with human victims and burnt, ii. 32 sq.

Imitative magic, i. 329, ii. 231

Immortality, the burdensome gift of, i. 99 sq.; of the soul, experimental demonstration of the, ii. 276

Immortelles, wreaths of, on Midsummer Day, i. 177

Implements, magical, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 sq.

Impregnation of women by the sun, i. 74 sq.; by the moon, 75 sq.

“—— rite” at Hindoo marriages, i. 75

Inauguration of a king in Brahmanic ritual, i. 4

Inca, fast of the future, i. 19

Incas of Peru, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 132

Incantation recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290

Inconsistency and vagueness of primitive thought, ii. 301 sq.

India, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 68 sqq.; fire-festivals in, ii. 1 sqq.; sixty years’ cycle in, 77 n. 1; the horse-sacrifice in ancient, 80 n. 3; torture of suspected witches in, 159; ancient, traditional cure of skin disease in, 192; Loranthus in, 317

Indian Archipelago, birth-custom in the, ii. 155

—— legend parallel to Balder myth, ii. 280

Indians of Costa Rica, their customs in fasts, i. 20

—— of Granada seclude their future rulers, i. 19

Indians of North America, not allowed to sit on bare ground in war, i. 5; seclusion of girls among the, 41 sqq.; imitate lightning by torches, 340 n. 1; rites of initiation into religious associations among the, ii. 267 sqq.

“Index of Superstitions,” i. 270

Indra and Apala, in the Rigveda, ii. 192

—— and the demon Namuci, Indian legend of, ii. 280

Indrapoora, story of the daughter of a merchant of, ii. 147

Infants tabooed, i. 5, 20

Ingleborough in Yorkshire, i. 288

Ingleton, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, i. 288

Ingniet or Ingiet, a secret society of New Britain, ii. 156

Initiation, rites in German New Guinea, ii. 193; at puberty, pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to life again during, 225 sqq.; in Australia, 227, 233 sqq.; in New Guinea, 239 sqq.; in Fiji, 243 sqq.; in Rook, 246; in New Britain, 246 sq.; in Halmahera, 248; in Fiji apparently intended to introduce the novices to the worshipful spirits of the dead, 246; in Ceram, 249 sqq.; in Africa, 251 sqq.; in North America, 266 sqq.

—— of young men, bull-roarers sounded at the, ii. 227 sqq., 233 sqq.; of a medicine-man in Australia, 237 sqq.

Inn, effigies burnt at Midsummer in the valley of the river, i. 172 sq.

Innerste, river, i. 124

Innuits (Esquimaux), i. 14

Insanity, burying in an ant-hill as a cure for, i. 64

Inspired men walk through fire unharmed, ii. 5 sq.

Insulation of women at menstruation, i. 97

Interpretation of the fire-festivals, i. 328 sqq., ii. 15 sqq.

Inverness-shire, Beltane cakes in, i. 153

Invulnerability conferred by a species of mistletoe, ii. 79 sq.; conferred by decoction of a parasitic orchid, 81; of Balder, 94; attained through blood-brotherhood with animal, 201; thought to be attained through initiation, 275 sq., 276 n. 1

Invulnerable warlock or giant, stories of the, ii. 97 sqq.

Ipswich witches, i. 304 sq.

Iran, marriage custom in, i. 75

Ireland, the Druid’s Glass in, i. 16; new fire at Hallowe’en in, 139, 225; Beltane fires in, 157 sq.; Midsummer fires in, 201 sqq.; fairies at Hallowe’en in, 226 sq.; Hallowe’en customs in, 241 sq.; witches as hares in, 315 n. 1; bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29; cure for whooping-cough in, 192 n. 1

Irish story of the external soul, ii. 132

Iron not to be used in digging fern root, ii. 65; mistletoe gathered without the use of, 78; not to be used in cutting certain plants, 81 n.; custom observed by the Toradjas at the working of, 154

Iron-wort, bunches of, held in the smoke of the Midsummer fires, i. 179

Iroquois, ceremony of the new fire among the, i. 133 sq.; need-fire among the, 299 sq.

Isaiah, “houses of the soul” in, ii. 155 n. 3

Isfendiyar and Rustem, i. 104 sq., 314

Island, need-fire kindled in an, i. 290 sq., 291 sq.

Isle de France, Midsummer giant burnt in, ii. 38

—— of Man, Beltane fires in the, i. 157. See Man, Isle of

Istria, the Croats of, ii. 75

Italian stories of the external soul, ii. 105, sqq.; ancient practice of passing conquered enemies under a yoke, 193 sq.

Italians, the oak the chief sacred tree among the ancient, ii. 89

Italy, birth-trees in, ii. 165; mistletoe in, 316, 317

Itongo, plural amatongo, ii. 202 n.

Ivory Coast, totemism among the Siena of the, ii. 220 n. 2

Ivy to dream on, i. 242

Ixia, a kind of mistletoe, ii. 317, 318

Jablanica, need-fire at, i. 286

Jack-in-the-Green, ii. 37

Jaffa, new Easter fire carried to, i. 130 n.

Jakkaneri, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 9

James, M. R., on the Sibyl’s Wish, i. 100 n.

James and Philip, the Apostles, feast of, i. 158

Jamieson, J., on the “quarter-ill,” i. 296 n. 1

January, the Holi festival in, ii. 1; the fire-walk in, 8

—— the sixth, the nativity of Christ on, i. 246

Janus and Jupiter, ii. 302 n. 2

Japan, the Ainos of, i. 20, ii. 60; the fire-walk in, 9 sq.

Japanese ceremony of new fire, i. 137 sq.

Java, birth-trees in, ii. 161 n. 1

Jebel Bela mountain, in the Sudan, i. 313

Jerusalem, ceremony of the new fire, at Easter in, i. 128 sq.

Jeugny, the forest of, ii. 316

Jevons, Dr. F. B., on the Roman genius, ii. 212 n.

Jewitt, John R., on ritual of mimic death among the Nootka Indians, ii. 270

Johanniswurzel, the male fern, ii. 66

Johnstone, Rev. A., quoted, i. 233

Jônee, joanne, jouanne, the Midsummer fire (the fire of St. John), i. 189

Joyce, P. W., on driving cattle through fires, i. 159 n. 2; on the bisection of the Celtic year, 223 n. 2

Judas, effigies of, burnt in Easter fires, i. 121, 127 sq., 130 sq., 143, 146, ii. 23; driven out of church on Good Friday, i. 146

—— candle, i. 122 n.

—— fire at Easter, i. 123, 144

Julian calendar used by Mohammedans, i. 218 sq.

July, procession of giants at Douay in, ii. 33

—— the twenty-fifth, St. James’s Day, flower of chicory cut on, ii. 71

Jumièges, in Normandy, Brotherhood of the Green Wolf at, i. 185 sq., ii. 25

Jumping over a wife, significance of, i. 23

June, the fifteenth of, St. Vitus’s Day, i. 335

—— the fire-walk in, ii. 6

Juniper burnt in need-fire, i. 288; used to fumigate byres, 296

Juno and Diana, ii. 302 n. 2

Jupiter represented by an oak-tree on the Capitol, ii. 89; perhaps personified by the King of the Wood, the priest of Diana at Nemi, 302 sq.; Jupiter and Janus, 302 n. 2

——, cycle of sixty years based on the sidereal revolution of the planet, ii. 77 n. 1

Jura, fire-custom at Lent in the, i. 114

—— Mountains, Midsummer bonfires in the, i. 188 sq.; the Yule log in the, 249

Jurby, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 305

Jutland, sick children and cattle passed through holes in turf in, ii. 191; superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, 281

Ka, external soul or double in ancient Egypt, ii. 157 n. 2

Kabadi, a district of British New Guinea, i. 35

Kabenau river, in German New Guinea, ii. 193

Kabyle tale, milk-tie in a, ii. 138 n. 1; the external soul in a, 139

Kahma, in Burma, annual extinction of fires in, i. 136

Kai of New Guinea, their seclusion of women at menstruation, i. 79; their use of a cleft stick as a cure, ii. 182; their rites of initiation, 239 sqq.

Kail, divination by stolen, i. 234 sq.

Kakian association in Ceram, rites of initiation in the, ii. 249 sqq.

Kalmuck story of the external soul, ii. 142

Kamenagora in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, i. 178

Kamtchatkans, their purification after a death, ii. 178

Kanna district, Northern Nigeria, ii. 210

Kappiliyans of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69

Karens of Burma, their custom at childbirth, ii. 157

Kasai River, ii. 264

Katajalina, a spirit who eats up boys at initiation and restores them to life, ii. 234

Katrine, Loch, i. 231

Kauffmann, Professor F., i. 102 n. 1, 103 n.; on the external soul, ii. 97 n.

Kaupole, a Midsummer pole in Eastern Prussia, ii. 49

Kawars, of India, their cure for fever, ii. 190

Kaya-Kaya or Tugeri of Dutch New Guinea, their use of bull-roarers, ii. 242

Kayans or Bahaus of Central Borneo, i. 4 sq.; custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. 175 sq.; their way of giving the slip to a demon, 179

Keating, Geoffrey, Irish historian, quoted, i. 139; on the Beltane fires, 158

Keating, W. H., quoted, i. 89

Kei Islands, birth-custom in the, ii. 155

Keitele, Lake, in Finland, ii. 165

Kemble, J. M., on need-fire, i. 288

Kerry, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Kersavondblok, the Yule log, i. 249

Kersmismot, the Yule log, i. 249

Khambu caste in Sikkhim, their custom after a funeral, ii. 18

Kharwars of Mirzapur, their dread of menstruous women, i. 84

Khasis of Assam, story of the external soul told by the, i. 146 sq.

Khnumu, Egyptian god, fashions a wife for Bata, ii. 135

Khonds, human sacrifices among the, ii. 286 n. 2

Kia blacks of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 39

Kidd, Dudley, on external souls of chiefs, ii. 156 n. 2

Kildare, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Kilkenny, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Killin, the hill of the fires at, i. 149

Killing a totem animal, ii. 220

—— the novice and bringing him to life again at initiation, pretence of, ii. 225

King, nominal, chosen at Midsummer, i. 194, ii. 25; presides at summer bonfire, 38

—— and Queen of Roses, i. 195

—— of the Bean, i. 153 n. 3

—— of Summer chosen on St. Peter’s Day, i. 195

—— of the Wood at Nemi put to death, i. 2; in the Arician grove a personification of an oak-spirit, ii. 285; the priest of Diana at Aricia, perhaps personified Jupiter, 302 sq. See also Kings

Kingaru, clan of the Wadoe, ii. 313

Kings, sacred or divine, put to death, i. 1 sq.; subject to taboos, 2

—— and priests, their sanctity analogous to the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 97 sq.

—— of Uganda, their life bound up with barkcloth trees, ii. 160

Kings, The Epic of, i. 104

Kingsley, Miss Mary H., on external or bush souls, ii. 204 sq.; on rites of initiation in West Africa, 259

Kingussie, in Inverness-shire, Beltane cakes at, i. 153

Kinship created by the milk-tie, ii. 138 n. 1

Kirchmeyer, Thomas, author of Regnum Papisticum, i. 124, 125 n. 1; his account of Midsummer customs, 162 sq.

Kirghiz story of girl who might not see the sun, i. 74

Kirk Andreas, in the Isle of Man, i. 306

Kirkmichael, in Perthshire, Beltane fires and cakes at, i. 153

Kirton Lindsey, in Lincolnshire, i. 318; medical use of mistletoe at, ii. 84

Kitching, Rev. A. L., on cure for lightning stroke, ii. 298 n. 2

Kiwai, island off New Guinea, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 232

Kiziba, to the west of Victoria Nyanza, theory of the afterbirth in, ii. 162 n. 2

Kloo, in the Queen Charlotte Islands, i. 45

Knawel, St. John’s blood on root of, ii. 56

Knife, divination by, i. 241; soul of child bound up with, ii. 157; “Darding Knife,” honorific totem of the Carrier Indians, 273, 274 sq.

Kobong, totem, in Western Australia, ii. 219 sq.

Köhler, Joh., lights need-fire and burnt as a witch, i. 270 sq.

Köhler, Reinhold, on the external soul in folk-tales, ii. 97 n.

Kolelo, in East Africa, ii. 313

Konz on the Moselle, custom of rolling a burning wheel down hill at, i. 118, 163 sq., 337 sq.

Kooboos of Sumatra, their theory of the afterbirth and navel-string, ii. 162 n. 2

Koppenwal, church of St. Corona at, ii. 188 sq.

Koran, passage of, used as a charm, i. 18

Koryaks, their festivals of the dead and subsequent purification, ii. 178; their custom in time of pestilence, 179

Koshchei the Deathless, Russian story of, ii. 108 sqq.

Koskimo Indians of British Columbia, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229 n.

Kreemer, J., on the Looboos of Sumatra, ii. 182 sq.

Kroeber, A. L., quoted, i. 41 sq.

Kruijt, A. C., on Toradja custom as to the working of iron, ii. 154 n. 3

Kuga, an evil spirit, i. 282

Kuhn, Adalbert, on need-fire, i. 273; on Midsummer fire, 335; on the divining-rod, ii. 67

Kühnau, R., on precautions against witches in Silesia, ii. 20 n.

Kukunjevac, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Kulin nation of South-Eastern Australia, sex totems in the, ii. 216

—— tribe of Victoria, ii. 226 n. 1

Kumaon, in North-West India, the Holi festival in, ii. 2

Kupalo, image of, burnt or thrown into stream on St. John’s Night, i. 176; effigy of, carried across fire and thrown into water, ii. 5, 23

Kupalo’s Night, Midsummer Eve, i. 175, 176

Kurnai, a tribe of Gippsland, sex totems and fights concerning them among the, ii. 215 n. 1, 216

Küstendil, in Bulgaria, need-fire at, i. 281

Kwakiutl, Indians of British Columbia, their story of an ogress whose life was in a hemlock branch, ii. 152; pass through a hemlock ring in time of epidemic, 186

Kylenagranagh, the hill of, in Ireland, i. 324

La Manche, in Normandy, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 115

La Paz, in Bolivia, Midsummer fires at, i. 213; Midsummer flowers at, ii. 50 sq.

Lacaune, belief as to mistletoe at, ii. 83

Lachlan River, in Australia, ii. 233

Lachlins of Rum and deer, superstition concerning, ii. 284

Ladyday, ii. 282

Lahn, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248

Lamb burnt alive to save the rest of the flock, i. 301

Lammas, the first of August, superstitious practice at, i. 98 n. 1

Lamoa, gods in Poso, ii. 154

Lancashire, Hallowe’en customs in, i. 244 sq.

Landak, district of Dutch Borneo, i. 5, ii. 164

Lanercost, Chronicle of, i. 286

Lang, Andrew, on the fire-walk, ii. 2 n. 1; on the bull-roarer, 228 n. 2

Language of animals learned by means of fern-seed, ii. 66 n.

L’ánṣăra (El Anṣarah), Midsummer Day in North Africa, i. 213, 214 n.

