XXI. DIANUS AND DIANA…

XXI. DIANUS AND DIANA

[Sidenote: Recapitulation.] In this chapter I propose to recapitulate the conclusions to which the enquiry has thus far led us, and drawing together the scattered rays of light, to turn them on the dark figure of the priest of Nemi.

[Sidenote: Rise of sacred kings, who are supposed to be endowed with magical or divine powers.] We have found that at an early stage of society men, ignorant of the secret processes of Nature and of the narrow limits within which it is in our power to control and direct them, have commonly arrogated to themselves functions which in the present state of knowledge we should deem superhuman or divine. The illusion has been fostered and maintained by the same causes which begot it, namely, the marvellous order and uniformity with which Nature conducts her operations, the wheels of her great machine revolving with a smoothness and precision which enable the patient observer to anticipate in general the season, if not the very hour, when they will bring round the fulfilment of his hopes or the accomplishment of his fears. The regularly recurring events of this great cycle, or rather series of cycles, soon stamp themselves even on the dull mind of the savage. He foresees them, and foreseeing them mistakes the desired recurrence for an effect of his own will, and the dreaded recurrence for an effect of the will of his enemies. Thus the springs which set the vast machine in motion, though they lie far beyond our ken, shrouded in a mystery which we can never hope to penetrate, appear to ignorant man to lie within his reach: he fancies he can touch them and so work by magic art all manner of good to himself and evil to his foes. In time the fallacy of this belief becomes apparent to him: he discovers that there are things he cannot do, pleasures which he is unable of himself to procure, pains which even the most potent magician is powerless to avoid. The unattainable good, the inevitable ill, are now ascribed by him to the action of invisible powers, whose favour is joy and life, whose anger is misery and death. Thus magic tends to be displaced by [Sidenote: Transition from magic to religion.] religion, and the sorcerer by the priest. At this stage of thought the ultimate causes of things are conceived to be personal beings, many in number and often discordant in character, who partake of the nature and even of the frailty of man, though their might is greater than his, and their life far exceeds the span of his ephemeral existence. Their sharply-marked individualities, their clear-cut outlines have not yet begun, under the powerful solvent of philosophy, to melt and coalesce into that single unknown substratum of phenomena which, according to the qualities with which our imagination invests it, goes by one or other of the high-sounding names which the wit of man has devised to hide his ignorance. Accordingly, so long as men look on their gods as beings akin to themselves and not raised to an unapproachable height above them, they believe it to be possible for those of their own number who surpass their fellows to attain to the divine rank after death or even in life. Incarnate human deities of this latter sort may be said [Sidenote: Incarnate human deities.] to halt midway between the age of magic and the age of religion. If they bear the names and display the pomp of deities, the powers which they are supposed to wield are commonly those of their predecessor the magician. Like him, they are expected to guard their people against hostile enchantments, to heal them in sickness, to bless them with offspring, and to provide them with an abundant supply of food by regulating the weather and performing the other ceremonies which are deemed necessary to ensure the fertility of the earth and the multiplication of animals. Men who are credited with powers so lofty and far-reaching naturally hold the highest place in the land, and while the rift between the spiritual and the temporal spheres has not yet widened too far, they are supreme in civil as well as religious matters: in a word, they are kings as well as gods. Thus the divinity which hedges a king has its roots deep down in human history, and long ages pass before these are sapped by a profounder view of nature and man.

[Sidenote: The King of the Wood at Nemi seems to have been one of these divine kings and to have mated with the divine Queen of the Wood, Diana.] In the classical period of Greek and Latin antiquity the reign of kings was for the most part a thing of the past; yet the stories of their lineage, titles, and pretensions suffice to prove that they too claimed to rule by divine right and to exercise superhuman powers. Hence we may without undue temerity assume that the King of the Wood at Nemi, though shorn in later times of his glory and fallen on evil days, represented a long line of sacred kings who had once received not only the homage but the adoration of their subjects in return for the manifold blessings which they were supposed to dispense. What little we know of the functions of Diana in the Arician grove seems to prove that she was here conceived as a goddess of fertility, and particularly as a divinity of childbirth.[1238] It is reasonable, therefore, to suppose that in the discharge of these important duties she was assisted by her priest, the two figuring as King and Queen of the Wood in a solemn marriage, which was intended to make the earth gay with the blossoms of spring and the fruits of autumn, and to gladden the hearts of men and women with healthful offspring.

[Sidenote: Virbius, whom the King of the Wood represented, was probably a form of Jupiter regarded as god of the greenwood, and especially of the oak.] If the priest of Nemi posed not merely as a king, but as a god of the grove, we have still to ask, What deity in particular did he personate? The answer of antiquity is that he represented Virbius, the consort or lover of Diana.[1239] But this does not help us much, for of Virbius we know little more than the name. A clue to the mystery is perhaps supplied by the Vestal fire which burned in the grove.[1240] For the perpetual holy fires of the Aryans in Europe appear to have been commonly kindled and fed with oak-wood,[1241] and we have seen that in Rome itself, not many miles from Nemi, the fuel of the Vestal fire consisted of oaken sticks or logs, which in early days the holy maidens doubtless gathered or cut in the coppices of oak that once covered the Seven Hills.[1242] But the ritual of the various Latin towns seems to have been marked by great uniformity;[1243] hence it is reasonable to conclude that wherever in Latium a Vestal fire was maintained, it was fed, as at Rome, with wood of the sacred oak. If this was so at Nemi, it becomes probable that the hallowed grove there consisted of a natural oak-wood, and that therefore the tree which the King of the Wood had to guard at the peril of his life was itself an oak; indeed it was from an evergreen oak, according to Virgil, that Aeneas plucked the Golden Bough.[1244] Now the oak was the sacred tree of Jupiter, the supreme god of the Latins. Hence it follows that the King of the Wood, whose life was bound up in a fashion with an oak, personated no less a deity than Jupiter himself. At least the evidence, slight as it is, seems to point to this conclusion. The old Alban dynasty of the Silvii or Woods, with their crown of oak leaves, apparently aped the style and emulated the powers of Latian Jupiter, who dwelt on the top of the Alban Mount.[1245] It is not impossible that the King of the Wood, who guarded the sacred oak a little lower down the mountain, was the lawful successor and representative of this ancient line of the Silvii or Woods.[1246] At all events, if I am right in supposing that he passed for a human Jupiter, it would appear that Virbius, with whom legend identified him, was nothing but a local form of Jupiter, considered perhaps in his original aspect as a god of the greenwood.[1247]

[Sidenote: Diana and the oak.] The hypothesis that in later times at all events the King of the Wood played the part of the oak god Jupiter, is confirmed by an examination of his divine partner Diana. [Sidenote: Diana, the divine partner of the King of the Wood at Nemi, seems to have been especially associated with the oak.] For two distinct lines of argument converge to shew that if Diana was a queen of the woods in general, she was at Nemi a goddess of the oak in particular. In the first place, she bore the title of Vesta, and as such presided over a perpetual fire, which we have seen reason to believe was fed with oak wood.[1248] But a goddess of fire is not far removed from a goddess of the fuel which burns in the fire; primitive thought perhaps drew no sharp line of distinction between the blaze and the wood that blazes. In the second place, the nymph Egeria at Nemi appears to have been merely a form of Diana, and Egeria is definitely said to have been a Dryad, a nymph of the oak.[1249] Elsewhere in Italy the goddess had her home on oak-clad mountains. Thus Mount Algidus, a spur of the Alban hills, was covered in antiquity with dark forests of oak, both of the evergreen and the deciduous sort. In winter the snow lay long on these cold hills, and their gloomy oak-woods were believed to be a favourite haunt of Diana, as they have been of brigands in modern times.[1250] Again, Mount Tifata, the long abrupt ridge of the Apennines which looks down on the Campanian plain behind Capua, was wooded of old with evergreen oaks, among which Diana had a temple. Here Sulla thanked the goddess for his victory over the Marians in the plain below, attesting his gratitude by inscriptions which were long afterwards to be seen in the temple.[1251] On the whole, then, we conclude that at Nemi the King of the Wood personated the oak-god Jupiter and mated with the oak-goddess Diana in the sacred grove. An echo of their mystic union has come down to us in the legend of the loves of Numa and Egeria, who according to some had their trysting-place in these holy woods.[1252]

[Sidenote: In nature and in name Dianus (Janus) and Diana seem to be only dialectically different forms of Jupiter and Juno.] To this theory it may naturally be objected that the divine consort of Jupiter was not Diana but Juno, and that if Diana had a mate at all he might be expected to bear the name not of Jupiter, but of Dianus or Janus, the latter of these forms being merely a corruption of the former. All this is true, but the objection may be parried by observing that the two pairs of deities, Jupiter and Juno on the one side, and Dianus and Diana, or Janus and Jana, on the other side, are merely duplicates of each other, their names and their functions being in substance and origin identical. With regard to their names, all four of them come from the same Aryan root DI, meaning “bright,” which occurs in the names of the corresponding Greek deities, Zeus and his old female consort Dione.[1253] In regard to their functions, Juno and Diana were both goddesses of fecundity and childbirth, and both were sooner or later identified with the moon.[1254] As to the true nature and functions of Janus the ancients themselves were puzzled;[1255] and where they hesitated, it is not for us confidently to decide. But the view mentioned by Varro that Janus was the god of the sky[1256] is supported not only by the etymological identity of his name with that of the sky-god Jupiter, but also by the relation in which he appears to have stood to Jupiter’s two mates, Juno and Juturna. For the epithet Junonian bestowed on Janus[1257] points to a marriage union between the two deities; and according to one account Janus was the husband of the water-nymph Juturna,[1258] who according to others was beloved by Jupiter.[1259] Moreover, Janus, like Jove, was regularly invoked, and commonly spoken of, under the title of Father.[1260] Indeed, he was identified with Jupiter not merely by the logic of a Christian doctor,[1261] but by the piety of a pagan worshipper who dedicated an offering to Jupiter Dianus.[1262] A trace of his relation to the oak may be found in the oak-woods of the Janiculum, the hill on the right bank of the Tiber, where Janus is said to have reigned as a king in the remotest ages of Italian history.[1263]

[Sidenote: Zeus and Dione, Jupiter and Juno, Dianus (Janus) and Diana represent a single original pair of Aryan deities, which through purely dialectical differences of nomenclature gradually diverged from each other and came to be regarded as separate pairs of deities.] Thus, if I am right, the same ancient pair of deities was variously known among the Greek and Italian peoples as Zeus and Dione, Jupiter and Juno, or Dianus (Janus) and Diana (Jana), the names of the divinities being identical in substance, though varying in form with the dialect of the particular tribe which worshipped them. At first, when the peoples dwelt near each other, the difference between the deities would be hardly more than one of name; in other words, it would be almost purely dialectical. But the gradual dispersion of the tribes, and their consequent isolation from each other, would favour the growth of divergent modes of conceiving and worshipping the gods whom they had carried with them from their old home, so that in time discrepancies of myth and ritual would tend to spring up and thereby to convert a nominal into a real distinction between the divinities. Accordingly when, with the slow progress of culture, the long period of barbarism and separation was passing away, and the rising political power of a single strong community had begun to draw or hammer its weaker neighbours into a nation, the confluent peoples would throw their gods, like their dialects, into a common stock; and thus it might come about that the same ancient deities, which their forefathers had worshipped together before the dispersion, would now be so disguised by the accumulated effect of dialectical and religious divergencies that their original identity might fail to be recognised, and they would take their places side by side as independent divinities in the national pantheon.[1264]

[Sidenote: This explanation of Janus as equivalent to Jupiter is more probable than the view that Janus was originally nothing but the god of the door (janua); for the door (janua) seems rather to have been named after Janus than he after it.] This duplication of deities, the result of the final fusion of kindred tribes who had long lived apart, would account for the appearance of Janus beside Jupiter, and of Diana or Jana beside Juno in the Roman religion.[1265] At least this appears to be a more probable theory than the opinion, which has found favour with some modern scholars, that Janus was originally nothing but the god of doors.[1266] That a deity of his dignity and importance, whom the Romans revered as a god of gods[1267] and the father of his people, should have started in life as a humble, though doubtless respectable, doorkeeper appears to me, I confess, very unlikely. So lofty an end hardly consorts with so lowly a beginning. It is more probable that the door (janua) got its name from Janus than that he got his name from it. This view is strengthened by a consideration of the word janua itself. The regular word for door is the same in all the languages of the Aryan family from India to Ireland. It is dur in Sanscrit, thura in Greek, Tür in German, door in English, dorus in old Irish, and foris in Latin.[1268] Yet besides this ordinary name for door, which the Latins shared with all their Aryan brethren, they had also the name janua, to which there is no corresponding term in any Indo-European speech. The word has the appearance of being an adjectival form derived from the noun Janus. I conjecture that it may have been customary to set up an image or symbol of Janus at the principal door of the house in order to place the entrance under the protection of the great god. A door thus guarded might be known as a janua foris, that is, a Januan door, and the phrase might in time be abridged into janua, the noun foris being understood but not expressed. From this to the use of janua to designate a door in general, whether guarded by an image of Janus or not, would be an easy and natural transition.[1269]

[Sidenote: The double-headed figure of Janus may have originated in a custom of placing his image as guardian of doorways so as to face both ways, outwards and inwards, at the same time.] If there is any truth in this conjecture, it may explain very simply the origin of the double head of Janus, which has so long exercised the ingenuity of mythologists. When it had become customary to guard the entrance of houses and towns by an image of Janus, it might well be deemed necessary to make the sentinel god look both ways, before and behind, at the same time, in order that nothing should escape his vigilant eye. For if the divine watchman always faced in one direction, it is easy to imagine what mischief might have been wrought with impunity behind his back.

[Sidenote: This explanation is confirmed by the double-headed idols which the Bush negroes of Surinam set to guard the entrances of their villages.] This explanation of the double-headed Janus at Rome is confirmed by the double-headed idol which the Bush negroes in the interior of Surinam regularly set up as a guardian at the entrance of a village. The idol consists of a block of wood with a human face rudely carved on each side; it stands under a gateway composed of two uprights and a cross-bar. Beside the idol generally lies a white rag intended to keep off the devil; and sometimes there is also a stick which seems to represent a bludgeon or weapon of some sort. Further, from the cross-bar hangs a small log which serves the useful purpose of knocking on the head any evil spirit who might attempt to pass through the gateway.[1270] Clearly this double-headed fetish at the gateway of the negro villages in Surinam bears a close resemblance to the double-headed images of Janus which, grasping a stick in one hand and a key in the other, stood sentinel at Roman gates and doorways;[1271] and we can hardly doubt that in both cases the heads facing two ways are to be similarly explained as expressive of the vigilance of the guardian god, who kept his eye on spiritual foes behind and before, and stood ready to bludgeon them on the spot. We may, therefore, dispense with the tedious and unsatisfactory explanations which the wily Janus himself fobbed off an anxious Roman enquirer.[1272] In the interior of Borneo the Kenyahs generally place before the main entrance of their houses the wooden image of Balli Atap, that is, the Spirit or God (Balli) of the Roof, who protects the household from harm of all kinds.[1273] But it does not appear that this divine watchman is provided with more than one face.

[Sidenote: Thus the King of the Wood at Nemi seems to have personated the great Aryan god of the oak, Jupiter or Janus, and to have mated with the oak-goddess Diana.] To apply these conclusions to the priest of Nemi, we may suppose that as the mate of Diana he represented originally Dianus or Janus rather than Jupiter, but that the difference between these deities was of old merely superficial, going little deeper than the names, and leaving practically unaffected the essential functions of the god as a power of the sky, the thunder, and the oak. If my analysis of this great divinity is correct, the original element in his composite nature was the oak. It was fitting, therefore, that his human representative at Nemi should dwell, as we have seen reason to believe he did, in an oak grove. His title of King of the Wood clearly indicates the sylvan character of the deity whom he served; and since he could only be assailed by him who had plucked the bough of a certain tree in the grove, his own life might be said to be bound up with that of the sacred tree. Thus he not only served but embodied the great Aryan god of the oak; and as an oak-god he would mate with the oak-goddess, whether she went by the name of Egeria or Diana. Their union, however consummated, would be deemed essential to the fertility of the earth and the fecundity of man and beast. Further, as the oak-god had grown into a god of the sky, the thunder, and the rain, so his human representative would be required, like many other divine kings, to cause the clouds to gather, the thunder to peal, and the rain to descend in due season, that the fields and orchards might bear fruit and the pastures be covered with luxuriant herbage. The reputed possessor of powers so exalted must have been a very important personage; and the remains of buildings and of votive offerings which have been found on the site of the sanctuary combine with the testimony of classical writers to prove that in later times it was one of the greatest and most popular shrines in Italy. Even in the old days when the champaign country around was still parcelled out among the petty tribes who composed the Latin League, the sacred grove is known to have been an object of their common reverence and care. And just as the kings of Cambodia used to send offerings to the mystic kings of Fire and Water far in the dim depths of the tropical forest, so, we may well believe, from all sides of the broad Latian plain the eyes and footsteps of Italian pilgrims turned to the quarter where, standing sharply out against the faint blue line of the Apennines or the deeper blue of the distant sea, the Alban Mountain rose before them, the home of the mysterious priest of Nemi, the King of the Wood. There, among the green woods and beside the still waters of the lonely hills the ancient Aryan worship of the god of the oak, the thunder, and the dripping sky lingered in its early, almost Druidical form, long after a great political and intellectual revolution had shifted the capital of Latin religion from the forest to the city, from Nemi to Rome.

Footnote 1238:

Above, vol. i. pp. 6 sq., 12; vol. ii. pp. 124 sq., 128 sq., 171 sqq.

Footnote 1239:

Above, vol. i. pp. 19 sqq., 40 sq.

Footnote 1240:

Above, vol. i. pp. 12 sq.

Footnote 1241:

Above, pp. 365, 366, 372.

Footnote 1242:

Above, p. 186.

Footnote 1243:

Above, vol. i. pp. 13 sq., vol. ii. pp. 184, 266.

Footnote 1244:

Virgil, Aen. vi. 205 sqq.

Footnote 1245:

See above, pp. 178 sqq.

Footnote 1246:

This suggestion is due to Mr. A. B. Cook. See his articles, “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” Classical Review, xviii. (1904) pp. 363 sq.; and “The European Sky-God,” Folk-lore, xvi. (1905) pp. 277 sq. On the other hand see above, pp. 1 sq.

Footnote 1247:

Virbius may perhaps be etymologically connected with viridis, “green,” and verbena, “a sacred bough.” If this were so, Virbius would be “the Green One.” We are reminded of those popular personifications of the spring, Green George and Jack in the Green. See above, pp. 75 sq., 82 sq. As to the proposed derivation from a root meaning “green” Professor R. S. Conway writes to me (10th January 1903): “From this meaning of the root a derivative in -bus would not strike me as so strange; vir-bho might conceivably mean ‘growing green.’” In my Lectures on the Early History of the Kingship (pp. 282 sq.) I followed Mr. A. B. Cook in interpreting a passage of Plautus (Casina, ii. 5. 23-29) as a reference to the priests of Nemi in the character of mortal Jupiters. But a simpler and more probable explanation of the passage has been given by Dr. L. R. Farnell. See A. B. Cook, “The European Sky-god,” Folk-lore, xvi. (1905) pp. 322 sqq.; L. R. Farnell, in The Hibbert Journal, iv. (1906) p. 932.

Footnote 1248:

See above, vol. i. p. 13, vol. ii. pp. 378 sq.

Footnote 1249:

Above, pp. 171 sq.

Footnote 1250:

Horace, Odes, i. 21. 5 sq., iii. 23. 9 sq., iv. 4. 5 sq., Carmen Saeculare, 69; Livy, iii. 25. 6-8; E. H. Bunbury, in Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, s.v. “Algidus.”

