17. is on geography and voyages

DE, etc. For anonymous works title of which begins with DE see under initial letter of principal word of title.

Decourdemanche, J. A. Note sur l’estimation de la longeur du degré terrestre chez les Grecs, les Arabes, et dans l’Inde, in: Journal asiatique, series 11, vol. 1, Paris, 1913, pp. 427–444.

Presents a hazardous theory.

De Goeje, M. J. See Goeje, M. J. de.

Delaborde, H. F. See WILLIAM THE BRETON.

Delambre, J. B. J. Histoire de l’astronomie du moyen âge, Paris, 1819.

Old but still a standard work on medieval astronomy.

De La Roncière, Charles. See La Roncière, Charles de.

Delisle, Léopold. See GODFREY OF VITERBO.

Denis, Ferdinand. Le monde enchanté: Cosmographie et histoire naturelle fantastiques du moyen âge, Paris, 1843.

Popular, though scholarly, work on medieval marvels.

DESCRIPTIONES TERRAE SANCTAE. See Tobler, Titus.

Detlefsen, D. Ursprung, Einrichtung und Bedeutung der Erdkarte Agrippas (Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und Geographie herausgegeben von W. Sieglin, no. 13), Berlin, 1906.

Detlefsen, D. Die Geographie Afrikas bei Plinius und Mela und ihre Quellen (Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und Geographie herausgegeben von W. Sieglin, no. 14), Berlin, 1909.

See also above, p. 404, note 82.

Ludwig, Friedrich. Untersuchungen über die Reise- und Marschgeschwindigkeit im XII. und XIII. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1897.

Important investigation of an interesting phase of medieval travel.

Lutz, H. F. Geographical Studies Among Babylonians and Egyptians, in: American Anthropologist, vol. xxvi, N. S., Menasha, Wis., 1924, pp. 160–174.

Lynch, Dr. John (“Gratianus Lucius”). Cambrensis eversus, seu potius historica fides in rebus hibernicis Giraldo Cambrensi abrogata, 1662, edited and translated by Matthew Kelly for the Irish Celtic Society, 3 vols., Dublin, 1848–1851.

MACROBIUS. In somnium Scipionis commentarius, edited by [J. M. N. D.] Nisard in Macrobe (Oeuvres complètes), Varron (De la langue latine), Pomponius Mela (Oeuvres complètes), avec la traduction en français (Collection des auteurs latins, avec la traduction en français, publiée sous la direction de M. Nisard), Paris, 1883, pp. 9–116. Also edited by F. Eyssenhardt, Leipzig, 1893.

MAGISTER GREGORIUS. See GREGORY, MASTER.

Magnússon, E. See LANDNÁMABÓK.

Mâle, Émile. L’art religieux du xiii^e siècle en France: Étude sur l’iconographie du moyen âge et sur ses sources d’inspiration, Paris, 1898, 3rd edit., 1910. English translation by Dora Nussey, Religious Art in France, London, 1913.

Explains, among other matters, the representation of geographic and cosmographic ideas in medieval sculpture, architecture, stained glass, and other forms of artistic expression.

Mâle, Émile. L’art religieux du xii^e siècle en France: Étude sur les origines de l’iconographie du moyen âge, Paris, 1922 (not seen).

Mandonnet, Pierre. Les idées cosmographiques d’Albert le Grand et de St. Thomas d’Aquin et la découverte de l’Amérique, in: Revue thomiste, vol. i, St. Maximin, 1893.

Mandonnet, Pierre. Siger de Brabant et l’Averroïsme latin au xiii^e siècle, Fribourg, 1899; 2nd edit.: vol. i, constituting: Les philosophes belges: Textes et études, vol. vi, Louvain, 1911; vol. ii, pt. 1, chs. 1–2, constituting op. cit., vol. vii, Louvain, 1908 (sic).

MANEGOLD. Magistri Manegaldi contra Wolfelmum Coloniensem opusculum, in: L. Muratori, Anecdota quae ex Ambrosianae Bibliothecae codicibus nunc primum eruit —, vol. iv, Padua, 1713, pp. 163–208.

Manitius, Karl. See PTOLEMY, CLAUDIUS, I.

Manitius, M. Beiträge zur Geschichte der römischen Prosaiker im Mittelalter, in: Philologus: Zeitschrift für das classische Alterthum, vol. xlix, Göttingen, 1890, pp. 380–384.

Manitius, M. Philologisches aus alten Bibliothekskatalogen (bis 1300), in: Rheinisches Museum, Ergänzungs-Heft, Frankfurt-a-M., 1892.

Manitius, M. Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, vol. i, Munich, 1911 (forming vol. ix, pt. 2, section 1, of Iwan von Müller, Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft).

MARCO POLO. See POLO, MARCO.

Marinelli, Giovanni. La geografia e i padri della chiesa, in: Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, vol. xix, Rome, 1882, pp. 472–498, 532–573. (Also printed separately, Rome, 1882.) Reprinted with additional footnotes by Carlo Errera in Scritti minori di Giovanni Marinelli, vol. i, [1908?], pp. 281–383 (see next title). German translation, with an introduction by Siegmund Günther, by Ludwig Neumann entitled Die Erdkunde bei den Kirchenväter, Leipzig, 1884.

Marinelli, Giovanni. Scritti minori di Giovanni Marinelli: vol. i, Metodo e storia della geografia, Florence, [1908?]; vol. ii, Corografia italiana e questioni didattiche, Florence, [1920?].

Collection of reprints of important monographs, all of which had appeared previously. Additional editorial notes and bibliographical references are given by the editors in the footnotes. The following are the titles of the most interesting monographs from the point of view of medieval geography, with references to the publications in which they were first published: (vol. i, pp. 63–98) Note straboniane, in: Cosmos di Guido Cora, vol. vi, Turin, 1880, pp. 161–180 (also printed separately); (vol. i, pp. 181–279) Intorno agli studi del Dott. Günther sulla storia della geografia matematica e fisica, in: Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, vol. xvii, Rome, 1880, pp. 309–332, 469–487, 534–543, 585–596 (also printed separately; forms an extensive review and analysis of Günther, Studien, 1877–1879); (vol. i, pp. 281–383) La geografia e i padri della chiesa (see preceding entry); (vol. i, pp. 385–438) Gog e Magog: Leggenda geografica, in: Cosmos di Guido Cora, vol. vii, Turin, 1882–1883, pp. 155–180, 199–207; (vol. i, pp. 439–448) Un nuovo lavoro sulla storia della geografia medioevale, in: Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, vol. xxvii, Rome, 1890, pp. 232–238 (also printed separately; a review of Kretschmer, Die physische Erdkunde, 1889).

Marquart, Josef. Über das Volkstum der Komanen, in: Koenigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Abhandlungen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, vol. xiii (N. S.), 1912–1914, pp. 25–238.

MARTIANUS CAPELLA. See CAPELLA, MARTIANUS.

Mas-Latrie, L. de. Traités de paix et de commerce et documents divers concernant les relations des Chrétiens avec les Arabes de l’Afrique septentrionale au moyen âge, Paris, 1866.

The introduction deals with the relations between Europe and North Africa in the Middle Ages and incidentally with the extent of European knowledge of North African geography.

Masson, Gustave. Biblical Literature in France During the Middle Ages: Peter Comestor and Guiart Desmoulins, in: Journal of Sacred Literature, vol. viii (N. S.), London, 1865, pp. 81–106.

MASTER GREGORY. See GREGORY, MASTER.

MATTHEW PARIS. I. Chronica maiora, edited by H. R. Luard (Rolls Series, no. 57), 7 vols., London, 1872–1883. II. On maps see Miller, Mappaemundi, vol. iii, 1895, pp. 68–94.

MAUR, RABAN. See RABAN MAUR.

MELA, POMPONIUS. See POMPONIUS MELA.

METHODIUS, PSEUDO-. See Sackur, E.

Meyer, Paul. Alexandre le Grand dans la littérature française du moyen âge, 2 vols., Paris, 1886.

Thorough study of the Romance in French literature. Also, in vol. ii, a general treatment of the Latin versions.

MICHAEL PSELLOS. See Zervos, C.

MICHAEL SCOT. I. Liber introductorius. Unpublished. On manuscripts see Haskins, Michael Scot, 1921–1922, p. 262, note 6; the same, Studies, 1924, p. 287, note 95. II. Liber particularis. Unpublished. On manuscripts see Haskins, Michael Scot, 1921–1922, p. 266, note 7; the same, Studies, 1924, p. 290, note 117. III. Translation of Al-Bitrūjī’s On the Sphere, unpublished. On manuscripts see Haskins, Michael Scot, 1921–1922, p. 251, note 3; the same, Studies, 1924, p. 273, note 9. IV. Translation of Aristotle’s De caelo. Unpublished. On manuscripts see Haskins, Michael Scot, 1921–1922, p. 256; the same, Studies, 1924, p. 278, note 39.