Lanyon, in Cornwall, holed stone near, ii. 187

Laon, Midsummer fires near, i. 187

Laos, custom of elephant hunters in, i. 5; the natives of, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. 222

Lapps, their rule as to menstruous women, i. 91; their story of the external soul, ii. 140 sq.; their custom of shooting arrows at skin of dead bear, 280 n.

Larkspur, looking at Midsummer bonfires through bunches of, i. 163, 165 sq.

Larrakeeyah tribe of South Australia, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 38

Laurus and Florus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220

Lausitz, Midsummer fires in, i. 170; marriage oaks in, ii. 165

Lawgivers, ancient, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95 sq.

Lead, melted, divination by, i. 242

Leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day, ii. 25 sq.

Leaping over bonfires to ensure good crops, i. 107; as a preventive of colic, 107, 195 sq., 344; to make the flax grow tall, 119, 165, 166, 166 sq., 168, 173, 174, 337; to ensure a happy marriage, 107, 108; to ensure a plentiful harvest, 155, 156; to be free from backache at reaping, 165, 168; as a preventive of fever, 166, 173, 194; for luck, 171, 189; in order to be free from ague, 174; in order to marry and have many children, 204, 338 sq.; as cure of sickness, 214; to procure offspring, 214, 338; over ashes of fire as remedy for skin diseases, ii. 2; after a burial to escape the ghost, 18; a panacea for almost all ills, 20; as a protection against witchcraft, 40

Leaping of women over the Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy delivery, i. 194, 339

Leaps of lovers over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174

Leather, Mrs. Ella Mary, on the Yule log, i. 257 sq.

Lebanon, peasants of the, their dread of menstruous women, i. 83 sq.

Lech, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 166

Lechrain, the divining rod in, ii. 68

Lecky, W. E. H., on the treatment of magic and witchcraft by the Christian Church, ii. 42 n. 2

Lee, the laird of, his “cureing stane,” i. 325

Leeting the witches, i. 245

Legends of persons who could not die, i. 99 sq.

Legs and thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, i. 296 n. 1, 325

Leine, river, i. 124

Leinster, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Leitrim, Midsummer fires in County, i. 203; divination at Hallowe’en in, 242; need-fire in, 297; witch as hare in, 318

Lemnos, worship of Hephaestus in, i. 138

Lemon, external souls of ogres in a, ii. 102

Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, i. 75 n. 2; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 56; masquerade of boys among, 57 n. 1

Lent, the first Sunday in, fire-festival on, i. 107 sqq.; bonfires on, 107 sqq.

Lenten fires, i. 106 sqq.

Lenz, H. O., on ancient names for mistletoe, ii. 318

Leobschütz, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170

Leonard, Major A. G., on souls of people in animals, ii. 206 n. 2

Leopard the commonest familiar of Fan wizards, ii. 202

Leopards, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206; external human souls in, 207

Lerwick, Christmas guizing at, i. 268 sq.; procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve at, 268; celebration of Up-helly-a’ at, 269 n. 1

Lesachthal (Carinthia), new fire at Easter in the, i. 124

Lesbos, fires on St. John’s Eve in, i. 211 sq.

Leslie, David, on Caffre belief as to spirits of the dead incarnate in serpents, ii. 211 n. 2, 212 n.

L’Étoile, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Lettermore Island, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Letts of Russia, Midsummer fires among the, i. 177 sq.; gather aromatic plants on Midsummer Day, ii. 50

Lewis, Professor W. J., i. 127 n. 1

Lewis, island of, custom of fiery circle in the, i. 151 n.; need-fire in the, 293

Lexicon Mythologicum, author of, on the Golden Bough, ii. 284 n. 3

Lhwyd, Edward, on snake stones, i. 16 n. 1

License, annual period of, i. 135; at Midsummer festival, 180, 339

Liège, Lenten fires near, i. 108

Lierre, in Belgium, the witches’ Sabbath at, ii. 73

Life of community bound up with life of divine king, i. 1 sq.; the water of, ii. 114 sq.; of woman bound up with ornament, 156; of a man bound up with the capital of a column, 156 sq.; of a man bound up with fire in hut, 157; of child bound up with knife, 157; of children bound up with trees, 160 sqq.; the divisibility of, 221. See also Soul

—— -indices, trees and plants as, ii. 160 sqq.

—— -tokens in fairy tales, ii. 118 n. 1

—— -tree of the Manchu dynasty at Peking, ii. 167 sq.

—— -trees of kings of Uganda, ii. 160

Ligho, a heathen deity of the Letts, i. 177, 178 n. 1

Light, girls at puberty not allowed to see the, i. 57; external soul of witch in a, ii. 116

Lightning, charred sticks of Easter fire used as a talisman against, i. 121, 124, 140 sq., 145, 146; the Easter candle a talisman against, 122; brands of the Midsummer bonfires a protection against, 166 n. 1, 183; flowers thrown on roofs at Midsummer as a protection against, 169; charred sticks of bonfires a protection against, 174, 187, 188, 190; ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 187, 188, 190; torches interpreted as imitations of, 340 n. 1; bonfires a protection against, 344; a magical coal a protection against, ii. 61; pine-tree struck by, used to make bull-roarer, 231; superstitions about trees struck by, 296 sqq.; thought to be caused by a great bird, 297; strikes oaks oftener than any other tree of the European forests, 298 sq.; regarded as a god descending out of heaven, 298; mode of treating persons who have been struck by, 298 n. 2; places struck by lightning enclosed and deemed sacred, 299. See also Thunder

Lightning and thunder, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264; mountain arnica a protection against, ii. 57 sq.

Lillooet Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 52 sq.

Limburg, processions, with torches in, i. 107 sq.; Midsummer fires in, 194; the Yule log in, 249

Lime-kiln in divination, i. 235, 243

—— -tree, the bloom of the, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 49; mistletoe on limes, 315, 316

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 281, 283, 286

Lincolnshire, the Yule log in, i. 257; witches as cats and hares in, 318; calf buried to stop a murrain in, 326; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy and St. Vitus’s dance in, ii. 83 sq.

Lindenbrog, on need-fire, i. 335 n. 1

Lint seed, divination by, i. 235

Liongo, an African Samson, ii. 314

Lion, the sun in the sign of the, ii. 66 sq.

Lismore, witch as hare in, i. 316 sq.

Lithuania, Midsummer fires in, i. 176; sanctuary at Romove in, ii. 91

Lithuanians, their custom before first ploughing in spring, i. 18; their worship of the oak, ii. 89; their story of the external soul, 113 sqq.

Lives of a family bound up with a fish, ii. 200; with a cat, 150 sq.

Living fire made by friction of wood, i. 220; the need-fire, 281, 286

Livonia, story of a were-wolf in, i. 308

Livonians cull simples on Midsummer Day, ii. 49 sq.

Lizard, external soul in, ii. 199 n. 1; sex totem in the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, 216; said to have divided the sexes in the human species, 216

Loaf thrown into river Neckar on St. John’s Day, ii. 28

Loango, rule as to infants in, i. 5; girls secluded at puberty in, 22

Loch Katrine, i. 231

—— Tay, i. 232

Lock and key in a charm, i. 283

Locks opened by springwort, ii. 70; and by the white flower of chicory, 71; mistletoe a master-key to open all, 85

Locust, a Batta totem, ii. 223

Log, the Yule, i. 247 sqq.

Logierait, in Perthshire, Beltane festival in, i. 152 sq.; Hallowe’en fires in, 231 sq.

Loiret, Lenten fires in the department of, i. 114

Loki and Balder, i. 101 sq.

Lokoja on the Niger, ii. 209

Lombardy, belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John’s Morning in, ii. 82 sq.

London, the immortal girl of, i. 99; Midsummer fires in, 196 sq.

Longridge Fell, leeting the witches at, i. 245

Looboos of Sumatra creep through a cleft rattan to escape a demon, ii. 182 sq.

Looking at bonfires through mugwort a protection against headache and sore eyes, ii. 59

Loranthus europaeus, a species of mistletoe, ii. 315, 317 sqq.; called “oak mistletoe” (visco quercino) in Italy, 317

—— vestitus, in India, ii. 317

Lord of the Wells at Midsummer, ii. 28

Lorne, the Beltane cake in, i. 149

Lorraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 169; the Yule log in, 253; Midsummer customs in, ii. 47

Loudoun, in Ayrshire, i. 207

Louis XIV. at Midsummer bonfire in Paris, ii. 39

Love-charm of arrows, i. 14

Lovers leap over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174

Low Countries, the Yule log in the, i. 249

Lowell, Percival, his fire-walk, ii. 10 n. 1

Lübeck, church of St. Mary at, i. 100

Lucerne, Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, i. 118 sq.; bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 30

Luchon, in the Pyrenees, serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer festival in, ii. 38 sq., 43

Lucian, on the Platonic doctrine of the soul, ii. 221 n. 1

Luck, leaping over the Midsummer fires for good, i. 171, 189

Luckiness of the right hand, i. 151

Lunar calendar of Mohammedans, i. 216 sq., 218 sq.

Lungs or liver of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to appear, i. 321 sq.

Lushais of Assam, sick children passed through a coil among the, ii. 185 sq.

Lussac, in Poitou, Midsummer fires at, i. 191

Luther, Martin, burnt in effigy at Midsummer, i. 167, 172 sq., ii. 23

Luxemburg, “Burning the Witch” in, ii. 116

Lythrum salicaria, purple loosestrife, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 65

Mabuiag, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36 sq.; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 78 sq.; girls at puberty in, 92 n. 1; belief as to a species of mistletoe in, ii. 79

Mac Crauford, the great arch witch, i. 293

Macassar in Celebes, magical unguent in, i. 14

Macdonald, Rev. James, on the story of Headless Hugh, ii. 131 n. 1; on external soul in South Africa, 156

Macdonell, A. A., on Agni, ii. 296

McDougall, W., and C. Hose, on creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral, ii. 176 n. 1

Macedonia, Midsummer fires among the Greeks of, i. 212; bonfires on August 1st in, 220; need-fire among the Serbs of Western, 281; St. John’s flower at Midsummer in, ii. 50

Macedonian peasantry burn effigies of Judas at Easter, i. 131

McGregor, A. W., on the rite of new birth among the Akikuyu, ii. 263

Mackay, Alexander, on need-fire, i. 294 sq.

Mackays, sept of the “descendants of the seal,” ii. 131 sq.

Mackenzie, E., on need-fire, i. 288

Mackenzie, Sheriff David J., i. 268 n. 1

Macphail, John, on need-fire, i. 293 sq.

Macusis of British Guiana, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 60

Madangs of Borneo, custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. 175 sq.

Madern, parish of, Cornwall, holed stone in, ii. 187

Madonie Mountains, in Sicily, Midsummer fires on the, i. 210

Madras Presidency, the fire-walk in the, ii. 6

Madura, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69; the Parivarams of, 69

Maeseyck, processions with torches at, i. 107 sq.

Magic, homoeopathic or imitative, i. 49, 133, 329, ii. 231, 287; dwindles into divination, i. 336; movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. 304 sq.

Magic and ghosts, mugwort a protection against, ii. 59

—— and science, different views of natural order postulated by the two, ii. 305 sq.

—— flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. 45 sqq.

Magical bone in sorcery, i. 14

—— implements not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 sq.

—— influence of medicine-bag, ii. 268

—— virtues of plants at Midsummer apparently derived from the sun, ii. 71 sq.

Magician’s apprentice, Danish story of the, ii. 121 sqq.

—— Glass, the, i. 16

Magyars, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178 sq.; stories of the external soul among the, ii. 139 sq.

Mahabharata, Draupadi and her five husbands in the, ii. 7

“Maiden-flax” at Midsummer, ii. 48

Maidu Indians of California, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 42; their notion as to fire in trees, ii. 295; their idea of lightning, 298

Maimonides, on the seclusion of menstruous women, i. 83

Makalanga, a Bantu tribe, i. 135 n. 2

Makral, “the witch,” i. 107

Malabar, the Iluvans of, i. 5; the Tiyans of, 68

Malassi, a fetish in West Africa, ii. 256

Malay belief as to sympathetic relation between man and animal, ii. 197

—— story of the external soul, ii. 147 sq.

Malayo-Siamese families of the Patani States, their custom as to the afterbirth, ii. 163 sq.

Malays of the Peninsula, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. 222

Male and female souls in Chinese philosophy, ii. 221

Malkin Tower, witches at the, i. 245

Malta, fires on St. John’s Eve in, i. 210 sq.

Malurus cyaneus, superb warbler, women’s “sister,” among the Kurnai, ii. 216

Man and animal, sympathetic relation between, ii. 272 sq.

Man, the Isle of, Midsummer fires in, i. 201, 337; old New Year’s Day in, 224 sq.; Hallowe’en customs in, 243 sq.; bonfires on St. Thomas’s Day in, 266; cattle burnt alive to stop a murrain in, 325 sqq.; mugwort gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 59. See also Isle of Man

Manchu dynasty, the life-tree of the, ii. 167 sq.

Mandragora, “the hand of glory,” ii. 316

Mang’anje woman, her external soul, ii. 157

Mango tree, festival of wild, i. 7 sqq.; ceremony for the fertilization of the, 10

Manitoo, personal totem, ii. 273 n. 1

Mannhardt, W., on fire-customs, i. 106 n. 3; on burning leaf-clad representative of spirit of vegetation, 25; his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are charms to secure sunshine, 329, 331 sqq.; on torches as imitations of lightning, 340 n. 1; on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 15 n.; on the human victims sacrificed by the Celts, 33; his theory of the Druidical sacrifices, 43; his solar theory of the bonfires at the European fire-festivals, 72; on killing a cock on the harvest-field, 280 n.

Mantis religiosus, a totem, ii. 248 n.

Manu, Hindoo lawgiver, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95; the Laws of, on the three births of the Aryan, ii. 276 sq.

Manx mummers at Hallowe’en, i. 224

Maoris, birth-trees among the, ii. 163

Mara tribe of Northern Australia, initiation of medicine-men in the, ii. 239

Marake, an ordeal of being stung by ants and wasps, i. 63 sq.

Marcellus of Bordeaux, his medical treatise, i. 17

March, the month of, the fire-walk in, ii. 6; mistletoe cut at the full moon of, 84, 86

—— moon, woodbine cut in the increase of the, ii. 184

Margas, exogamous totemic clans of the Battas of Sumatra, ii. 222 sq.