Footnote 1251:

Festus, s.v. “Tifata,” p. 366, ed. C. O. Müller; Velleius Paterculus, ii. 25. 4; E. H. Bunbury, op. cit. s.v. “Tifata.” For more evidence of the association of Diana with the oak, see Mr. A. B. Cook, “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” Classical Review, xviii. (1904) pp. 369 sq.

Footnote 1252:

Above, vol. i. pp. 17 sq., vol. ii pp. 172 sq.

Footnote 1253:

The original root appears plainly in Diovis and Diespiter, the older forms of Jupiter (Varro, De lingua Latina, v. 66; Aulus Gellius, v. 12). The form Dianus is attested by an inscription found at Aquileia (Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, v. 783), and the form Jana by Varro (Rerum rusticarum, i. 37. 3) and Macrobius (Saturn. i. 9. 8). In Zeus, Dione, Jupiter, and Juno the old root DI appears in the expanded form DIV. As to the etymology of these names, see Ch. Ploix, “Les Dieux qui proviennent de la racine DIV,” Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, i. (1868) pp. 213-222; G. Curtius, Grundzüge der griechischen Etymologie, 5th Ed., pp. 236 sq., 616 sq.; A. Vanicek, Griechisch-lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, i. 353 sqq.; W. H. Roscher, Lexikon der griech. u. röm. Mythologie, ii. 45 sq., 578 sq., 619; S. Linde, De Jano summo Romanorumdeo (Lund, 1891), pp. 7 sq.; J. S. Speijer, “Le Dieu romain Janus,” Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, xxvi. (1892) pp. 37-41; H. Usener, Götternamen, pp. 16, 35 sq., 326; P. Kretschmer, Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache, pp. 78 sqq., 91, 161 sq. Messrs. Speijer and Kretschmer reject the derivation of Janus from the root DI.

Footnote 1254:

As to Juno in these aspects, see L. Preller, Römische Mythologie, 3rd Ed., i. 271 sqq.; G. Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Römer, pp. 117 sqq.; W. H. Roscher, Lexikon der griech. u. röm. Mythologie, ii. 578 sqq. As to Diana, see above, vol. i. p. 12, vol. ii. pp. 124, 128 sq.

Footnote 1255:

Ovid, Fasti, i. 89 sqq.; Macrobius, Sat. i. 9; Servius, on Virgil, Aen. vii. 610; Joannes Lydus, De mensibus, iv. 1 sq.

Footnote 1256:

Varro, quoted by Augustine, De civitate Dei, vii. 28; Joannes Lydus, De mensibus, iv. 2. Compare Macrobius, Sat. i. 9. 11. See R. Agahd, M. Terentii Varronis rerum divinarum libri I. XIV. XV. XVI. (Leipsic, 1898) pp. 117 sqq., 203 sq.

Footnote 1257:

Macrobius, Sat. i. 9. 15, i. 15. 19; Servius, on Virgil, Aen. vii. 610; Joannes Lydus, De mensibus, iv. 1. Prof. G. Wissowa thinks that sacrifices were offered to Janus as well as to Juno on the first of every month (Religion und Kultus der Römer, pp. 91 sq.); but this view does not seem to me to be supported by the evidence of Macrobius (Sat. i. 9. 16, i. 15. 18 sq.), to which he refers. Macrobius does not say that the first of every month was sacred to Janus.

Footnote 1258:

Arnobius, Adversus nationes, iii. 29.

Footnote 1259:

Virgil, Aen. xii. 138 sqq.; Ovid, Fasti, ii. 585 sqq.

Footnote 1260:

Cato, De agri cultura, 134; Virgil, Aen. viii. 357; Horace, Epist. i. 16. 59, compare Sat. ii. 6. 20; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 28; Juvenal, vi. 394; Martial, x. 28. 6 sq.; Aulus Gellius, v. 12. 5; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, iii. 29; H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae selectae, Nos. 3320, 3322, 3323, 3324, 3325, 5047; G. Henzen, Acta fratrum Arvalium, p. 144; Athenaeus, xv. 46, p. 692 D, E.

Footnote 1261:

Augustine, De civitate Dei, vii. 9 sq.

Footnote 1262:

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, v. No. 783.

Footnote 1263:

Macrobius, Sat. i. 7. 19; Servius, on Virgil, Aen. viii. 319 and 357; Arnobius, Adversus nationes, iii. 29; Athenaeus, xv. 46, p. 692 D. As to the oak-woods of the Janiculum, see above, p. 186.

Footnote 1264:

As dialectal differences in the ancient Italian languages seem to have created a multiplicity of deities, so in the Malay language they appear to have created a multiplicity of fabulous animals. See R. J. Wilkinson, Malay Beliefs (London and Leyden, 1906), p. 56: “The wealth of Malay nomenclature in the province of natural history is in itself a fruitful source of error. The identity of different dialectic names for the same animal is not always recognized: the local name is taken to represent the real animal, the foreign name is assumed to represent a rare or fabulous variety of the same genus.” In these cases mythology might fairly enough be described as a disease of language. But such cases cover only a small part of the vast mythical field.

Footnote 1265:

Mr. A. B. Cook, who accepts in substance my theory of the original identity of Jupiter and Janus, Juno and Diana, has suggested that Janus and Diana were the deities of the aborigines of Rome, Jupiter and Juno the deities of their conquerors. See his article, “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” Classical Review, xviii. (1904) pp. 367 sq.

Footnote 1266:

This is the opinion of Dr. W. H. Roscher (Lexikon der griech. u. röm. Mythologie, ii. 47), Mr. W. Warde Fowler (Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic, pp. 282 sqq.), and Prof. G. Wissowa (Religion und Kultus der Römer, p. 96). It is rejected for the reasons given in the text by Ph. Buttmann (Mythologus, ii. pp. 72, 79) and S. Linde (De Jano summo Romanorum deo, pp. 50 sqq.).

Footnote 1267:

He was so saluted in the ancient hymns of the Salii. See Macrobius, Sat. i. 9. 14; compare Varro, De lingua Latina, vii. 26 sq.

Footnote 1268:

G. Curtius, Grundzüge der griechischen Etymologie, 5th Ed.,, p. 258; O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, p. 866.

Footnote 1269:

This theory of the derivation of janua from Janus was suggested, though not accepted, by Ph. Butmann (Mythologus, ii. 79 sqq.). It occurred to me independently. Mr. A. B. Cook also derives janua from Janus, but he would explain the derivation in a different way by supposing that the lintel and two side-posts of a door represented a triple Janus. See his article “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” Classical Review, xviii. (1904) p. 369.

Footnote 1270:

K. Martin, “Bericht über eine Reise ins Gebiet des Oberen-Surinam,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xxxv. (1886) pp. 28 sq. I am indebted to Mr. A. van Gennep for pointing out this confirmation of my theory as to the meaning of the double-headed Janus. See his article “Janus Bifrons,” Revue des traditions populaires, xxii. (1907) pp. 97 sq.

Footnote 1271:

Macrobius, Saturn. i. 9. 7, “Sed apud nos Janum omnibus praeesse januis nomen ostendit, quod est simile θυραίῳ. Nam et cum clavi ac virga figuratur, quasi omnium et portarum custos et rector viarum”; Ovid, Fasti, i. 95, 99, “Sacer ancipiti mirandus imagine Janus ... tenens dextra baculum clavemque sinistra.”

Footnote 1272:

Ovid, Fasti, i. 89 sqq.

Footnote 1273:

C. Hose and W. McDougall, “The Relations between Men and Animals in Sarawak,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxi. (1901) p. 175.

INDEX

Abbas Effendi, i. 402

Abchases of the Caucasus, the, ii. 370

Abolition of the kingship at Rome, ii. 289 sqq.

Abraham and Sarah, ii. 114

Acacia-tree worshipped, ii. 16

Achelous and Dejanira, ii. 161 sq.

Achilles, ii. 278

Acorns as food, ii. 353, 355 sq.; as fodder for swine, 354, 356

Adam of Bremen, ii. 364

Adonis at Byblus, i. 30

—— and Venus (Aphrodite), i. 21, 25, 40, 41

—— or Tammuz, ii. 346

Adoption, pretence of birth at, i. 74 sq.

Adultery supposed to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 sq., 114

Aeacus, ii. 278, 359

Aegira, priestess of Earth at, i. 381 sq.

Aegisthus, ii. 281

Aeneas and the Golden Bough, i. 11, ii. 379; his disappearance in a thunderstorm, 181

Aeolus, i. 326

Aeschines, spurious epistles of, ii. 162 n. 2

Aesculapius brings Hippolytus to life, i. 20; at Cos, ii. 10

Africa, rise of magicians, especially rain-makers, to chieftainship and kingship in, i. 342 sqq., 352; human gods in, 392 sqq.

—— North, magical images in, i. 65 sq.

Afterbirth (placenta), contagious magic of, i. 182-201; placed in tree, 182, 187, 190, 191, 194, 199; part of child’s spirit in, 184; regarded as brother or sister of child, 189, 191, 192, 193; regarded as a second child, 195; seat of external soul, 200 sq.

Agamemnon, ii. 279; sceptre of, i. 365

Agni, the fire-god, ii. 249

Agnihotris, Brahman fire-priests, ii. 247 sqq.

Agriculture of the Nabataeans, ii. 100

Ainos, i. 60

Akamba, the, ii. 317

Akikuyu, the, ii. 44, 150, 316, 317; pretence of new birth among the, i. 75 sq., 96 sq.

Alba Longa, the kings of, ii. 178 sqq., 268 sq.

Alban Hills, i. 2

—— Mountain, the, ii. 187 sq., 202

Albigenses, the, i. 407

Alcheringa, legendary time, i. 98

Alfai, priesthood of the, ii. 3

Algidus, Mount, ii. 187, 380

Algonquins, the, ii. 147

Amata, “Beloved,” title of Vestals, ii. 197; Amata, wife of King Latinus, 197

Amboyna, ii. 28

Amenophis III., birth of, ii. 131 sqq.

American Indians, power of medicine-men among the, i. 355 sqq.

Amethyst, i. 165

Ammon, the god, married to the Queen of Egypt, ii. 130 sqq.; human wives of the god, 130 sqq.; costume of the god, 133; King of Egypt masqueraded as, 133; at Thebes, high priests of, 134

Ammonite, black fossil, ii. 26, 27 n. 2

Amphictyon, ii. 277

Amulius Sylvius, ii. 180

Anaitis, Oriental goddess, i. 16 sq., 37 n. 2

Anatomie of Abuses, ii. 66

Anazarbus, the olives of, ii. 107

Ancestor-worship among the Bantu peoples, ii. 221; in relation to fire-worship, 221

Ancestors, prayers to, i. 285, 287, 345, 352; sacrifices to, 339; souls of, in trees, ii. 30, 31, 32; dead, regarded as mischievous beings, 221; represented by sacred fire-sticks, 222 sqq.; souls of, in the fire on the hearth, 232

Ancestral spirits worshipped at the hearth, ii. 221 sq.

Ancestral tree, fire kindled from, ii. 221, 233 sq.

Ancus Martius, his death, ii. 320

Andaman Islanders, ii. 253

Andania, ii. 122

Anderida, forest of, ii. 7

Andromeda and Perseus, ii. 163

Animals, homoeopathic magic of, i. 150 sqq.; rain-making by means of, 287 sqq.

Animism passing into polytheism, ii. 45

Anitos, spirits of ancestors, ii. 30

Anjea, mythical being, who causes conception in women, i. 100, 184

Annals of Tigernach and Ulster, ii. 286

Annandale, Nelson, ii. 237 n.

Anointing weapon which caused wound, i. 202 sqq.

Antaeus, ii. 300

Antigone, death of, ii. 228 n. 5

Antigonus, i. 391 n. 1

Antimores of Madagascar, i. 354

Apaches, land of the, i. 306

Apepi, Egyptian fiend, i. 67

Apes thought to be related to twins, i. 265

Ap-hi, god of thunder and lightning, ii. 370

Aphrodite and Adonis, i. 25

—— Askraia, i. 26

Apollo, i. 384, 386; at Delos, 32, 34 sq.; at Delphi, 28; grave of, at Delphi, 35; Erithasean, ii. 121; at Patara, 135

—— and Artemis, birthdays of, i. 32

—— Diradiotes, i. 381

Apologies offered to trees for cutting them down, ii. 18 sq., 36 sq.

Apples at festival of Diana, i. 14, 16

April 15th, sacrifice on, ii. 229, 326

—— 21st, date of the Parilia, ii. 325, 326

—— 23rd, St. George’s Day, ii. 330 sqq.

—— 24th, in some places St. George’s Day, ii. 337, 343

Arab charms, i. 152, 153, 157, 165 sq., 181, 303

Arabs of Moab, i. 276

Aratus, sacrifices to, i. 105

Araucanians of Chili, the, ii. 183

Arden, forest of, ii. 7

Ardennes, goddess of the, ii. 126

Aren palm-tree, ii. 22

Ariadne and Dionysus, ii. 138

Aricia, i. 3, 4, 10, ii. 2; “many Manii at,” i. 22

Arician grove, the sacred, i. 20, 22, ii. 115; horses excluded from, i. 20

Arikara Indians, i. 115

Aristotle, ii. 137

Arkon, in Rügen, ii. 241 n. 4

Armenia, rain-making in, i. 275 sq.

Arrephoroi at Athens, the, ii. 199

Arrian, on sacrifices to Artemis, ii. 125 sq.

Arrows shot at sacred trees, ii. 11; fire-tipped, shot at sun during an eclipse, i. 311

Artemis, temple dedicated to her by Xenophon, i. 7; birthday of, i. 32, ii. 125; the Asiatic, i. 7; at Delos, 28; of Ephesus, 7, 37 sq., ii. 128, 136; a goddess of the wild life of nature, i. 35 sq.; sacrifices to, ii. 125; worshipped by the Celts, 125 sq.; Saronian, i. 26; Wolfish, 26 sq.

—— and Apollo, birthdays of, i. 32; and Hippolytus, 19 sq., 24 sqq.

—— Parthenos, i. 36

Arunta, the, of Central Australia, i. 98; magical ceremonies among, 85 sqq.; burial customs of the, 102

Arval Brothers, the, ii. 203

Aryan god of the oak and thunder, ii. 356 sqq.; god of the sky, 374 sq.

Aryans, magical powers ascribed to kings among the, i. 366 sqq.; perpetual fires among the, ii. 260; female kinship among the, 283 sqq.

Ascanius or Julus, ii. 197

Ascension Day, ii. 69, 166

Ashantee, licence accorded to king’s sisters in, ii. 274 sq.

Ashes scattered as rain-charm, i. 304; in magic, 314; of unborn calves used in a fertility charm, ii. 229, 326

Asia Minor, pontiffs in, i. 47

Assimilation of rain-maker to water, i. 269 sqq.

Association of ideas, magic based on a misapplication of the, i. 221 sq.

Assumption of the Virgin in relation to the festival of Diana, i. 14-16

Astarte at Byblus, i. 30

Atalante, ii. 301

Athenian sacrifices to the Seasons, i. 310

Athens, barrow of Hippolytus at, i. 25; new fire brought to, 32 sq.; King and Queen at, 44 sq.; marriage of Dionysus at, ii. 136 sq.; female kinship at, 277

Atkinson, J. C., i. 199

Atreus, ii. 279

Attacking the wind, i. 327 sqq.

Attica, traces of female kinship in, ii. 284

Attis and Cybele (Mother of the Gods), i. 18, 21, 40, 41

Atua, Polynesian term for god, i. 387 n. 1

August, the Ides (13th) of, Diana’s day, i. 12, 14-17

—— 15th, the day of the Assumption of the Virgin, i. 14-16

Augustine on the one God, i. 121 n. 1

Australia, aboriginal paintings in, i. 87 n. 1; magic universally practised but religion nearly unknown among the aborigines of, 234; government of old men in aboriginal, 334 sq.; influence of magicians in aboriginal, 334 sqq.

—— Central, magical ceremonies for the supply of food in, i. 85 sqq.

Australian aborigines, magical images among the, i. 62; ceremonies of initiation among the, 92 sqq.; contagious magic of teeth among the, 176; magic of navel-string and afterbirth among the, 183 sq.

Autun, procession of goddess at, ii. 144

Auxesia and Damia, i. 39

Avebury, Lord, i. 225 n.

Aventine, Diana on the, ii. 128

Baal, prophets of, cutting themselves, i. 258

Baalim, the, lords of underground waters, ii. 159

Babar Archipelago, i. 72, 131

Babaruda, i. 273

Babylon, magical images in ancient, i. 66 sq.; sanctuary of Bel at, ii. 129 sq.

Babylonian kings, divinity of the early, i. 417

Bacchanals chew ivy, i. 384

Bachofen, J. J., ii. 313 n. 1, 314 n. 1

Bacon, Francis, on anointing weapon that caused wound, i. 202

Badonsachen, King of Burma, i. 400

Baganda, the, i. 395; superstitions as to the navel-string and afterbirth (placenta), 195 sq.; their customs in regard to twins, ii. 102 sq.; their belief in the influence of the sexes on vegetation, 101 sq.; Vestal Virgins among the, 246; their list of kings, 269

Bagba, a fetish, i. 327

Bagishu, i. 103

Bahaus or Kayans of Borneo, ii. 40, 109

Bakers, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 sq., 205

Balli Atap, ii. 385

Baloi, mythical beings, i. 177

Bambaras, the, ii. 42

Banana-tree, wild, supposed to fertilise barren women, ii. 318

Bandicoot in rain-charm, i. 288

Bangalas, the, ii. 293

Banks’ Islanders, i. 314

Bantu peoples, ancestor-worship among the, ii. 221

Banyai, chieftainship among the, ii. 292

Banyoro, the, ii. 322; king of the, as rain-maker, i. 348

Baobab-trees, ii. 47

Baptist, St. John the, i. 277

Bar-tree (Ficus Indica), ii. 25, 43

Barea, the, ii. 3

Barenton, fountain of, i. 306, 307

Bari, rain-making among the, i. 346 sq.

Barotse, the, i. 392 sq.

Barren women, charms to procure offspring for, i. 70 sqq.; thought to sterilise gardens, 142; fertilised by trees, ii. 51, 56 sq., 316 sq.; thought to blight the fruits of the earth, 102; fertilised by water-spirits, 159 sqq.

Basilai at Olympia, i. 46 n. 4

Basoga, the, ii. 19, 112

Basutos, the, i. 71, 177

Bath before marriage, intention of, ii. 162

Bathing as a rain-charm, i. 277 sq.

Battas or Bataks of Sumatra, i. 71, 398 sq., ii. 108

Battus, King, i. 47

Bayfield, M. A., ii. 228 n. 5

Bean, sprouting of, in superstitious ceremony, i. 266

Beasts, sacred, in Egypt held responsible for failure of crops, i. 354

Bechuana charms, i. 150 sq.

Bechuanas, the, i. 313

Bedouins, fire-drill of the ancient, ii. 209

Beech-woods of Denmark, ii. 351

Beena marriage, ii. 271

Bees, the King Bees (Essenes) at Ephesus, ii. 135 sq.

Bel of Babylon, ii. 129

Belep, the, of New Caledonia, i. 150

Bell-ringing as a charm to dispel evil influences, ii. 343 sq.

Benefits conferred by magic, i. 218 sq.

Benin, king of, as a god, i. 396

Benvenuto Cellini, ii. 197 n. 6

Benzoni, G., i. 57 n.

Bes, the god, ii. 133

Betsileo, the, i. 397

Bevan, Professor A. A., ii. 210 n.

Bezoar stone in rain-charms, i. 305

Bhagavati, goddess of Cochin, i. 280

Birch, crowns of, ii. 64; leaves, girl clad in, 80; tree dressed in woman’s clothes, 64; a protection against witches, 54

Birth, pretence of, at adoption, i. 74 sq.; at return of supposed dead man, 75; at circumcision, 75 sq.; simulation of a new, 380 sq.; from the fire, ii. 195 sqq.