See Brown, J. W.; Haskins, Michael Scot, 1921–1922; the same, Studies, 1924, pp. 272–298.

Michelant, H. See ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF, VII.

Michelant, H., and Gaston Reynaud, edits. ITINÉRAIRES À JERUSALEM ET LA DESCRIPTION DE LA TERRE SAINTE REDIGÉS EN FRANÇAIS AUX XI^e, XII^e, ET XIII^e SIÈCLES, Geneva, 1882.

Migne, J. P., edit. PATROLOGIAE CURSUS COMPLETUS, SIVE BIBLIOTHECA.... OMNIUM SS. PATRUM, DOCTORUM SCRIPTORUMQUE ECCLESIASTICORUM, QUI AB AEVO APOSTOLICO AD USQUE INNOCENTII III TEMPORA FLORUERUNT...: SERIES LATINA, 221 vols., Paris, 1844–1864. (Referred to in the present work as Migne, Pat. lat.)

Great collection of the writings of the Church Fathers and other medieval authors. The texts in many cases are not critical.

Miller, Konrad. Die Weltkarte des Castorius, genannt die Peutinger’sche Tafel, Ravensburg, 1888. Colored facsimile and explanatory text.

More complete commentary in the same author’s Itin. Romana, 1916.

Miller, Konrad. Mappaemundi, die ältesten Weltkarten, 6 vols., Stuttgart, 1895–1898.

A series of critical discussions of medieval maps of the world with transliterations of the texts. Profusely illustrated with facsimiles.

Miller, Konrad. Itineraria Romana: Römische Reisewege an der Hand der Tabula Peutingeriana, Stuttgart, 1916.

An elaborate commentary on the Peutinger Table, its sources and influence.

Miller, Konrad. Die Erdmessung im Alterthum und ihr Schicksal, Stuttgart, 1919.

Summary and synthesis of recent investigations regarding ancient and Moslem estimates of the circumference of the earth. See, however, critical review in Petermanns Mitteilungen, vol. lxviii, Gotha, 1922, p. 27.

MIRABILIA URBIS ROMAE, edited by G. Parthey, Berlin, 1869; also edited by H. Jordan in his: Topographie der Stadt Rom im Altertum, vol. ii, Berlin, 1871. English translation by F. M. Nichols, Mirabilia Urbis Romae: The Marvels of Rome, or a Picture of the Golden City, an English Version of the Mediaeval Guidebook, London, 1889.

Molinier, A. See Tobler, T., and A. Molinier.

Mommsen, Theodor. See SOLINUS.

MONUMENTA GERMANIAE HISTORICA, folio series, Hanover, later Berlin, 1826–1874; quarto series, Hanover, later Berlin, 1876ff.

Great collection of historical sources in many volumes relating to the history of Germany and incidentally of Europe as a whole. Divided into five sections: (1) Scriptores; (2) Leges; (3) Diplomata; (4) Epistolae; (5) Antiquitates.

Certain texts published in the Monumenta are also edited in Scriptores rerum germ. in usum scholarum.

MONUMENTA HISTORICA NORVEGIAE. See Storm, G.

Moore, Edward. Studies in Dante: Second Series, Oxford, 1899. Contains The Genuineness of the Quaestio de aqua et terra, pp. 303–374.

Moore, Edward. Studies in Dante: Third Series, Oxford, 1903. Contains The Astronomy of Dante, pp. 1–108; The Geography of Dante, pp. 109–143. The last-named is translated into Italian and reviewed at length by G. Boffito and E. Sanesi, La geografia di Dante secondo Edoardo Moore, in: Rivista geografica italiana, vol. xii, Florence, 1905, pp. 92–101, 204–215.

Mori, Assunto. La misurazione eratostenica del grado ed altre notizie geografiche della “Geometria” di Marciano Capella, in: Rivista geografica italiana, vol. xvii, Florence, 1911, pp. 177–191, 382–391, 584–603.

Mori, Assunto. La geografia nell’opera di Dante, in: Atti dell’ VIII Congresso Geografico Italiano, vol. i, Florence, 1922, pp. 271–299.

Deals with the traditional geography of Dante’s period and with the poet’s original contributions in the field of geography.

Moritz, Eduard. Die geographische Kenntnis von den Nord- und Ostseeküsten bis zum Ende des Mittelalters, pt. 1, in: Wissenschaftliche Beilage zum Jahresbericht der Sophienschule zu Berlin, Berlin, 1904.

Müller, Carl (Carolus Müllerus), edit. GEOGRAPHI GRAECI MINORES, 2 vols., Paris, 1882.

Important collection of the texts of the lesser Greek geographers, with Latin translations.

Mžik, Hans von. Ptolemaeus und die Karten der arabischen Geographen, in: Mitteilungen der Kaiserlich-koeniglichen Geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. lviii, Vienna, 1915, p. 152–176.

Mžik, Hans von. Afrika nach der arabischen Bearbeitung der Γεωγραφικὴ ὑφήγησις des Claudius Ptolemaeus von Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḫwārizmī, edited and translated with commentary by —— (Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Denkschriften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, vol. lix, Abhandlung 4) Vienna, 1916.

Nallino, C. A. Al-Khuwarizmi et son remaniement de la Géographie de Ptolémée, in: Bulletin de la Société Khédiviale de Géographie, series 4, no. 8, Cairo, Feb. 1896, pp. 525–543.

See BATTĀNĪ, Al-; KHWĀRIZMĪ, Al-, I.

Nansen, Fridtjof. In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times, 2 vols., New York, 1911.

Elaborate history of theories and explorations. References to the sources and many translations.

NECKAM, ALEXANDER. I. De naturis rerum libri duo, edited by Thomas Wright (Rolls Series, no. 34), London, 1863, pp. 1–354. II. De laudibus divinae sapientiae, edited by Thomas Wright (Rolls Series, no. 34), London, 1863, pp. 356–503.

See Esposito, M.

Neubauer, A. Where Are the Ten Tribes? in: Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. i, London, 1888–1889, pp. 14–28, 95–114, 185–201, 408–423.

Nichols, F. M. See MIRABILIA URBIS ROMAE.

NIKULÁS BERGSSON OF THVERÁ, Abbot. Geographical description of the world and itinerary to Rome and the Holy Land (probably in part only the work of Abbot Nikulás). Icelandic text with Latin translation from MS. no. 194 in the Arne Magnússon collection at Copenhagen, in: Werlauff, Symbolae, 1821, pp. 9–34. Also in: C. C. Rafn and others, edits., Antiquités russes d’après les monuments historiques des Islandais et des anciens Scandinaves, published by the Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord, 2 vols., Copenhagen, 1850–1852, vol. ii, pp. 394–415.

See above, p. 405, note 90.

Norlind, Arnold. Das Problem des gegenseitigen Verhältnisses von Land und Wasser und seine Behandlung im Mittelalter (Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, N. S., pt. 1, vol. xiv, no. 12), Lund and Leipzig, 1918.

On the evolution of ancient and medieval theories regarding the relative positions of earth and water and the interpenetration of the land by channels of water.

Oberhummer, Eugen. Bericht über Lander- und Völkerkunde der antiken Welt, in: Geographisches Jahrbuch, Gotha, vols. xix, 1896, xxii, 1899, xxviii, 1905. (See also vol. xxxiv, 1911.)

See above, p. 492.

ODO OF RHEIMS. Epistola ad Thomam comitem de quodam miraculo S. Thomae Apostoli, in: Zarncke, Priester Johannes, Erste Abhandlung, in: Abhandlungen, vol. vii, 1879, pp. 845–846 (also numbered 19–20).

Oehlmann, E. Die Alpenpässe im Mittelalter, in: Jahrbuch für schweizerische Geschichte, Zurich, vol. iii, 1878, pp. 165–289, vol. iv, 1879, pp. 163–324.

Oppert, Gustav. Der Presbyter Johannes in Sage und Geschichte, 2nd edit., Berlin, 1870.

ORDERICUS VITALIS. Historia ecclesiastica, edited by Auguste le Prévost and Léopold Delisle (Société de l’Histoire de France, [publ.] no. 6), 5 vols., Paris, 1838–1855. Also in Migne, Pat. lat., vol. clxxxviii, cols. 47–984.

ORIGINES ISLANDICAE. See Vigfusson, G., and F. York Powell.

OROSIUS. Historiarum adversus paganos libri VII, edited by C. Zangemeister, Leipzig (Teubner), 1889. Also in: _Corpus script. eccles. lat._, vol. v, 1882. The geographical chapter alone in: Riese, Geogr. lat. min., 1878, pp. 56–70.