Marilaun, A. Kerner von, on mistletoe, ii. 318 n. 6

Marjoram burnt at Midsummer, i. 214; gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51; a talisman against witchcraft, 74

Mark of Brandenburg, need-fire in the, i. 273; simples culled at Midsummer in the, ii. 48; St. John’s blood in the, 56; the divining-rod in the, 67

Marotse. See Barotse

Marquesas Islands, the fire-walk in the, ii. 11

Marriage, leaping over bonfires to ensure a happy, i. 107, 108, 110; omens of, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, 168, 174, 178, 185, 189; omens of, drawn from bonfires, 338 sq.; omens of, from flowers, ii. 52 sq., 61; oak-trees planted at, 165

Married, the person last, lights the bonfire, i. 107, 109, 111, 119, 339; young man last married provides wheel to be burnt, 116; the person last married officiates at Midsummer fire, 192; men married within the year collect fuel for Midsummer fire, 192 sq.; married men kindle need-fire, 289; last married bride made to leap over bonfire, ii. 22

Mars and Silvia, ii. 105

Marsaba, a devil who swallows lads at initiation, ii. 246

Marseilles, drenching people with water at Midsummer in, i. 193; Midsummer king of the double-axe at, 194; the Yule log at, 250; Midsummer flowers at, ii. 46

Marshall Islands, belief in the external soul in the, ii. 200

Marsi, the ancient, i. 209

Martin of Urzedow, i. 177

Martin, M., on dessil (deiseal), i. 151 n.; on need-fire, 289

Marwaris, of India, Holi festival among the, ii. 2 sq.

Marxberg, the, on the Moselle, i. 118

Masai, peace-making ceremony among the, ii. 139 n.

Mask, not to wear a, i. 4

Masked dances, bull-roarers used at, ii. 230 n.

Masks worn by girls at puberty, i. 31, 52; worn at Duk-duk ceremonies in New Britain, ii. 247; worn by members of a secret society, 270, 271

Masquerade of boys among the Lengua Indians, i. 57 n. 1

Masuren, a district of Eastern Prussia, Midsummer fire kindled by the revolution of a wheel at, i. 177, 335 sq.; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 52, 53; divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61; camomile gathered at Midsummer in, 63; fire kindled by friction of oak at Midsummer in, 91

Matabeles fumigate their gardens, i. 337

Matacos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 58

Mataguayos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 58

Matthes, B. F., on sympathetic relation between man and animal, ii. 197 n. 4

Mauhes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59; ordeal of young men among the, 62

Maundy Thursday, i. 125 n. 1

Maurer, Konrad, on Icelandic story of the external soul, ii. 125 n. 1

May Day in the Isle of Man, i. 157; sheep burnt as a sacrifice on, 306; witches active on, ii. 19, 184 n. 4, 185

——, Eve of, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15; a witching time, 295; witches active on, ii. 73

May-tree carried about, i. 120, ii. 22

Mayo, County, story of Guleesh in, i. 228

M’Bengas of the Gaboon, birth-trees among the, ii. 160

Mbengga, in Fiji, the fire-walk in, ii. 10 sq.

Meakin, Budgett, on Midsummer fires in Morocco, i. 214 n.

Meath, County, Hill of Ward in, i. 139; Uisnech in, 158

Meaux, Midsummer bonfires in the diocese of, i. 182

Mecklenburg, need-fire in, i. 274 sq.; simples gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 48; mugwort at Midsummer in, 60; the divining-rod in, 67; treatment of the afterbirth in, 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, 171 sq.; custom of striking blindfold at a half-buried cock in, 279 n. 4

Medicine-bag, instrument of pretended death and resurrection at initiation, ii. 268 sq.

—— -man in Australia, initiation of, ii. 237 sqq.

Megara besieged by Minos, ii. 103

Meinersen, in Hanover, i. 275

Meissen or Thuringia, horse’s head thrown into Midsummer fire in, ii. 40

Melanesian conception of the external soul, ii. 197 sqq.

—— and Papuan stocks in New Guinea, ii. 239

Meleager and the firebrand, story of, ii. 103; and the olive-leaf, 103 n. 2

Melur, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 8 sq.

Men disguised as women, i. 107

—— and women eat apart, i. 81

Mên-an-tol, “holed stone” in Cornwall, ii. 187

Menomini Indians, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268 n. 1

Menstruation, seclusion of girls at the first, i. 22 sqq.; the first, attributed to defloration by a spirit, 24; reasons for secluding women at, 97

Menstruous blood, the dread of, i. 76. See also Blood

—— energy, beneficent applications of, i. 98 n. 1

—— fluid, medicinal applications of the, i. 98 n. 1

Menstruous women keep their heads or faces covered, i. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55, 90, 92; not allowed to cross or bathe in rivers, 77; not allowed to go near water, 77; supposed to spoil fisheries, 77, 78, 90 sq., 93; painted red, or red and white, 78; not allowed to use the ordinary paths, 78, 80, 84, 89, 90; not allowed to approach the sea, 79; not allowed to enter cultivated fields, 79; obliged to occupy special huts, 79, 82, 85 sqq.; supposed to spoil crops, 79, 96; not allowed to cook, 80, 82, 84, 90; not allowed to drink milk, 80, 84; not allowed to handle salt, 81 sq., 84; kept from wells, 81, 82, 97; obliged to use separate doors, 84; not allowed to lie on high beds, 84; not allowed to touch or see fire, 84, 85; not allowed to cross the tracks of animals, 84, 91, 93; excluded from religious ceremonies, 85; not allowed to eat with men, 85, 90; thought to spoil the luck of hunters, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94; not allowed to ride horses, 88 sq., 96; not allowed to walk on ice of rivers and lakes, 90; dangers to which they are thought to be exposed, 94; not allowed to touch beer, wine or vinegar, 96; not allowed to salt or pickle meat, 96 n. 2; not allowed to cross running streams, 97; not allowed to draw water at wells, 97; used to protect fields against insects, 98 n. 1 dreaded and secluded in Australia, i. 76 sqq., in the Torres Straits Islands, 78 sq., in New Guinea, 79, in Galela, 79, in Sumatra, 79, in Africa, 79 sqq., among the Jews and in Syria, 83 sq., in India, 84 sq., in Annam, 85, in America, 85 sqq.

Mequinez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216

Merolla, J., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 31 n. 3

Merrakech, in Morocco, Midsummer custom at, i. 216; New Year fires at, 217

Mesopotamia, Atrae in, i. 82

Mespelaer, St. Peter’s fires at, i. 195

Messaria, in Cythnos, ii. 189

Metz, F., on the fire-walk, ii. 9

Metz, cats burnt alive in Midsummer fire at, ii. 39

Mexican ceremony of new fire, i. 132

—— representation of the sun as a wheel, i. 334 n. 1

Mexico, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 127 sq.; the Zapotecs of, ii. 212

Michael, in the Isle of Man, i. 307

Michaelmas, cakes baked at, i. 149. See also St. Michael

Michemis, a Tibetan tribe, a funeral ceremony among the, i. 5

Middle Ages, the Yule log in the, i. 252; the need-fire in the, 270

Midsummer, wells crowned with flowers at, ii. 28; bathing at, 29 sq.; sacred to Balder, 87. See also St. John’s Day

—— bonfire called “fire of heaven,” i. 334; intended to drive away dragons, 161

“—— Brooms” in Sweden, ii. 54

—— Day, charm for fig-trees on, i. 18; water claims human victims on, 26 sqq.; in ancient Rome, 178; regarded as unlucky, ii. 29

—— Eve, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15; Trolls and evil spirits abroad on, 172; witches active on, ii. 19; the season for gathering wonderful herbs and flowers, 45 sqq.; the magic flowers of, 45 sqq.; divination on, 46 n. 3, 50, 52 sqq., 61, 64, 67 sqq.; dreams of love on, 52, 54; fernseed blooms at, 65, 287; the divining-rod cut at, 67 sqq.; activity of witches and warlocks on, 73 sqq.; treasures bloom in the earth on, 288 n. 5; the oak thought to bloom on, 292, 293

—— festival common to peoples on both sides of the Mediterranean, i. 219, ii. 31; the most important of the year among the primitive Aryans of Europe, 40; its relation to Druidism, 45

—— fires, i. 160 sqq.; in Wales, 156

—— flowers and plants used as talismans against witchcraft, ii. 72

—— Men, orpine, ii. 61

—— mummers clad in green fir branches, ii. 25 sq.

Midwinter fires, i. 246 sqq.

Mijatovich, Chedo, on the Zadrooga or Servian house-community, i. 259 n. 1

Mikado not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2 sq.; the sun not allowed to shine on him, 18 sq.

Milk, girls at puberty forbidden to drink, i. 22, 30; libations of, 30; not to be drunk by menstruous women, 80, 84; stolen by witches from cows, 176, 343, ii. 74; omens drawn from boiling, 8; libations of, poured on fire, 8, 9; libations of, poured into a stream, 9; poured on sick cattle, 13

—— and butter thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, i. 180; stolen by witches at Midsummer, 185; witchcraft fatal to, ii. 86

—— -tie as a bond of kinship, ii. 138 n. 1

—— -vessels not to be touched by menstruous women, i. 80

Milking cows through a hole in a branch or a “witch’s nest,” ii. 185

Millaeus on judicial torture, ii. 158

Miller’s wife a witch, story of the, i. 319 sq.

Miming, a satyr of the woods, i. 103

Minahassa, in Celebes, ceremony at a house-warming in, ii. 153

Minangkabauers of Sumatra, their belief as to menstruous women, i. 79; use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229 n.

Minos, king of Crete, besieges Megara, ii. 103

Mint, flowers of, gathered on St. John’s Day, ii. 51

Mirzapur, the Bhuiyars of, i. 84

Misfortune burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215; got rid of by leaping over Midsummer fires, 215

Missel-thrush and mistletoe, ii. 316

“Mist-healing,” Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, i. 279

Mistletoe, the divining-rod made of, ii. 69, 291; worshipped by the Druids, 76 sq., 301; cut on the sixth day of the moon, 77; makes barren animals and women to bring forth, 77, 78, 79; cut with a golden sickle, 77, 80; thought to have fallen from the sky, 77, 80; called the “all-healer,” 77, 79, 82; an antidote to all poison, 77, 83; gathered on the first day of the moon, 78; not to touch the earth, 78, 80; a cure for epilepsy, 78, 83, 84; extinguishes fire, 78, 84 sq., 293; venerated by the Ainos of Japan, 79; growing on willow specially efficacious, 79; confers invulnerability, 79 sq.; its position as a parasite on a tree the source of superstitions about it, 80, 81, 84; not to be cut but shot or knocked down with stones, 81 sq.; in the folk-lore of modern European peasants, 81 sqq.; medical virtues ascribed to, 82 sqq.; these virtues a pure superstition, 84; cut when the sun is in Sagittarius, 82, 86; growing on oak a panacea for green wounds, 83; mystic qualities ascribed to mistletoe at Midsummer (St. John’s Day or Eve), 83, 86; cut at the full moon of March, 84, 86; called “thunder-besom” in Aargau, 85, 301; a masterkey to open all locks, 85; a protection against witchcraft, 85 sq.; given to first cow that calves after New Year, 86; gathered especially at Midsummer, 86 sq.; grows on oaks in Sweden, 87; ancient Italian belief that mistletoe could be destroyed neither by fire nor water, 94; Balder’s life or death in the, 279, 283; life of oak in, 280; not allowed to touch the ground, 280; a protection against witchcraft and Trolls, 282, 283, 294; a protection against fairy changelings, 283; hung over doors of stables and byres in Brittany, 287; thought to disclose treasures in the earth, 287, 291 sq.; gathered at the solstices, Midsummer and Christmas, 291 sqq.; traditional privilege of, 291 n. 2; growing on a hazel, 291 n. 3; growing on a thorn, 291 n. 3; life of the oak conceived to be in the, 292; perhaps conceived as a germ or seed of fire, 292; sanctity of mistletoe perhaps explained by the belief that the plant has fallen on the tree in a flash of lightning, 301; two species of, Viscum album and Loranthus europaeus, 315 sqq.; found most commonly on apple-trees, 315, compare 316 n. 5; growing on oaks in England, 316; seeds of, deposited by missel-thrush, 316; ancient names of, 317 sq.; Virgil on, 318 sqq.; Dutch names for, 319 n. 1

Mistletoe and Balder, i. 101 sq., ii. 76 sqq., 302

—— and the Golden Bough, ii. 315 sqq.

Mitchell, Sir Arthur, on a barbarous cure for murrain, i. 326

Mithr, Armenian fire-god, i. 131 n. 3

Mithraic mysteries, initiation into the, ii. 277

Mizimu, spirits of the dead, ii. 312

Mlanje, in British Central Africa, ii. 314

Mnasara tribe of Morocco, i. 214

Mogk, Professor Eugen, i. 330

Mohammedan calendar lunar, i. 216 sq., 218 sq.

—— New Year festival in North Africa, i. 217 sq.

—— peoples of North Africa, Midsummer fires among the, i. 213 sqq.

Moharram, first Mohammedan month, i. 217

Moles and field-mice driven away by torches, i. 115, ii. 340

Molsheim in Baden, i. 117

Mondays, witches dreaded on, ii. 73

Mongolian story, milk-tie in a, i. 138 n. 1; the external soul in a, ii. 143 sq.

Monster supposed to swallow and disgorge novices at initiation, ii. 240 sq., 242

Mont des Fourches, in the Vosges, i. 318

Montaigne on ceremonial extinction of fires, i. 135 n. 2

Montanus, on the Yule log, i. 248

Montenegro, the Yule log in, i. 263

Montezuma not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2

Montols of Northern Nigeria, their belief in their sympathetic relation to snakes, ii. 209 sq.

Moon, impregnation of women by the, i. 75 sq.; the sixth day of the, mistletoe cut on, 77; the first day of the, mistletoe gathered on, 78; the full, transformation of were-wolves at, 314 n. 1

Mooney, James, on Cherokee ideas as to trees struck by lightning, ii. 296

Moore, Manx Surnames, quoted by Sir John Rhys, i. 306

Moors, their superstition as to the “sultan of the oleander,” i. 18

Moosheim, in Wurtemberg, leaf-clad mummer at, ii. 26

Moravia, fires to burn the witches in, i. 160; Midsummer fires in, 175; the divining-rod in, ii. 67

Moravians cull simples at Midsummer, ii. 49, 54

Moray, remedy for a murrain in the county of, i. 326

Morayshire, medical use of mistletoe in, ii. 84

Morbihan in Brittany, ii. 287

Moresin, Thomas, on St. Peter’s fires in Scotland, i. 207

Morice, Father A. G., on customs and beliefs of the Carrier Indians as to menstruous women, i. 91 sqq.; on the honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. 273 sqq.

Morlaks, the Yule log among the, i. 264

Morlanwelz, bonfires at, i. 107

Morning star, the rising of the, i. 40, 133

Morocco, magical virtue ascribed to rain-water in, i. 17 sq.; Midsummer fires in, 213 sqq.; water thought to acquire marvellous virtue at Midsummer in, ii. 30 sq.; magical plants gathered at Midsummer in, 51

Morven, i. 290; consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. 186 sq.

Moscow, annual new fire in villages near, i. 139

Moselle, bonfires on the, i. 109; Konz on the, 118, 163 sq.

Moses on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95 sq.

Mosquito territory, Central America, seclusion of menstruous women in the, i. 86

Mota, in the New Hebrides, conception of the external soul in, ii. 197 sq.