Birthday, Greek custom of sacrificing to a dead man on his, i. 105

Birthdays of Apollo and Artemis, i. 32

“Birthplace of Rainy Zeus,” ii. 360

Black animals in rain-charms, i. 250, 290 sqq.; colour in magic, 83; in rain-making ceremonies, 269 sq.

Blackfoot Indians, i. 116, 150; their worship of the sun, ii. 146 sq.

Bleeding trees, ii. 18, 20, 33

Blighting effect of illicit love on the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 sqq.

Blindness, charm to cause, i. 147

Blood drawn from virgin bride, i. 94; shed at circumcision and subincision, uses of, 92, 94 sq.; sympathetic connexion between wounded person and his shed blood, 205; used to imitate rain, 256, 257 sq.; as a means of inspiration, 381 sqq.; offered to trees, ii. 13, 16, 34, 44, 47; of pigs in purificatory rites, 107, 108, 109; of incestuous persons, blighting effects attributed to the, 110 sq.; reluctance to spill royal, 228; smeared on sacred trees, 367

Blood, human, in intichiuma ceremonies, i. 85, sqq. 90, sqq.; offered at grave, 90 sq.; given to sick people, 91; used to knit men together, 92

Blood-stone, i. 165

Bloomfield, Professor M., i. 229

Boanerges, i. 266

Bodio, fetish king, i. 353

Bogomiles, the, i. 407

Boiled meat offered to the Seasons, i. 310

Bones of dead in magic, i. 148; human, buried as rain-charm, 287; burned as a charm against sorcery, ii. 330

Bonfires at midsummer, ii. 65

Bongo, the, i. 347

Boni, G., ii. 186 n. 1

Borewell, the, ii. 161

Borlase, W., ii. 67

Born thrice, said of Brahmans, i. 381

Borneo, i. 59, 73; beliefs as to the blighting effect of sexual crime in, ii. 108 sqq.

Bororos, the, ii. 298

Bough, the Golden, plucked by Aeneas, i. 11, ii. 379; the plucking of it not a piece of bravado, 123 sq.; grew on an evergreen oak, 379

Boughs, green, a charm against witches, ii. 52-55, 127. See also Branches

Bovillae, ii. 179

Bradbury, Professor J. B., ii. 139 n. 1

Brahman, derivation of name, i. 229

—— fire-priests, ii. 247 sqq.; marriage ceremony, i. 160; householder, temporary inspiration of, i. 380 sq.

Brahmans deemed superior to the gods, i 226; divinity of the, 403 sq.; thrice-born, 381

Branches dipped in water as a rain-charm, i. 248, 250, 309. See also Boughs

Brazil, Indians of, power of medicine-men among the, i. 358 sq.

Breath, holy fire not to be blown upon with the, ii. 241

Brethren of the Free Spirit, i. 408; of the Tilled Fields (Fratres Arvales), ii. 122

Brhaspati, as a magician, i. 241

Bride tied to tree at marriage, ii. 57; the Whitsuntide, 89, 96; the May, 95; race for a, 301 sqq.; contests for a, 305 sqq.

—— of God, the, i. 276

—— race among Teutonic peoples, ii. 303 sqq.

Bridegroom of May, ii. 91, 93

Bridget in Scotland and the Isle of Man, ii. 94 sq.

Brigit, a Celtic goddess, ii. 95, 240 sqq.

Brimo and Brimos, ii. 139

Brincker, Dr. P. H., ii. 224 n. 4

Brooke, Rajah, i. 361

Brotherhood formed with trees by sucking their sap, ii. 19 sq.

Brothers reviled by sisters for good luck, i. 279

Brown, A. R., ii. 254 n.

Brown, Dr. George, i. 340

Brunhild, Queen of Iceland, ii. 306

Brutus, L. Junius, ii. 290, 291

Bryant, Jacob, i. 334

Buckthorn, a protection against witches, ii. 54, 191

Buddha, images of, drenched as a rain-charm, i. 308

Buddhas, living, i. 410 sq.

Buddhist animism not a philosophical theory, ii. 13 sq.

Bühler, G., ii. 367 n. 3, 369

Bulgaria, rain-making in, i. 274

Bull, the thunder-god compared to a, ii. 368

Bull-roarer used as a wind-charm, i. 324

Bull’s blood drunk as means of inspiration, i. 381 sq.; as ordeal, i. 382 n. 1

Bulls, white, sacrificed, ii. 188 sq.

Bunjil Kraura, i. 324

Bunsen, on St. Hippolytus, i. 21 n. 2

Burglars, charms employed by, to cause sleep, i. 148 sq.

Burgundians and their kings, i. 366

Burial alive, punishment of unfaithful virgins, ii. 244

—— customs intended to ensure re-incarnation, i. 101 sqq.

Burma, magical images in, i. 62 sq.

Burning of sacred trees or poles, ii. 141 sq.

Burning-glass or mirror, fire kindled by, ii. 243, 244 n. 1

Buryats, the, ii. 32

Bush negroes of Surinam, ii. 385

Bushmen, i. 123

Butlers, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 sq., 205

Buttmann, P., i. 40 n. 2

Büttner, C. G., ii. 218

Byblus, Astarte at, i. 30

Cabbages, charm to make cabbages grow, i. 136 sq.

Cactus, sacred, telepathy in search for, i. 123 sq.

Cadys, ii. 281

Caeculus born from the fire, ii. 197

Caelian hill at Rome, ii. 185

Caesar, Julius, his villa at Nemi, i. 5

Caesars, their name derived from caesaries, ii. 180

Caingua Indians, the, ii. 258

Calah, ancient capital of Assyria, ii. 130

Caland, Dr. W., i. 229

Caldwell, Bishop R., i. 382

Calica Puran, i. 63

Caligula, his barges on the lake of Nemi, i. 5; and the priest of Nemi, 11

Calmucks, race for a bride among the, ii. 301 sq.

Cambodia, the regalia in, i. 365; Kings of Fire and Water in, ii. 3 sqq.

Cambridge, May Day custom at, ii. 62

Camden, W., ii. 53.

Camillus, his triumph, ii. 174 n. 2

Camphor, taboos observed in search for, i. 114 sq.; telepathy in search for, 124 sq.

Candaules, ii. 281, 282

Candlemas, ii. 94

Cannibalism in Australia, i. 106 sq.

Cantabrians, mother-kin among the, ii. 285

Canute, King of England, his marriage with Emma, ii. 282 sq.

Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, i. 99, 100

Capena, the Porta, at Rome, i. 18

Capitol, temple of Jupiter on the, ii. 174, 176, 184

Caprificatio, ii. 314 n. 2

Caprificus, the wild fig-tree, ii. 314 sq.

Car Nicobar, i. 314

Caribs, war custom of the, i. 134

Carna, nymph, ii. 190

Carpenter, son of, as a human god, i. 376

Carpet-snakes, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 90

Castor and Pollux, i. 49 sq.

Cat in rain-charm, i. 289, 291, 308 sq.

Cat’s cradle as a charm to catch the sun, i. 316 sq.

Catlin, G., i. 356

Cato the Elder on dedication of Arician grove to Diana, i. 22, 23

Cato, on expiation, ii. 122

Cattle crowned, ii. 75, 126 sq., 339, 341; charm to recover strayed, i. 212; influence of tree-spirits on, ii. 55

—— stall, the, at Athens, ii. 137

Caul, superstitions as to, i. 187 sq., 190 sq., 199 sq.

Caves, prehistoric paintings of animals in, i. 87 n. 1

Cecrops, ii. 277; said to have instituted marriage, 284

Cedar, sacred, ii. 49, 50 sq.; smoke of, inhaled as mode of inspiration, i. 383 sq.

—— tree, girl annually sacrificed to, ii. 17

—— wood burned as a religious rite, ii. 130

Celebes, i. 109; magical virtue of regalia in, 362 sqq.

Celtic divinity akin to Artemis, ii. 126

—— and Italian languages akin, ii. 189

—— Vestals, ii. 241 n. 1

Celts, their worship of the Huntress Artemis, ii. 125 sq.; their worship of the oak, 362 sq.; of Gaul, their harvest festival, i. 17; of Ireland, their belief in the blighting effect of incest, ii. 116

Ceos, funeral customs in, i. 105

Ceremonies, initiatory, of Central Australian aborigines, i. 92 sqq.

Chadwick, H. M., ii. 278 n. 1, 283 n. 1

Chaka, the Zulu despot, i. 350

Champion at English coronation ceremony, ii. 322

Chams, the, i. 120, 131, 144

Chariot in rain-charm, i. 309

—— and horses dedicated to the sun, i. 315

Charles II. touches for scrofula, i. 368 sq.

Charms to ensure long life, i. 168 sq.; to prevent the sun from going down, 316 sqq. See also Magic

Chastity observed for sake of absent persons, i. 123, 124, 125, 131; practised to make the crops grow, ii. 104 sqq.; required of persons who handle dishes and food, 115 sq., 205; Milton on, 118 n. 1; as a virtue not understood by savages, 118; observed by sacred men, perhaps the husbands of a goddess, 135, 136; observed by sacred women, 137; required in those who make fire by friction, 238 sq. See also Continence

Chauci, the, ii. 353

Cheremiss, the, ii. 44, 49

Cherokees, homoeopathic magic of plants among the, i. 144, 146 sq.; homoeopathic magic of animals among the, i. 155 sq.

Chibchas, the, i. 416

Chi-chi Mama, i. 276

Chiefs, supernatural power of, in Melanesia, i. 338 sqq.; as magicians, especially rain-makers, in Africa, 342 sqq.; not allowed to leave their premises, 349; punished for drought and dearth, 352 sqq.; as priests, ii. 215 sq.; chosen from several families in rotation, 292 sqq.

Chilcotin Indians, i. 312

Child’s Well at Oxford, ii. 161

Childbirth, Diana as goddess of, i. 12, ii. 128

Children, newborn, brought to the hearth, ii. 232

Chili, sacred cedar, ii. 49, 50 sq.

China, emperors of, i. 47; homoeopathic magic of city sites in, 169 sq.; the Emperor of, superior to the gods, 416 sq. See also Chinese

Chinchvad, human gods at, i. 405 sq.

Chinese, magical images among the, i. 60 sq.

—— belief in spirits of plants, ii. 14

—— charms to ensure long life, i. 168 sq.

—— emperor responsible for drought, i. 355

—— empire, incarnate human gods in the, i. 412 sqq.

—— modes of compelling the rain-god to give rain, i. 297 sqq.

—— superstition as to placenta (after-birth), i. 194

Chingilli, the, i. 99

Chios, kings of, i. 45

Chissumpe, the, i. 393

Chitomé, the, a pontiff of Congo, ii. 261

Christians, pretenders to divinity among, i. 407 sqq.

Christs, Russian sect of the, i. 407 sq.

Chuckchees, sacred fire-boards of the, ii. 225 sq.

Churinga, in Australia, i. 88, 199, 335

Cimbrians, the, i. 331 n. 2

Ciminian forest, ii. 8

Circassians, their custom as to pear-trees, ii. 55 sq.

Circumcision, pretence of new birth at, i. 76, 96 sq.; uses of blood shed at, 92, 94 sq.; suggested origin of, 96 sq.

Cithaeron, Mount, ii. 140

Clans, paternal and maternal, of the Herero, ii. 217

Cleanliness promoted by contagious magic, i. 175, 342

Clisthenes and Hippoclides, ii. 307 sq.

Clitus and Pallene, ii. 307

Clothes, sympathetic connexion between a person and his, i. 205-207

Clouds imitated by smoke, i. 249; by stones, i. 256; by rain-maker, 261, 262, 263

Clouds, magicians painted in imitation of, i. 323

Clove-trees in blossom treated like pregnant women, ii. 28

Cloves, ceremony to make cloves grow ii. 100

Clown in spring ceremonies, ii. 82, 89

Clytaemnestra, ii. 279

Cockatoos, ceremony for the magical multiplication of, i. 89

Coco-nut sacred, ii. 51

—— palms worshipped, ii. 16

Codrington, Dr. R. H., quoted, i. 227 sq., 338

Coligny calendar, i. 17 n. 2

Collatinus, L. Tarquinius, ii. 290

Columella, ii. 314; quoted, 205

Combat, mortal, for the kingdom, ii. 322

Communism, tradition of sexual, ii. 284

Compelling rain-gods to give rain, i. 296 sqq.

Complexity of social phenomena, i. 332

Comrie, ii. 161

Con or Cun, a thunder-god, ii. 370

Conception in women, supposed cause of, i. 100; caused by trees, ii. 51, 56 sq., 316-318

Concord, temple of, at Rome, i. 11, 21 n. 2

Concordia, nurse of St. Hippolytus, i. 21 n. 2

Condor, the bird of the thunder-god, ii. 370

Confession of sins, i. 266

Conflicts, sanguinary, as rain-charm, i. 258

Conquerors sometimes leave a nominal kingship to the conquered, ii. 288 sq.

“Consort, the divine,” ii. 131, 135

Consuls, the first, ii. 290

Consulship at Rome, institution of, ii. 290 sq.

Contact or contagion in magic, law of, i. 52, 53

Contagious Magic, i. 174-214; of teeth, 176-182; of navel-string and afterbirth (placenta), 182-201; of wound and weapon, 201 sqq.; of footprints, 207-212; of other impressions, 213 sq.

—— taboos, i. 117

Contest for the kingship at Whitsuntide, ii. 89

Contests for a bride, ii. 305 sqq.

Continence required in magical ceremonies, i. 88; required at rain-making ceremonies, 257, 259; required of parents of twins, 266; practised in order to make the crops grow, ii. 104 sqq. See also Chastity

Conway, Professor R. S., ii. 379 n. 5

Conybeare, F. C., i. 407 n. 3

Cook, A. B., i. 23 n., 40 n. 3 and 4, 42 n. 1, ii. 172 n. 3, 173 n. 2, 177 n. 6, 178 n. 3, 187 n. 4, 220 n. 3, 290 n. 3, 307 n. 2, 321 n. 1, 358 n. 4, 379 n. 4 and n. 5, 380 n. 4, 383 n. 2

Cooks, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 sq., 205

Cora Indians, i. 55 sq.

Corc, his purification, ii. 116

Corn, defiled persons kept from the, ii. 112; reaped ear of, displayed at mysteries of Eleusis, 138 sq.

—— -mother, the, at Eleusis, ii. 139

—— -reaping in Greece, date of, i. 32

Cornel-tree, sacred, ii. 10

Cornish customs on May Day, ii. 52, 67

Corp chre, i. 68, 69

Corpus Christi Day, ii. 163

Cos, King of, i. 45

Crab in rain-charm, i. 289

Crannogs, ii. 352

Crannon in Thessaly, i. 309

Crawley, E., i. 201 n. 1

Crocodiles, girls sacrificed to, ii. 152

Cronus and Zeus, ii. 323

Crooke, W., i. 406 n. 1, ii. 57 n. 4, 288 n. 1

Cross River, i. 349

Crossbills in magic, i. 81 sq.

Crown of oak leaves, ii. 175, 176 sq., 184

Crowning cattle, ii. 75, 126 sq., 339, 341

—— dogs, custom of, i. 14, ii. 125 sq., 127 sq.

Crowns, magical virtue of royal, i. 364 sq.; of birch at Whitsuntide, ii. 64; or wreaths, custom of wearing, 127 n. 2

Crows in magic, i. 83

Crystals, magic of, i. 176; used in rain-making, 254, 255, 304, 345, 346

Cumont, Professor Franz, ii. 310

Cup-and-ball as a charm to hasten the return of the sun, i. 317

Curses, public, i. 45; supposed beneficial effects of, i. 279 sqq.

Cursing at sowing, i. 281

—— fishermen and hunters for good luck, i. 280 sq.

Curtiss, Professor S. I., i. 402

Cuzco, ii. 243

Cybele, ii. 144 sq.; and Attis, i. 18, 21, 40, 41

Cyrene, kingship at, i. 47

Daedala, festival of the, ii. 140 sq.

Dainyal or Sibyl, i. 383

Dalai Lama of Lhasa, i. 411 sq.

Damaras or Herero, their fire-customs, ii. 211 sqq.

Damia and Auxesia, i. 39

Danaus, ii. 301

Dance at giving of oracles, i. 379; of milkmaids on May-day, ii. 52

Dances of women while men are away fighting, i. 131-134; as means of inspiration, 408 n. 1; round sacred trees, ii. 47, 55; found the May-pole, 65, 69, 74 sq.; on graves, 183 n. 2

Dancing as a fertility charm, i. 137 sqq., ii. 106

Danes, female descent of the kingship among the, ii. 282 sq.

Daphnephoria, ii. 63 n. 2

Date-month, the, ii. 25

—— -palm, artificial fertilisation of the, ii. 24 sq.

Dawn, the rosy, i. 334

Day of Stones, i. 279

De Groot, J. J. M., i. 416 sq., ii. 14

Dead, hair offered to the, i. 31; pretence of new birth at return of supposed dead man, 75; homoeopathic magic of the, 147 sqq.; sacrifices to, 163; making rain by means of the, 284 sqq.; trees animated by the souls of the, ii. 29 sqq.; the illustrious, represented by masked men, 178; thunder and lightning made by the, 183; spirits of the, in wild fig-trees, 317

Death, pretence of, in magic, i. 84; infection of, 143; at ebb tide, 167 sq.; puppet called, carried out of village, ii. 73 sq.

Deceiving the spirits of plants and trees, ii. 22 sqq.

Deir el Bahari, paintings at, ii. 131, 133

Deities duplicated through dialectical differences in their names, ii. 380 sq.

Dejanira and Achelous, ii. 161 sq.

Delivery, easy, granted to women by trees, ii. 57 sq.

Delos, graves of Hyperborean maidens in, i. 28, 33 sqq.; Apollo and Artemis at, 28, 32-35

Delphi, Apollo at, i. 28; new fire sent from, 32 sq.; King of, 45 sq.

Demeter and Zeus, their marriage at Eleusis, ii. 138 sq.

Demetrius Poliorcetes deified at Athens, i. 390 sq.

Denmark, Whitsun bride in, ii. 91 sq.; the beech-woods of, 351

Dennett, R. E., ii. 277 n. 1

Deòce, a divine spirit, i. 410

Departmental kings of nature, ii. 1 sqq.

Derry, the oaks of, ii. 242 sq.

Devil-dancers, i. 382

Dew on May morning, custom of washing in the, ii. 54, 67, 327, 339; rolling in the, 333

“Dew-treading” in Holland, ii. 104 n. 2

Dhurma Rajah, i. 410

DI, Aryan root meaning “bright,” ii. 381

Dia, grove of the goddess, ii. 122

Dialectical differences a cause of the duplication of deities, ii. 382 sq.

Diana, her sanctuary at Nemi, i. 2 sqq.; as huntress at Nemi, 6; as patroness of cattle, 7, ii. 124; her priest at Nemi, i. 8 sqq.; the Tauric, 10 sq., 24; as goddess of childbirth, 12, ii. 128; as Vesta at Nemi, i. 13, ii. 380; in relation to vines, i. 15 sq.; the mate of the King of the Wood at Nemi, 40, 41, ii. 380; as a goddess of fertility, 120 sqq.; in relation to animals of the woods, 124, 125 sqq.; as the moon, 128; the goddess of fruits, 128; as a goddess of the oak at Nemi, 380

—— and Dianus, ii. 376 sqq.

—— (Jana), a double of Juno, ii. 190 sq., 381 sq.

“Diana’s Mirror,” i. 1

Dianus (Janus), a double of Jupiter, ii. 190 sq., 381 sq.

Diels, Professor H., i. 390 n. 2

Dieri, the, i. 90, 177, ii. 29; rain-making ceremonies of the, i. 255 sqq.

Dinka or Denka nation, i. 347

Diodorus Siculus, i. 74

Diomede, ii. 278; at Troezen, i. 27; sacred grove of, 27

Dione, wife of Zeus at Dodona, ii. 189; the old consort of Zeus, 381, 382

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, quoted, ii. 202 sq.