OTTO OF FREISING. I. Chronicon, edited by Adolf Hofmeister, in: Scriptores rerum germ. in usum scholarum, Hanover and Leipzig, 1912. This edition supersedes that in: Mon. Germ. hist., Scriptores, vol. xx, pp. 116–301. II. Gesta Friderici I imperatoris cum continuatione Rahewini, edited by G. Waitz, in: Scriptores rerum germ. in usum scholarum, Hanover, 1884. This edition supersedes that in: Mon. Germ. hist., Scriptores, vol. xx, pp. 347–491.

See Hofmeister, A.

Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society. THE LIBRARY OF THE PALESTINE PILGRIMS’ TEXT SOCIETY, 13 vols, and index vol., London, 1897. The individual texts, which were combined under this title, had been issued separately between 1885 and 1897.

English translations of medieval pilgrims’ descriptions of the Holy Land.

Pannenborg, A. Über den Ligurinus, in: Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vol. xi, Munich, 1871, pp. 163–300.

Pannenborg, A. Magister Guntherus und seine Schriften, in: Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vol. xiii, Munich, 1873, pp. 227–331.

Pannenborg, A. Der Verfasser des Ligurinus: Studien zu den Schriften des Magister Gunther, Göttingen, 1884.

Paraskévopoulos, J. S. The Etesiens, in: Monthly Weather Review, vol. 50, Washington, 1922, pp. 417–422.

Pardi, G. L’Italia nel XII secolo descritta da un geografo arabo (Memorie geografiche di Giotto Dainelli pubblicate come supplemento alla “Rivista geografica italiana,” no. 38), Florence, 1919.

A discussion of Edrisi’s geography of Italy.

Paris, Gaston. Dissertation critique sur le poème latin du Ligurinus attribué à Gunther, Paris, 1872.

Paris, Gaston. La Sicile dans la littérature française du moyen âge, in: Romania, vol. v, Paris, 1876, pp. 108–113.

Aims to suggest possibilities of research rather than to stand as a finished study.

Paris, Gaston. La littérature française au moyen âge, 3rd edit., Paris, 1905; 5th edit., 1914. English translation by H. Lynch entitled Medieval French Literature in Temple Primer Series, London, 1902.

Covers the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries. A useful summary and interpretation by a foremost authority.

PARIS, MATTHEW. See MATTHEW PARIS.

Parker, H. The Seven Liberal Arts, in: English Historical Review, vol. v, London, 1890, pp. 417–461.

PAUL THE DEACON. Historia gentis Langobardorum, in: _Mon. Germ. hist., Scriptores rerum langobardicarum_, Hanover, 1878. Also in: Scriptores rerum germ. in usum scholarum, Hanover, 1878.

Pelliot, Paul. Chrétiens d’Asie centrale et d’Extrême-Orient, in: T’oung Pao, ou archives concernant l’histoire, les langues, la géographie et l’ethnographie de l’Asie orientale, vol. xv, Leiden, 1914, pp. 623–644.

Summary of recent researches. Includes data on the origins of the legend of Prester John.

Peschel, Oscar. Geschichte der Erdkunde bis auf Alexander von Humboldt und Karl Ritter, 2nd edit., edited by Sophus Ruge, Munich, 1877.

Peschel, Oscar. Abhandlungen zur Erd- und Völkerkunde, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1877–1879.

PETACHIA OF RATISBON. The Travels of Rabbi Petachia of Ratisbon. English translation by A. Benisch and W. F. Ainsworth, London, 1856.

PETER ABELARD. See ABELARD, PETER.

PETER ALPHONSI. See ALPHONSI, PETER.

PETER COMESTOR. See COMESTOR, PETER.

PETER LOMBARD. See LOMBARD, PETER.

PEUTINGER TABLE. See Miller, Weltkarte des Castorius, 1888; the same, Itin. Romana, 1916.

Philipp, Hans. Die historisch-geographischen Quellen in den Etymologiae des Isidorus von Sivillia (Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und Geographie herausgegeben von W. Sieglin, nos. 25–26), 2 pts., Berlin, 1912–1913.

Philipps, W. R. The Connection of St. Thomas the Apostle with India, in: The Indian Antiquary, vol. xxxii, Bombay, 1903, pp. 1–15, 145–160.

PLATO. Dialogues, English translation by Benjamin Jowett, The Dialogues of Plato, 5 vols., London, 1892.

PLATO OF TIVOLI. Translation of the Astronomy of Al-Battānī. Manuscript in: Bibliothèque Nationale MSS., fonds latin, no. 7266, fols. 47–112vo. Also published under the title Mahometis Albatenii de scientia stellarum liber, cum aliquot additionibus Joannis Regiomontani, ex Bibliotheca Vaticana transcriptus, Bologna, 1645.

See BATTĀNĪ, Al-; Boncompagni, Delle versione, 1851.

PLINY. Historia naturalis. Edited by C. Mayhoff, C. Plinii Secundi Naturalis historiae libri XXXVII, 6 vols., Leipzig, 1892–1909. The references in the present work are to chapters of this edition. English translation by John Bostock and H. T. Riley, 6 vols. (Bohn’s Classical Library), London, 1855–1857. For the geographical books see D. Detlefsen, Die geographischen Bücher (II, 242-VI Schluss) der Naturalis Historia des C. Plinius Secundus, mit vollständigem kritischen Apparat (Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und Geographie herausgegeben von W. Sieglin, no. 9), Berlin, 1904.

See Detlefsen, Geographie Afrikas, 1909; Klotz, A.; Rück, K.

POLO, MARCO. The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, translated and edited with notes by Sir Henry Yule, 3rd edit. revised by Henri Cordier, 2 vols., London, 1903. Supplemented by: Henri Cordier, Ser Marco Polo: Notes and Addenda to Sir Henry Yule’s Edition, Containing the Results of Recent Research and Discovery, London and New York, 1920.

POMPONIUS MELA. De situ orbis, edited by [J. M. N. D.] Nisard, in: Macrobe (Oeuvres complètes), Varron (De la langue latine), Pomponius Mela (Oeuvres complètes), avec la traduction en français (Collection des auteurs latins avec la traduction en français, publiée sous la direction de M. Nisard), Paris, 1883. Also edited by G. Parthey, Berlin, 1867.

Poole, R. L. Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought and Learning, 2nd edit., revised, London, 1920.

Poole, R. L. The Masters of the Schools at Paris and Chartres in John of Salisbury’s Time, in: English Historical Review, vol. xxxv, London, 1920, pp. 321–342.

Potthast, August. Bibliotheca historica medii aevi: Wegweiser durch die Geschichtswerke des europäischen Mittelalters bis 1500, 2nd edit., 2 vols., Berlin, 1896.

See above, pp. 491–492.

Powell, F. York. See SAXO GRAMMATICUS; Vigfusson, G., and F. York Powell.

PRECEPTUM CANONIS PTOLEMEI. Manuscript in Chartres, Bibliothèque Publique, MS. no. 214.

PRESBYTER JOHANNES. See PRESTER JOHN.

PRESTER JOHN. Letters and documents relating to Prester John or supposedly written by him: I. Letter of Prester John, in: Friedrich Zarncke, Der Priester Johannes, Erste Abhandlung, in: Koeniglich-saechsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen, Philologisch-historische Classe, vol. vii, Leipzig, 1879, pp. 909–924 (also numbered 83–98). For medieval German translations, see Zarncke, ibid., pp. 947–1028 (also numbered 121–202); for other medieval Latin and English versions, see Zarncke, in: Koeniglich-saechisische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Berichte, vol. xxix, Leipzig, 1877, pp. 111–156; vol. XXX, pt. I, 1878, pp. 41–46. II. Elysaeus Account, in: Zarncke, Der Priester Johannes, Zweite Abhandlung, in: Königlich-sächische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen, Philologisch-historische Classe, vol. viii, Leipzig, 1876 (sic), pp. 122–128. III. Letter from Pope Alexander III to Prester John, in: Zarncke. op. cit., Erste Abhandlung, in: Abhandlungen, vol. vii, 1879, pp. 941–944 (also numbered 115–118).

See Bruun, P.; Oppert, G.

Prior, O. H. See IMAGE DU MONDE, L’.

PRISCIAN. Periegesis, edited by C. Müller, Geogr. graeci min., vol. ii, Paris, 1882, pp. 190–199.

PSELLOS, MICHAEL. See Zervos, C.

PSEUDO-ABDIAS. See ABDIAS, PSEUDO-.

PSEUDO-CALLISTHENES. See ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF, I.

PSEUDO-METHODIUS. See Sackur, E.