Motherwort, garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 162

Moulin, parish of, in Perthshire, Hallowe’en fires in, i. 230

Moulton, Professor J. H., on the etymology of Soranus, ii. 15 n. 1

Mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57 sq.; a protection against thunder, lightning, hail, and conflagration, 58

Mountain-ash, parasitic, used to make the divining rod, ii. 69; mistletoe on, 315. See also Rowan

—— scaur, external soul in, ii. 156

Mourne Mountains, i. 159

Mourners tabooed, i. 20; step over fire after funeral in China, ii. 17; purified by fire, 17, 18 sq.; customs observed by, among the Bella Coola Indians, 174

Mourning, the great, for Isfendiyar, i. 105

Mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella) gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57

Movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. 304 sq.

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), wreaths of, at Midsummer, i. 163, 165, 174; a preventive of sore eyes, 174; a preservative against witchcraft, 177; a protection against thunder, ghosts, magic, and witchcraft, ii. 59 sq.; gathered on Midsummer Day or Eve, ii. 58 sqq.; thrown into the Midsummer fires, 59; used in exorcism, 60

Mull, the need-fire in, i. 148, 289 sq.; the Beltane cake in, 149; remedy for cattle-disease in, 325; consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. 186 sq.

Mullein, sprigs of, passed across Midsummer fires protect cattle against sickness and sorcery, i. 190; bunches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-shed, 191; yellow (Verbascum), gathered at Midsummer, ii. 63 sq.; yellow hoary (Verbascum pulverulentum), its golden pyramid of blooms, 64; great (Verbascum thapsus), called King’s Candle or High Taper, 64

Mummers at Hallowe’en in the Isle of Man, i. 224

Munster, the King of, i. 139; Midsummer fires in, 203

Münsterberg, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 n.

Münsterland, Easter fires in, i. 141; the Yule log in, 247

Muralug, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78

Murderer, fire of oak-wood used to detect a, ii. 92 n. 4

Murrain, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 278, 282, 290 sqq.; burnt sacrifices to stay a, in England, Wales, and Scotland, 300 sqq.; calf burnt alive to stop a, 300 sq.; cattle buried to stop a, 326. See also Cattle disease

Murray, the country of, i. 154 n. 1

Murray River, in Australia, ii. 233; natives of, their dread of menstruous women, i. 77

Muskau, in Lausitz, marriage oaks at, ii. 165

Myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at Rome, ii. 168

Myths dramatized in ritual, i. 105

Na Ivilankata, a Fijian clan, ii. 10

Nagas of North-Eastern India, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 136

Nagual, external soul, among the Indians of Guatemala and Honduras, ii. 212 sqq., 220, 226 n. 1

Nahuqua Indians of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, ii. 230

Names on chimney-piece, divination by, i. 237; of savages kept secret, ii. 224 n. 2; new, taken by novices after initiation, 259

Namoluk, one of the Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in, ii. 295

Namuci and Indra, legend of, ii. 280

Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108

Nandi, the, of British East Africa, their custom of driving sick cattle round a fire, ii. 13; use of bull-roarers among the, 229 n.

Nanga, sacred enclosure in Fiji, ii. 243, 244

Nanna, the wife of Balder, i. 102, 103

Nanny, a Yorkshire witch, i. 317

Naples, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin at, i. 220 sq.

Narrow openings, creeping through, in order to escape ghostly pursuers, ii. 177 sqq.

Nathuram, image supposed to make women fruitful, ii. 3

Nativity of the Virgin, feast of the, i. 220 sq.

Naudowessies, Indian tribe of North America, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 267

Naueld, need-fire, i. 280

Nauru, in the Marshall Islands, lives of people bound up with a fish in, ii. 200

Navajoes, their story of the external soul, ii. 151 sq.; use of bull-roarers among the, 230 n., 231

Navel-string buried under a plant or tree, ii. 160 sq., 161, 163; regarded as brother or sister of child, 162 n. 2

Ndembo, secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 251 sqq.

Ndolo, on the Moeko River, West Africa, ii. 200

Neckar, the river, requires three human victims at Midsummer, ii. 26; loaf thrown into the river, 28

Necklace, girl’s soul in a, ii. 99 sq.

Need-fire, i. 269 sqq.; kindled as a remedy for cattle-plague, 270 sqq., 343; cattle driven through the, 270 sqq.; derivation of the name, 270 n.; kindled by the friction of a wheel, 270, 273, 289 sq., 292; kindled with oak-wood, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 sq., 294; called “wild-fire,” 272, 273, 277; kindled by fir-wood, 278, 282; kindled as a remedy for witchcraft, 280, 292 sq., 293, 295; called “living fire,” 281, 286; healing virtue ascribed to, 281, 286; kindled by lime-wood, 281, 283, 286; kindled by poplar-wood, 282; regarded as a barrier interposed between cattle and an evil spirit, 282, 285 sq.; kindled by cornel-tree wood, 286; revealed by an angel from heaven, 287; used to heat water, 289; kindled on an island, 290 sq., 291 sq.; kindled by birch-wood, 291; kindled between two running streams, 292; kindled to prevent fever, 297; probable antiquity of the, 297 sq.; kindled by elm-wood, 299; the parent of the periodic fire-festivals, 299, 343; used by Slavonic peoples to combat vampyres, 344; sometimes kindled by the friction of fir, plane, birch, lime, poplar, cornel-wood, ii. 91 n. 1

Need-fire, John Ramsay’s account of, i. 147 sq.; Lindenbrog on, 335 n. 1

Negro children pale at birth, ii. 251 n. 1, 259 n. 2

Neil, R. A., on Gaelic name for mistletoe, ii. 82 n. 5

Neilgherry Hills, the Badagas of the, ii. 8 sq.; the Todas of the, i. 136

Neisse, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 n.

Nellingen in Lorraine, simples gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. 47

Nemi, the King of the Wood at, i. 2; the Lake of, annual tragedy enacted at, ii. 286; sacramental bread at, 286 n. 2; Virbius at, 295; at evening, 308 sq.; sacred grove of, 315; priests of Diana at, 315

Nerthus, old German goddess, ii. 28 n. 1

Nestelknüpfen, i. 346 n. 2

Nets fumigated with smoke of need-fire, i. 280

Nettles, Indians beaten with, as an ordeal, i. 64

Neuchatel, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172

Neumann, J. B., on the Batta doctrine of souls, ii. 223 n. 2

Neustadt, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170; near Marburg, the need-fire at, 270

New birth of novices at initiation, ii. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 sq.

—— body obtained at initiation, ii. 252

—— Britain, the Duk-duk society of i. 11, ii. 246 sq.

—— fire kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 sqq.; made at the New Year, 134 sq., 138, 140; made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264

—— Guinea, British, festival of wild mango in, i. 7; custom observed after childbirth in, 20; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 35; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 79; the Toaripi of, 84; use of bull-roarers in, ii. 228 n. 2

—— Guinea, German, the Kai of, ii. 182; ceremony of initiation in, 193; the Yabim of, 232; rites of initiation in, 239 sqq.

—— Hebrides, conception of the external soul in the, ii. 197 sqq.

—— Ireland, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 32 sqq.; Duk-duk society in, ii. 247

—— Mexico, the Zuni Indians of, i. 132; and Arizona, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 230 n., 231

—— South Wales, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78; the Wongh tribe of, ii. 227; the drama of resurrection at initiation in, 235 sqq.

—— water at Easter, i. 123

—— World, Easter ceremonies in the, i. 127 sq.; magical virtue of plants at Midsummer in the, ii. 50 sq.

—— Year, new fire made at the, i. 134 sq., 138, 140; festival of Mohammedans in North Africa, 217 sq.; the Celtic, on November first, 224 sq.; the Fijian, Tahitian, and Hawaiian, ii. 244

Newstead, Byron’s oak at, ii. 166

Nganga, “the Knowing Ones,” initiates, ii. 251

Ngarong, secret helper, of the Ibans of Borneo, ii. 224 n. 1

Nguu, district of German East Africa, ii. 312

Nias, story of the external soul told in the island of, ii. 148; ceremonies performed by candidates for the priesthood in, 173 sq.

Niceros and the were-wolf, story of, i. 313 sq.

Nidugala, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 8

Nieder-Lausitz, the Midsummer log in, ii. 92 n. 1

Niederehe, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. 48

Niger, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals on the, ii. 209

Nigeria, the Ibo of Southern, i. 4; theory of the external soul in, ii. 200, 203, sqq.

Nigerian, South, story of the external soul, ii. 150

Night-jars, the lives of women in, ii. 215; called women’s “sisters,” 216

Nikclerith, Neane, buries cow alive, i. 324 sq.

Nile, the Alur of the Upper, i. 64

Nine, ruptured child passed nine times on nine successive mornings through a cleft ash-tree and attended by nine persons, ii. 170

—— bonfires on Midsummer Eve an omen of marriage, i. 174, 185, 189, 339

—— different kinds of wood burnt in the Beltane fires, i. 155; used for the Midsummer bonfires, 172, 201; burnt in the need-fire, 271, 278; used to kindle need-fire, 278, 280

—— grains of oats in divination, i. 243

—— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 193

—— men employed to make fire by the friction of wood, i. 148, 155

—— ridges of ploughed land in divination, i. 235

—— sorts of flowers on Midsummer Eve, to dream on, i. 175; gathered, ii. 52 sq.

—— times to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. 180

—— times nine men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, 295

—— (thrice three) times passed through a girth of woodbine, ii. 184; passed through a holed stone, 187

—— turns round a rick, i. 243

Niska Indians of British Columbia, rites of initiation among the, ii. 271 sq.

Nisus and his purple or golden hair, story of, ii. 103

Nkimba, secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 255 n. 1

Nocturnal creatures the sex totems of men and women, ii. 217 n. 4

Nograd-Ludany, in Hungary, Midsummer fires at, i. 179

Noguès, J. L. M., on the wonderful herbs of St. John’s Eve, ii. 45

Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 43 sq.; ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 270 sq.

Nord, the department of, giants at Shrove Tuesday in, ii. 35

Norden, E., on the Golden Bough, ii. 284 n. 3

Nore, A. de, on the Yule log, i. 250 sq., 253

Norfolk, use of orpine for divination in, ii. 61 n. 4

Norman peasants gather seven kinds of plants on St. John’s Day, ii. 51 sq.

Normandy, Midsummer fires in, i. 185 sq.; the Yule log in, 252; torch-light processions on Christmas Eve in, 266; processions with torches on the Eve of Twelfth Day, in, 340; wonderful herbs and flowers gathered at Midsummer in, ii, 46; wreaths of mugwort in, 59; vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62

Norrland, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 172

Norse stories of the external soul, ii. 119 sq.

North American Indians, their personal totems, ii. 222 n. 5, 226 n. 1

—— Berwick, Satan preaches at, ii. 158

Northamptonshire, sacrifice of a calf in, i. 300

Northumberland, Midsummer fires in, i. 197 sq.; divination at Hallowe’en in, 245; the Yule log in, 256; need-fire in, 288 sq.; ox burnt alive in, to stop a murrain, 301

Norway, bonfires on Midsummer Eve in, i. 171; the need-fire in, 280; superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, ii. 281

Norwich, Easter candle in the cathedral of, i. 122 n.

Nottinghamshire, the Hemlock Stone in, i. 157

Nouer l’aiguilette, i. 346 n. 2

Nouzon, in the Ardennes, the Yule log at, i. 253

November the first, old New Year’s Day in the Isle of Man, i. 224 sq.; the first of, All Saints’ Day, 225

Novice at initiation killed as a man and brought to life as an animal, ii. 272

Novices (lads) at initiation supposed to be swallowed and disgorged by a spirit or monster, ii. 235, 240 sq., 242, 246; supposed to be newly born, 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 sq.; begotten anew, 248

Nurtunjas, sacred poles among the Arunta, ii. 219

Nut-water brewed at Midsummer, ii. 47

Nuts passed across Midsummer fires, i. 190; in fire, divination by, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245

Nyanja chief, ii. 314

Nyanja-speaking tribes of Angoniland, their customs as to girls at puberty, i. 25 sq.

Nyassa, Lake, i. 28, 81; people to the east of, crawl through an arch as a precaution against sickness, evil spirits, etc., ii. 181

Oak associated with thunder, i. 145; worshipped by the Druids, ii. 76 sq., 301; the principal sacred tree of the Aryans, 89 sq.; human representatives of the oak perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, 90, 92 sq.; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets, 170 sqq.; life of, in mistletoe, 280, 292; struck by lightning oftener than any other tree of the European forest, 298 sqq.; supposed to bloom on Midsummer Eve, 292, 293

—— and thunder, Aryan god of the, i. 265

—— -leaves, “oil of St. John” found on St. John’s Morning upon, ii. 82 sq.

—— log a protection against witchcraft, ii. 92

—— -mistletoe an “all-healer” or panacea, ii. 77, 79, 82; a remedy for epilepsy, 78, 83; to be shot down with an arrow, 82; a panacea for green wounds, 83; a protection against conflagration, 85, 293

—— of Errol, fate of the Hays bound up with the, ii. 283 sq.

—— of the Guelphs, ii. 166 sq.

—— of Romove, ii. 286

—— of the Vespasian family at Rome, ii. 168

—— planted by Byron, ii. 166

—— -spirit, the priest of the Arician grove a personification of an, ii. 285

—— tree worshipped by the Cheremiss, i. 181

—— -trees planted at marriage, ii. 165

—— twigs and leaves used to keep off witches, ii. 20

—— -wood used to kindle the need-fire, i. 148, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 sq., ii. 90 sq.; used to kindle the Beltane fires, i. 148, 155; used to kindle Midsummer fire, 169, 177, ii. 91 sq.; used for the Yule log, i. 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264 sq., ii. 92; fire of, used to detect a murderer, 92 n. 4; perpetual fires of, 285 sq.

Oaks planted by Sir Walter Scott, ii. 166; mistletoe growing on, in Sweden, 87; mistletoe growing on, in England and France, 316

Oath not to hurt Balder, i. 101

Oats, nine grains of, in divination, i. 243

Oban district, Southern Nigeria, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals in the, ii. 206 sqq.

Oberland, in Central Germany, the Yule log in the, i. 248 sq.

Obermedlingen, in Swabia, fire kindled on St. Vitus’s Day at, i. 335 sq.

Obubura district of S. Nigeria, ii. 204

October, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 136; the last day of (Hallowe’en), 139

Odessa, New Easter fire carried to, i. 130 n.

Odin, Othin, or Woden, the father of Balder, i. 101, 102, 103 n.

Ododop tribe of Southern Nigeria, ii. 208

Oels, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170

Oeniadae, the ancient, i. 21

Oesel, Midsummer fires in the island of, i. 180; St. John’s herbs in the island of, ii. 49

Offenburg, in the Black Forest, Midsummer fires at, i. 168

Ogboni, a secret society on the Slave Coast, ii. 229 n.

Ogre whose soul was in a bird, story of the, ii. 98 sq.

“Oil of St. John” found on St. John’s morning, ii. 82 sq.; on oaks at Midsummer, 293

Oise, French department of, dolmen in, ii. 188

Ojebways, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268

Olala, secret society of the Niska Indians, ii. 271 sq.