Dionysus, marriage of, to the Queen of Athens, ii. 136 sq.; and Ariadne, 138

Discovery of fire, ii. 255 sqq.

Disease-makers in Tana, i. 341 sq.

“Divine consort, the,” ii. 131

Divinity of kings, i. 48 sqq.; among the Hovas, 397; among the Malays, 398; in great historical empires, 415 sqq.; growth of the conception of the, ii. 376 sqq.

—— of the Brahmans, i. 403 sq.

Division of labour in relation to social progress, i. 420

Diwali, the feast of lamps, ii. 160

Dixon, Dr. W. E., ii. 139 n. 1

Djakuns, their mode of making fire, ii. 236

Djuldjul, i. 274

Dodola, the, i. 273

Dodona, oracular spring at, ii. 172; Zeus at, 177; Zeus and Dione at, 189; oracular oak at, 358

Dog, black, sacrificed for rain, i. 291; used to stop rain, 303

Dogs crowned, i. 14, ii. 125 sq., 127 sq.

Dollar-bird associated with rain, i. 287 sq.

Domalde, a Swedish king, i. 366 sq.

Donar or Thunar, the German thunder god, ii. 364

Doors, Janus as a god of, ii. 383 sq.

Doreh, in New Guinea, i. 125

Dos Santos, J., i. 392

Double-headed fetish among the Bush negroes of Surinam, ii. 385; Janus, explanation of, ii. 384 sq.

Dragon, rain-god represented as, i. 297; or serpent of water, ii. 155 sqq.; of Rouen, destroyed by St. Romain, 164 sqq.; the Slaying of the, at Furth, 163 sq.

Dramas, magical, to promote vegetation, ii. 120

Dramatic exhibitions sometimes originate in magical rites, ii. 142; weddings of gods and goddesses, ii. 121

Draupadi or Krishna, ii. 306

Dreams, modes of counteracting evil, i. 172 sq.

Drenching people with water as a rain-charm, i. 250, 251, 269 sq., 272, 273, 274, 275, 277 sq., ii. 77

Dropsy, ancient Greek mode of preventing, i. 78

Drought supposed to be caused by unburied dead, i. 287; and dearth, chiefs and kings punished for, 352 sqq.; supposed to be caused by sexual crime, ii. 110, 111, 113

Drowning as a punishment, ii. 109, 110, 111; sacrifice by, 364

Druids, oak-worship of the, ii. 9; of Gaul, their sacrifices of white bulls, 189; female, 241 n. 1; venerate the oak and the mistletoe, 358, 362; derivation of the name, 363

Drums, homoeopathic magic at the making of, i. 134 sq.; beaten as a charm against a storm, 328

Drynemetum, ii. 363

Du Pratz, ii. 263 n. 1

Dudulé, the, i. 274

Duplication of deities an effect of dialectical differences, ii. 382 sq.

Durostorum, martyrdom of St. Dasius at, ii. 310 n. 1

Dwarf tribes of Central Africa, ii. 255

Dyaks of Borneo, the, i. 73, 127, ii. 13; the Sea, 127

Ea, the inventor of magic, i. 240

Eagle hunters, taboos observed by, i. 116; charms employed by, 149 sq.

—— -wood, telepathy in search for, i. 120

Eagles, sacred, ii. 11

Earth and Sun, marriage of the, ii. 98 sq., 148

—— goddess, pregnant cows sacrificed to, ii. 229

Earthquakes supposed to be caused by incest, ii. 111

Ebb tide, death at, i. 167 sq.

Eclipse, ceremonies at an, i. 311 sq.

Economic progress a condition of intellectual progress, i. 218

Egeria, water nymph at Nemi, i. 17-19, 41, ii. 171 sq.; an oak-nymph, 172; a double of Diana, 380; and Numa, i. 18, ii. 172 sqq., 193, 380

Egerius Baebius or Laevius, i. 22

Eggs collected at spring ceremonies, ii. 65, 78, 81, 84, 85; or egg-shells, painted, in spring ceremonies, 63, 65; in purificatory rite, 109

Egypt, magical images in ancient, i. 66, 67 sq.; magicians in ancient, 225; confusion of magic and religion in ancient, 230 sq.; kings of, deified in their lifetime, 418 sqq.; the Queen of, married to the god Ammon, ii. 131 sq.; king of, masquerading as Ammon, 133

Egyptian kings and queens, their begetting and birth depicted on the monuments, ii. 131 sqq.

—— worship of sacred beasts, i. 29 sq.

Egyptians, the ancient, worshipped men and animals, i. 389 sq.; sycamores worshipped by the ancient, ii. 15

Eiresione, ii. 48

Elder-tree, ii. 43

Elective and hereditary monarchy, combination of the two, ii. 292 sqq.

Electric lights on mast-heads, spears, etc., i. 49 sq.

Elephant-hunters, telepathy of, i. 123

Eleusis, mysteries of, ii. 138 sq.

Elipandus of Toledo, i. 407

Elizabeth, Queen, i. 368

Emblica officinalis, a sacred tree, ii. 51

Emin Pasha, ii. 297 n. 7

Empedocles, his claim to divinity, i. 390

Emus, ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 85 sq.

Endymion, ii. 299

Ephesian Artemis, ii. 128

Ephesus, Artemis of, i. 37 sq.; nominal kings at, 47; the Essenes or King Bees at, ii. 135 sq.

Epicurus, sacrifices offered to, i. 105

Erechtheum, the, ii. 199

Erechtheus and Erichthonius, ii. 199

Erhard, Professor A., ii. 310 n. 1

Erichthonius, i. 21; and Erechtheus, ii. 199

Eruptions of volcanoes supposed to be caused by incest, ii. 111

Esquiline hill at Rome, ii. 185

Esquimaux, i. 70, 113, 121, 316, 327

Essenes or King Bees at Ephesus, i. 47 n. 2, ii. 135 sq.

Esthonian folk-tale of a tree-elf, ii. 71 sqq.; marriage custom, 234

Esthonians, St. George’s Day among the, ii. 330 sqq.; their thunder-god Taara, 367

Etruscans, female kinship among the, ii. 286 sq.

Eudanemi, the, at Athens, i. 325 n. 1

Europe, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210 sq.; confusion of magic and religion in modern, 231-233; forests of ancient, ii. 7 sq.; relics of tree-worship in modern, 59 sqq.; diffusion of the oak in, 349 sqq.

—— South-Eastern, rain-making ceremonies in, i. 272 sqq.

Euros, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 89

Evelyn, John, i. 369

Evergreen oak, the Golden Bough grew on, ii. 379

—— trees in Italy, i. 8

Evolution of kings out of magicians or medicine-men, i. 420 sq.; industrial, from uniformity to diversity of function, 421; political, from democracy to despotism, 421

Exaggerations of anthropological theories, i. 333

Exogamy, ii. 271

Expiation for adultery or fornication, ii. 107 sq.; for incest, 115, 116

External soul in afterbirth or navel-string, i. 200 sq.

Extinction of fires at king’s death, ii. 261 sqq., 267; in houses after any death, 267 sq.

Ezekiel, i. 87 n. 1

Falerii, Juno at, ii. 190 n. 2

Falstaff, death of, i. 168

Families, royal, kings chosen from several, ii. 292 sqq.

Fan tribe, i. 349

Farnell, Dr. L. R., i. 36, ii. 379 n. 5

Fasting obligatory, i. 124, 131

Father Jove and Mother Vesta, ii. 227 sqq.

Fattest men chosen kings, ii. 297

February, first of, St. Bride’s day, i. 94 sq.

Fehrle, E., ii. 199 n. 5

Female descent of the kingship in Rome, ii. 270 sqq.; in Africa, 274 sqq.; in Greece, 277 sq.; in Scandinavia, 279 sq.; in Lydia, 281 sq.; among Danes and Saxons, 282 sq.

—— kinship in descent of the Roman kingship, ii. 271; indifference to paternity of kings under female kinship, 274 sqq.; at Athens, 277; indifference to paternity in general under, 282; among the Aryans, 283 sqq. See also Mother-kin

Female slaves, licence accorded to them on the Nonae Caprotinae, ii. 313 sq.

Feng and Wiglet, ii. 281, 283

Fennel, fire carried in giant, ii. 260

Fertilisation, artificial, of the date palm, ii. 24 sq.; of the fig-tree, 314 sq.

—— of women by the wild fig-tree, ii. 316; by the wild banana-tree, 318

Fertilising virtue attributed to trees, ii. 49 sqq., 316 sqq.

Fertility, Diana as a goddess of, ii. 120 sqq.; the thunder-god conceived as a deity of fertility, 368 sqq.

Fictores Vestalium, fictores Pontificum, ii. 204

Ficus Ruminalis, ii. 318

Fierte or shrine of St. Romain, ii. 167, 168, 170 n. 1

Fig, as an article of diet, ii. 315 sq.

Fig-tree of Romulus (ficus Ruminalis), ii. 10, 318

—— artificial fertilisation (caprificatio) of the, ii. 314 sq.

—— sacred, ii. 44, 99, 249, 250

—— the wild, a male, ii. 314 sq.; supposed to fertilise women, 316 sq.; haunted by spirits of the dead, 317

Fiji, catching the sun in, i. 316

Fijians, gods of the, i. 389

Finnish-Ugrian peoples, sacred groves of the, ii. 10 sq.

Finnish wizards and witches, i. 325

Fire in the worship of Diana, i. 12 sq.; supposed to be subject to Catholic priests, 231; used to stop rain, 252 sq.; as a charm to rekindle the sun, 311, 313; of Vesta at Rome fed with oak wood, ii. 186; birth from the, 195 sqq.; the king’s, 195 sqq.; impregnation of women by, 195 sqq., 230 sqq., 234; taken from sacred hearth to found a new village, 216; on the hearth, souls of ancestors in the, 232; reasons for attributing a procreative virtue to, 233 sq.; made jointly by man and woman or boy and girl, 235 sqq.; custom of extinguishing fire and rekindling it by the friction of wood, 237 sq.; need-fire made by married men, 238; holy, not to be blown upon with the breath, 240, 241; tribes reported to be ignorant of the art of kindling, 253 sqq.; discovery of, by mankind, 255 sqq.; carried about by savages, 257 sqq.; kept burning in houses of chiefs and kings, 260 sqq.; carried before king or chief, 263 sq.; a symbol of life, 265; leaping over a, 327, 329

Fire and Water, Kings of, ii. 3 sqq.

—— -bearer, the, i. 33

—— -boards, sacred, of the Chuckchees and Koryaks, ii. 225 sq.

—— customs of the Herero or Damaras, ii. 211 sqq.; compared to those of the Romans, ii. 227 sqq.

—— -drill, the, ii. 207 sqq., 248 sqq., 258 sq., 263; the kindling of fire by it regarded by savages as a form of sexual intercourse, 208 sqq., 218, 233, 235 sq., 239, 249 sq.; of the Herero, 217 sq.

—— -god married to a human virgin, ii. 195 sqq.

—— kindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207 sqq., 235 sqq., 243, 248 sqq., 258 sq., 262, 263, 336, 366, 372; from ancestral tree, 221, 233 sq.; by natural causes, 256; by lightning, 263

—— “living,” ii. 237; a charm against witchcraft, 336

—— “new,” ii. 237; sent from Delos and Delphi, i. 32 sq.; made at beginning of king’s reign, ii. 262, 267; made at Midsummer, 243

—— -priests (Agnihotris) of the Brahmans, ii. 247 sqq.

—— -sticks of fire-drill regarded as male and female, ii. 208 sqq., 235, 238, 239, 248 sqq.

—— -worship a form of ancestor-worship, ii. 221

Fires ceremonially extinguished, i. 33; kept up for sake of absent persons, 120 sq., 128, 129; extinguished at death of kings, ii. 261 sqq., 267; at any death, 267 sq.; ceremonial, kindled by the friction of oak-wood, 372

—— perpetual, of Vesta, i. 13 sq.; in Ireland, ii. 240 sqq.; in Peru and Mexico, 243 sqq.; origin of, 253 sqq.; associated with royal dignity, 261 sqq.; of oak-wood, 365, 366

First-fruits, dedication of, i. 32

Fish, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 90; in rain-charm, 288 sq.

Fishermen, Shetland, i. 69

—— and hunters cursed for good luck, i. 280 sq.

Fishing and hunting, homoeopathic magic in, i. 108 sqq.; telepathy in, 120 sqq.

Fison, Rev. Lorimer, i. 316, 331 n. 2, 378, 389 n. 3, ii. 13 n. 1

Fladda’s chapel, i. 322

Flamen, derivation of the name, ii. 235, 247

—— Dialis, the, ii. 179, 235, 246, 247, 248; an embodiment of Jupiter, 191 sq.

Flaminica, the, ii. 191, 235

Flax, charms to make flax grow tall, i. 138 sq., ii. 86, 164

Flight of the king (Regifugium) at Rome, ii. 308 sqq., 311 n. 4; of sacrificer after the sacrifice, 309; of the People at Rome, 319 n. 1

Flint implements supposed to be thunderbolts, ii. 374

Floquet, A., ii. 168, 169

Flowers, divination from, ii. 345

Food, homoeopathic magic for the supply of, i. 85 sqq.

Foods tabooed, i. 117 sqq.

Footprints, contagious magic of, i. 207-212

“Forced fire” or need-fire, ii. 238

Foreigners marry princesses and receive the kingdom with them, ii. 270 sqq.

Foreskins removed at circumcision, uses of, i. 92 sq., 95; used in rain-making, 256 sq.

Forests of ancient Europe, ii. 7 sq.

Fortuna and Servius Tullius, ii. 193 n. 1, 272

Forum at Rome, prehistoric cemetery in the, ii. 186, 202

Foucart, P., ii. 139 n. 1

Fowler, W. Warde, ii. 311 n. 4, 319 n. 1, 327 n. 2, 329 n. 6, 383 n. 3

Fox in magic, i. 151

Fratres Arvales, ii. 122

Free Spirit, Brethren of the, i. 408

French peasants ascribe magical powers to priests, i. 231-233

Frey, the god of fertility and his human wife, ii. 143 sq.; his image and festival at Upsala, 364 sq.

Friction of wood, fire kindled by, ii. 207 sqq., 235 sqq., 243, 248 sqq., 258 sq., 262, 263, 336, 366, 372

Frog, magic of, i. 151; worshipped, 294 sq.; love-charm made from the bone of a, ii. 345

—— flayer, the, ii. 86

Frogs in relation to rain, i. 292 sqq.

Froth from a mill-wheel as a charm against witches, ii. 340

Fruit-trees fertilised by women, i. 140 sq.

Fruits blessed on day of Assumption of the Virgin, i. 14 sqq.; Artemis and Diana as patronesses of, 15 sq.

Fuegians, the, ii. 258

Fumigating flocks and herds as a charm against witchcraft, ii. 327, 330, 335, 336, 339, 343

Furth in Bavaria, the Slaying of the Dragon at, ii. 163 sqq.

Furtwängler, A., i. 309 n. 6

Futuna, i. 388

Fylgia or guardian spirit in Iceland, i. 200

Galatians, their Celtic language, ii. 126 n. 2

Galelareesc, the, i. 110, 113, 131, 143, 145, ii. 22

Gallas, kings of the, i. 48; sacred trees of the, ii. 34

Garcilasso de la Vega, ii. 244 n. 1

Gardiner, Professor J. Stanley, ii. 154

Gargouille or dragon destroyed by St. Romain, ii. 167

Garlands on May Day, ii. 60 sqq., 90 sq.

Gaul, the Druids of, ii. 189

Gauri, harvest-goddess, ii. 77 sq.

Gayos, the, ii. 125

Gennep, A. van, ii. 385 n. 1

Geomancy in China, i. 170

George, Green, ii. 75, 76, 79

Germans, worship of women among the ancient, i. 391; tree-worship among the ancient, ii. 8 sq.; evidence of mother-kin among the, 285; worship of the oak among the ancient, 363 sq.

Gerontocracy in Australia, i. 335

Gervasius of Tilbury, i. 301

Getae, the, i. 392

Ghosts in Melanesia, supposed powers of, i. 338 sq.

Gilyaks, the, i. 122, ii. 38

Girl annually sacrificed to cedar-tree, ii. 17

Girls married to nets, ii. 147; sacrificed to crocodiles, 152

Glory, the Hand of, i. 149

Glover, T. R., ii. 231 n. 6

Goat, blood of, drunk as means of inspiration, i. 382, 383

God, Bride of, i. 276; savage ideas of, different from those of civilised men, 375 sq.

“God-boxes,” i. 378

Gods viewed as magicians, i. 240 sqq., 375; sacrifice themselves by fire, 315 n. 1; conception of, slowly evolved, 373 sq.; incarnate human, 373 sqq.; gods and men, no sharp line of distinction between, in Fiji, 389; and goddesses, dramatic weddings of, ii. 121; the marriage of the, 129 sqq.; married to women, 129 sqq., 143 sq., 146 sq., 149 sqq.

Gold in magic, i. 80 sq.

Golden Bough plucked by Aeneas, i. 11, ii. 379; the breaking of it not a piece of bravado, i. 123 sq.; grew on an evergreen oak, ii. 379

Golden lamb of Mycenae, i. 365

“Golden summer,” the, i. 32

Gonds, their belief in reincarnation, i. 104 sq.

Gongs beaten in a storm, i. 328 sq.; at Dodona, ii. 358

Government of old men in aboriginal Australia, i. 334 sq.

Grafting, superstitious ceremony at, ii. 100

Granger, Professor F., i. 42 n. 1

Grasausläuten, ii. 344

Grass King, the, ii. 85 sq.

—— seed, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 87 sq.; continence at magical ceremony for growth of, ii. 105

Graveclothes, homoeopathic magic of, in China, i. 168 sq.

Graves, rain-charms at, i. 268, 286, 291; trees planted on graves, ii. 31; dances on, 183 n. 2; of Hyperborean maidens at Delos, i. 28, 33 sqq.

Great Sun, the, title of chief, ii. 262, 263

Greece, priestly kings in, i. 44 sqq.; kings and chiefs sacred or divine in ancient, 366; human gods in ancient, 390 sq.; forests of, ii. 8; female descent of kingship in ancient, 278 sq.

Greek kings called Zeus, ii. 177, 361

Greeks, the modern, rain-making ceremonies among, i. 272 sq.; and Romans, rain-charms among the ancient, 309 sq.

Green boughs a charm against witches, ii. 52-55, 127, 342 sq.

—— George, ii. 75, 76, 79, 343

—— Thursday, ii. 333

Greenwich-hill, custom of rolling down, ii. 103

Gregory of Tours, ii. 144

Grimm, J., ii. 8, 362 n. 6, 364

Grizzly bears supposed to be related to human twins, i. 264 sq.

Groves, sacred, ii. 10 sq., 44; Arician, i. 20, 22, ii. 115; in Chios, i. 45; in ancient Greece and Rome, ii. 121 sqq.

Grunau, Simon, ii. 366 n. 2

Guanches of Teneriffe, i. 303

Guardian spirit associated with caul, i. 199 sq.

Guaycurus, the, i. 330

Gunkel, H., i. 101 n. 2

Gunnar Helming, ii. 144

Gunputty, elephant-headed god, human incarnation of, i. 405 sq.

Gyges, ii. 281, 282

Gypsies, Green George among the, ii. 75 sq.

Gypsy ceremonies for stopping rain, i. 295 sq.

Hack-thorn sacred, ii. 48

Haddon, Dr. A. C., i. 262

Hahn, Dr. C. H., ii. 213 n. 2

Haida Indians, i. 70, 133

Hair offered to gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, i. 28 sq.; offered to the dead, 31, 102; offered to rivers, 31; clippings of, used in magic, 57, 64, 65, 66; charms to make hair grow, 83, 145, 153 sq., 154; loose as a charm, 136; human, used in rain-making, 251 sq.; long, a symbol of royalty, ii. 180

Hakea flowers, ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 86

Hakim Singh, i. 409

Halford in Warwickshire, May Day customs at, ii. 88 sq.