PTOLEMY, CLAUDIUS. I. Μαθεματικῆς συντάξεως βιβλία ̅ι̅γ (Mathematical Composition or Almagest), edited by J. L. Heiberg, Claudii Ptolemaei opera quae exstant omnia, vol. i, pts. 1 and 2, Syntaxis mathematica, Leipzig (Teubner), 1898–1903. French translation: Composition mathématique de Claude Ptolemée traduite pour la première fois du grec en français sur les manuscrits originaux de la Bibliothèque imperiale par M. Halma (avec le texte grec) et suivie des notes de M. Delambre, 2 vols., Paris, 1813–1816. German translation: Karl Manitius, Des Claudius Ptolemäus Handbuch der Astronomie, Leipzig (Teubner), 1912. The introduction of the last named gives a brief account of the influence of the Almagest in later times. See also above, p. 398, note 32. II. Γεωγραφικὴ ὑφήγησις (Geography). Books i-v edited, with Latin translation, by Carolus Müllerus, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, vol. i, pts. 1 and 2, and atlas, Paris, 1883–1901. Complete Greek text edited by C. F. A. Nobbe, Cl. Ptolemaei Geographia, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1888–1913. Also numerous fifteenth- and sixteenth-century editions.

See Dinse, Ptolemäus-Karten, 1913; Fischer, J.; Haskins, C. H., and D. P. Lockwood; Rose, V.; Schütte, G.; Tudeer, L. O. T.

Pullé, F. L. La cartografia antica dell’ India, pt. 2: Il medio-evo europeo e il primo rinascimento, in: Studi italiani di filologia indo-iranica, vol. v, Florence and Pisa, 1905. (Pt. 1, in vol. iv of the Studi italiani, etc., is entitled Disegno della cartografia antica dell’ India, Florence, 1901, and deals with the period “dai principi fino ai Bizantini e agli Arabi”).

RABAN MAUR. De universo, in: Migne, Pat. lat., vol. cxi, cols. 9–614. See Bertolini, I quattro angoli, 1910.

Rafn, C. C., edit. ANTIQUITATES AMERICANAE, SIVE SCRIPTORES SEPTENTRIONALES RERUM ANTE-COLUMBIANARUM IN AMERICA, Societas Regia Antiquariorum Septentrionalium, Copenhagen, 1837; Supplement, 1841.

Collection of sources of Norse voyages to America with commentary.

RAGEWIN. See OTTO OF FREISING, II.

Rahn, J. R. Die Glasgemälde in der Rosette der Kathedrale von Lausanne: Ein Bild der Welt aus dem XIII. Jahrhundert, in: Mittheilungen der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zürich, vol. xx, 1878–1879, pp. 31(3)-58(30).

Deals with medieval geography as displayed on a stained glass window. A facsimile of the window is given.

Rainaud, Armand. Le continent austral: Hypothèses et découvertes, Paris, 1893.

History of the evolution of theories regarding the antipodes and austral continent and of explorations to the south from early times to the voyages of Cook.

Rand, E. K. Johannes Scottus (Quellen und Forschungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters herausgegeben von Ludwig Traube, vol. i, pt. 2), Munich, 1906.

RAVENNA GEOGRAPHER, Anonymous. Cosmographia, edited by M. Pinder and G. Parthey, Ravennatis anonymi Cosmographia et Guidonis Geographica, Berlin, 1860, pp. 1–445.

RAYMOND OF MARSEILLES. Marseilles Tables. Unpublished. On manuscripts see Haskins, Studies, 1924, pp. 96–98, and also above, p. 399, note 41. On a geographical table accompanying the Paris manuscript see J. K. Wright, Knowledge of Latitudes and Longitudes, 1923, pp. 87–88.

Reeves, A. M. THE FINDING OF WINELAND THE GOOD: THE HISTORY OF THE ICELANDIC DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, London, 1890.

Translations of the sources with critical commentary.

Reinhard, R. Pässe und Strassen in den schweizer Alpen: Topographisch-historische Studien, Lucerne, 1903.

Reinaud, J. T. Mémoire géographique, historique, et scientifique sur l’Inde antérieurement au milieu du xi^e siècle, etc., Paris, 1849.

Reinaud, J. T., on Moslem geography. See ABŪ-L-FIDĀ.

Renan, Ernest. Averroès et l’Averroïsme, 1st edit., Paris, 1852; 3rd edit., Paris, 1866; 4th edit., Paris, 1882.

RERUM BRITANNICARUM MEDII AEVI SCRIPTORES. See “ROLLS SERIES.”

Revelli, P. Una “rosa dei venti” del secolo ix, in: Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, vol. xlvii, Rome, 1910, pp. 269–279.

Rey, E. Les colonies franques de Syrie aux xii^e et xiii^e siècles, Paris, 1883.

On society, economic conditions, and life.

Rey, E. Géographie historique de la Syrie au temps des croisades: Formation des noms de lieux avec index des localités occupées en Syrie par les Francs au xii^e et xiii^e siècles, Geneva, n. d.

Reynaud, G. See Michelant, H., and G. Reynaud.

Riese, Alexander, edit. GEOGRAPHI LATINI MINORES, Heilbronn, 1878.

Important collection of texts of the writings of the lesser Latin geographers.

Robbins, F. E. The Hexaemeral Literature: A Study of the Greek and Latin Commentaries on Genesis (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1912).

Includes useful material on classical and medieval theories of cosmogony.

ROBERT DE CLARI. La prise de Constantinople, edited by Charles Hopf, in his Chroniques gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues, Berlin, 1873, pp. 1–85.

ROBERT GROSSETESTE. See GROSSETESTE, ROBERT.

ROBERT OF RETINES (ROBERT OF KETENE, ROBERT OF CHESTER). I. Translation of the Astronomy of Al-Battānī. No text of this is known. See above p. 398, note 36. II. Adaptation to the meridian of London of tables of Az-Zarqalī and Al-Battānī. Unpublished. See Haskins, Reception, 1915, p. 64; the same, Studies, 1924, p. 122. III. Adaptation of Adelard of Bath’s translation of the Khorazmian Tables to the meridian of London. Unpublished. See Haskins, Reception, 1915, pp. 64–65; the same, Studies, 1924, p. 123.

ROGER OF HEREFORD. I. Theorica planetarum. Unpublished. II. Tables for the meridian of Hereford based on tables for Toledo and Marseilles. Unpublished.

On manuscripts see Haskins, Reception, 1915, p. 66; the same, Studies, 1924, p. 125.

ROGER OF HOVEDEN (HOWDEN). Chronica, edited by William Stubbs (Rolls Series, no. 51), 4 vols., London, 1868–1871.

Röhricht, Reinhold. Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae, Berlin, 1890.

“ROLLS SERIES.” Customary designation of RERUM BRITANNICARUM MEDII AEVI SCRIPTORES, OR CHRONICLES AND MEMORIALS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, published by authority of Her Majesty’s Treasury, under direction of the Master of the Rolls, London, 1858–1891.

Roscher, W. H. Omphalos, in: Koeniglich-saechsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, vol. xxix, Leipzig, 1913, pp. 1–140.

Roscher, W. H. Neue Omphalosstudien, in: Koeniglich-saechsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, vol. xxi, Leipzig, 1915, pp. 1–90.

Rose, Valentin. Ptolemäus und die Schule von Toledo, in: Hermes: Zeitschrift für classische Philologie, vol. viii, Berlin, 1874, pp. 327–349.

Rose, Valentin, on Arnold the Saxon. See ARNOLD THE SAXON.

Rück, Karl. Auszüge aus der Naturgeschichte des C. Plinius Secundus in einem astronomisch-komputistischen Sammelwerke des achten Jahrhunderts, Programm des Ludwigsgymnasiums in München, Munich, 1888.

Rück, Karl. Die Naturalis Historia des Plinius im Mittelalter: Exzerpte aus der Naturalis Historia auf den Bibliotheken zu Lucca, Paris und Leiden, in: Koeniglich-bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, Sitzungsberichte, Philosophisch-philologische und historische Classe, vol. ii, Munich, 1898, pp. 203–318.

Rück, Karl. _Das Exzerpt der Naturalis Historia des Plinius von Robert von Cricklade_, in: Koeniglich-bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, Sitzungsberichte, Philosophisch-philologische und historische Classe, Munich, 1902, pp. 195–285.

RUDOLF OF HOHEN-EMS. See Doberentz, O.

Ruge, Sophus, and Walther Ruge. Die Litteratur zur Geschichte der Erdkunde vom Mittelalter an, in: Geographisches Jahrbuch, Gotha, vols. xviii, 1895, pp. 1–60; xx, 1897, pp. 217–248; xxiii, 1900, pp. 173–212; xxvi, 1903, pp. 175–218; xxx, 1907, pp. 329–380.

See above, p. 492.

RUPERT OF DEUTZ. De sancta trinitate et operibus eius, in: Migne, Pat. lat., vol. clxvii, cols. 199–1828.

Sackur, Ernst. Sibyllinische Texte und Forschungen, Halle, 1898.

Data on early medieval prophecies of the end of the world, including the Pseudo-Methodius.

SACROBOSCO. See JOHN OF HOLYWOOD.

SAEWULF. De situ Hierusalem, edited by A. d’Avezac (Recueil de voyages et de mémoires publiées par la Société de Géographie, vol. iv, pp. 817–854), Paris, 1839. English translation in Thomas Wright, Early Travels, 1848, pp. 31–50. Also translation by Canon Brownlow in Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, Library, vol. iv, London, 1897.