Olaus Magnus, on were-wolves, i. 308

“Old Wife” (“Old Woman”), burning the, i. 116, 120

Oldenburg, the immortal dame of, i. 100; Shrove Tuesday customs in, 120; Easter bonfires in, 140; burning or boiling portions of animals or things to force witch to appear in, 321 sq.; witch as toad in, 323; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, ii. 171 sq.; custom as to milking cows in, 185; sick children passed through a ring of yarn in, 185

Olea chrysophilla, used as fuel for bonfire, ii. 11

“Oleander, the Sultan of the,” i. 18, ii. 51; gathered at Midsummer, 51

Olive, the sacred, at Olympia, ii. 80 n. 3

Olofaet, a fire-god, ii. 295

Olympia, the sacred olive at, ii. 80 n. 3; white poplar used for sacrifices to Zeus at, 90 n. 1, 91 n. 7

Omaha tribe, Elk clan of the, i. 11

—— women secluded at menstruation, i. 88 sq.

Omens from birds and beasts, i. 56; from the smoke of bonfires, 116, 131, 337; from flames of bonfires, 140, 142, 159, 165, 336, 337; from cakes rolled down hill, 153; from boiling milk, ii. 8; from intestines of sheep, 13

—— of death, ii. 54, 64

—— of marriage drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 168, 174, 178, 185, 189, 339; drawn from bonfires, 338 sq.; from flowers, ii. 52 sq., 61

Onktehi, the great spirit of the waters among the Dacotas, ii. 268, 269

Oran, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 216

Orange River, the Corannas of the, ii. 192

Oraons or Uraons of Bengal, their belief as to the transformation of witches into cats, ii. 311 sq.

Ordeal of stinging ants undergone by girls at puberty, i. 61, and by young men, 62 sqq.; of boiling resin, 311

Ordeals as an exorcism, i. 66; undergone by novices at initiation among the Bushongo, ii. 264 sqq.

Order of nature, different views of the, postulated by magic and science, ii. 305 sq.

Organs, internal, of medicine-man replaced by a new set at initiation, ii. 237, 238 sq.

Origin of fire, primitive ideas as to the, ii. 295 sq.

Orinoco, the Banivas of the, i. 66; the Guaraunos of the, 85; the Guayquiries of the, 85; the Tamanaks of the, 61 n. 3

Ornament, external soul of woman in an ivory, ii. 156

Ornaments, amulets degenerate into, ii. 156 n. 2

Orne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 185

Oro, West African bogey, ii. 229

Orpheus and the willow, ii. 294

Orpine (Sedum telephium) at Midsummer, i. 196; used in divination at Midsummer, ii. 61

Orvieto, Midsummer fires at, i. 210

Oster-Kappeln, in Hanover, the oak of the Guelphs at, ii. 166 sq.

Osterode, Easter bonfires at, i. 142

Ot Danoms of Borneo, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 35 sq.

Otati tribe of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 38

Ovambo, of German South-West Africa, custom observed by young women at puberty among the, ii. 183

Owls, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 202; sex totem of women, 217; called women’s “sisters,” 218

Ox burnt alive to stop a murrain, i. 301

—— -horns, external soul of chief in pair of, ii. 156

Ozieri, in Sardinia, bonfires on St. John’s Eve at, i. 209

Padua, story of a were-wolf in, i. 309

Paha, on the Gold Coast, ii. 210

Pale colour of negro children at birth, ii. 251 n. 1, 259 n. 2

Palettes or plaques of schist in Egyptian tombs, ii. 155 n. 3

Palm-branches, consecrated, at Easter, i. 121

—— Sunday, palm-branches consecrated on, i. 144, ii. 30, 85 n. 4; boxwood blessed on, i. 184, ii. 47; fern-seed used on, 288

—— -trees as life-indices, ii. 161, 163, 164

Papuan and Melanesian stocks in New Guinea, ii. 239

Papuans, life-trees among the, ii. 163

Paraguay, the Chiquites Indians of, ii. 226 n. 1

Parallelism between witches and were-wolves, i. 315, 321

Parasitic mountain-ash (rowan) used to make the divining-rod, ii. 69

—— orchid growing on a tamarind, ritual at cutting, ii. 81

—— rowan, superstitions about a, ii. 281 sq.

Paris, effigy of giant burnt in summer fire at, ii. 38; cats burnt alive at Midsummer in, 39

Parivarams of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69

Parrot, external soul of warlock in a, ii. 97 sq.

—— and Punchkin, story of the, ii. 97 sq.

Parsees, their customs as to menstruous women, i. 85

Partridge, C., ii. 204

Paschal candle, i. 121, 122 n., 125

—— Mountains, i. 141

Passage over or through fire a stringent form of purification, ii. 24; through a cleft stick in connexion with puberty and circumcision, 183 sq.

Passes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59

Passing over fire to get rid of ghosts, ii. 17 sq.; through cleft trees and other harrow openings to get rid of ghosts, etc., 173 sqq.; under a yoke as a purification, 193 sqq.

Passing children through cleft trees, ii. 168 sqq.; children, sheep, and cattle through holes in the ground, ii. 190 sq.

Pastern-bone of a hare in a popular remedy, i. 17

Pastures fumigated at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, i. 170

Patani States, custom as to the after-birth in the, ii. 164

Paths, separate, for men and women, i. 78, 80, 89

Patiko, in the Uganda Protectorate, dread of lightning at, ii. 298 n. 2

Paton, W. R., on the Golden Bough, ii. 319

Patriarch of Jerusalem kindles the new fire at Easter, i. 129

Patrician myrtle-tree at Rome, ii. 168

Patschkau, precautions against witches near, ii. 20 n.

Pâturages, processions with torches at, i. 108

Pawnee story of the external soul, ii. 151

Pawnees, human sacrifices among the, ii. 286 n. 2

Pazzi family at Florence, i. 126

Peace-making ceremony among the Masai, ii. 139 n.

Pear-tree as life-index of girl, ii. 165

—— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108; rarely attacked by mistletoe, ii. 315

Peas, boiled, distributed by young married couples, i. 111 n. 1

Pebbles thrown into Midsummer fires, i. 183

Peguenches, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59

Peking, life-tree of the Manchu dynasty at, ii. 167 sq.

Pelops at Olympia, ii. 90 n. 1

Pemba, island of, ii. 263

Pendle, the forest of, i. 245

Pennant, Thomas, on Beltane fires and cakes in Perthshire, i. 152; on Hallowe’en fires in Perthshire, 230

Pennefather River in Queensland, ii. 159; treatment of girls at puberty on the, i. 38

Penny-royal burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213, 214; gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51

Pentamerone, the, ii. 105

Penzance, Midsummer fires at, i. 199 sq.

Perche, Midsummer fires in, i. 188; St. John’s herb gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 46; the Chêne-Doré in, 287 n. 1

Perforating arms and legs of young men, girls, and dogs as a ceremony, i. 58

Pergine, in the Tyrol, fern-seed at, ii. 288 sq.

Perigord, the Yule log in, i. 250 sq., 253; magic herbs gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 46; crawling under a bramble as a cure for boils in, 180

Perkunas, Lithuanian god, his perpetual fire, ii. 91 n. 5

Péronne, mugwort at Midsummer near, ii. 58

Persians celebrate a festival of fire at the winter solstice, i. 269

Perthshire, Beltane fires and cakes in, i. 152 sq.; traces of Midsummer fires in, 206; Hallowe’en bonfires in, 230 sqq.; need-fire in, 296 sq.

Peru, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 132

Perun, the oak sacred to the god, ii. 89

Petronius, his story of the were-wolf, i. 313 sq.

Pett, Grace, a witch, i. 304

Petworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, ii. 170

Phalgun, a Hindoo month, ii. 2

Philip and James, the Apostles, feast of, i. 158

Piazza del Limbo at Florence, i. 126

Picardy, Lenten fire-customs in, i. 113; Midsummer fires in, 187

Piedmont, belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John’s morning in, ii. 82 sq.

Pietro in Guarano (Calabria), Easter custom at, i. 123

Pig, roast, at Christmas, i. 259; burnt sacrifice of a, 302

Pigeon, external soul of ogre in a, ii. 100; external soul of dragon in a, 112 sq.

Pigeon’s egg, external soul of fairy being in, ii. 132 sq., 139

Pigeons deposit seed of mistletoe, ii. 316 n. 1

Pigs sacrificed, i. 9; driven through Midsummer fire, 179; driven through the need-fire, 272, 273, 274 sq., 275 sq., 276 sq., 277, 278, 279, 297; offered to monster who swallows novices at initiation, ii. 240, 246

Pilgrimages on Yule Night in Sweden, i. 20 sq.

Pillar, external soul of ogre in a, ii. 100 sq.

Pima Indians, their purification for manslaughter, i. 21

Pines, Scotch, struck by lightning, proportion of, ii. 298

Pinewood, fire of, at Soracte, ii. 14, 91 n. 1

Pinoeh, district of South-Eastern Borneo, ii. 154 sq.

Pippin, king of the Franks, i. 270

Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, i. 230

Pitrè, Giuseppe, on St. John’s Day in Sicily, ii. 29

Placci, Carlo, i. 127 n. 1

Place de Noailles at Marseilles, Midsummer flowers in the, ii. 46

Plane and birch, fire made by the friction of, i. 220

Plantain-tree, creeping through a cleft, as a cure, ii. 181

Plants, spirits of, in the form of snakes, ii. 44 n.; external soul in, 159 sqq.; and trees as life-indices, 160 sqq.

Plaques or palettes of schist in Egyptian tombs, ii. 155 n. 3

Plates or basins, divination by three, i. 237 sq., 240, 244

Plato, on the distribution of the soul in the body, ii. 221 n. 1

Plebeian myrtle-tree at Rome, ii. 168

Pleiades, beginning of year determined by observation of the, ii. 244, 245 n.

Pliny on “serpents’ eggs,” i. 15; on medicinal plants, 17; on the touch of menstruous women, 96; on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14; on the mythical springwort, 71; on the Druidical worship of mistletoe, 76 sq.; on the virtues of mistletoe, 78; on the birds which deposit seeds of mistletoe, 316 n. 1; on the different kinds of mistletoe, 317

Plough, piece of Yule log inserted in the, i. 251, 337

Ploughing in spring, custom at the first, i. 18

Ploughshare, crawling under a, as a cure, ii. 180

Plum-tree wood used for Yule log, i. 250

Plurality of souls, doctrine of the, ii. 221 sq.

Plutarch, on oak-mistletoe, ii. 318 n. 1

Pogdanzig, witches’ Sabbath at, ii. 74

Pointing sticks or bones in magic, i. 14

Poitou, Midsummer fires in, i. 182, 190 sq., 340 sq.; fires on All Saints’ Day in, 246; the Yule log in, 251 n. 1; mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 59

Poix, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Poland, need-fire in, i. 281 sq.

Polaznik, polazenik, polažaynik, Christmas visiter, i. 261, 263, 264

Pole, sacred, of the Arunta, i. 7

Poles, passing between two poles after a death, ii. 178 sq.; passing between two poles in order to escape sickness or evil spirit, ii. 179 sqq.

Pollution, menstrual, widespread fear of, i. 76 sqq.

Polygnotus, his picture of Orpheus under the willow, ii. 294

Pomerania, hills called the Blocksberg in, i. 171 n. 3

Pommerol, Dr., i. 112

Pond, G. H., on ritual of death and resurrection among the Dacotas, ii. 269

Pongol or Feast of Ingathering in Southern India, ii. 1, 16

Pontesbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257

Popinjay, shooting at a, i. 194

Popish Kingdome, The, of Thomas Kirchmeyer, i. 125 sq., 162

Poplar, the white, used in sacrificing to Zeus at Olympia, ii. 90 n. 1, 91 n. 7; black, mistletoe on, 318 n. 6

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 282

Porcupine as charm to ensure women an easy delivery, i. 49

Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, their superstition as to lizards, ii. 216 sq.

Porta Triumphalis at Rome, ii. 195

Portrait statues, external souls of Egyptian kings deposited in, ii. 157

Portreach, sacrifice of a calf near, i. 301

Poseidon makes Pterelaus immortal, ii. 103; priest of, uses a white umbrella, i. 20 n. 1

Posidonius, Greek traveller in Gaul, ii. 32

Poso in Central Celebes, custom at the working of iron in, ii. 154; the Alfoors of, 222

Possession by an evil spirit cured by passing through a red-hot chain, ii. 186

Potawatomi women secluded at menstruation, i. 89

Potlatch, distribution of property, ii. 274

Pots used by girls at puberty broken, i. 61, 69

Powers, extraordinary, ascribed to first-born children, i. 295

Požega district of Slavonia, need-fire in, i. 282

Prättigau in Switzerland, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 119

Prayers of adolescent girls to the Dawn of Day, i. 50 sq., 53, 98 n. 1; for rain, 133

Pretence of throwing a man into fire, i. 148, 186, ii. 25

Priapus, image of, at need-fire, i. 286

Priest of Aricia and the Golden Bough, i. 1; of Earth, taboos observed by the, 4; of Diana at Aricia, the King of the Wood, perhaps personified Jupiter, ii. 302 sq.; at Nemi, 315

Priestesses not allowed to step on ground, i. 5

Priests expected to pass through fire, ii. 2, 5, 8, 9, 14

Primitive thought, its vagueness and inconsistency, ii. 301 sq.

Prince Sunless, i. 21

—— of Wales Island, Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 40

Princess royal, ceremonies at the puberty of a, i. 29, 30_ sq._

Procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve, i. 268

Processions with lighted torches through fields, gardens, orchards, etc., i. 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 141, 179, 233 sq., 266, 339 sq.; on Corpus Christi Day, 165; to the Midsummer bonfires, 184, 185, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193; across fiery furnaces, ii. 4 sqq.; of giants (effigies) at popular festivals in Europe, 33 sqq.

Profligacy at Holi festival in India, ii. 2

Prophecy, the Norse Sibyl’s, i. 102 sq.

Proserpine River in Queensland, i. 39

Provence, Midsummer fires in, i. 193 sq.; the Yule log in, 249 sqq.

Prussia, Midsummer fires in, i. 176 sq.; mullein gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 63 sq.; witches’ Sabbath in, 74

——, Eastern, herbs gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 48 sq.; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, 53, 61; belief as to mistletoe growing on a thorn in, 291 n. 3

Prussian custom before first ploughing in spring, i. 18

Prussians, the old, worshipped serpents, ii. 43 n. 3

Pterelaus and his golden hair, ii. 103

Puberty, girls secluded at, i. 22 sqq.; fast and dream at, ii. 222 n. 5; pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to life again during initiatory rites at, 225 sqq.

Pueblo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 230 n., 231

Pulayars of Travancore, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69

Pulverbatch, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257; belief as the bloom of the oak on Midsummer Eve at, ii. 292

Pumpkin, external soul in a, ii. 105

Punchkin and the parrot, story of, ii. 97 sq., 215, 220

Punjaub, supernatural power ascribed to the first-born in the, i. 295; passing unlucky children through narrow openings in the, ii. 190

Purification by stinging with ants, i. 61 sqq.; by beating, 61, 64 sqq.; of mourners by fire, ii. 17, 18 sq.; after a death, 178; by passing under a yoke, 193 sqq.