Hamlet, ii. 281, 291

Hammer worshipped, i. 317 sq.

Hammurabi, code of, ii. 130

Hand of Glory, i. 149

Hardy, Thomas, i. 136

Hares as witches, i. 212, ii. 53

Harran, the heathen of, i. 383, ii. 25, 100 n. 2

Harris, J. Rendel, i. 15 n. 1, 21 n. 2

Harrison, Miss J. E., ii. 137 n. 1, 139 n. 1

Hartland, E. S., i. 52 n. 1, ii. 156 n. 2

Harvest in Greece, date of, i. 32

—— May, the, ii. 47 sq.

Hatshopsitou, birth of Queen, ii. 131 sqq.

Hawaii, insignia of royal family of, i. 388 n. 3

Hawthorn on May Day, ii. 52, 60; a protection against witches, 55, 127

Head-hunters, rules observed by people at home in absence of, i. 129

Headmen of totem clans in Central Australia, i. 335

Heads, custom of moulding heads artificially, ii. 297 sq.

Hearn, Dr. W. E., ii. 283 n. 5

Hearth, the king’s, at Rome, ii. 195, 200, 206; sacred, of the Herero, 213, 214; the sacred, seat of the ancestral spirits, 221; custom of leading a bride round the, 230, 231; new-born children brought to the, 232

Hearts of men and animals offered to the sun, i. 315

Heaven, vault of, imitated in rain-charm, i. 261, 262

Heavenly Master, the, i. 413

Hebrew prohibition of images, i. 87 n. 1

—— prophets, their ethical religion, i. 223

Hebrews, their notion of the blighting effect of sexual crime, ii. 114 sq.

Hegel on magic and religion, i. 235 n. 1, 423 sqq.

Hehn, V., on evergreens in Italy, i. 8 n. 4

Heimskringla, ii. 280

Heine, H., Pilgrimage to Kevlaar, i. 77

Hekaerge and Hekaergos, i. 33, 34, 35

Helaga, taboo, ii. 106 n. 2

Helbig, W., i. 20 n. 5

Helernus, grove of, ii. 190 sq.

Hellebore, curses at cutting black, i. 281

Hemlock as an anaphrodisiac, ii. 138, 139 n. 1

Hemp, charms to make hemp grow tall, i. 137 sq.

Heno, the thunder-spirit of the Iroquois, ii. 369 sq.

Hera and Hercules, i. 74

Hercules, sacrifice to, i. 281

—— and Achelous, ii. 162

—— and Hera, i. 74

—— and Omphale, ii. 281

Hercynian forest, the, ii. 7, 354; etymology of the name, 354 n. 2

Hereditary and elective monarchy, combination of the two, ii. 292 sqq.

Herero or Damaras, their fire-customs, ii. 211 sqq.

Hermutrude, legendary queen of Scotland, ii. 281

Herodotus, i. 49, 331

Hersilia, a Sabine goddess, ii. 193 n. 1

Heyne, C. G., ii. 329 n. 1

Hidatsa Indians, ii. 12

Hierapolis, i. 29

Hierophant at Eleusis temporarily deprived of his virility, ii. 138

Highlands of Scotland, St. Bride’s day in, ii. 94

Hindoo Koosh, sacred cedar of the, i. 383; the Kafirs of the, 385

—— Trinity, i. 225

Hindoos, magical images among the, i. 63 sqq.

Hippoclides and Clisthenes, ii. 307 sq.

Hippocrates, sacrifices offered to, i. 105

Hippodamia and Pelops, ii. 279, 299 sq.

Hippolytus in relation to Virbius at Nemi, i. 19 sq.; offerings of hair to, 28

—— and Artemis, i. 19 sq., 24 sqq.

—— Saint, martyrdom of, i. 21

Hirn, Y., i. 52 n. 1, 54 n. 1

Hirt, Professor H., ii. 367 n. 3

Hobby Horse at Padstow, ii. 68

Hobley, C. W., ii. 316

Hog’s blood, purifying virtue of, i. 107

Holed stone in magic, i. 313

Holland, Whitsuntide customs in, ii. 104

Holy Basil, ii. 26

Homoeopathic taboos, i. 116; magic for the making of rain, 247 sqq. See also Magic

Hopi Indians, the, ii. 208 sq.

Horse, sacred, i. 364; sacrificed at Rome in October, ii. 229, 326

Horses excluded from Arician grove, i. 20; dedicated by Hippolytus to Aesculapius, 21 n. 2, 27; branded with mark of wolf, 27; in relation to Diomede, 27; sacrifice of white, 27; sacrificed to the sun, 315 sq.; sacrificed to trees, ii. 16; sanctity of white, 174 n. 2; sacrifices for, on St. George’s Day, 332, 336 sq.

Horus, the golden, i. 418

Hos, the, of Togoland, i. 396 sq., ii. 19, 370

Hot water drunk as a charm, i. 129

House-timber, homoeopathic magic of, i. 146

Housebreakers, charms employed by, to cause sleep, i. 148 sq.

Hovas, divinity of kings among the, i. 397

Howitt, A. W., i. 176, 207, 208

Hubert and Mauss, Messrs., i. 111 n. 2

Huichol Indians, i. 71, 123

Human gods, i. 373 sqq.

—— victims sacrificed to water-spirits, ii. 157 sqq.

Humboldt, A. von, i. 416

Hunters employ contagious magic of footprints, i. 211 sq.

Huntin, a tree-god, ii. 15

Hunting and fishing, homoeopathic magic in, i. 108 sqq.; telepathy in, 120 sqq.

“Hurling” for a bride, ii. 305 sq.

Hurons, the, ii. 147; reincarnation among the, i. 105; their mode of counteracting an evil dream, 172 sq.

Husbands, spiritual, ii. 316 sq.

Hut-urns of ancient Latins, ii. 201 sq.

Huts, round, of the ancient Latins, ii. 200 sqq.; in Africa, 227 n. 3

Huzuls, the, i. 113, 137; their precautions against witches, ii. 336

Hymettus, ii. 360

Hyperborean maidens at Delos, i. 33

Ibn Batutah, ii. 153

Icarius, ii. 300

Iceland, superstitions as to the caul in, i. 199 sqq.

Iddah, king of, i. 396

Igaras, succession to the kingship among the, ii. 294

Illicit love supposed to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 sqq.

Images, Hebrew prohibition of, i. 87 n. 1

—— magical, to injure people, i. 55 sqq.; to procure offspring, 70-74; to win love, 77

Impressions, bodily, contagious magic of, i. 213 sq.

Incarnate human gods, i. 373 sqq.

Incarnation of gods in human form temporary or permanent, i. 376; examples of temporary incarnation, 376 sqq.; examples of permanent incarnation, 386 sqq.; mystery of, 396 n. 5

Incas, the children of the Sun, i. 415

Incense, fumes of, inhaled to produce inspiration, i. 379, 384

—— -gatherers, chastity of, ii. 106 sq.

Incest, blighting effects attributed to, ii. 108, 110 sq., 113, 115 sqq.; of domestic animals abhorred by the Basoga, 112 sq.; of animals employed as a rain-charm, 113

India, ancient, confusion of magic and religion in, i. 228 sq.; magical power of kings in, 366; incarnate human gods in, 376, 402 sqq.

Indifference to paternity of kings under female kinship, ii. 274 sqq.

Indra, thunderbolt of, i. 269

Industrial evolution from uniformity to diversity of function, i. 421

Infidelity of wife disastrous to absent husband, i. 123, 131

Influence of the sexes on vegetation, ii. 97 sqq.

Initiatory ceremonies of Central Australian aborigines, i. 92 sqq.

—— rites of Australian aborigines, suggested explanation of, i. 106.

Inquisition, the, i. 407, 408

Insects, homoeopathic magic of, i. 152

Inspiration, i. 376 sqq.; by incense, 379; by blood, 381 sqq.; by sacred plant or tree, 383 sqq.; of victims, 384 sqq.

Inspired or religious type of man-god, i. 244

—— priests and priestesses, i. 377 sqq.

Intellectual progress dependent on economic progress, i. 218

Intercourse of the sexes practised to make the crops and fruits grow, ii. 98 sqq.

Intichiuma, magical totemic ceremonies in Central Australia, i. 85

Invulnerability, charm to produce, i. 146 sq.

Ireland, perpetual fires in, ii. 240 sqq.

—— sacred oak groves in ancient, 242 sq.

Irish kings, magical virtues attributed to, i. 367

Irle, J., ii. 223 n. 2

Iron, homoeopathic magic of, i. 159 sq.

Iroquois, the, ii. 12; their thunder-god, 369 sq.

Isle of Man, St. Bridget in the, ii. 94 sq.

—— of May, ii. 161

Ivy chewed by Bachanals, i. 384; in fire-making, ii. 251 sq.

Jack-in-the-Green, ii. 82

Jana, another form of Diana, ii. 381, 382, 383

Jangam, priest of the Lingayats, i. 404

Janiculum hill, the, ii. 186

Janua, derived from Janus, ii. 384

Janus, as a god of doors, ii. 383 sq.; explanation of the two-headed, 384 sq.

—— and Carna, ii. 190

—— (Dianus) and Diana, doubles of Jupiter and Juno, ii. 190 sq., 381 sq.

Jaundice treated by homoeopathic magic, i. 79 sqq.

Java, ceremonies to procure offspring in, i. 73; ceremonies for preventing rain in, 270 sq.

Jerome of Prague, i. 317

Jevons, F. B., i. 105, 225 n.

Jewitt, J. R., i. 264

Jinnee of the sea, virgins married to, ii. 153 sq.

Job’s protest, ii. 114

Johnson, Dr. S., i. 368, 370

Johnston, Sir H. H., ii. 227 n. 3

Jordan, H., ii. 321 n. 3

Joubert, quoted, i. 223 n. 2

Jove (Father) and Mother Vesta, ii. 227 sqq.

Jubainville, H. d’Arbois de, ii. 362 n. 6

Judah, idolatrous kings of, i. 315

Jukagirs, the, i. 122

Julian, the Emperor, ii. 7

Julii, the, ii. 179, 192

Julus, the Little Jupiter, ii. 179, 197

July the 7th, the Nonae Caprotinae, a Roman festival, ii. 313 sqq.

June, the first of, a Roman festival, ii. 190

Juno on the Capitol, ii. 184; at Falerii, 190 n. 2; a duplicate of Diana, 381 sq.

—— Caprotina, ii. 313, 317

—— Moneta, ii. 189

Jupiter, costume of, ii. 174 sq.; the Roman kings in the character of, 174 sqq.; Capitoline, 176; the Little, 179, 192; Latian, 187, 379; as god of the oak, the thunder, the rain, and the sky, 358, 361 sq.; as sky-god, 374; a duplicate of Janus (Dianus), 381 sq.

—— and Juno, doubles of Janus and Diana, ii. 190 sq.; sacred marriage of, 190

—— Dianus, ii. 382

—— Elicius, ii. 183

—— Indiges, ii. 181

Jupiters, many local, in Latium, ii. 184

Juturna, a nymph, ii. 382

Kachins of Burma, the, ii. 237

Kafirs of the Hindoo Koosh, i. 133 sq., 385

Kaitish tribe of Central Australia, i. 87

Kali, the goddess, i. 383

Kamilaroi, the, i. 101

Kangaroos, ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 87 sq.

Kara-Kirghiz, ii. 57

Karens of Burma, i. 209; their custom in regard to fornication and adultery, ii. 107 sq.

Karo-Bataks, the, of Sumatra, i. 277

Kausika Sutra, i. 209, 229

Kayans or Bahaus of Borneo, i. 328, ii. 109

Kei Islands, i. 126, 131, 145

Kenyahs of Borneo, i. 59, ii. 385

Keremet, a god of the Wotyaks, ii. 145 sq.

Kevlaar, Virgin Mary of, i. 77

“Key-race,” ii. 304

Keys, the golden, ii. 333

Khasis of Assam, succession to the kingdom among the, ii. 294 sq.

Khnoumou, the god, ii. 132

Kidd, Dudley, i. 49 n. 3, 350, ii. 211, 224 n. 4

Kildare, fire and nuns of St. Brigit at, ii. 240 sq.

Kimbugwe, high official in Uganda, i. 196

King, J. E., i. 105 n. 4

King gives oracles, i. 377; the Grass, ii. 85 sq.; the Leaf, 85; the Roman, as Jupiter, 174 sqq.

—— and Queen at Athens, i. 44 sq.

—— of Sacred Rites at Rome, i. 44, ii. 201; his flight, 309

—— of the Saturnalia, ii. 311

—— of the Wood at Nemi, i. 1 sqq., ii. 1; a mate of Diana, i. 40, 41, ii. 380; a personification of the oak-god Jupiter, 378 sqq. See also Priest of Nemi

—— Bees (Essenes) at Ephesus, ii. 135 sq.

Kingdom, mortal combat for the, ii. 322; in ancient Latium, succession to, 266 sqq.

Kings, priestly, i. 44 sqq.; titular or sacred, in Greece, 44 sqq.; Teutonic, 47; magicians as, 332 sqq.; as rain-makers in Africa, 348, 350 sqq.; punished for drought and dearth, 353 sqq.; among the Aryans, magical powers attributed to, 366 sqq.; divinity of, in great historical empires, 415 sqq.; of nature, ii. 1 sqq.; of rain, 2; Roman, as deities in a Sacred Marriage, 172 sq., 192, 193 sq.; Greek, called Zeus, 177, 361; expected to make thunder, 180 sq.; the Latin, thought to be the sons of the fire-god by mortal mothers, 195 sqq.; perpetual fire in houses of, 261 sq.; Roman, as personifications of Jupiter, 266 sq.; paternity of, a matter of indifference under female kinship, 274 sqq.; sometimes of a different race from their subjects, 288 sq.; chosen from several royal families in rotation, 292 sqq.; fat, 297; handsomest men, 297; long-headed, 297; sacred or divine, development of, 376 sqq. See also Latin and Roman

Kings’ Evil (scrofula), touching for the, i. 368 sqq.

—— fire, the, ii. 195 sqq.

—— Race, the, ii. 84

—— sisters, licence accorded to, ii. 274 sqq.

Kingship, annual, in ancient Greece, i. 46

—— contest for the, at Whitsuntide, ii. 89

—— descent of the, in the female line, at Rome, ii. 270 sqq.; in Africa, 274 sqq.; in Greece, 277 sq.; in Scandinavia, 279 sq.; in Lydia, 281 sq.; among the Danes and Saxons, 282 sq.

—— evolution of the sacred, i. 420 sq.

—— nominal, left by conquerors to indigenous race, ii. 288 sq.

—— Roman, abolition of the, ii. 289 sqq.

—— the old Roman, a religious office, ii. 289

Kingsley, Miss Mary H., i. 411 n. 1

Kintu, ii. 261

Kirghiz, “Love Chase” among the, ii. 301

Knocking out of teeth as initiatory ceremony in Australia, i. 97 sqq.

Knots, tying up the wind in, i. 326

Kolkodoons, the, i. 93

Kondhs, their belief in reincarnation, i. 104

Koniags, the, i. 121

Koryaks, sacred fire-boards of the, ii. 225; race for a bride among the, 302

Krishna, i. 406; marriage of, to the Holy Basil, ii. 26

Kunama, the, ii. 3

Kvasir, i. 241

Kwakiutl Indians, their superstitions as to twins, i. 263

Lac, taboos observed in gathering, i. 115

Lacueva, Father, ii. 205 n.

Ladder to facilitate the descent of the sun, ii. 99

Laetare Sunday, ii. 63

Laibon, i. 343

Lake-dwellings of prehistoric Europe, ii. 352 sq.

Lakes, gods of lakes married to women, ii. 150 sq.

Lakshmi, wife of Vishnu, ii. 26

Lamas, transmigrations of the Grand, i. 410 sqq.

Lamb of Mycenae, the golden, i. 365

Lamb, blood of, as means of inspiration, i. 381

Lambing, time of, ii. 328 n. 4

Lamps, dedication of burning, i. 12 sq.

Lane, E. W., ii. 209 n. 4

Language, special, for kings and persons of blood royal, i. 401

Lapis manalis at Rome, i. 310

Larch-tree, sacred, ii. 20

Lares, the, ii. 206

Latin confederacy, the, in relation to sacred Arician grove, i. 22 sq.

—— kings thought to be the sons of the fire-god by mortal mothers, ii. 195 sqq.; lists of, 268 sqq.; stories of their miraculous birth, 272

Latinus, changed into Latian Jupiter, ii. 187; his wife a Vestal, 235

Latium, many local Jupiters in, ii. 184; in antiquity, the woods of, 188; succession to the kingdom in ancient, 266 sqq.

Latuka, rain-makers among the, i. 346, 354

Laurel chewed as means of inspiration, i. 384; in fire-making, ii. 251 sq.

Lavinium, worship of Vesta at, i. 14

Lazy Man, the, ii. 83

Leaf-clad mummers, ii. 74 sqq., 78 sqq.; mock marriage of, ii. 97

Leaf King, the, ii. 85

—— Man, the Little, ii. 80 sq.

Leafy bust at Nemi, portrait of the King of the Wood, i. 41 sq.

Leaping over a fire, ii. 327, 329

—— and dancing to make the crops grow high, i. 137 sqq.

Lemnos, new fire brought to, i. 32

Lengua Indians, i. 313, 330, 359

Lent, fourth Sunday in, ii. 73, 87

Lerons of Borneo, i. 59

Leschiy, a woodland spirit, ii. 124 sq.

Leto, ii. 58

Lévi, Professor Sylvain, i. 228

Lhasa, i. 411 sq.

Licence accorded to slaves at the Saturnalia, ii. 312; to female slaves at the Nonae Caprotinae, 313 sq.

Lightning, charm against, i. 82; imitation of, 248, 303; thought to be the father of twins, 266; wood of tree that has been struck by, 319; fire kindled by, ii. 263; African deities of, 370; supposed to be produced by means of flints, 374; Zeus, i. 33, ii. 361

Lime-trees sacred, ii. 366, 367

Lindus in Rhodes, i. 281

Lingayats, the, i. 404

Lithuanians, the heathen, i. 317, ii. 46; tree-worship among the, 9; sacrifice to Pergrubius, 347; the thunder-god Perkunas of the, 365 sqq.; their reverence for oaks, 366, 371

Little Jupiter, the, ii. 179, 192

—— Leaf Man, ii. 80 sq.

“Living fire,” ii. 237; as a charm against witchcraft, 336

Lo Bengula, i. 351, 352, 394

Loango, king of, revered as a god, i. 396; fights all rivals for his crown, ii. 322

—— licence of princesses in, ii. 276 sq.

Lobo, spirit-house, ii. 39

Local totem centres, i. 96

Locrians, the Epizephyrian, ii. 284 sq.

“Longevity garments,” i. 169

Long-headed men chosen kings, ii. 297

Loon, the bird, associated with rain, i. 288

Lord of the Wood, ii. 36; of Misrule, 319 n. 1

—— and Lady of the May, ii. 90 sq.

Loucheux, the, i. 356

Love, cure for, i. 161; illicit, thought to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 sqq.

Love-charms practised on St. George’s Day, ii. 345 sq.

“Love Chase” among the Kirghiz, ii. 301

Lovers of goddesses, their unhappy ends, i. 39 sq.

Low, Sir Hugh, ii. 30, 31

Lubare, god, i. 395

Lucian on hair offerings, i. 28

Lucius, E., i. 13 n. 1

Luxor, paintings at, ii. 131, 133

Lyall, Sir A. C., i. 224 n. 1

Lycaeus, Mount, ii. 359

Lycurgus, king of Thrace, i. 366

Lydia, female descent of kingship in, ii. 281 sq.

Mabuiag, i. 59, 263, 323

Macdonald, Rev. J., i. 110, ii. 210 sq.