SAGAS, THE. For editions, see Hermannsson, Bibl. Icelandic Sagas, 1908; the same, Bibl. Sagas Kings, 1910.

Sandys, Sir J. E. A History of Classical Scholarship, 3rd edit., vol. i, From the Sixth Century B. C. to the End of the Middle Ages, Cambridge, 1921.

Santarem, [M. F.] Le Vicomte de. Essai sur l’histoire de la cosmographie et de la cartographie pendant le moyen âge, etc., 3 vols. and atlas, Paris, 1849–1852.

An elaborate study. Vol. i contains a general summary of the development of cartography and geographic theories during the early Middle Ages. Though largely out of date in details, this great work is still one of the primary approaches to medieval geography.

SAXO GRAMMATICUS. Gesta Danorum, edited by Alfred Holder, Strasburg, 1886. English translation: The First Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus, translated by Oliver Elton, with some considerations on Saxo’s sources, historical methods, and folk lore, by Frederick York Powell, London, 1894.

Scala, R. von. Das Fortleben der eratosthenischen Masse, in: Verhandlungen des achtzehnten deutschen Geographentages zu Innsbruck, Berlin, 1912, pp. 206–217.

Schaube, Adolf. Handelsgeschichte der romanischen Völker des Mittelmeergebiets bis zum Ende der Kreuzzüge, Munich and Berlin, 1906.

Valuable from the geographic point of view for the light it throws on the extent of travel of Mediterranean peoples during the Middle Ages.

Scheffel, P. H. Verkehrsgeschichte der Alpen: vol. i, Bis zum Ende des Ostgotenreiches Theodorichs des Grossen; vol. ii, Das Mittelalter; Berlin, 1908, 1914.

Schmidt, W. Über Dante’s Stellung in der Geschichte der Kosmographie, Graz, 1876 (not seen).

Schneid, M. Die Lehre von der Erdrundung und Erdbewegung im Mittelalter, in: Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland, vol. lxxx, no. 6, Munich, 1877, pp. 433–451.

Reply from Catholic point of view to a paper of same title in S. Günther’s Studien, 1877–1879.

Schneider, Artur. Die abendländische Spekulation des zwölften Jahrhunderts in ihrem Verhältnis zur aristotelischen und jüdisch-arabischen Philosophie, in: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters herausgegeben von C. Baeumker, vol. xvii, pt. 4, Münster, 1915.

Schoy, Carl. Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Polhöhenbestimmung bei den älteren Völkern (Dissertation, University of Munich, 1911).

Schoy, Carl. Längenbestimmung und Zentralmeridian bei den älteren Völkern, Mitteilungen der Kaiserlich-koeniglichen Geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. lviii, Vienna, 1915, pp. 27–62.

Schoy, Carl. Erdmessungen bei den Arabern, in: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1917, pp. 431–445.

Schoy, Carl. Aus der astronomischen Geographie der Araber: Originalstudien aus “Al-Qânûn al-Masʿûdî” des arabischen Astronomen Muḥ. b. Ahmed Abû’l-Rîḥân al-Bîrûnî (973–1048), in: Isis: International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Civilization, vol. v, pt. 1, Brussels, 1923, pp. 51–74.

Schoy, Carl. The Geography of the Moslems of the Middle Ages, in: Geographical Review, vol. xiv, New York, 1924, pp. 257–269.

Schröder, Carl. See BRANDAN, Saint.

Schulte, A. Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Handels und Verkehrs zwischen Westdeutschland und Italien mit Ausschluss von Venedig, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1900.

Includes data on the Alpine passes in the Middle Ages.

Schütte, Gudmund. Ptolemy’s Maps of Northern Europe, Copenhagen, 1917.

SCOT, MICHAEL. See MICHAEL SCOT.

SCOTUS ERIGENA. See JOHN SCOT ERIGENA.

SCRIPTORES RERUM GERMANICARUM IN USUM SCHOLARUM EX MONUMENTIS GERMANIAE HISTORICIS RECUSI, Hanover, 1840 ff. The volumes of this series are not numbered, only dated.

Important collection of sources based on Mon. Germ. hist. In some cases the texts are revisions and improvements over those of the Monumenta.

SCRIPTURE. See BIBLE.

SENECA. Quaestiones naturales, edited by Alfred Gercke, Naturalium quaestionum libri VIII, Leipzig (Teubner), 1907. English translation: John Clarke, Physical Science in the Time of Nero, Being a Translation of the Quaestiones Naturales of Seneca, with notes by Sir Archibald Geikie, London, 1910.

Shadwell, C. L. See DANTE, V.

SIGURD THE CRUSADER. The Saga of Sigurd the Crusader, in Snorri Sturluson’s Heimskringla. See Hermannsson, Bibl. Sagas Kings, 1910, pp. 19–30. English translation in Thomas Wright, Early Travels, 1848, pp. 50–62.

Simar, T. La géographie de l’Afrique centrale dans l’antiquité et au moyen âge, Brussels, 1912. Also published in: Revue Congolaise, vol. iii, Brussels, 1912, pp. 1–23, 81–102, 145–169, 225–252, 289–310, 440–441.

A thorough and well-documented study of the evolution of ancient and medieval knowledge of Central Africa.

Singer, Charles. The Scientific Views and Visions of Saint Hildegard, in: Charles Singer, edit., Studies in the History and Method of Science, vol. i, Oxford, 1917, pp. 1–55.

Singer, Charles. Daniel of Morley, An English Philosopher of the XIIth Century, in: Isis: International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Civilization, vol. iii, Brussels, 1920, pp. 263–269.

SITU ORBIS, DE. M. Manitius, edit., Anonymi de situ orbis, Stuttgart, 1884.

A compilation dating from the end of the ninth century.

SITU TERRARUM, DE. See HUGH OF ST. VICTOR, VI.

SNORRI STURLUSON. I. Heimskringla. On editions see Hermannsson, Bibl. Sagas Kings, 1910, pp. 19–30. English translation by William Morris and Eirikr Magnûsson in: The Saga Library, vols. iii-vi, London, 1893–1905. II. Snorra Edda (Snorri’s Edda). On editions see Hermannsson, Bibl. Eddas, 1920, pp. 74–79. English translations: R. B. Anderson, The Younger Edda, Also Called Snorre’s Edda, or the Prose Edda: An English Version of the Foreword; the Fooling of Gylfe; the Afterword; Brage’s Talk; the Afterword to Brage’s Talk; and Important Passages of the Poetical Diction (Skaldskaparmal), Chicago, 1880; A. G. Brodeur, The Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson, New York, 1916 (not seen).

SOLINUS. C. Iulii Solini collectanea rerum memorabilium, edited by Theodor Mommsen, Berlin, 1895.

See Columba, G. M.

SPECULUM REGALE. See KONUNGS-SKUGGSJÁ.

Spitta, Wilhelm. _Die Geographie des Ptolemaeus bei den Arabern_, in: Verhandlungen des fünften internationalen Orientalisten-Congresses, pt. 2, Abhandlungen und Vorträge, vol. i, Berlin, 1882, pp. 19–28.

Stange, Emil. Arnoldus Saxo, der älteste Enzyklopädist des XIII. Jahrhunderts (Dissertation, University of Halle, 1885).

Stange, Emil. On Arnold the Saxon, in: Programm des königlichen Gymnasiums zu Erfurt, 1905–1907 (not seen).

Steele, Robert. Roger Bacon and the State of Science in the Thirteenth Century, in: Charles Singer, edit., Studies in the History and Method of Science, vol. ii, Oxford, 1921, pp. 121–150.

Steele, Robert. See BARTHOLOMEW ANGLICUS.

Stegmann, Otto. Die Anschauungen des Mittelalters über die endogenen Erscheinungen der Erde (Dissertation, University of Tübingen, 1913). Also in: Archiv für die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik, vol. iv, Leipzig, 1913, pp. 243–269.

Steinschneider, Moritz. Études sur Zarkali, astronome arabe du xi^e siècle, et ses ouvrages, in: Bollettino di bibliografia e di storia della scienze matematiche e fisiche pubblicato da B. Boncompagni, Rome, vols. xiv, 1881, pp. 171–182; xvi, 1883, pp. 493–527; xvii, 1884, pp. 765–794; xviii, 1885, pp. 343–360; xx, 1887, pp. 1–36, 575–604.

Steinschneider, Moritz. Die hebräischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher: Ein Beitrag zur Literaturgeschichte des Mittelalters, 2 vols., Berlin, 1893.

Steinschneider, Moritz. _Die europäischen Übersetzungen aus dem Arabischen bis Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts_, in: Kaiserlich-koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzungsberichte, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Vienna, vol. cxlix, 1905, pp. 1–84; vol. cli, 1906, pp. 1–108.