Purificatory theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329 sq., 341, ii. 16 sqq.; more probable than the solar theory, i. 346

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) gathered at Midsummer, ii. 65

Purra or poro, secret society in Sierra Leone, ii. 260 sq.

Puttenham, George, on the Midsummer giants, ii. 36 sq.

Pyrenees, Midsummer fires in the French, i. 193

Quarter-ill, a disease of cattle, i. 296

Quedlinburg, in the Harz Mountains, need-fire at, i. 276

Queen Charlotte Islands, the Haida Indians of, i. 44

—— of Heaven, ii. 303

—— of Summer, i. 195

Queen’s County, Midsummer fires in, i. 203; divination at Hallowe’en in, 242

Queensland, sorcery in, i. 14; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 37 sqq.; dread of women at menstruation in, 78; natives of, their mode of ascertaining the fate of an absent friend, ii. 159 sq.; use of bull-roarers in, 233

Quimba, a secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 256 n.

Quimper, Midsummer fires at, i. 184

Quirinus, sanctuary of, at Rome, ii. 168

Races at fire-festivals, i. 111; to Easter bonfire, 122; at Easter fires, 144; with torches at Midsummer, 175. See also Torch-races

Radium, bearing of its discovery on the probable duration of the sun, ii. 307 n. 2

Rahu, a tribal god in India, ii. 5

Rain, Midsummer bonfires supposed to stop, i. 188, 336; bull-roarers used as magical instruments to make, ii. 230 sqq.

—— -clouds, smoke made in imitation of, i. 133

—— -makers (mythical), i. 133

—— -water in Morocco, magical virtues ascribed to, i. 17 sq.

Raking a rick in the devil’s name, i. 243; the ashes, a mode of divination, 243

Ralston, W. R. S., on sacred fire of Perkunas, ii. 91 n. 3

Rama, his battle with the King of Ceylon, ii. 102

Rampart, old, of Burghead, i. 267 sq.

Ramsay, John, of Ochtertyre, on Beltane fires, i. 146 sqq.; on Midsummer fires, 206; on Hallowe’en fires, 230 sq.; on burying cattle alive, 325 sq.

Rarhi, Brahmans of Bengal, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 68

Rat, external soul of medicine-man in, ii. 199

Rattan, creeping through a split, to escape a malignant spirit, ii. 183

Rattle used at a festival, i. 28

Rattles to frighten ghosts, i. 52

Raven clan, ii. 271

Ray-fish, cure for wound inflicted by a, i. 98 n. 1

Raymi, a festival of the summer solstice, i. 132

Reapers throw sickles blindfold at last sheaf, ii. 279 n. 4

Reaping, girdle of rye a preventive of weariness in, i. 190

Reay, in Sutherland, the need-fire at, i. 294 sq.

Red earth or paint smeared on girls at puberty, i. 30, 31; girl’s face painted red at puberty, 49 sq., 54; women at menstruation painted, 78

—— and white, girls at puberty painted, i. 35, 38, 39, 40; women at menstruation painted, 78

—— -hot iron chain, passing persons possessed by evil spirits through a, ii. 186

—— Island, i. 39

—— ochre round a woman’s mouth, mark of menstruation, i. 77

Redemption from the fire, i. 110

Reed, W. A., on a superstition as to a parasitic plant, ii. 282

Reed, split, used in cure for dislocation, ii. 177

Reef, plain of, in Tiree, i. 316

Regaby, in the Isle of Man, i. 224

Reindeer sacrificed to the dead, ii. 178

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, O. Frh. von, on the Yule log, i. 249

Reiskius, Joh., on the need-fire, i. 271 sq.

Religion, movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. 304 sq.

Religious associations among the Indians of North America, ii. 266 sqq.

Remedies, magical, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14

Renewal of fire, annual, in China, i. 137. See also Fire

Rengen, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. 48

Resoliss, parish of, in Ross-shire, burnt sacrifice of a pig in, i. 301 sq.

Resurrection, ritual of death and, ii. 225 sqq.

Reuzes, wicker giants in Brabant and Flanders, ii. 35

Revin, Midsummer fires at, i. 188

Rhenish Prussia, Lenten fires in, i. 115

Rheumatism, crawling under a bramble as a cure for, ii. 180

Rhine, the Lower, need-fire on, i. 278; St. John’s wort on, ii. 54

Rhodesia, the Winamwanga of, ii. 297

Rhodomyrtus tomentosus, used to kindle fire by friction, ii. 8

Rhön Mountains, Lenten custom in the, i. 117

Rhys, Sir John, on Beltane fires, i. 157; on driving cattle through fires, 159; on old New Year’s Day in the Isle of Man, 224; on Hallowe’en bonfires in Wales, 239 sq.; on burnt sacrifices in the Isle of Man, 305 sqq.; on alleged Welsh name for mistletoe, ii. 286 n. 3

Ribble, the, i. 245

Ribwort gathered at Midsummer, ii. 49

Rickard, R. H., quoted, i. 34

Rickets, children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for, ii. 168; children passed through cleft oaks as a cure for, 170; children passed through a holed stone as a cure for, 187

Rickety children passed through a natural wooden ring, ii. 184

Riedel, J. G. F., on the Kakian association in Ceram, ii. 249

Rif, province of Morocco, Midsummer fires in, i. 214 n., 215; bathing at Midsummer in, 216

Riga, Midsummer festival at, i. 177

Right hand, luckiness of the, i. 151 n.

—— turn (deiseal, dessil) in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 150 n. 1, 154

Rigveda, how Indra cured Apala in the, ii. 193

Ring, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, ii. 184 sqq.; divination by a, i. 237; worn by initiates as token of the new birth, ii. 257. See also Rings

Ringhorn, Balder’s ship, i. 102

Ringing church bells on Midsummer Eve, custom as to, ii. 47 sq.

Rings as amulets, i. 92; mourners creep through, ii. 178, 179. See also Ring

Rio de Janeiro, i. 59

—— Negro, ordeals of young men among the Indians of the, i. 63

Risley, Sir Herbert H., on Indian fire-walk, ii. 5 n. 3

Ritual, myths dramatized in, i. 105; of death and resurrection, ii. 225 sqq.

Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., on tamaniu, ii. 199 n. 1

Rivers, menstruous women not allowed to cross or bathe in, i. 77, 97; claim human victims at Midsummer, ii. 26 sqq.; bathing in, at Midsummer, 30

Rizano, in Dalmatia, the Yule log at, i. 263

Robertson, Rev. James, quoted, i. 150 sqq.

Robinson, C. H., on human life bound up with that of an animal, ii. 209

Rochholz, C. L., on need-fire, i. 270 n.

Rocks, sick people passed through holes in, ii. 186 sq., 189 sq.

Roman belief as to menstruous women, i. 98 n. 1

—— cure for dislocation, ii. 177

Romans deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, ii. 299

Romanus Lecapenus, emperor, ii. 156

Rome, the sacred fire of Vesta at, i. 138, ii. 91; Midsummer Day in ancient, i. 178; myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at, ii. 168; oak of the Vespasian family at, 168

Romove, sacred oak and perpetual fire at, ii. 91, 286

Roof of house, the external soul in, ii. 156

Rook, the island of, initiation of young men in, ii. 246

Roscher, Dr. W. H., on the Roman ceremony of passing under a yoke, ii. 194 n. 2

Roscoe, Rev. J., on life-trees of kings of Uganda, ii. 160; on passing through a cleft stick or a narrow opening as a cure, 181

Roscommon, County, divination at Hallowe’en in, i. 243

Rose-tree, death in a blue, ii. 110

Roses, festival of the Crown of, i. 195; the King and Queen of, 195

Ross-shire, Beltane cakes in, i. 153; burnt sacrifice of a pig in, 301 sq.

Rotenburg on the Neckar, offering to the river on St. John’s Day, ii. 28; the wicked weaver of, 289 sq.

Rottenburg, in Swabia, burning the Angel-man at, i. 167; precautions against witches on Midsummer Eve at, ii. 73

Roumanians of Transylvania, their belief as to the sacredness of bread, i. 13

Rowan, parasitic, esteemed effective against witchcraft, ii. 281; superstitions about a, 281 sq.; how it is to be gathered, 282; not to be touched with iron and not to fall on the ground, 282

—— -tree a protection against witches, i. 154, 327 n. 1, ii. 184 n. 4, 185; hoop of, sheep passed through a, 184. See also Mountain-ash

Rubens, painter, ii. 33

Rucuyennes of Brazil, ordeal of young men among the, i. 63

Rue aux Ours at Paris, effigy of giant burnt in the, ii. 38

Rue burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Rügen, sick persons passed through a cleft oak in, ii. 172

Rum, island of, and the Lachlin family, ii. 284

Rupert’s Day, effigy burnt on, i. 119

Rupt in the Vosges, Lenten fires at, i. 109; the Yule log at, 254

Rupture, children passed through cleft ash-trees or oaks as a cure for, ii. 168 sqq., 170 sqq.

Russia, Midsummer fires in, i. 176, ii. 40; need-fire in, i. 281, ii. 91; treatment of the effigy of Kupalo in, 23; the Letts of, 50; purple loose-strife gathered at Midsummer in, 65; fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65, 66, 287 sq.; birth-trees in, 165

Russian feast of Florus and Laurus, i. 220

—— story of Koshchei the deathless, ii. 108 sqq.

Rustem and Isfendiyar, i. 104 sq.

Ruthenia, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 176

Rye, girdles of, a preventive of weariness in reaping, i. 190

Saale, the river, claims a human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Saaralben in Lorraine, ii. 47

Sabbaths of witches on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, i. 171 n. 3, 181, ii. 73, 74

Sacramental bread at Nemi, ii. 286 n. 2

—— meal at initiation in Fiji, ii. 245 sq.

Sacred flutes played at initiation, ii. 241

—— kings put to death, i. 1 sq.

—— persons not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 2 sqq.; not to see the sun, i. 18 sqq.

—— stick (churinga), ii. 234

Sacrifice of cattle at holy oak, i. 181; of heifer at kindling need-fire, 290; of an animal to stay a cattle-plague, 300 sqq.; of reindeer to the dead, ii. 178

Sacrifices, human, at fire-festivals, i. 106; traces of, 146, 148, 150 sqq., 186, ii. 31; offered by the ancient Germans, 28 n. 1; among the Celts of Gaul, 32 sq.; the victims perhaps witches and wizards, 41 sqq.; W. Mannhardt’s theory, 43

“Sacrificial fonts” in Sweden, i. 172 n. 2

Sada, Saza, Persian festival of fire at the winter solstice, i. 269

Sage, divination by sprigs of red, on Midsummer Eve, ii. 61 n. 4

Sagittarius, mistletoe cut when the sun is in the sign of, ii. 82

Sahagun, B. de, on the treatment of witches and wizards among the Aztecs, ii. 159

Saibai, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 40 sq.

Sail Dharaich, Sollas, in North Uist, need-fire at, i. 294

St. Antony, wood of, i. 110

St. Brandon, church of, in Ireland, sick women pass through a window of the, ii. 190

St. Christopher, name given to Midsummer giant at Salisbury, ii. 38

St. Columb Kill, festival of, i. 241

St. Corona, church of, at Koppenwal, holed stone in the, ii. 188 sq.

Saint-Denis-des-Puits, the oak of, ii. 287 n. 1

St. Eloi, Bishop of Noyon, his denunciation of heathen practices, ii. 190

St. Estapin, festival of, on August the sixth, ii. 188

St. George’s Day, i. 223 n. 2

St. Hubert blesses bullets with which to shoot witches, i. 315 sq.

St. James’s Day (July the twenty-fifth), the flower of chicory cut on, ii. 71

St. Jean, in the Jura, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 189

St. John blesses the flowers on Midsummer Eve, i. 171; his hair looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 sq., 190; fires of, in France, 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193; prayers to, at Midsummer, 210; claims human victims on St. John’s Day (Midsummer Day), ii. 27, 29; print of his head on St. John’s Eve, 57; oil of, found on oak leaves, 83

——, the Knights of, i. 194

——, Grand Master of the Order of, i. 211

—— the Baptist associated by the Catholic Church with Midsummer Day, i. 160, 181

St. John’s blood found on St. John’s wort and other plants at Midsummer, ii. 56, 57

St. John’s College, Oxford, the Christmas candle at, i. 255

—— Day, Midsummer fires on, i. 167 sqq., 171 sqq., 178, 179; fire kindled by friction of wood on, 281; fern-seed blooms on, ii. 287. See also Midsummer.

—— Eve (Midsummer Eve) in Malta, i. 210 sq.; wonderful herbs gathered on, ii. 45 sqq.; sick children passed through cleft trees on, 171

St. John’s fires among the South Slavs, i. 178; among the Esthonians, 180. See also Midsummer fires

—— flower at Midsummer, ii. 50; gathered on St. John’s Eve (Midsummer Eve), 57 sq.

—— girdle, mugwort, ii. 59

—— herbs gathered at Midsummer, ii. 46 sq., 49; a protection against evil spirits, 49

—— Night (Midsummer Eve), precautions against witches on, ii. 20 n.

—— oil on oaks at Midsummer, ii. 293

—— root (Johanniswurzel), the male fern, ii. 66

—— wort (Hypericum perforatum), garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 169 n. 3, 196; gathered on St. John’s Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), ii. 49, 54 sqq.; a protection against thunder, witches, and evil spirits, 54, 55, 74; thrown into the Midsummer bonfires, 55

St. Juan Capistrano, in California, ordeal of nettles and ants among the Indians of, i. 64

St. Julien, church of, at Ath, ii. 36

St. Just, in Cornwall, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 200

St. Lawrence family, their lives bound up with an old tree at Howth castle, ii. 166

St. Martin invoked to disperse a mist, i. 280

St. Mary at Lübeck, church of, i. 100

St. Michael’s cake, i. 149, 154 n. 3

St. Nonnosius, relics of, in the cathedral of Freising, Bavaria, ii. 188 sq.

St. Patrick and the Beltane fires, i. 157 sq.

St. Patrick’s Chair, i. 205

—— Mount, i. 205

St. Peter, the Eve of, Midsummer fires in Ireland on, i. 202

—— and St. Paul, celebration of their day in London, i. 196

St. Peter’s at Rome, new fire at Easter in, i. 125

—— Day, bonfires in Belgium on, i. 194 sq.; bonfires at Eton on, 197; fires in Scotland on, 207

—— Eve, bonfires on, i. 195, 198, 199 sq.; gathering herbs on, ii. 45 n. 1

St. Rochus’s day, need-fire kindled on, i. 282

St. Thomas’s day (21st December), bonfires on, i. 266; witches dreaded on, ii. 73

—— Mount, near Madras, the fire-walk at, ii. 8 n. 1

Saint-Valery in Picardy, i. 113

St. Vitus’s dance, mistletoe a cure for, ii. 84

—— Day, “fire of heaven” kindled on, i. 335

St. Wolfgang, Falkenstein chapel of, ii. 189

Saintes-Maries, Midsummer custom at, i. 194

Saintonge, the Yule log in, i. 251 n. 1; wonderful herbs gathered on St. John’s Eve in, ii. 45; St. John’s wort in, 55; vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62 n. 4; four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, 63

—— and Aunis, Midsummer fires in, i. 192

Salee, in Morocco, Midsummer fires at, i. 214, 216

Salisbury, Midsummer giants at, ii. 37 sq.