“Macdonald’s disease, the,” i. 370 n. 3

MacGregor, Sir William, i. 337

“Macleod’s Fairy Banner,” i. 368

Macrobius, ii. 385 n. 2

Madagascar, King of, i. 47 sq.; foods tabooed in, 117 sq.; custom of women in Madagascar while men are at war, 131; modes of counteracting evil omens in, 173 sq.

Madness, cure of, i. 161

Maeander, the river, supposed to take the virginity of brides, ii. 162

Magian priests, ii. 241 n. 4

Magic, principles of, i. 52 sqq.; negative, 111 sqq.; public and private, 214 sq.; benefits conferred by, 218 sq.; its analogy to science, 220 sq.; attraction of, 221; fatal flaw of, 221 sq.; based on a misapplication of the association of ideas, 221 sq.; opposed in principle to religion, 224; older than religion, 233 sqq.; universality of belief in, 234-236; transition from magic to religion, 237 sqq., ii. 376 sq.; the fallacy of, not easy to detect, i. 242 sq.

Magic, Contagious, i. 52-54, 174-214; of teeth, 176-182; of navel-string and afterbirth (placenta), 182-201; ofwound and weapon, 201 sqq.; of foot-prints, 207-212; of other impressions, 213 sq.

—— Homoeopathic or Imitative, i. 52 sqq.; in medicine, 78 sqq.; for the supply of food, 85 sqq.; in fishing and hunting, 108 sqq.; to make plants grow, 136 sqq.; of the dead, 147 sqq.; of animals, 150 sqq.; of inanimate things, 157 sqq.; to annul evil omens, 170-174; for the making of rain, 247 sqq.

—— Sympathetic, i. 51 sqq.; the two branches of, 54; examples of, 55 sqq.

—— and religion, i. 220-243, 250, 285, 286, 347, 352; confused together, 226 sqq.; their historical antagonism comparatively late, 226; Hegel on, 423 sqq.

Magical control of rain, i. 247 sqq.; of the sun, 311 sqq.; of the wind, 319 sqq.

—— dramas to promote vegetation, ii. 120

—— origin of certain religious dramas, ii. 142 sq.

—— type of man-god, i. 244

Magician, public, his rise to power, i. 215 sqq.

Magician’s progress, the, i. 214 sqq., 335 sqq.

Magicians claim to compel the gods, i. 225; gods viewed as, 240 sqq.; importance of rise of professional magicians, 245 sqq.; as kings, 332 sqq.; develop into kings, 420 sq. See also Medicine-men

Mahabharata, the, ii. 306

Maharajas, a Hindoo sect, i. 406, ii. 160

Maidu Indians, i. 122, 357

Maillotins, ii. 63

Maimonides, i. 140, ii. 100 n. 2

Maize, continence at sowing, ii. 105

Makalakas, the, i. 394

Makatisses, the, i. 71

Makrizi, i. 252, ii. 151 n. 2

Malay charms, i. 57 sq.

—— magic, i. 110 sq., 114 sq., 127

—— Peninsula, the wild tribes of the, i. 360

—— region, divinity of kings in, i. 398

Malays, their superstitious veneration for their rajahs, i. 361; regalia among the, 362

Maldive Islands, ii. 153, 154

Malecki (Maeletius, Menecius), J., ii. 366 n. 2

Man, E. H., ii. 253

“Man, the True,” i. 413

—— -god, the two types of, i. 244 sq.; notion of a man-god belongs to early period of religious history, 374 sq.

Mana, supernatural or magical power in Melanesia, i. 111 n. 2, 227, 228 n. 1, 339

Mangaia, i. 378

Mania, a bogey, i. 22

Manii at Aricia, i. 22

Manius Egerius, i. 22

Manna, ceremony for the magical multiplication of, i. 88 sq.

Mannhardt, W., i. 140 n. 6, ii. 47, 78 sq., 84, 87

Mantras, sacred texts, i. 403 sq.

Manu, the Laws of, i. 366, 402

Maoris, the, i. 71; magic of navel-string and afterbirth among the, 182 sq.; their belief as to fertilising virtue of trees, ii. 56

Maraves, the, i. 393, ii. 31

Marcellus of Bordeaux, i. 84

Marduk, chief Babylonian god, as a magician, i. 240 sq.; his wives, ii. 130

Marett, R. R., i. 111 n. 2

Marigolds, magic of, i. 211

Marquesas or Washington Islands, human gods in the, i. 386 sq.

Marriage to trees, i. 40 sq., ii. 57; of trees to each other, 24 sqq.; mock, of leaf-clad mummers, 97; the Sacred, 121 sqq.; of the gods, 129 sqq.; bath before, 162

Marsh-marigolds, a protection against witches, ii. 54; on May Day, 63

Martius, C. F. Phil. von, i. 359

Martyrdom of St. Hippolytus, i. 21

Masai, power of medicine-men among the, i. 343 sq.

Mashona, the, i. 393

Maskers, representing the dead, ii. 178

Maspéro, Sir Gaston, i. 230, ii. 133 sq.

“Mass of the Holy Spirit,” i. 231 sq.

Mass of Saint Sécaire, i. 232 sq.

Master, the Heavenly, i. 413

—— of Sorrows, i. 280

Matabeles, king of the, i. 48; as rain-maker, 351 sq.

—— magical effigies among the, i. 63

Maternal uncle preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285

Maurer, K., ii. 280 n. 1

Mauss and Hubert, Messrs., i. 111 n. 2

May Bride, the, ii. 95, 96

May bridegroom, ii. 91, 93

—— -bush, ii. 84, 85, 89, 90, 142

—— Day, celebration of, ii. 59 sqq.; licence of, 67, 103 sq.

—— Fools, ii. 91

—— garlands, ii. 60 sqq., 90 sq.

—— King, ii. 85 sq.

—— Lady, the, ii. 62

—— -poles, ii. 59, 65 sqq.

—— Queen, ii. 84, 87 sq.

—— Rose, the Little, ii. 74

—— -trees, ii. 59 sq., 64, 68 sq.; or may-poles, fertilising virtue of, 52

Mayos or Mayes, ii. 80

Medicine-men (magicians, sorcerers), power of, among African tribes, i. 342 sqq.; power of, among the American Indians, 355 sqq.; progressive differentiation of, 420 sq.; develop into kings, 420 sq.; the oldest professional class, 420. See also Magicians

Melampus and Iphiclus, i. 158

Melanesia, homoeopathic magic of stones in, i. 164; supernatural power of chiefs in, 338 sqq.

Merker, Captain M., i. 343

Merlin, i. 306

Messiah, pretended, i. 409

Metsik, a forest spirit, ii. 55

Mexican kings, their oath, i. 356

Mexicans, human sacrifices of the ancient, i. 314 sq.

Micah, quoted, i. 223

Mice and rats, teeth of, in magic, i. 178 sqq.

Midsummer, new fire made at, ii. 242; festival of, 272 sq.

—— bonfires, ii. 65, 141

—— Bride, ii. 92

—— customs, ii. 127; in Sweden, ii. 65

—— Eve, a witching time, ii. 127

Mikado, the, an incarnation of the sun goddess, i. 417

Miklucho-Maclay, Baron von, ii. 253 sq.

Milk, witches steal milk on Walpurgis Night or May Day, ii. 52 sqq.; witches steal milk on Midsummer Eve, 127; witches steal milk on Eve of St. George, 334 sqq; not given away on St. George’s Eve, 339

—— -pails wreathed with flowers, ii. 338, 339

—— -stones, i. 165

Milkmen of the Todas sacred or divine, i. 402 sq.

Milton on chastity, ii. 118 n. 1

Minangkabauers of Sumatra, i. 58, 140

Miris of Assam, the, ii. 39

Mirror or burning-glass, fire made by means of, ii. 243, 245 n.

Mistletoe venerated by the Druids, ii. 358, 362

Moab, Arabs of, i. 276

Mock sun, i. 314

Moffat, Dr. R., i. 351

Mohammed, on the fig, ii. 316

Mommsen, Th., i. 23 n. 3, ii. 174 n. 1, 175 n. 1, 296

Monarchy in ancient Greece and Rome, tradition of its abolition, i. 46; rise of, 216 sqq.; essential to emergence of mankind from savagery, 217; hereditary and elective, combination of the two, ii. 292 sqq.

Money, old Italian, i. 23

Montanus, the Phrygian, i. 407

Montezuma, i. 416

Moon, singing to the, i. 125; charm to hasten the, 319; in relation to child-birth, ii. 128; woman chosen to represent the, 146

Morbus regius, jaundice, i. 371 n. 4

Morgan, Professor M. H., ii. 207 n. 1

“Mother of Kings,” ii. 277

—— of the Gods, i. 21

—— of the Rain, i. 276

Mother-kin, ii. 271; in succession to Roman kingship, 271; among the Aryans, 283 sqq.; superiority of maternal uncle to father under mother-kin, 285. See also Female Kinship

Mother’s brother preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285

Motu, the, i. 317, ii. 106

Motumotu, the, i. 317, 327, 337; or Toaripi, the, in New Guinea, 125

Moulton, Professor J. H., ii. 182 n. 2, 189 n. 3, 247 n. 5

Moxos Indians, i. 123

Muata Jamwo, the, ii. 262

Mukasa, god of the Baganda, ii. 150

Müller, Max, i. 333 sq.

Mulongo, “twin,” name applied by the Baganda to the navel-string, i. 195, 196

Mummers dressed in leaves, branches, and flowers, ii. 74 sqq., 78 sqq.

Mundaris, the, ii. 39, 46

Mundas, the, ii. 57

Munro, Dr. R., ii. 352

Mura-muras, i. 255 sq.

Mycenae, golden lamb of, i. 365

Mysteries of Eleusis, ii. 138 sq.

Mytilene, kings at, i. 45

Nabataeans, Agriculture of the, ii. 100

Nabu, marriage of the god, ii. 130

Nahak, rubbish used in magic, i. 341

Nails knocked into trees, ii. 36, 42; a charm against witchcraft, 339 sq.

—— pegs, or pins knocked into images, i. 61, 64, 65, 68, 69

Nails, parings of, used in magic, i. 57, 64, 65, 66

Names of kings changed to procure rain, i. 355

Nandi, power of medicine-men among the, i. 344

Nanja spots or local totem centres, i. 96, 97

Nat, spirit, ii. 46

Natchez, the, i. 249; their perpetual fires, ii. 262 sq.

“Nativity of the sun’s walking-stick,” i. 312

Navarre, rain-making in, i. 307 sq.

Navel-string, contagious magic of, i. 182-201; regarded as brother or sister of child, 186, 189; called the “twin,” 195; seat of external soul, 200 sq.

Navel-strings hung on trees, ii. 56

Negative magic or taboo, i. 111 sqq.

Nemi, the lake of, i. 1 sqq.; sanctuary of Diana at, 2 sqq.; the priest of, 8 sqq., 40, 41, ii. 376, 386, 387

Neoptolemus, ii. 278

Nerthus, procession of, ii. 144 n. 1

Nets, marriage of girls to, ii. 147

New birth, simulation of, i. 380 sq.

—— -born children brought to the hearth, ii. 232

—— Caledonia, i. 78; homoeopathic magic of stones in, 162 sqq.

—— Caledonians, the, i. 312, 313, 314

—— fire, ii. 237; made at Midsummer, 243; made at beginning of a king’s reign, 262, 267

—— Guinea, influence of magicians in, i. 337 sq.

—— Year festival, i. 251

Ngai, god, ii. 44, 150

Nias, i. 109, 143

Nicholson, General, worshipped, i. 404

Niebuhr, B. G., ii. 269

Nightingale in magic, i. 154

Nile, the Upper, rain-makers on the, i. 345 sqq.; the bride of the, ii. 151

Nine animals sacrificed daily at a festival, ii. 365

—— years’ festival at Upsala, ii. 364 sq.

Noah’s ark, i. 334

Nonae Caprotinae, ii. 314

Nootkas, superstitions as to twins among the, i. 263 sq.

Norse trinities, ii. 364

Noses bored, i. 94

Numa, his birthday, ii. 273; a priestly king, 289

—— and Egeria, i. 18, ii. 172 sq., 193, 380

Numa’s birthday, ii. 325, 348; “Numa’s crockery,” ii. 202

Numbering the herds on St. George’s Day, ii. 338

Numicius, the river, ii. 181

Nuns of St. Brigit, ii. 240 sq.

Nurin, i. 275, 276

Nusku, Babylonian fire-god, i. 67

Nyanza, Lake, god of, i. 395

Oak, its diffusion in Europe, ii. 349 sqq.; worship of the, 349 sqq.; oracular, at Dodona, 358; worshipped in modern Europe, 370 sqq.

—— and thunder, the Aryan god of the, ii. 356 sqq.; sky, rain, and thunder, god of the, 349 sq.

—— evergreen, in making fire, ii. 251; the Golden Bough grew on an, 379

—— branch in rain charm, i. 309

—— -god married to the oak-goddess, ii. 142; and oak-goddess, marriage of, 189; how he became a god of lightning, thunder, and rain, 372 sqq.

—— groves in ancient Ireland, ii. 242 sq.

—— leaves, crown of, ii. 175, 176 sq., 184

—— -nymphs at Rome, ii. 172, 185

—— -tree guarded by the King of the Wood at Nemi, i. 42

—— -trees, sacrifices to, ii. 366

—— -wood, Vesta’s fire at Rome fed with, ii. 186; perpetual fire of, 365, 366; ceremonial fires kindled by the friction of, 372

—— -woods on the site of ancient Rome, ii. 184 sqq.

—— -worship of the Druids, ii. 9

Oaken image dressed as a bride, ii. 140 sq.

Oaks at Troezen, i. 26; of Ireland, ii. 363; sacred among the old Prussians, 43

Oaths on stones, i. 160 sq.

Ocrisia, ii. 195

Octopus in magic, i. 156

Odin as a magician, i. 241 sq.; the Norse god of war, ii. 364

Oedipus, ii. 115

Oenomaus, ii. 300

Oesel, island of, i. 329

Offspring, charms to procure, i. 70 sqq.

Ojebways, magical images among the, i. 55

Olaf, King, i. 367

Old men, government by, in aboriginal Australia, i. 334 sq.

Oldenberg, Professor H., i. 225 n., 228, 235 n. 1, 269, 270

Olives planted and gathered by pure boys and virgins, ii. 107

Olympia, races for the kingdom at, ii. 299 sq.

Omahas, the, i. 249, 320

Omens, homoeopathic magic to annul evil omens, i. 170-174

Omphale and Hercules, ii. 281

Omumborombonga (Combretum primigenum), the sacred tree of the Herero, ii. 213 sq., 218, 219 sq., 233

Omuwapu tree (Grevia spec.), ii. 219

Opprobrious language levelled at goddess to please her, i. 280

Oracles given by king, i. 377

Oraons, marriage of Sun and Earth among the, ii. 148; spring festival of the, 76 sq.

Oracular spring at Dodona, ii. 172

Ordeal of battle among the Umbrians, ii. 321

Orestes at Nemi, i. 10 sq., 21 n. 2, 24; at Troezen, 26; cured of his madness, 161

Orgies, sexual, as fertility charms, ii. 98 sqq.

Orontes, the river, ii. 160

Osiris threatened by magicians, i. 225

Ostyaks, tree-worship among the, ii. 11

Ovambo, the, i. 63, 209, ii. 46

Ovid, ii. 176, 177, 191; on Nemi, i. 4, 17

Pacific, human gods in the, i. 386 sqq.

Padstow, custom of the Hobby Horse at, ii. 68

Pages, medicine-men, i. 358

Paint-house, the, ii. 111

Paintings, prehistoric, of animals in caves, i. 87 n. 1

Pais, E., i. 23 n.

Pales, ii. 326, 327, 328, 329, 348

Pallades, female consorts of Ammon, ii. 135

Palladius, ii. 314

Pallene, daughter of Sithon, ii. 307

Palm-tree, ceremony of tapping it for wine, ii. 100 sq. See also Date-palm

Panamara in Caria, i. 29

Paparuda, i. 273

Parasitic plants, superstitions as to, ii. 250, 251 sq.

Parilia, the, ii. 123, 229, 273; a shepherds’ festival, 325 sqq.

Parjanya, the ancient Hindoo god of thunder and rain, i. 270, ii. 368 sq.

Parkinson, R., i. 175

Parricide, Roman punishment of, ii. 110 n. 2

Parsees, the, ii. 241

Partheniai, i. 36 n. 2

Parthenos as applied to Artemis, i. 36

Parthian monarchs brothers of the Sun, i. 417 sq.

Partridge, C., ii. 394 n. 2

Patara, Apollo at, ii. 135

Paternity, uncertainty of, a ground for a theological distinction, ii. 135; of kings a matter of indifference under female kinship, 274 sqq., 282

Patriarchal family at Rome, ii. 283

Paulicians, the, i. 407

Payaguas, the, i. 330

Payne, E. J., i. 415 n. 2

Pear-tree as protector of cattle, ii. 55

Peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350 sqq.

Peking Gazette, i. 355

Peleus, ii. 278

Pelew Islands, human gods in, i. 389

Pelopidae, the, ii. 279

Pelops, ii. 279

—— and Hippodamia, ii. 299 sq.

Penates, the, ii. 205 sq.

Pennefather River in Queensland, i. 99, 100

Peoples said to be ignorant of the art of kindling fire, ii. 253 sqq.

Peperuga, i. 274

Pepys, S., i. 369, ii. 52, 333

Pergrubius, a Lithuanian god of the spring, ii. 347 sq.

Periphas, king of Athens, ii. 177

Perkunas or Perkuns, the Lithuanian god of thunder and lightning, ii. 365 sqq.; derivation of his name, 367 n. 3

Perperia, i. 273

Perpetual fires, origin of, ii. 253 sqq.; associated with royal dignity, ii. 261 sqq.

Perseus and Andromeda, ii. 163

Peru, Indians of, i. 265, ii. 146; the Incas of, 243 sq.

Perun, the thunder-god of the Slavs, ii. 365

Peruvian Indians, i. 56

—— Vestals, ii. 243 sqq.

Pessinus, i. 47

Peter of Dusburg, ii. 366 n. 2

Phaedra and Hippolytus, i. 25

Pheneus, lake of, ii. 8

Phigalia, i. 31

Philostratus, i. 167

Phosphorescence of the sea, superstitions as to the, ii. 154 sq.

Picts, female descent of kingship among the, ii. 280 sq., 286

Piers, Sir Henry, ii. 59

Pig, blood of, drunk as a means of inspiration, i. 382; in purificatory rites, ii. 107, 108, 109; expiatory sacrifice of, 122

Pigeon used in a love-charm, ii. 345 sq.

Pile-villages in the valley of the Po, ii. 8; of Europe, 352 sq.

Pipal-tree (ficus religiosa), ii. 43

Pipiles, the, of Central America, ii. 98

Pity of rain-gods, appeal to, i. 302 sq.

Placenta (afterbirth) and navel-string, contagious magic of, i. 182-201

Plantain-trees, navel-strings of Baganda buried at foot of, i. 195

Plants, homoeopathic magic to make plants grow, i. 136 sqq.; influenced homoeopathically by a person’s act or state, 139 sqq.; influence persons homoeopathically, 144 sqq.; sexes of, ii. 24; marriage of, 26 sqq.

Plataea, festival of the Daedala at, ii. 140 sq.

Plato, i. 45, 104

Plebeians, the Roman kings, ii. 289

Pleiades, rising of the, i. 32

Pliny the Elder, i. 49; on sacredness of woods, ii. 123; the Younger, i. 6

Ploughing by women as a rain-charm, i. 282 sq.

Plover in connexion with rain, i. 259, 261

Plutarch, i. 28, 80, ii. 172, 196, 320 n. 3, 325 n. 3; on Numa and Egeria, i. 18

Pole-star, homoeopathic magic of the, i. 166

Political evolution from democracy to despotism, i. 421

Polybius, ii. 354

Polydorus, ii. 31

Poplar, the white, at Olympia, a substitute for the oak, ii. 220

Porphyry, i. 390, ii. 12

Porta Capena at Rome, i. 18

Porta Querquetulana, ii. 185 n. 3

Poso in Celebes, i. 379, ii. 29

Potrimpo, old Prussian god, ii. 248

Pottery, primitive, employed in Roman ritual, ii. 202 sqq.; superstitions as to the making of, 204 sq.