This and the preceding are arranged alphabetically by authors’ or translators’ names and by titles.

Storm, Gustav, edit. MONUMENTA HISTORICA NORVEGIAE: LATINSKE KILDESKRIFTER TIL NORGES HISTORIE I MIDDELALDEREN, Christiania, 1880.

Collection of texts of several medieval histories of Norway, including Historia Norwegiae and Theodricus Monachus, Historia de antiquitate regum norwagensium.

Stubbs, William. See BENEDICT OF PETERBOROUGH; GERVASE OF CANTERBURY; ROGER OF HOVEDEN.

STURLUSON, SNORRI. See SNORRI STURLUSON.

Suchier, H. See BRANDAN, Saint.

SULPICIUS SEVERUS. Dialogus, in: Migne, Pat. lat., vol. xx, cols. 183–222.

Suter, Heinrich. Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke, in: Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften, etc., vol. x and vol. xiv, pp. 155–185, Leipzig, 1900, 1902.

Suter, Heinrich, on the Kharazmian Tables. See KHWĀRIZMĪ, Al-, II.

SYLVESTER, BERNARD. See BERNARD SYLVESTER.

SYLVESTER II (Pope). See GERBERT.

TABULA PEUTINGERIANA. See Miller, Weltkarte des Castorius, 1888; the same, Itin. Romana, 1916.

Thalamas, A. Étude bibliographique de la géographie d’Ératosthène, Versailles, 1921.

Thalamas, A. La géographie d’Ératosthène, Versailles, 1921.

THEODERIC (Pilgrim). Libellus de locis sanctis, edited by T. Tobler, St. Gall and Paris, 1865. English translation by Aubrey Stewart, Theoderich’s Description of the Holy Places (circa 1172 A. D.), London, 1891 (in: Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, Library, vol. v, London, 1897).

THEODORIC OF CHARTRES. De sex dierum operibus, edited by B. Hauréau, in his Notices et extraits de quelques manuscrits latins de la Bibliothèque Nationale, vol. i, Paris, 1890, pp. 52–68.

THEODRICUS MONACHUS. Historia de antiquitate regum norwagiensium, edited by G. Storm, in his Mon. hist. Norveg., 1880, pp. 1–68.

THIERRY DE CHARTRES. See THEODORIC OF CHARTRES.

THOMAS, Saint (The Apostle). See ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, APOCRYPHAL; Dahlmann, J.; Philipps, W. R.

Thorndike, Lynn. A History of Magic and Experimental Science During the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era, 2 vols., New York, 1923.

Fundamental work on the subject. Contains many valuable bibliographical indications. The researches whose results are embodied in these volumes were largely made in manuscript sources.

Thoroddsen, Thorvaldur. Geschichte der isländischen Geographie. Translated into German by A. Gebhart. Vol. i, Die isländische Geographie bis zum Schlusse des 16. Jahrhunderts, Leipzig, 1897.

The outstanding work on the historical geography of Iceland. Contains section (pp. 53–92) on the oldest descriptions of Iceland and on Iceland on medieval maps.

Tiander, K. Poyezdki Skandinavov v Byeloe More (The Voyages of the Scandinavians to the White Sea), in: Zapiski Istoriko-Filologicheskago Fakulteta Imperatorskago S. Peterburgskago Universiteta (Journal of the Historical-Philological Faculty of the Imperial University of St. Petersburg), vol. lxxix, 1906.

Tillinghast, W. H. The Geographical Knowledge of the Ancients Considered in Relation to the Discovery of America, in: Justin Winsor, edit., Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. i, Boston and New York, 1889, ch. i.

Particularly valuable for its bibliographical references.

Tobler, Titus, edit. DESCRIPTIONES TERRAE SANCTAE EX SAECULO VIII, IX, XII, ET XV, Leipzig, 1874.

See also POLO, MARCO.

Zarncke, Friedrich. See PRESTER JOHN.

ZARQALĪ, Az-. Canons on the Toledo Tables. Unpublished. On manuscripts, see Steinschneider, Études sur Zarkali, in: Bollettino, vol. xx, 1887, pp. 1–36, 575–604.

See GERARD OF CREMONA, II.

Zervos, Charles. Un philosophe néoplatonicien du XI^e siècle, Michel Psellos: Sa vie, son oeuvre, ses luttes philosophiques, son influence, Paris, 1919.

Zeuss, Kaspar. Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme, Munich, 1837. Many quotations from chronicles and medieval historians. Useful in determining changes in the names of tribes.

Zimmer, Heinrich. Über die frühesten Berührungen der Iren mit den Nordgermanen, in: Koeniglich Preussiche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, Berlin, 1891, pp. 279–317.

Zöckler, O. Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Theologie und Naturwissenschaft mit besondrer Rücksicht auf Schöpfungsgeschichte, 2 vols., Gütersloh, 1877–1879: vol. i, Von den Anfängen der christlichen Kirche bis auf Newton und Leibniz; vol. ii, Von Newton und Leibniz bis zur Gegenwart.

A thorough study of the development of natural science in its relation to theology. The author attempts to show that medieval theology was not adverse to the growth of natural science. Analyses given of theories of the Creation.

Zunz, ——. Essay on the Geographical Literature of the Jews from the Remotest Times to the Year 1841, in: The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, edited by A. Asher, vol. ii, London and Berlin, 1841, pp. 230–317.

INDEX

Matter in the Notes (pp. 365–487) that can readily be found from references in the text is omitted in the index.

Titles in the Bibliography (pp. 503–543), as such, are also omitted in the index.

Abbreviations, medieval, 493

Abelard, Peter, 31, 89, 151; on the congregation of the waters, 184, 186; on Nile flood, 206; on the rivers of Paradise, 264; on the water above the firmament, 182, 184

Abu-l-Ḥasan, 485

Abū Maʿshar, 82, 83, 86, 193; on the tides, 84

Abyss, 59

Abyssinia, 283, 286, 292

Accuracy, gradations of, in knowledge, 256; in relation to medieval maps, 247, 248

Acheron, 282

Acre, 294, 308

Adam and Eve, 254, 261

Adam of Bremen, 48, 51, 111, 223; geography, 481; on northern Europe, 327, 329; on northern ocean, 348, 350

Ad-Dir, 87

Adelard of Bath, 92, 135, 158, 170, 171, 188, 189, 200, 260; Aristotelian influence upon, 401; on authority, 135; on boundaries, 128; on earthquakes, 227; on the saltness of the sea, 189; on subdivision of land areas, 210; on the support of the earth, 154; on the tides, 192, 439–440; translations, 95; on winds, 172. See also Khorazmian Tables

Aden, 292, 299

Aden, Gulf of, 281

Adrastias, 368

Aegean Sea, 25, 26, 37

Aethicus of Istria, 44, 49

Africa, 19, 39, 41, 55, 71, 258, 298; limits, 74; west of Egypt, 300

Africa, Central, traditional view, 306

Africa, North, 257

Agareni, 287

Agathodaemon’s map, 242, 453, 456

Agisymba, 41

Agobard, 57

Agriculture and soils, 232

Agrippa, 36

Akaba, 294, 295

Alan of Lille, 128, 136

Alani, 290

Albania (Scotia), 336

Alberic of Besançon, 113

Albertus Magnus, 22, 101, 106; writings, 406

Alemannia, name, 325

Alexander Neckam. See Neckam, Alexander

Alexander of Bernai, 113

Alexander the Great, 26, 38; Gog and Magog and, 287; Paradise and, 262; Romance of, 49, 50, 73, 113, 205, 214, 275; his view from a mountain summit, 216; visit to India, 275; visit to the sea floor, 199

Alexander III, Pope, 286

Alexandreis, 113

Alexandria, 38, 299

Alfraganus. See Farghānī, Al-

Alfred of Sareshel, 402; on origin of mountains, 213

Alfred the Great, 49, 75

Algeria, 302

Allegory, 89, 90, 135, 136, 153, 236

Almagest, 78, 98

Almohads, 301, 302

Alpetragius, 77. See also Biṭrūjī, Al-

Alphonsi, Peter (Petrus Anfusi), 95, 96, 121, 162, 168, 169, 185, 380

Alps, 217, 219; knowledge of, 323; “Pyrenean,” 319, 323; routes across, 324

Alsace, 332

Altitudes, 32, 214

Altmann of Passau, 216

Amazons, 285, 329

Ambroise, 296; on the Assassins, 298; on Sicily, 311; on summer heat of Palestine, 176