Salop (Shropshire), fear of witchcraft in, i. 342 n. 4

Salt, prohibition to eat, i. 19, 20; used in a ceremony after marriage, 25 sq.; abstinence from, associated with a rule of chastity, 26 sqq.; prohibition to taste, 60, 68, 69; not to be handled by menstruous women, 81 sq., 84; divination by, 244

—— cake, divination by, i. 238 sq.

Samhain, Eve of, in Ireland, i. 139, 225, 226; All Saints’ Day in Ireland, 225

Samhanach, Hallowe’en bogies, i. 227

Samhnagan, Hallowe’en fires, i. 230

Samland fishermen will not go to sea on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Samoan story of woman who was impregnated by the sun, i. 74 sq.

Samoyed shamans, their familiar spirits in boars, ii. 196 sq.

—— story of the external soul, ii. 141 sq.

Samson, effigy of, ii. 36; an African, 314

San Salvador in West Africa, ii. 200

Sanctity and uncleanness not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, i. 97 sq.

Sanctuary of Balder, i. 104

Sand, souls of ogres in a grain of, ii. 120

Sandhill, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198

Sangerhausen, i. 169

Sangro, river, i. 210

Sankuru River, ii. 264

Santa Catalina Istlavacan, birth-names of the Indians of, ii. 214 n. 1

—— Maria Piedigrotta at Naples, i. 221

Sapor, king of Persia, i. 82 sq.

Sarajevo, need-fire near, i. 286

Sardinia, Midsummer fires in, i. 209

Satan preaches a sermon in the church of North Berwick, ii. 158; brings fern-seed on Christmas night, 289

Satapatha Brahmana, on the sun as Death, ii. 174 n. 1

Saturday, Easter, new fire on, i. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130; second-sight of persons born on a, 285

Saturnalia at puberty of a princess royal, i. 30 sq.; license of the, ii. 291 n. 2

Saucers, divination by seven, i. 209

Savage, secretiveness of the, ii. 224 sq.; dread of sorcery, 224 sq.

Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian, i. 102 n. 1; his account of Balder, 103

Saxons of Transylvania, story of the external soul among the, ii. 116

Saxony, fires to burn the witches in, i. 160; the Wends of, ii. 297

——, Lower, the need-fire in, i. 272

Scania, Midsummer fires in, i. 172

Schaffhausen, St. John’s three Midsummer victims at, ii. 27

Schar mountains of Servia, need-fire in the, i. 281

Scharholz, Midsummer log in Germany, ii. 92 n. 1

Schaumburg, Easter bonfires in, i. 142

Schlegel, G., on Chinese festival of fire, ii. 5 n. 1

Schlich, W., on mistletoe, ii. 315 sq.; on Loranthus europaeus, 317

Schlochau, district of, witches’ Sabbath in, ii. 74

Schöllbronn in Baden, “thunder poles” at, i. 145

Schoolcraft, Henry R., on renewal of fire, i. 134 n. 1

Schürmann, C. W., on the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, ii. 216 sq.

Schvannes, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1

Schweina, in Thuringia, Christmas bonfire at, i. 265 sq.

Schwenda, witches burnt at, i. 6

Science, movement of thought from magic through religion to, ii. 304 sq.; and magic, different views of natural order postulated by the two, 305 sq.

Scira, an Athenian festival, i. 20 n. 1

“Scoring above the breath,” cutting a witch on the forehead, i. 315 n. 2; counter-spell to witchcraft, 343 n.

Scotch Highlanders, their belief in bogies at Hallowe’en, i. 227; their belief as to Snake Stones, ii. 311

Scotland, sacred wells in, i. 12; Celts called “thunder-bolts” in, 14 sq.; Snake Stones in, 15 sq., ii. 311; worship of Grannus in, i. 112; Beltane fires in, 146 sqq.; Midsummer fires in, 206 sq.; divination at Hallowe’en in, 229, 234 sqq.; need-fire in, 289 sqq.; animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in, 302; “scoring above the breath,” a counter-charm for witchcraft in, 315 n. 2; witches as hares in, 315 n. 1; St. John’s wort in, ii. 54; the divining-rod in, 67. See also Highlands and Highlanders

Scots pine, mistletoe on, ii. 315

Scott, Sir Walter, on the fear of witchcraft, i. 343; oaks planted by, ii. 166

Scourging girls at puberty, i. 66 sq.

Scouvion, i. 108. See Escouvion

Scratching the person with the fingers forbidden to girls at puberty, i. 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92

Scrofula, vervain a cure for, ii. 62 n. 1; creeping through an arch of vines as a cure for, 180; passage through a holed stone a cure for, 187

Scylla, daughter of Nisus, the story of her treachery, ii. 103

Scythes and bill-hooks set out to cut witches as they fall from the clouds, i. 345 sq.

Sea, menstruous women not allowed to approach the, i. 79; bathing in the, at Easter, 123; bathing in the, at Midsummer, 208, 210, ii. 30; demands a human victim on Midsummer Day, 26

Seal, descendants of the, in Sutherlandshire, ii. 131 sq.

Seats placed for souls of dead at the Midsummer fires, i. 183, 184

Seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 22 sqq.,; in folk-tales, 70 sqq.; reasons for the, 76 sqq.

—— of novices at initiation, ii. 233, 241, 250, 253, 257 n. 1, 258, 259, 261, 264, 266

—— of women at menstruation, i. 76 sqq.

Secret language learnt at initiation, ii. 253, 255 n. 1, 259, 261 n.

—— societies and totem clans, related to each other, ii. 272 sq.

Secretiveness of the savage, ii. 224 sq.

Sedbury Park oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. 316

Sedum telephium, orpine, used in divination at Midsummer, ii. 61

Seed-corn, charred remains of Midsummer log mixed with the, ii. 92

Seeman, Berthold, on St. John’s blood, ii. 56

Seler, Professor E., on nagual, ii. 213 n.

Semo, a secret society of Senegambia, ii. 261

Senal Indians of California, their notion as to fire stored in trees, ii. 295

Senegambia, the Walos of, ii. 79; secret society in, 261 sq.

Sennar, a province of the Sudan, human hyaenas in, i. 313

Separation of children from their parents among the Baganda, i. 23 n. 2

September, eve of the first of, new fire on the, i. 139; the eighth, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, 220; the fire-walk in, ii. 9

Serpent, girls at puberty thought to be visited by a, i. 31; supposed to swallow girl at puberty, 57; ten-headed, external soul in a, ii. 104 sq.; twelve-headed, external soul of demon in a, 143; external soul of chief in a, 201. See also Snake

Serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer festival in Luchon, ii. 38 sq., 43; witches turn into, 41; worshipped by the old Prussians, 43 n. 3; in the worship of Demeter, 44 n.; the familiars of witches, 202; spirits of the dead incarnate in, 211 sq.

Serpents’ eggs (glass beads) in ancient Gaul, i. 15

Servia, Midsummer fire custom in, i. 178; the Yule log in, 258 sqq.; need-fire in, 281, 282 sqq.

Servian stories of the external soul, ii. 110 sqq.

Servians, house-communities of the, i. 259 n. 1

Setonje, in Servia, need-fire at, i. 282 sqq.

Seven bonfires, lucky to see, i. 107, 108

—— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 213

—— sorts of plants gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51 sq.

—— years, a were-wolf for, i. 310 n. 1, 316 n. 2

Sex totems among the natives of South-Eastern Australia, ii. 214 sqq.; called “brother” and “sister” by men and women respectively, 215

Sexes, danger apprehended from the relation of the, ii. 277 sq.

Seyf el-Mulook and the jinnee, the story of, ii. 137

Sgealoir, the burying-ground of, i. 294

Sgreball, three pence, i. 139

Sham-fights at New Year, i. 135

Shamans of the Yakuts and Samoyeds keep their external souls in animals, ii. 196

Shamash, the Assyrian sun-god, ii. 80 n. 3

Shanga, city in East Africa, ii. 314

Shawnee prophet, ii. 157

Sheaf, the last cut at harvest, the Yule log wrapt up in, i. 248; reapers blindfold throw sickles at the, ii. 279 n. 4

Sheaves of wheat or barley burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215

Sheep made to tread embers of extinct Midsummer fires, i. 182; driven over ashes of Midsummer fires, 192; burnt to stop disease in the flock, 301; burnt alive as a sacrifice in the Isle of Man, 306; witch in shape of a black, 316; driven through fire, ii. 11 sqq.; omens drawn from the intestines of, 13; passed through a hole in a rock to rid them of disease, 189 sq.

Shells used in ritual of death and resurrection, ii. 267 n. 2, 269

Sherbro, Sierra Leone, secret society in the, ii. 259 sqq.

Shirley Heath, cleft ash-tree at, ii. 168

Shirt, wet, divination by, i. 236, 241

Shoe, divination by thrown, i. 236

Shoes of boar’s skin worn by king at inauguration, i. 4; magical plants at Midsummer put in, ii. 54, 60, 65

Shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, ii. 291

—— at witches in the clouds, i. 345

“Shot-a-dead” by fairies, i. 303

Shropshire, the Yule log in, i. 257; fear of witchcraft in, 342 n. 4; the oak thought to bloom on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 292, 293

Shrove Tuesday, effigies burnt on, i. 120; straw-man burnt on, ii. 22; wicker giants on, 35; cats burnt alive on, 40; the divining-rod cut on, 68; custom of striking a hen dead on, 279 n.

Shuswap Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 53 sq.; girls at puberty forbidden to eat anything that bleeds, 94; fence themselves with thorn bushes against ghosts, ii. 174 n. 2; personal totems among the, 276 n. 1; their belief as to trees struck by lightning, 297 n. 3

Siam, king of, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 3; tree-spirit in serpent form in, ii. 44 n. 1

Siamese, their explanation of a first menstruation, i. 24; their story of the external soul, ii. 102

Siberia, marriage custom in, i. 75; external souls of shamans in, ii. 196 sq.

Sibyl, the Norse, her prophecy, i. 102 sq.

Sibyl’s wish, the, i. 99

Sicily, Midsummer fires in, i. 210; St. John’s Day (Midsummer Day) regarded as dangerous and unlucky in, ii. 29; bathing at Midsummer in, 29; St. John’s wort in, 55

Sickness, bonfires a protection against, i. 108, 109; transferred to animal, ii. 181

Sieg, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248

Siena, the, of the Ivory Coast, their totemism, ii. 220 n. 2

Sierck, town on the Moselle, i. 164

Sierra Leone, birth-trees in, ii. 160; secret society in, 260 sq.

Sieve, divination by, i. 236

Sikkhim, custom after a funeral in, ii. 18

Silence compulsory on girls at puberty, i. 29, 57; in ritual, 123, 124, ii. 63, 67, 171, 184

Silesia, Spachendorf in, i. 119; fires to burn the witches in, 160; Midsummer fires in, 170 sq., 175; need-fire in, 278; witches as cats in, 319 sq.; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 53

Silius Italicus, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14 n. 3

Sill of door, unlucky children passed under the, ii. 190

Silver sixpence or button used to shoot witches with, i. 316

Silvia and Mars, story of, ii. 102

Simeon, prince of Bulgaria, his life bound up with the capital of a column, ii. 156 sq.

Simla, i. 12

Simurgh and Rustem, i. 104

Sin-offering, i. 82

Singhalese, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 69

Singleton, Miss A. H., ii. 192 n. 1

Siouan tribes of North America, names of clans not used in ordinary conversation among the, ii. 224 n. 2

Sioux or Dacotas, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268 sq.

Sipi in Northern India, i. 12

Sirius, how the Bushmen warm up the star, i. 332 sq.

Sister’s Beam (Sororium tigillum) at Rome, ii. 194, 195 n. 4

Sisyphus, the stone of, i. 298

Sixpence, silver, witches shot with a, i. 316

Sixth day of the moon, mistletoe cut on the, ii. 77

Sixty years, cycles of, ii. 77 n. 1

Skin disease, traditional cure of, in India, ii. 192; leaping over ashes of fire as remedy for, 2

Sky, girls at puberty not allowed to look at the, i. 43, 45, 46, 69

Skye, island of, i. 289; the need-fire in, 148

Slane, the hill of, i. 158

Slave Coast, custom of widows on the, ii. 18 sq.; use of bull-roarers on the, 229 n.

Slavonia, the Yule log in, i. 262 sq.; need-fire in, 282

Slavonian (South) peasants, the measures they take to bring down witches from the clouds, i. 345

Slavonic peoples, need-fire among, i. 280 sqq., 344

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 108 sqq.

Slavs, the oak a sacred tree among the, ii. 89; oak wood used to kindle sacred fires among the, 91

——, the South, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178; the Yule log among the, 247, 258 sqq.; divination from flowers at Midsummer among the, ii. 50; their belief in the activity of witches at Midsummer, 74 sq.; need-fire sometimes kindled by the friction of oak-wood among the, 91

Sleep, magic, at initiation, ii. 256 sq.

Sligo, the Druids’ Hill in County, i. 229

Slope of Big Stones in Harris, i. 227

Slovenians, their belief in the activity of witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. 75

Smith, a spectral, i. 136

Smoke made in imitation of rain-clouds, i. 133; used to stupefy witches in the clouds, 345; used to fumigate sheep and cattle, ii. 12, 13

—— of bonfires, omens drawn from the, i. 116, 131, 337; intended to drive away dragons, 161; allowed to pass over corn, 201, 337

—— of Midsummer bonfires a preservative against ills, i. 188; a protection against disease, 192; beneficial effects of, 214 sq.

—— of Midsummer herbs a protection against thunder and lightning, ii. 48; used to fumigate cattle, 53

—— of need-fire used to fumigate fruit-trees, nets, and cattle, i. 280

Smyth, R. Brough, on menstruous women in Australia, i. 13

Snake said to wound a girl at puberty, i. 56; seven-headed, external soul of witch in a, ii. 144; external soul of medicine-man in, 199. See also Serpent

—— Stones, superstitions as to, i. 15 sq.; belief of the Scottish Highlanders concerning, ii. 311

Snakes, fat of, i. 14; thought to congregate on Midsummer Eve or the Eve of May Day, 15 sq.; charm against, 17; spirits of plants and trees in the form of, ii. 44 n.; sympathetically related to human beings, 209 sq.

Snow, external soul of a king in, ii. 102

Societies, secret, and clans, totemic, related to each other, ii. 272 sq.

Sodewa Bai and the golden necklace, story of, ii. 99 sq.