Pramantha, ii. 249

Prayers for rain, ii. 359, 362; to Thunder, 367 sq.; to an oak, 372

Precautions against witches, ii. 52 sqq.

Precious stones, homoeopathic magic of, i. 164 sq.

Pregnancy, ceremony in seventh month of, i. 72 sq.

Pregnant cows sacrificed to the Earth goddess, ii. 229; victims sacrificed to ensure fertility, i. 141; women employed to fertilise crops and fruit-trees, i. 140 sq.

Pretenders to divinity among Christians, i. 407 sqq.

Priest drenched with water as a rain-charm, ii. 77; rolled on fields as fertility charm, 103; of Diana at Nemi, i. 8 sqq.

—— of Nemi, i. 8 sqq., 40, 41, ii. 376, 386, 387. See also King of the Wood

Priestesses, inspired, i. 379 sq., 381 sq.

Priestly kings, i. 44 sqq.

Priests, magical powers attributed to priests by French peasants, i. 231-233; inspired, 377 sqq.

Princesses married to foreigners or men of low birth, ii. 274 sqq.

Private magic, i. 214 sq.

Procopius, ii. 365

Procreative virtue attributed to fire, ii. 233

Proculus Julius, ii. 182

Progress, intellectual, dependent on economic progress, i. 218; social, 421

Promathion’s History of Italy, ii. 196, 197

Prometheus, ii. 260

Prophetic powers conferred by certain springs, ii. 172

Prophets, the Hebrew, their ethical religion, i. 223

Propitiation essential to religion, i. 222

Prostitution before marriage, practice of, ii. 282, 285, 287

Prothero, G. W., ii. 71 n. 1

Provence, magical powers attributed to priests in, i. 232

Prpats, i. 274

Prunus Padus, L., ii. 344

Prussians, the old, their worship of trees, ii. 43

Prytaneum, fire in the, ii. 260

Psylli, the, i. 331

Public magic, i. 215

Purification by fire, ii. 327, 329

Purificatory rites for sexual crimes, ii. 107 sqq., 115, 116

Pururavas and Urvasi, ii. 250

Pythagoras, maxims of, i. 211, 213 sq.

Pythaists at Athens, i. 33

Python, sacred, ii. 150

Quack, the, ii. 81

Quartz-crystals used in rain-making, i. 254, 255, 304

Queen of Egypt married to the god Ammon, ii. 131 sqq.; of Athens married to Dionysus, 136 sq.; of May, ii. 84, 87 sq.; Charlotte Islands, i. 70; sister in Uganda, licence accorded to the ii. 275 sq.

Queensland, rain-making in, i. 254 sq.

Querquetulani, Men of the Oak, ii. 188

Quirinal hill, the, ii. 182, 185

Quirinus, ii. 182, 185, 193 n. 1

Quiteve, the, i. 392

Quivering of the body in a rain-charm, i. 260, 361

Ra, the Egyptian sun-god, i. 418, 419

Race, the King’s, ii. 84; succession to kingdom determined by a, 299 sqq.; for a bride, 301 sqq.

Races at Whitsuntide, ii. 69, 84

Raccoons in rain-charm, i. 288

Rain, extraction of teeth in connexion with, i. 98 sq.; the magical control of, 247 sqq.; made by homoeopathic or imitative magic, 247 sqq.; Mother of the, 276; supposed to fall only as a result of magic, 353; excessive, supposed to be an effect of sexual crime, ii. 108, 113; Zeus as the god of, 359 sq.

Rain-bird, i. 287

“Rain-bush,” ii. 46

—— -charm by ploughing, i. 282 sq.

—— Country, i. 259

—— -doctor, i. 271

—— -god as dragon, i. 297

—— -gods compelled to give rain by threats and violence, i. 296 sqq.; appeal to the pity of the, 302 sq.

Rain King, i. 275, ii. 2

—— -maker among the Arunta, costume of the, i. 260; assimilates himself to water, 269 sqq.

—— makers, their importance in savage communities, i. 247; in Africa, their rise to political power, 342 sqq., 352; on the Upper Nile, 345 sqq.; unsuccessful, punished or killed, 345, 352 sqq.

—— -making by means of the dead, i. 284 sqq.; by means of animals, 287 sqq.; by means of stones, 304 sqq.

“Rain-stick,” i. 254

“Rain-stones,” i. 254, 305, 345, 346

—— -temple, i. 250

—— totem, i. 258

Rainbow in rain-charm, picture of, i. 258

Rajahs among the Malays, supernatural powers attributed to, i. 361

Ramsay, Sir W. M., i. 36 n. 2

Rats and mice, teeth of, in magic, i. 178 sqq.

Raven in wind-charm, i. 320

Raven’s eggs in magic, i. 154

Ray, S. H., ii. 208 n. 3

Red colour in magic, i. 79, 81, 83

—— Karens of Burma, ii. 69

—— woollen threads, a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

Reddening the faces of gods, custom of, ii. 175 sq.

Regalia of Malay kings, i. 362 sq.; supernatural powers of, 398

Regia, the king’s palace at Rome, ii. 201

Regifugium at Rome, ii. 290; perhaps a relic of a contest for the kingdom, 308 sqq.

Regillus, battle of Lake, i. 50

Reinach, Salomon, i. 27 n. 6, 87 n. 1, ii. 232 n. 2, 241 n. 1

Reincarnation, belief of the aboriginal Australians in, i. 96, 99 sq.; certain funeral rites perhaps intended to ensure, 101 sqq.

Religion defined, i. 222; two elements of, a theoretical and a practical, 222 sq.; opposed in principle to science, 224; transition from magic to, 237 sqq., ii. 376 sq.

—— and magic, i. 220-243, 250, 285, 286, 347; Hegel on, 423 sqq.

Religious dramas sometimes originate in magical rites, ii. 142 sq.

Remulus, ii. 180

Renan, E., i. 236 n. 1

Renouf, Sir P. le P., i. 418

Rex Nemorensis, i. 11

Rhetra, i. 383

Rheumatism caused by magic, i. 207 sq., 213

Rhodians worship the sun, i. 315

Rhys, Sir John, i. 17 n. 2, ii. 363 n. 4

Ribald songs in rain-charm, i. 267

Rice, charm to make rice grow, i. 140; in bloom treated like pregnant woman, ii. 28 sq.; chastity at sowing, 106

Ridgeway, Professor W., ii. 103

Rig Veda, i. 294; quoted, ii. 368 sq.

“Ringing out the grass,” ii. 344

Rivers as lovers of women in Greek mythology, ii. 161 sq.

Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., i. 230 n., 403 n. 1, 421 n. 1

Rivos, harvest-god of Celts in Gaul, i. 17

Rivros, a Celtic month, i. 17 n. 2

Robertson, Sir George Scott, i. 133

Rock-crystals in rain-charms, i. 345

Rogations, Monday of, ii. 166

Rolling on the fields as a fertility charm, ii. 103; at harvest, ii. 104

—— cakes on the ground for omens, ii. 338

Roman fire-customs compared to those of the Herero, ii. 227 sqq.

—— kings as deities in a Sacred Marriage, ii. 172 sq., 192, 193 sq.; as personifications of Jupiter, 266 sq.; list of, 269 sq.; rule of succession among, 270 sq.; plebeians, not patricians, 289; how nominated, 295 sq.; their mysterious or violent ends, 312 sqq.; their obscure birth, 312 sq.

—— kingship, descent of, in the female line, ii. 270 sq.; abolition of the, 289 sqq.; a religious office, 289

—— punishment of parricide, 110 n. 2

Rome, the kings of, ii. 171 sqq.; oak woods on the site of ancient, 184 sqq.

Romove, Romow, or Romowo, ii. 366 n. 2

Romulus, fig-tree of, ii. 10, 318; legend of his birth from the fire, 196; hut of, 200; death of, 181 sq., 313

Roscher, W. H., ii. 137 n. 1, 383 n. 3

Roscoe, Rev. J., ii. 276 n. 2, 318 n. 1, 322 n. 2

Rose, the Little May, ii. 74

Rostowski, S., ii. 366 n. 2.

Rouen, St. Romain at, ii. 164 sqq.

Roumania, rain-making ceremonies in, i. 273 sq.

Round huts of the ancient Latins, ii. 200 sqq.

Rouse, Dr. W. H. D., i. 15 n. 3, ii. 82

Rowan or mountain-ash used as a charm, ii. 331

—— tree, a protection against witches, ii. 53, 54

Royalty conservative of old customs, ii. 288

Rukmini, wife of Krishna, ii. 26

Runaway slave, charm to bring back a, i. 317

Runes, the magic, i. 241

Russia, St. George’s Day in, ii. 332 sqq.

Russian celebration of Whitsuntide, ii. 64, 93

—— sect of the Christs, i. 407 sq.

Sacred beasts in Egypt, i. 29 sq.

—— groves in ancient Greece and Rome, ii. 121 sqq.

—— Marriage, the, ii. 120 sqq.

—— men, i. 386

—— sticks representing ancestors, ii. 222 sqq.

—— women, i. 391

Sacrifices offered to regalia, i. 363, 365; to trees, 366

Sacrificial King at Rome, i. 44

St. Anthony’s fire treated by homoeopathic magic, i. 81 sq.

—— Bride in the Highlands of Scotland, ii. 94

—— Bridget, ii. 94 sq., 242. See St. Brigit

—— Brigit, holy fire and nuns of, at Kildare, ii. 240 sqq.

—— Columba, i. 407, ii. 242 sq.

—— Dasius, ii. 310 n. 1

—— Eany’s Well, ii. 161

—— Fillan, well of, ii. 161

—— Francis of Paola, i. 300

—— George and the Dragon, ii. 163 sq.; and the Parilia, 324 sqq.; patron saint of cattle, horses, and wolves, 330, 336, 337, 338; chapel of, 337; as a spirit of trees or vegetation, 343 sq.; as giver of offspring to women, 344 sqq.; in relation to serpents, 344 n. 4; in Syria, 346

—— George’s Day (23rd April), ii. 56, 75, 79, 103, 164 n. 1, 330 sqq.; eve of, a time when witches steal milk from the cows, 334 sqq.

—— Gervais, spring of, i. 307

—— Hippolytus, i. 21

—— James, i. 266; quoted, 223, 224

St. John, Eve of, in Sweden, ii. 65; Sweethearts of, 92

—— John the Baptist, day of, i. 377; his Midsummer festival, ii. 273

—— Leonhard, i. 7 sq.

—— Mary, Wells of, ii. 161; in Araceli, 184

—— Ouen, ii. 165, 168

—— Paul, i. 407

—— Peter, as giver of rain, i. 307

—— Peter’s Day (29th June), ii. 141

—— Romain and the dragon of Rouen, ii. 164 sqq.; the shrine (fierte) of, 167, 168, 170 n. 1

—— Sécaire, Mass of, i. 232 sq.

Saints, violence done to images of saints in Sicily to procure rain, i. 300; images of saints dipped in water as a rain-charm, 307 sq.

Sakai, the, i. 360

Sakkalava, the, i. 397

Ṣakvarī song, i. 269 sq.

Sâl trees, ii. 41; and flowers, 76 sq.

Salagrama, fossil ammonite, ii. 26, 27 n. 2

Salic law, re-marriage of widow under, ii. 285

Salmon, twins thought to be, i. 263

Salmoneus, King of Elis, i. 310, ii. 177, 181

Salt, abstinence from, i. 124, 266, ii. 98, 105, 149; as a charm, 331

Samagitians, the, ii. 125; their sacred groves, 43

Sami wood (Prosopis spicigera), ii. 248, 249, 250 n.

Samnites, marriage custom of the, ii. 305

Samoa, gods of, in animal and human form, i. 389

Sandwich Islands, King of, i. 377. See also Hawaii

Santiago, the horse of, i. 267

Sarah and Abraham, ii. 114

Sardinia, Midsummer customs in, ii. 92

Satapatha-Brâhmana, i. 380

Saturn personified at the Saturnalia, ii. 310 sq.

—— and Jupiter, ii. 323

Saturnalia, ii. 272; as a fertility rite, 99; how celebrated by Roman soldiers on the Danube, 310; Saturn personified at the, 310 sq.; King of the, 311; the festival of sowing, 311 sq.

Savile, Lord, his excavations at Nemi, i. 3 n. 2

Saxo Grammaticus, i. 160, ii. 280

Saxons, marriage with a stepmother among the, ii. 283; of Transylvania, 337

Scaloi, i. 274

Scamander, the river, supposed to take the virginity of brides, ii. 162

Scandinavia, female descent of the kingship in, ii. 279 sq.

Sceptre of Agamemnon, i. 365

Schinz, Dr. H., ii. 213 n. 2, 218

Scotland, magical images in, i. 68-70

Scott, Sir Walter, i. 326

Scratching the person with the fingers forbidden, i. 254

Scrofula, kings thought to heal scrofula by their touch, i. 368 sqq.

Scythian kings, their regalia, i. 365

Scythians put their kings in bonds, i. 354

Sea, virgins married to the jinnee of the, ii. 153 sq.; phosphorescence of the, 154 sq.

Seasons, Athenian sacrifices to the, i. 310

Secret societies, i. 340

Semiramis, ii. 275

Sena, island of, ii. 241 n. 1

Seneca, on sacred groves, ii. 123

Serpent, dried, in ceremony for stopping rain, i. 295 sq.; or dragon of water, 155 sqq.

Serpents in relation to St. George, ii. 344 n. 4

Servia, rain-making ceremony in, i. 273

Servius on Virbius, i. 20 sq., 40

—— Tullius, laws of, ii. 115, 129; and Fortuna, 193 n. 1, 272; legend of his birth from the fire, 195 sq.; his death, 320 sq.

Sewing forbidden, i. 121, 128

Sexes, influence of the, on vegetation, ii. 97 sqq.; of plants, 24

Sexual communism, tradition of, ii. 284

—— crime, blighting effects attributed to, ii. 107 sqq.

—— intercourse practised to make the crops and fruits grow, ii. 98 sqq.

—— orgies as a fertility charm, ii. 98 sqq.

Shaking of victim as sign of its acceptance, i. 384 sq.

Shans of Burma, i. 128

Sheaf of oats made up to represent St. Bride or Bridget, ii. 94 sq.; the last, 94 n. 2

Sheep, black, sacrificed for rain, i. 290

—— driven through fire, ii. 327

Shepherd’s prayer, ii. 327 sq.

Shepherds’ festival, ancient Italian, ii. 326 sqq.

Shetland, witches in, i. 326

Shrew-mouse in magic, i. 83

Shuswap Indians, i. 265

Siam, King of, ii. 262; divinity of, i. 401

Sibyl, the, and the Golden Bough, i. 11

Sicily, attempts to compel the saints to give rain in, i. 299 sq.

Sick people passed through a hole in an oak, ii. 371

Sickness, homoeopathic magic for the cure of, i. 78 sqq.

Silesia, Whitsuntide customs in, ii. 89

Silk-cotton trees reverenced, ii. 14 sq.

Silvanus, forest god, ii. 121, 124

Silver poplar a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

Silvii, the family name of the kings of Alba, ii. 178 sqq., 192

Silvius, first king of Alba, ii. 179

Similarity in magic, law of, i. 52, 53

Simplification, danger of excessive simplification in science, i. 332 sq.

Singer, the best, chosen chief, ii. 298 sq.

Sins, confession of, i. 266

Sinuessa, waters of, ii. 161

Sister’s children preferred to man’s own children, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285

Sisters of king, licence accorded to, ii. 274 sqq.

Siva, i. 404, ii. 77, 78

Skeat, W. W., i. 360 sq.

Skeleton in rain-charm, i. 284

Skene, W. F., ii. 286 n. 2

Skoptsy, the, a Russian sect, ii. 145 n. 2

Skulls, ancestral, used in magical ceremonies, i. 163; in rain-charm, 285

Sky, twins called the children of the, i. 267, 268; Aryan god of the, ii. 374 sq.

Slave, charm to bring back a runaway, i. 152, 317

—— priests at Nemi, i. 11

Slaves, licence granted to, at Saturnalia, ii. 312; female, licence accorded to, at the Nonae Caprotinae, 313 sq.

Slavs, tree-worship among the heathen, ii. 9; the thunder-god Perun, of the, 365

Sleep, charms employed by burglars to cause, i. 148 sq.

“Sleep of war,” ii. 147

Smith, W. Robertson, i. 301 n. 2

Smiths sacred, i. 349

Smoke made as a rain-charm, i. 249; of cedar inhaled as means of inspiration, 383 sq.; as a charm against witchcraft, ii. 330

Snake-bites, charms against, i. 152 sq.

—— skin a charm against witchcraft, ii. 335

Snakes, human wives of, ii. 149, 150

“Sober” sacrifices, i. 311 n. 1

Social progress, i. 420

Sodza, a lightning goddess, ii. 370

Sofala, King of, i. 392

Sogamozo, the pontiff of, i. 416

Sogble, a lightning god, ii. 370

Solar myth theory, i. 333

Somerville, Professor W., ii. 328 n. 4

Sophocles, ii. 115, 161

Sorcerers. See Magicians, Medicine-men

Sorcery. See Magic

Sorrows, Master of, i. 280

Soul, external, in afterbirth (placenta) or navel-string, i. 200 sq.

Souls ascribed to trees, ii. 12 sqq.; of ancestors supposed to be in fire on the hearth, 232

Sowing, curses at, i. 281; homoeopathic magic at, 136 sqq.; sexual intercourse before, ii. 98; continence at, 105, 106; in Italy and Sicily, time of, 311 n. 5

Sparks of fire supposed to impregnate women, ii. 197, 231

Sparta, the two kings of, i. 46 sq.; their relation to Castor and Pollux, 48-50

Spartan sacrifice of horses to the sun, i. 315 sq.

Spencer and Gillen, i. 89, 107 n. 4

Spieth, J., i. 397

Spinning forbidden, i. 113 sq.

Spirit, Brethren of the Free, i. 408

Spiritual husbands, ii. 316 sq.

Spittle, divination by, i. 99; used in magic, 57

Spring, oracular at Dodona, ii. 172

Springs troubled to procure rain, i. 301; which confer prophetic powers, ii. 172

Squirting water as a rain-charm, i. 249 sq., 277 sq.

Star, falling, in magic, i. 84

Stepmother, marriage with a, among the Saxons, ii. 283

Stewart, C. S., i. 387 n. 1

Sticks, sacred, representing ancestors, ii. 222 sqq.

Stone, holed, in magic, i. 313

—— curlew in magic, i. 80

—— throwing as a fertility charm, i. 39

Stones tied to trees to make them bear fruit, i. 140; oaths upon, 160 sq.; homoeopathic magic of, 160 sqq.; employed to make fruits and crops grow, 162 sqq.; precious, homoeopathic magic of, 164 sq.; the Day of, 279; rain-making by means of, 304 sqq.; in charms to make the sun shine, 312, 313, 314; put in trees to prevent sun from setting, 318; in wind charms, 319, 322 sq.

Storeroom (penus), sacred, ii. 205 sq.

Strabo, ii. 305

Stubbes, P., ii. 66

Subincision, use of blood shed at, i. 92, 94 sq.

Succession to the chieftainship or kingship alternating between several families, ii. 292 sqq.