Ambrose, 59, 61

America, Icelandic discovery, 391; Norsemen in, 76

Amor reorum, Mount, 260

Amphitrite, 159, 428

Anaxagoras, 31

Ancient geography, 9–42; works on, 497

Andamans, 280

Anglesey, 344, 345

Anglia, 336

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 74

Animals, 143

Anselm of Canterbury, 217

Antichthones, 160

Antioch, 239, 295

Antipodal regions, 157; belief that they were inhabited, 159

Antipodeans, 158, 257

Antipodes, 19, 28, 55, 160, 385, 386, 429

Antiquarian interests, 321

Antiquity, geographical lore of, 9–42; works on, 496

Antoikoi, 160

Apennines, 315, 319, 323

Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, 379

Apokatastasis, 367

Apostles, Apocryphal Acts of, 379; the twelve, 123 (ill.), 278

Apulia, 319, 320

Aquinas, Thomas, 91

Arabia, Benjamin of Tudela on, 291

Arabic, translations from, 95

Arabic geography, 77–87

Arabic literature, 87

Arabs, 109

Arachosia, 288

Ararat, Mount, 270

Araxes, 282

Arbela, battle of, 35

Archeology, 321

Arculf, 259

Arethusa, 311

Argare, 280

Argentina (Strasburg), 333

Argyre, 280

Ari Frodhi, 111, 346, 349

Arin (Arim), 82, 86, 95, 96, 162

Aristippus, Henricus, 398, 402

Aristotelianism, 100; effects, 138; introduced through Arabic works, 98; opponents, 101

Aristotle, 9, 24, 30; on circumference of the earth, 16; on cosmic cycles, 13; on depth of the seas, 25; on earthquakes and volcanoes, 32; on the elements, 12, 20; on exhalations and vapors, 22; on extent of the oikoumene, 19; on height of mountains, 32; on immobility of the earth, 370; influence, 98; influence among the Moslems, 77; on interior of the earth, 29; on shape of the earth, 368; Western knowledge of, 99, 400, 401

Ark, 234

Arklow, 195, 196, 206

Arles, 334

Armenia, 270, 288, 289

Armenia, Little, 296

Armorica, 336

Arnold of Chartres, 145

Arnold of Lübeck, 117, 317

Arnold the Saxon, 100, 408

Arthur, King, 311

Arts, medieval, 127

Asceticism, 64

Asia, 19, 39, 70, 71, 258; early relations of eastern and western, 266; European knowledge of, 265; great mountain system, 270; opening of, in the thirteenth century, 266

Asia, Central, 282

Asia, Western, 257, 288; as described by the Crusaders, 296

Asia Minor, 270, 295

Assassins, 298

Assyria, 288

Astrology, 13, 51, 52, 85, 244, 246; geography and, 128

Astronomical geography, of the known world, 241–246; Moslem contribution, 82; works on, 501

Astronomical observations, 243

Astronomy, in map making, 242, 244, 246, 457 (with map)

Atlantic Ocean, 19, 25; fabulous islands, 350; legends of islands, 75. See also Western Ocean

Atlantis, 351

Atlas, Mount, 301; Nile and, 304, 305

Atmosphere, 21, 166; circulation, 24, 172; composition, 166; upper levels, 167

Augustine (Saint), 47, 52, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 66, 144–145; on Paradise, 262

Augustine (seventh century), 61

Aurea Chersonesus, 280

Aurea gemma, 104

Auster, 173, 174

Austral continent, 157, 257

Australia, 281

Authority, 135, 358

Avalanches, 218

Avars, 315

Averroës (Ibn Rushd), 77, 85, 100, 420, 437

Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), 77, 213, 446

Azores, 334

Azov, Sea of, 314

Babylon, 289, 298

Babylonian astrology and geography, 391

Bacchus, 275

Bacon, Roger, 102, 106, 163, 164, 188, 258, 372, 420; on the height of mountains, 447; Opus majus, 269, 409; works, 408

Bactria, 270

Baghdad, 86, 117, 118, 176, 282, 297; Benjamin of Tudela on, 289

Baldach, 289

Baleares, 310

Balkan Peninsula, 316

Baltic, term, 482

Baltic Sea, 40, 75, 112, 327; regions, 327

Bang, W., 478

Barbaric Sea, 281

Barbaro, Monte, 221

Bardo, Mount, 319, 323

Bartholomew Anglicus, 106, 177, 227; on origin of mountains, 213

Basil, 61

Batiffol, Pierre, 379

Battānī, Al-, 78, 87, 96, 97, 162, 245; on the Indian Ocean, 280; on the Mediterranean, 307

Bavaria, 325

Beatus maps, 68, 69 (ill.), 122, 123 (ill.), 157, 249, 251, 252

Beauty, 63, 64; of mountains, 215

Beazley, C. R., xix, 269, 498

Bede, the Venerable, 48, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 143; on Nile flood, 206

Bedouins, 297

Beginning of the world, 140

Benedict, Saint, 236

Benedict of Peterborough, 109, 308, 433

Bengal, Bay of, 281

Benjamin of Tudela, 117; on Alexandria, 299; on Arabia, 291; on Baghdad, 289; on Central Asia, 282; on China, 272; on climates, 176; on Constantinople, 318; on India, 274; on Islam, 297; on Italy, 478; on the Nile flood, 300; on the Sahara, 474; on Slavic Europe, 314

Bergsson, Nikulás. See Nikulás Bergsson

Bernard of Chartres, 91, 93

Bernard of Clairvaux, on nature, 235, 238; on the sea as the source of waters, 200

Bernard Sylvester of Tours, 92, 93, 134, 135, 148, 158, 199, 265; on tripartite division of the oikoumene, 258; on interrelations of the parts of the universe, 231; on orographic systems, 215; theory of Creation, 139, 145; on the tides, 190; on zones, 156

Betten, F. S., 384

Biarma, 75, 313, 348

Bible, 3, 43, 134; interpretation, 46, 380; position, 45

Bibliographical Note, 491

Bibliographie géographique, 492

Bibliographies, description, 491

Bibliography, 503

Bibliotheca Geographica, 492

Bingen, 327

Birds, 204, 217, 230, 281, 326

Birka, 329

Biṭrūjī, Al-, 77, 83, 85

Black Sea, 312, 313. See also Euxine

Blake, R. P., xx, 389

Blood vessels, 148, 185

Blue sky, 436

Boëthius, 57

Bohemia, 87

Boniface, Saint, 57

Borchardt, Paul, 414, 474

Boreas, 173, 174

Borneo, 42

Borysthenes, 242

Bothnia, Gulf of, 328

Boundaries, 128

Brahmins, 74, 273, 285

Brandan, Saint, 50, 75, 178, 220, 263; on antipodes, 159; islands of, 230, 351; legend, 115; visits to volcanic isles, 224, 225; wanderings, 197

Brecknock, Lake, 208, 340

Bremen, 111, 112

Brenner Pass, 324

Bretschneider, E., 464

Bristol, 195

Britain, 24, 39; dimensions, 336; maps, 126; maps of Matthew Paris, 342, 343 (ill.)

Britannic Sea, 335, 336

British Isles, 335, 337; cities, 335, 336; coast tides, 194; rivers, 336, 344

Brittany, 336, 341

Brooks, A. A., xxi

Brothers of Piety and Sincerity, 83, 394

Brunetto Latino. See Latino, Brunetto

Burkhard, 476

Byzantine literature, 44, 378

Byzantium, 278

Cadiz, 301

Cahun, Léon, 464

Cairo, 289, 297, 298, 300

Calabria, 319, 322

Caliphs, 289, 290, 297

Callisthenes, 49

Camargue, 333

Cambria, 336

Camels, 296

Canary Islands, 37, 39, 86, 334

Canigou, Mount, 209, 214, 449

Cannibalism, 330

Cape Verde Islands, 334

Capella, Martianus, 9, 11, 16, 18, 44, 48, 71; on antipodeans, 160; De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii, 54, 127, 366; on sphericity of the earth, 15, 54

Capelle, Wilhelm, 365

Cappadocia, 270

Cappelli, A., 493

Captivity, Head of the, 290, 291

Carolingian Renaissance, 44, 54, 65

Carthage, 300

Cartography, 35, 247; ancient, 376, 377; development, 254; works on, 501. See also Maps

Casentino, 217

Caspian Sea, 37, 38, 282, 288

Castile, 322

Castorius, 381

Casule, Mons (Hekla), 223

Cathay, 266, 271

Caucasus Mountains, 270, 281, 282

Cavagum (Canigou), Mount, 209, 214, 449

Caverns, 27, 28, 59, 172

Cecco d’ Ascoli, 57

Celestial influences, 12, 51

Cenis, Mont, 324

Center of the world, 259; position, 260. See also Arin

Cephalonia, 309

Ceraunes, Montes, 462

Ceylon, 38, 39, 280, 281

Chalcidius, 9, 47

Chaldea, 289

Changes, geographical, 83

Channing, Edward, 372, 460

Chaos, 140, 141, 147

Charcot, J. B., 487

Charinus, Lucius, 379

Charlemagne, 44, 65

Chartres, school of, 91, 94, 134

Chevalier, Ulysse, 491

China, 39, 40, 41, 87, 266; word first used, 271

China Sea, 281

Chrisa, 280

Christian kingdom in Asia, 269, 275, 278, 283

Christian names in Asia, 284

Christianity, 43

Chronicon novaliciense, 448

Chryse, 40, 41, 280

Church Fathers, 44, 46; interpretation of the Bible, 46

Circumference of the earth, 16

Cisalpine, term, 324

Cities, descriptions of, 289, 299, 318, 321, 331, 341; exaggeration of plans on maps, 249