Soemara, in Celebes, were-wolf at, i. 312

Sofala in East Africa, i. 135 n. 2

Sogamoso, heir to the throne of, not allowed to see the sun, i. 19

Sogne Fiord in Norway, Balder’s Grove on the, i. 104, ii. 315

Solar festival in spring, ii. 3

—— theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329, 331 sqq., ii. 15 sq., 72

Solstice, the summer, new fire kindled at the, i. 132, 133; its importance for primitive man, 160 sq.

——, the winter, celebrated as the Birthday of the Sun, i. 246; Persian festival of fire at the, 269

Solstices, the old pagan festivals of the two, consecrated as the birthdays of Christ and St. John the Baptist, i. 181 sq.; festivals of fire at the, 246, 247, 331 sq.; fern-seed gathered at the, ii. 290 sq.; mistletoe gathered at the, 291 sq.

Solstitial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. 292

Soma, Hindoo deity, i. 99 n. 2

Somme, the river, i. 113; the department of, mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 58

Somersetshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199

Sonnerat, French traveller, on the fire-walk in India, ii. 6 sqq.

Soosoos of Senegambia, their secret society, ii. 261 sq.

Soracte, fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani on Mount, ii. 14 sq.; the Soranian Wolves at, 91 n. 7

“Soranian Wolves” (Hirpi Sorani), ii. 14; at Soracte, 91 n. 1

Soranus, Italian god, ii. 14, 15 n. 1, 16

Sorcerers, Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. 45; detected by St. John’s wort, 55; detected by fern root, 67

Sorcery, pointing sticks or bones in, i. 14; bonfires a protection against, 156; sprigs of mullein protect cattle against, 190; mistletoe a protection against, ii. 85; savage dread of, 224 sq. See also Witchcraft

—— and witchcraft, Midsummer plants and flowers a protection against, ii. 45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72

Sorcha, the King of, in a Celtic tale, ii. 127 sq.

Soul, the notion of, a quasi-scientific hypothesis, ii. 221; the unity and indivisibility of the, a theological dogma, 221

—— of chief in sacred grove, ii. 161

Soul of child deposited in a coco-nut, ii. 154 sq.; deposited in a bag, 155; bound up with knife, 157

—— of iron, ii. 154

—— of ruptured person passes into cleft oak-tree, ii. 172

—— of woman at childbirth deposited in a chopping-knife, ii. 153 sq.

—— the external, in folk-tales, ii. 95 sqq.; in parrot, 97 sq.; in bird, 98 sq.; in necklace, 99 sq.; in a fish, 99 sq., 122 sq.; in cock, pigeon, starling, spinning-wheel, pillar, 100 sq.; in a bee, 101; in a lemon, 102; in a tree, 102; in a barley plant, 102; in a box, 102, 117, 143 n. 4, 149; in a firebrand, 103; in hair, 103 sq.; in snow, 103 sq.; in two or three doves, 104; in a ten-headed serpent, 104 sq.; in a pumpkin, 105; in a spear, 105; in a dragon, 105; in a gem, 105 sq.; in an egg, 107, 125, 127, 140 sq.; in a duck’s egg, 109 sq., 115 sq., 116, 119 sq., 120, 126, 130, 132; in a blue rose-tree, 110; in a bird, 111, 119, 142, 150; in a pigeon, 112 sq.; in a light, 116; in a flower, 117 sq.; in grain of sand, 120; in a stone, 125 n. 1, 156; in a thorn, 129; in a gem, 130; in a pigeon’s egg, 132, 139; in a dove’s egg, 133; in a box-tree, 133; in the flower of the acacia, 135 sq.; in a sparrow, 137; in a beetle, 138, 140; in a bottle, 138; in a golden cock-chafer, 140; in a dish, 141 sq.; in a precious stone, 142; in a bag, 142; in a white herb, 143; in a wasp, 143 sq.; in a twelve-headed serpent, 143; in a golden ring, 143; in seven little birds, 144; in a seven-headed snake, 144; in a quail, 144 sq.; in a vase, 145 sq.; in a golden sword and a golden arrow, 145; in entrails, 147 sq.; in a golden fish, 147 sq., 220; in a hair as hard as copper, 148; in a cat, 150 sq.; in a bear, 151; in a buffalo, 151; in inanimate things, 153 sqq.; in a hemlock branch, 152; in folk-custom, 153 sqq.; in a mountain scaur, 156; in ox-horns, 156; in roof of house, 156; in a tree, 156; in a spring of water, 156; in capital of column, 156 sq.; in a portrait statue, 157; in plants, 159 sqq.; in animals, 196 sqq.; of shaman or medicine-man in animal, 196, 199; kept in totem, 220 sqq.

—— -boxes, amulets as, ii. 155

—— -stones, ii. 156

—— -stuff of ghosts, ii. 182

Soulless King, whose soul was in a duck’s egg, Lithuanian story of the, ii. 113 sqq.

Souls of dead sit round the Midsummer fire, i. 183, 184; of people at a house-warming collected in a bag, ii. 153; male and female, in Chinese philosophy, 221; the plurality of, 221 sq.; human, transmigrate into their totemic animals, 223

Sow, the cropped black, at Hallowe’en, i. 239, 240

Sower, the Wicked, driving away, i. 107, 118

Sowerby, James, on mouse-ear hawk-weed, ii. 57; on orpine, 61 n. 4; on yellow hoary mullein, 64; on the Golden Bough, 284 n. 3; on mistletoe, 316 n. 5

Sowing hemp seed, divination by, i. 235

Spachendorf, in Silesia, effigy burnt at, i. 119

Spae-wives and Gestr, Icelandic story of the, ii. 125 sq.

Spain, Midsummer fires and customs in, i. 208; bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29; vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62

Spark Sunday in Switzerland, i. 118

Sparks of Yule log prognosticate chickens, lambs, foals, calves, etc., i. 251, 262, 263, 264

Sparrow, external soul of a jinnee in a, ii. 137

Spear used to help women in hard labour, i. 14; external soul in a, ii. 105

Speicher, in the Eifel, St. John’s fires at, i. 169

Spell recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290; of witchcraft broken by suffering, 304

Spells cast on cattle, i. 301, 302; cast by witches on union of man and wife, 346

Spencer (B.) and Gillen (F. J.) on initiation of medicine-man, ii. 238

Spinning-wheel, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 100

Spirit or god of vegetation, effigies of, burnt in spring, ii. 21 sq.; reasons for burning, 23; leaf-clad representative of, burnt, 25

Spirits of the hills, their treasures, ii. 69

—— of plants and trees in the form of snakes, ii. 44 n. 1

—— of water propitiated at Midsummer, ii. 31

Spree, the river, requires its human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Spreewald, the Wends of the, ii. 48

Sprenger, the inquisitor, ii. 158

Spring of water, external soul in a, ii. 156

Springs, underground, detected by divining-rod, ii. 67 sq.

Springwort, mythical plant, procured at Midsummer, ii. 69 sqq.; reveals treasures, opens all locks, and makes the bearer invisible and invulnerable, 69 sq.

Sproat, G. M., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 43 sq.

Spruce trees free from mistletoe, ii. 315

Squeals of pigs necessary for fruitfulness of mangoes, i. 9

Squirrels burnt in the Easter bonfires, i. 142, ii. 40

Stabbing a transformed witch or werewolf in order to compel him or her to reveal himself or herself, i. 315

Staffordshire, the Yule log in, i. 256

Stamfordham, in Northumberland, need-fire at, i. 288 sq.

Starling, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 100

Stebbing, E. B., on Loranthus vestitus in India, ii. 317 n. 2

Steinen, Professor K. von den, on the bull-roarer, ii. 233 n. 2

Stelis, a kind of mistletoe, ii. 317, 318

Sterile beasts passed through Midsummer fires, i. 203, 338

Sternberg, in Mecklenburg, need-fire at, i. 274

Stewart, Jonet, a wise woman, ii. 184

Stewart, W. Grant, on witchcraft, i. 342 n. 4

Stheni, near Delphi, ii. 317

Sticks, charred, of bonfires, protect fields against hail, i. 144

——, charred, of Candlemas bonfires, superstitious uses of, i. 131

——, charred, of Easter fire, superstitious uses of, i. 121; preserve wheat from blight and mildew, 143

——, charred, of Midsummer bonfires, planted in the fields, i. 165, 166, 173, 174; a charm against lightning and foul weather, 174; kept to make the cattle thrive, 180; thrown into wells to improve the water, 184; a protection against thunder, 184, 192; a protection against lightning, 187, 188, 190

——, sacred, whittled, i. 138 n. 1

Stiffness of back set down to witchcraft, i. 343 n., 345

Stinging girls and young men with ants, i. 61, 62 sq.

—— with ants as a form of purification, i. 61 sqq.

Stipiturus malachurus, emu-wren, men’s “brother” among the Kurnai, ii. 216

Stolen kail, divination by, i. 234 sq.

Stone, look of a girl at puberty thought to turn things to, i. 46; the Hairy, at Midsummer, 212; external soul in a, ii. 125 n. 1, 156; precious, external soul of khan in a, 142; magical, put into body of novice at initiation, 271

Stones thrown into Midsummer fire, i. 183, 191, 212; placed round Midsummer fires, 190; carried by persons on their heads at Midsummer, 205, 212; at Hallowe’en fires, divination by, 230 sq., 239, 240; used for curing cattle, 324, 325; sick people passed through holes in, ii. 186 sqq.; magical, inserted by spirits in the body of a new medicine-man, 235

Stoole, near Downpatrick, Midsummer ceremony at, i. 205

Stow, John, on Midsummer fires in London, i. 196 sq.

Strabo, on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14; on the human sacrifices of the Celts, 32

Strackerjan, L., on fear of witchcraft in Oldenburg, i. 343 n.

Strap of wolf’s hide used by were-wolves, i. 310 n. 1

Strathpeffer, in Ross-shire, i. 153

Strathspey, sheep passed through a hoop of rowan in, ii. 184

Straw tied round trees to make them fruitful, i. 115

Streams, menstruous women not allowed to cross running, i. 97; need-fire kindled between two running, 292

Strength of people bound up with their hair, ii. 158 sq.

Striking or throwing blindfold, ii. 279 n. 4

Striped Petticoat Philosophy, The, i. 6.

Stromberg Hill, burning wheel rolled down the, i. 163

Strutt, Joseph, on Midsummer fires in England, i. 196

Stseelis Indians of British Columbia, dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the, i. 89

Stuart, Mrs. A., on withered mistletoe, ii. 287 n. 1

—— Lake in British Columbia, i. 47

Stukeley, W., on a Christmas custom at York, ii. 291 n. 2

Styria, fern-seed on Christmas night in, ii. 289

Styx, the passage of Aeneas across the, ii. 294

Subincision at initiation of lads in Australia, ii. 227 sq., 234, 235

Sub-totems in Australia, ii. 275 n. 1

Sudan, ceremony of new fire in the, i. 134; human hyaenas in, 313

Sudeten mountains in Silesia, i. 170

Suffering, intensity of, a means to break the spell of witchcraft, i. 304

Suffolk, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 n. 2; duck baked alive as a sacrifice in, 303 sq.

Suk of British East Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 81

“Sultan of the Oleander,” i. 18

Sumatra, the Minangkabauers of, i. 79; the Kooboos of, ii. 162 n. 2; the Looboos of, 182 sq.; totemism among the Battas of, 222 sqq.; use of bull-roarers in, 229 n.

Summer, King of, chosen on St. Peter’s Day, i. 195

Sun, rule not to see the, i. 18 sqq.; priest of the, uses a white umbrella, 20 n. 1; not to shine on girls at puberty, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68; not to be seen by Brahman boys for three days, 68 n. 2; impregnation of women by the, 74 sq.; made to shine on women at marriage, 75; sheep and lambs sacrificed to the, 132; temple of the, at Cuzco, 132; the Birthday of the, at the winter solstice, 246; Christmas an old heathen festival of the birth of the, 331 sq.; symbolized by a wheel, 334 n. 1, 335; in the sign of the lion, ii. 66 sq.; magical virtues of plants at Midsummer derived from the, 71 sq.; in the sign of Sagittarius, 82; calls men to himself through death, 173, 174 n. 1; fern-seed procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, 291; the ultimate cooling of the, 307

Sun-charms, i. 331; the solstitial and other ceremonial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. 292

—— -god, ii. 1, 16

Sundal, in Norway, need-fire in, i. 280

Sunday, children born on a Sunday can see treasures in the earth, ii. 288 n. 5

—— of the Firebrands, i. 110

—— in Lent, the first, fire-festival on the, i. 107 sqq.

Sung-yang, were-tiger in, i. 310

Sunless, Prince, i. 21

Sunshine, use of fire as a charm to produce, i. 341 sq.

Superb warbler, called women’s “sister” among the Kurnai, ii. 215 n. 1, 216, 218

Superstitions, Index of, i. 270; about trees struck by lightning, ii. 296 sqq.

Surenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, i. 169 sq.

Sûrya, the sun-god, ii. 1

Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture in, ii. 169 sq.

Sutherland, the need-fire in, i. 294 sq.

Sutherlandshire, sept of the Mackays, “the descendants of the seal,” in, ii. 131 sq.

Swabia, “burning the witch” in, i. 116; custom of throwing lighted discs in, 116 sq.; Easter fires in, 144 sq.; custom at eclipses in, 162 n.; the Midsummer fires in, 166 sq.; witches as hares and horses in, 318 sq.; the divining-rod in, ii. 68 n. 4; fern-seed brought by Satan on Christmas night in, 289

Swahili of East Africa, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 133, 140; birth-trees among the, ii. 160 sq.; their story of an African Samson, ii. 314

Swallows, stones found in stomachs of, i. 17

Swan-woman, Tartar story of the, ii. 144

Swan’s bone, used by menstruous women to drink out of, i. 48, 49, 50, 90, 92

Swans’ song in a fairy tale, ii. 124

Swanton, J. R., quoted, i. 45 n. 1

Sweden, customs observed on Yule Night in, i. 20 sq.; Easter bonfires in, 146; bonfires on the Eve of May Day in, 159, 336; Midsummer fires in, 172; the need-fire in, 280; bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29; “Midsummer Brooms” in, 54; the divining-rod in, 69, 291; mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, 82; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, 83; medical use of mistletoe in, 84; mistletoe used as a protection against conflagration in, 85, 293; mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, 86; mystic properties ascribed to mistletoe on St. John’s Eve in, 86; Balder’s balefires in, 87; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, 170; crawling through a hoop as a cure in, 184; superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, 281

Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 118 sq.; new fire kindled by friction of wood in, 169 sq.; Midsummer fires in, 172; the Yule log in, 249; need-fire in, 279 sq., 336; people warned against bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 27; the belief in witchcraft in, 42 n. 2; divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61

Sympathetic relation between cleft tree and person who has been passed through it, ii. 170, 171 n. 1, 172; between man and animal, 272 sq.

Syria, restrictions on menstruous women in, i. 84

Syrmia, the Yule log in, i. 262 sq.

Tabari, Arab chronicler, i. 82

Taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, i. 6 sq.

Tabooed men, i. 7 sq.

—— persons kept from contact with the ground, i. 2 sqq.