—— to the kingdom, in ancient Latium, ii. 266 sqq.; determined by a race, 299 sqq.; determined by mortal combat, ii. 322

Sulka, the, of New Britain, ii. 148

Sumatra, i. 58, 71

Summer, bringing in the, ii. 74

Sun, homoeopathic magic of setting, i. 165 sq.; supposed to send new teeth, 181; magical control of the, 311 sqq.; charms to cause the sun to shine, 311 sqq.; eclipse of, ceremonies at 311, 312; human sacrifices to the 314 sq.; chief deity of the Rhodians, 315; supposed to drive in chariot, 315; caught by net or string, 316; charms to prevent the sun from going down, 316 sqq.; the father of the Incas, 415; Parthian monarchs the brothers of the, 417 sq.; sanctuary of the, ii. 107; high priest of the, 146 sq.; marriage of a woman to the, 146 sq.; worshipped by the Blackfoot Indians, 146; round temple of the, 147; temple of the Sun at Cuzco, 243; virgins of the Sun in Peru, 243 sqq.; the Great, title of chief, 262, 263

—— and Earth, marriage of the, ii. 98 sq., 148

—— -god, no wine offered to the, i. 311

—— -god Ra in Egypt, i. 418, 419

—— goddess, i. 417

Superstitions as to the making of pottery, ii. 204 sq.

Svayamvara, ii. 306

Swami Bhaskaranandaji Saraswati, i. 404

Swearing on stones, i. 160 sq.

Sweden, midsummer customs in, ii. 65; Frey and his priestess in, 143 sq.; customs observed in, at turning out the cattle to graze for the first time in spring, 341 sq.

Swedes sacrifice their kings, i. 366 sq.

Sweethearts of St. John, ii. 92

Swine, herds of, in ancient Italy, ii. 354

Sycamores worshipped, ii. 15; sacred among the Gallas, 34

Sylvii or Woods, the kings of Alba, ii. 379

Sympathetic Magic, i. 51 sqq.; its two branches, 54; examples of, 55 sqq. See also Magic

Syria, St. George in, ii. 346

Taara, the thunder-god of the Esthonians, ii. 367

Taboo, a negative magic, i. 111 sqq.

Taboos, homoeopathic, i. 116; contagious, 117; on food, 117 sqq.; laid on the parents of twins, 262, 263 sq., 266; observed after house-building, ii. 40

Tacitus, ii. 285

Tagales, the, ii. 36

Tahiti, kings of, deified, i. 388

“Tail-money,” ii. 331

Tāli, tying the, ii. 57 n. 4

Tamarinds, sacred, ii. 42, 44

Tammuz or Adonis, ii. 346

Tana, power of the disease-makers in, i. 341

Tanaquil, the Queen, ii. 195

Taoism, religious head of, i. 413 sqq.

Tapio, woodland god, ii. 124

Tarahumares of Mexico, i. 249

Tarquin the Elder, ii. 195

—— the Proud, his attempt to shift the line of descent of the kingship, ii. 291 sq.

Tasmanians, the, ii. 257

Tatius, death of, ii. 320

Tauric Diana, i. 10 sq., 24

Taylor, Isaac, ii. 189 n. 3

Teeth, ceremony of knocking out teeth at initiation, i. 97 sqq.; extraction of teeth in connexion with rain, 98 sq.; charms to strengthen, 153, 157; contagious magic of, 176-182; of rats and mice in magic, 178 sqq.

Telamon, ii. 278

Telchines, the, of Rhodes, i. 310

Telepathy, magical, i. 119 sqq.; in hunting and fishing, 120 sqq.; in war, 126 sqq.; in voyages, 126

Tertullian, i. 407; on the Etruscan crown, ii. 175 n. 1

Teucer, ii. 278

Teutonic kings, i. 47; thunder god, ii. 364

Thargelion, Greek harvest month, i. 32

Thebes, the Egyptian, ii. 130, 134; high priests of Ammon at, 134

Theocritus, witch in, i. 206

Theogamy, divine marriage, ii. 121

Theophrastus, on the woods of Latium, ii. 188

Theopompus, ii. 287

Thevet, F. A., i. 358

Thieves’ candles, i. 148, 149

Things, homoeopathic magic of inanimate, i. 157 sqq.

Thistles, a charm against witchcraft, ii. 339, 340

Thompson Indians, i. 70, 132; the fire-drill of the, ii. 208

Thor, the Norse thunder god, ii. 364

Thorn-bushes as charms against witches, ii. 338

Thoth, Egyptian god, ii. 131

Threatening the thunder god, ii. 183 n. 2

Thrice born, said of Brahmans, i. 381

Thrones, sanctity of, i. 365

Thunder, imitation of, i. 248; kings expected to make, ii. 180 sqq.; thought to be the roll of the drums of the dead, 183; rain, sky, and oak, god of the, 349 sq.; Esthonian prayer to, 367 sq.

—— and oak, the Aryan god of the, ii. 356 sqq.

Thunder-bird, i. 309

—— god, threatening the, ii. 183 n. 2; conceived as a deity of fertility, 368 sqq.

Thunderbolt of Indra, i. 269

—— Zeus, ii. 361

Thunderbolts, kings killed by, ii. 181; flint implements regarded as, 374

Thunderstorms, disappearance of Roman kings in, ii. 181 sqq.

Thurston, E., i. 56 n. 3

Thyiads, the, i. 46

Tibet, the Grand Lamas of, i. 411 sq.

Tides, homoeopathic magic of the, i. 166 sqq.

Tiele, C. P., i. 419 sq.

Tifata, Mount, ii. 380

Timber, homoeopathic magic of house timber, i. 146; of houses, tree-spirits propitiated in, ii. 39 sq.

Timor, telepathy of high-priest of, in war, i. 128 sq.

Tinneh Indians, the, i. 357

Toad in charm against storms, i. 325

Toaripi or Motumotu, the, in New Guinea, i. 125, 337

Toboongkoos, the, ii. 35

Todas, the, i. 56; divine milkmen of the, 402 sq.; magic and medicine among the, 421 n. 1

Togoland, i. 265

Tomori, the, of Celebes, ii. 29, 35, 110

Tonga, chiefs of, believed to heal scrofula, i. 371

Tonquin, kings of, responsible for drought and dearth, i. 355

Töppen, M., ii. 365 n. 5

Toradjas, the, i. 109, 114, 129, 159

Torres Straits, i. 59

Tortoise, magic of, i. 151, 170

Totem, confusion between a man and his totem, i. 107 sq.

Totemism in Central Australia not a religion, i. 107 sq.

Totems in Central Australia, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of, i. 85 sqq.; custom of eating the, 107

Touch-me-not (Impatiens sp.), ii. 77

Touching for the King’s Evil (scrofula), i. 368 sqq.

Transmigrations of human deities, i. 410 sqq.

Tree, life of child connected with, i. 184; that has been struck by lightning, 319; culprits tied to sacred, ii. 112 sq.; fire kindled from ancestral, 221; spirit represented simultaneously in vegetable and human form, ii. 73 sqq.

—— -spirits, ii. 7 sqq.; in house-timber propitiated, 39 sq.; beneficent powers of, 45 sqq.; give rain and sunshine, 45 sq.; make crops grow, 47 sqq.; make cattle and women fruitful, 50 sqq., 55 sqq.; in human form or embodied in living people, 71 sqq.

Tree-worship among the European families of the Aryan stock, ii. 9 sqq.; in modern Europe, relics of, 59 sqq.

Trees, marriage to, i. 40 sq., ii. 57; extracted teeth placed in, i. 98; burial in, 102; navel-strings placed in, 182, 183, 185, 186; afterbirth (placenta) placed in, 182, 187, 190, 191, 194, 199; worship of, ii. 7 sqq.; regarded as animate, 12 sqq.; sacrifices to, 15, 16 sq., 34, 44, 46, 47; sensitive, 18; apologies offered to trees for cutting them down, 18 sq., 36 sq.; bleeding, 18, 20, 33; threatened to make them bear fruit, 20 sqq.; married to each other, 24 sqq.; animated by the souls of the dead, 29 sqq.; planted on graves, 31; as the abode of spirits, 33 sqq.; ceremonies at cutting down, 34 sqq.; drenched with water as a rain-charm, 47; grant women an easy delivery, 57 sq.

—— and plants, attempts to deceive the spirits of, ii. 22 sqq.

—— sacred, ii. 40 sqq.; smeared with blood, 367

Trinity, the Hindoo, i. 225, 404; the Norse, ii. 364

Triumph, the Roman, ii. 174

Troezen, sanctuary of Hippolytus at, i. 24 sq.

Troy, sanctuary of Athena at, ii. 284

“True Man, the,” i. 413

Trumpets, sacred, ii. 24

Tshi-speaking peoples of Gold Coast, i. 132

Tullius Hostilius, killed by lightning, ii. 181, 320

Tumleo, i. 213

Turner, Dr. George, i. 341

Turner’s picture of “The Golden Bough,” i. 1

Turning or whirling round, custom of, observed by mummers, i. 273, 275, ii. 74, 80, 81, 87

“Twin,” name applied by the Baganda to the navel-string, i. 195, 196

Twins, i. 145; in war, 49 n. 3; taboos laid on parents of, 262, 263 sq.; supposed to possess magical powers, especially over the weather and rain, 262-269; supposed to be salmon, 263; thought to be related to grizzly-bears, 264 sq.; thought to be related to apes, 265; thought to be the sons of lightning, 266; called the children of the sky, 267, 268; water poured on graves of twins as a rain-charm, 268; customs of the Baganda in regard to, ii. 102 sq.

Two-headed bust at Nemi, portrait of the King of the Wood, i. 41 sq.

Tydeus, ii. 278

Tylor, E. B., i. 53 n. 1, ii. 208, 244 n. 1, 374 n. 2; on fertilisation of date-palm, 25 n.

Tyndarids (Castor and Pollux), i. 49

Uganda, Queen Dowager and Queen Sister in, ii. 275 sq.

Ulysses and Aeolus, i. 326; and Penelope, ii. 300

Umbrians, ordeal of battle among the, ii. 321

Uncle, maternal, preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285

Upsala, sacred grove at, ii. 9; temple of Frey at, 144; great temple and festival at, 364 sq.

Urns, funereal, in shape of huts, ii. 201 sq.

Urvasi and Pururavas, ii. 250

Vallabhacharyas, the, Hindoo sect, ii. 160

Varro, ii. 185, 200, 326, 381

Vatican hill, the, ii. 186

Vaughan Stevens, H., ii. 236 n. 1

Vegetation, influence of the sexes on, ii. 97 sqq.; spirit of, represented by a king or queen, ii. 84, 87, 88; newly awakened in spring, ii. 70; brought to houses, 74; represented by mummers dressed in leaves, branches, and flowers, 74 sqq., 78 sqq.; represented by a tree and a living man, 76; represented in duplicate by a girl and an effigy, 78; men and women masquerading as, 120

Vejovis, the Little Jupiter, ii. 179

Veleda, deified woman, i. 391

Veneti, the, ii. 353; breeders of horses, i. 27

Ventriloquism a basis of political power, i. 347

Venus (Aphrodite) and Adonis, i. 21, 25, 40, 41

Verrall, A. W., ii. 25 n. 2

Vesta, her sacred fires in Latium, i. 13 sq.; at Rome, the grove of, ii. 185; called Mother, not Virgin, 198; round temple of, 200 sq.; as Mother, 227 sqq.; a goddess of fecundity, 229 sq.; her fire at Rome fed with oak wood, ii. 186

Vestal fire at Rome a successor of the fire on the king’s hearth, ii. 200 sqq.; kindled by the friction of wood, 207; at Nemi, 378 sq., 380; Virgins in Latium, i. 13 sq.; become mothers by the fire, ii. 196 sq.; regarded as wives of the fire-god, 198, 199, 229; among the Baganda, 246

Vestals, house of the, ii. 201; of the Herero, 213, 214; custom of burying alive unfaithful Vestals, 228; adore the male organ, 229; rites performed by them for the fertility of the earth and the fecundity of cattle, 229, 326; African, 150; at Rome the wives or daughters of the kings, 228; Celtic, 241 n. 1; Peruvian, 243 sqq.; in Yucatan, 245 sq.

Victims give signs of inspiration by shaking themselves, i. 384 sq.

Victoria, the late Queen, worshipped in Orissa, i. 404

Victoria Nyanza, god of the, ii. 150

Viehe, Rev. G., ii. 213 n. 2, 223 sq.

Vines blessed on the Assumption of the Virgin (15th August), i. 14 sq.

Violent deaths of the Roman kings, ii. 313 sqq.

Viracocha, i. 56

Virbius, the slope of, i. 4 n. 5, ii. 321; the mate of Diana at Nemi, i. 19-21, 40 sq., ii. 129; etymology of the name, 379 n. 5

Virgil, ii. 184, 186, 379; an antiquary as well as a poet, 178

Virgin, the Assumption of the, in relation to Diana, i. 14-16; festival of the, in the Armenian Church, 16; Mary of Kevlaar, i. 77; priestesses in Peru, Mexico, and Yucatan, ii. 243 sqq.

Virginity offered to rivers, ii. 162

Virility, hierophant at Eleusis temporarily deprived of his, ii. 130; sacrifice of, to a goddess, 144 sq.

Vishnu, ii. 26

Vitellius at Nemi, i. 5

Vituperation thought to cause rain, i. 278

Votive offerings at Nemi, i. 4, 6, 12, 19, 23

Voyages, telepathy in, i. 126

Vulcan, father of Caeculus, ii. 197

Vulture, magic of, i. 151

Wagogo, the, i. 123

Wagtail, the yellow, in magic, i. 79

Walber, the, ii. 75

Waldemar, I., King of Denmark, i. 367

Wallace, Sir D. Mackenzie, i. 407 sq.

Walos, the, of Senegal, i. 370

Walpurgis Night, ii. 52, 54, 55, 127

Walton, Izaak, i. 326 n. 2

War, telepathy in, i. 126 sqq.

“War, the sleep of,” ii. 147

Ward, Professor H. Marshall, ii. 252, 315 n. 1

Ward, Professor James, i. 423

Warramunga, the, i. 93, 95, 99

Wasps in magic, i. 152

Water sprinkled as rain-charm, i. 248 sqq.; serpent or dragon of, ii. 155 sqq.

—— and Fire, kings of, ii. 3 sqq.

—— -lilies, charms to make water-lilies grow, i. 95, 97, 98

—— nymphs, fertilising virtue of, ii. 162

—— -spirits, propitiation of, ii. 76; sacrifices to, 155 sqq.; as beneficent beings, 159; bestow offspring on women, 159 sqq.

—— totem, i. 259

Waterfalls, spirits of, ii. 156, 157

Wax melted in magic, i. 77

Wealth acquired by magicians, i. 347, 348, 351, 352

Weapon and wound, contagious magic of, i. 201 sqq.

Weaving and twining thread forbidden, i. 131

Wellhausen, J., i. 303

Wells cleansed as rain-charm, i. 267; married to the holy basil, ii. 26 sq.; bestow offspring on women, 160 sq.

Wends, their superstition as to oaks, ii. 55

Werner, Miss A., ii. 317 n. 1

Wernicke, quoted, i. 35 sq.

Wetting people with water as a rain-charm, i. 250, 251, 269 sq., 272, 273, 274, 275, 277 sq., ii. 77

Whale-fishing, telepathy in, i. 121

Whirling or turning round, custom of, observed by mummers, i. 273, 275, ii. 74, 80, 81, 87

Whirlwind, attacking the, i. 329 sqq.

White bulls sacrificed, ii. 188 sq.

—— horses, sacred, ii. 174 n. 2

—— poplar, the, at Olympia, ii. 220

—— thorn, a charm against witches, ii. 191

—— victims sacrificed for sunshine, i. 291, 292

Whitekirk, ii. 161

Whit-Monday, the king’s game on, ii. 89, 103

Whitsun-bride in Denmark, ii. 91 sq.

Whitsunday customs in Russia, ii. 64, 93; races, ii. 69, 84; contest for the kingship at, 89; custom of rolling on the fields at, 103; customs in Holland, 104

—— Bride, the, ii. 89, 96

—— Basket, the, ii. 83

—— Flower, ii. 80

—— King, ii. 84, 89, 90

—— -lout, the, ii. 81

—— Man, the Little, ii. 81

—— Queen, ii. 87, 90

Widow, re-marriage of, in Salic law, ii. 285 sq.

Wiedemann, A., i. 230 sq.

Wiglet and Feng, ii. 281, 283

Wilhelmina, a Bohemian woman, worshipped, i. 409

Wilkinson, R. J., ii. 383 n. 1

William the Third, i. 369

Willow tree on St. George’s Day, ii. 76

Wind, magical control of the, i. 319 sqq.; charms to make the wind drop, 320; fighting and killing the spirit of the, 327 sqq.

—— clan, i. 320

—— of the Cross, i. 325

—— doctor, i. 321

Winds tied up in knots, i. 326

Wine not offered to the sun-god, i. 311

Wiradjuri tribe, i. 335

Wissowa, Professor G., i. 22 n. 5, 23 n., ii. 382 n. 1

Witches raising the wind, i. 322, 326; buried under trees, ii. 32; steal milk on May Day or Walpurgis Night, 52 sqq.; steal milk on Midsummer Eve, 127; steal milk on Eve of St. George, 334 sqq.; precautions against, 52 sqq.; as cats and dogs, 334, 335

Witches’ sabbath on the Eve of St. George, ii. 335, 338

Witchetty grubs, ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 85

“Wives of Marduk,” ii. 130

Wizards who raise winds, i. 323 sqq.; Finnish, 325

Wolves in relation to horses, i. 27; feared by shepherds, ii. 327, 329, 330 sq., 333, 334, 340, 341

Women, fruitful, supposed to fertilise crops and fruit-trees, i. 140 sq.; employed to sow the fields, 141 sq.; ploughing as a rain-charm, 282 sq.; worshipped by the ancient Germans, 391; married to gods, ii. 129 sqq., 143 sq., 146 sq., 149 sqq.; fertilised by water-spirits, 159 sqq.; impregnated by fire, 195 sqq., 230 sq.; alone allowed to make pottery, 204 sq.

—— barren, thought to sterilise gardens, i. 142; fertilised by trees, ii. 316 sqq.

Wood, fire kindled by the friction of, ii. 207 sqq., 235 sqq., 243, 248 sqq., 258 sq., 262, 263, 336, 366, 372

Wood, the King of the, i. 1 sqq.; Lord of the, ii. 36

Woods, species of, used in making fire by friction, ii. 248-252

Wordsworth, W., i. 104

Worship of trees, ii. 7 sqq.; of the oak, 349 sqq.

Wotyaks, the, ii. 43, 145, 146

Wound and weapon, contagious magic of, i. 201 sqq.

Wyse, Miss A., ii. 88 n. 1

Wyse, William, i. 101 n. 2, 105 n. 5, ii. 356 n. 3

Yakuts, the, i. 319

Yam vines, continence at training, ii. 105 sq.

Yegory or Yury (St. George), ii. 332, 333

Yellow birds in magic, i. 79 sq.

—— colour in magic, i. 79 sqq.

—— River, girls married to the, ii. 152

Ynglingar family, ii. 279

Yorubas, the, i. 364; chieftainship among the, ii. 293 sq.; rule of succession to the chieftainship among the, 293 sq.

Yucatan, Vestals in, ii. 245 sq.

Yuracares, the, of Bolivia, ii. 204

Zela, i. 47

Zeus, Greek kings called, ii. 177, 361; as god of the oak, the rain, the thunder, and the sky, 358 sqq.; surnamed Lightning, 361; surnamed Thunderbolt, 361; as sky-god, 374

—— and Demeter, their marriage at Eleusis, ii. 138 sq.

—— and Dione, at Dodona, ii. 189

—— and Hera, sacred marriage of, ii. 140 sq., 142 sq.

—— at Dodona, ii. 177; priests of, 248

—— at Panamara in Caria, i. 28

—— Dictaean, ii. 122

—— Lightning, i. 33

—— Lycaeus, i. 309

—— Panhellenian, ii. 359

—— Rainy, ii. 376

—— Showery, ii. 360

—— the Descender, ii. 361

Zimmer, H., ii. 286 n. 2

Zulus, foods tabooed among the, i. 118 sq.

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