Civilization, westward flow, 233, 235

Classical influences, 47

Clement of Alexandria, 51

Cleomedes, 15, 16

Climata, 242; parallels of latitude and (with diagr.), 453–456

Climates, 23; distribution, 177; divisions of the ancient geographers, 242; East and West, differences, 177; hot and cold, 176; influence on man, 180; topographic influences on, 177

Climatology, 23, 166, 175

Climax, Mount, 303

Clotted sea, 442

Cloud breezes, 172

Clouds, 168

Cold, 23, 57, 176

Comestor, Peter, 91, 138, 151, 170, 184, 185, 213, 214; on the atmosphere, 168; on the Creation, 140, 143, 144; on river Pison, 273

Cones of celestial light, 163, 191

Congregation of the waters, 184, 188

Conrad of Querfurt, 116, 221, 311, 321

Constantinople, 43, 110, 295, 317; city and people, 318; Italian colonies in, 318

Continental hypothesis, 19

Continents, 71; fourth continent, 157

Conway, River, 206

Coördinates, geographical, 243; map constructed from points of Paris MS. of Marseilles Tables, 245

Corbianus, 239

Corfu, 309, 310

Cornwall, 335, 336, 341, 344

Corsica, 310

Corus, 434

Cosmas Indicopleustes, 152, 378, 380

Cosmic cycles, 13, 83

Cosmogony, 12, 133; works on, 499

Cosmography, 127, 133

Cosmology, 51, 133; character, 134; works on, 499

Countrysides, 235, 237; practical interest in, 238

Crates of Mallos, 18; theory of the arrangement of the world, 158

Cratesian theory, 19, 158

Creation, 2, 45, 52, 133, 135; Bernard Sylvester’s account, 145; commencement versus, 382; function of light, 143; Icelandic account, 146; problems, 139; processes, 141; Theodoric of Chartres’ theory, 141; Theodoric’s work on, 92; William of Conches’ theory, 142. See also Works of the Six Days

Crebonensus, 196

Crete, 310

Crimea, 313

Crusaders’ routes, 307, 317

Crusades, historians and histories, 109; geographical knowledge enlarged by, 292; regional knowledge and, 293; time of, 1

Ctesias, 37, 467

Cumont, Franz, 29

Cyclades, 310

Cycles, cosmic, 13, 83

Cyclopes, 224, 329, 348

Cynocephali, 274, 276 (ill.), 304, 468

Cyprus, 310

Cyrenaica, 300

Cyrus, 38

Damascus, 239

Damietta, 299

Daniel of Morley, 97, 151, 418

Dante, 106; on excentric spheres of land and water, 437; linguistic geography in, 484

Danube, 24, 325, 327

Dara, 305, 306

Dead, world of the, 27, 28

Dead Sea, 208, 288, 292; legends, 472

Dee, 206, 336, 346

Degree, measurement, 55, 85

Deluge, 170, 184, 261

Denmark, 112, 327, 329

Deserts, 228

Devils, 224

Devision, La, de la terre de oultremer et des choses qui i sont, 110

Dew, 184

Dicaearchus, 33

Dictionaries, 493

Dicuil, 48, 61, 62, 75

Dieterici, Friedrich, 394

Dionysius Periegetes, 49

Dir, Ad-, 87

Doegr, 486

Dominicus Gondisalvi (Gondissalinus), 99, 128

Dreesbach, E., 296

Dublin, 195

Du Cange, C. D., 493

Duhem, Pierre, 99, 401, 418, 499

Dwarfs, 329

Eadmer, 448

Earth, 2, 21; center, 16; as center of the universe (with diagr.), 422, 426; circumference, 16; established above the waters, 186; flatness, 53; immobility, 15, 153, 370; interior, 27, 28, 29, 443; mountain in the north, 152; navel, 260, 461; oval shape, 153; shape, 152, 368; shape and size, 53; shape, movements, and size, 150; situation, 150; size, 54, 155; sphericity, 15, 54, 383, 384, 425; upon the waters, 60

Earthquakes, 21, 23, 137, 227; causes, 31

East, place on maps, 251. See also Orient

Ecbatana, 284

Eclipses, 34, 246

Eddas, 110; account of Creation, 146

Eden, Garden of, 71, 170, 251; Augustine on its location, 262; meaning, 261

Edessa, 278, 283, 294

Edrisi, 80

Egypt, 30, 206, 239, 270; as part of Asia, 298; descriptions, 298, 299

Ehstland, 328

Einhard, 328

Elbe, 327

Elements, the four, 20, 28, 29; magical control, 203; transformation, 29

Elysian Fields, 28

Encyclopedias, 47, 102; thirteenth-century productions, 106, 408

End of the ages, 234

Endres, J. A., 403, 481

England, 119, 336, 344; earthquakes, 228

Englishmen at Prester John’s court, 286

Environment, influences on man, 232; influences on plant and animal life, 231

Eolian (Lipari) Islands, 32, 222

Eolus, 221

Equatorial region, Grosseteste on, 163; habitability, 162

Equatorial zone, 157

Equilibrium of forces, 155

Eratosthenes, 10, 38, 155; on the circumference of the earth, 16, 17; on currents, 26; on extent of the oikoumene, 39, 377; measurements of the earth, 55; on mountain heights, 33; on zones, 18

Eric the Red, 349

Eridanus, 319

Erigena. See John Scot Erigena

Erosion, 446

Esdras, Second Book of, 188

Esthetic feeling for nature, 237

Esthonia, 328

Eternity of the universe, 145

Etesian winds, 24, 30, 31, 373

Ethiopia, 24, 31, 283; application of the name, 303; India and, 303

Ethiopians, 24, 41

Etna, Mount, 32, 220, 221, 311; Michael Scot on, 222

Etymology, example of free, 445

Euphrates, 72, 265, 288

Euripus, 26

Europe, 71, 74, 258; northeastern regions, 312; regional knowledge of, 257; relative position of certain points as shown in medieval astronomical tables, 457 (with map); Slavic, 314

Eurus, 173, 174

Eustace of Kent, 114

Euxine, 25, 26, 37, 312

Evaporation, 27

Ewyas, valley of, 340

Exeter, 336

Exploration, Moslem, 87; northern Europe, 75

Fabianus, 25

Fabulous tales, 37, 38

Fallon, G. R., xxi

Falones, 315

Fārābī, Al-, 416

Farghānī, Al-, 78, 85, 151, 152, 243, 287

Faroe Islands, 346, 352

Felix, Marcus Minutius, 24

Fetellus (Fretellus), 116

Fimbultyr, 147

Finns, 329

Fires, 32; at the center of the universe, 369

Firmament, 58; waters above and below, 58, 182

Fitzstephen, William, on London, 341

Flatey Book, 349

Flatness of the earth, 53, 152

Flood, Great, 59. See also Deluge

Floods, 170

Fog, 432

Fons humoris, 185

Forests, Ireland, 338; representation on maps, 253

Fortunate Islands, 86

Fossils on mountains, 432

Fountain of Youth, 204, 285

Four elements, 20, 28, 29. See also Elements

Four land masses, 18

France, 331; Hungary and, 316; southern, 333

Francis, Saint, of Assisi, 217

Frazer, J. G., 203, 387

Frederick II, Emperor, 99, 100, 138, 200, 222, 345

Frisia Minor, 327

Frodhi, Ari. See Ari Frodhi

Gades (Cadiz), 301

Gallandia, 346

Ganges, 273, 280

Ganzenmüller, W., 65

Garamantes, 41, 42

Garden. See Eden

Gasquet, A., 379

Gaul, 331

Genesis, Book of, 45, 53

Genoa, 479; trade with Africa, 301

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 50

Geoffrey of St. Victor, 127, 159

Geographical bibliographies, 492

Geographical changes, 83

Geographical lore, character of, summary, 358–361; origins, 3; outstanding elements of, summary, 353–358; works on, 496

Geographical lore of the time of the Crusades, term, 1

Geographisches Jahrbuch, 492

Geography, 127; astrology and, 128; history of, works on, 497; history of, in particular periods, works on, 497; history of particular aspects, works on, 499; place in medieval knowledge, 127. See also Ancient Geography; Astronomical geography; Babylonian astrology and geography; Mathematical geography; Medieval geography; Physical geography; Regional geography

Geometry, 127

Geomorphology, 62, 210, 213

Gerald of Barry. See Giraldus Cambrensis

Gerard of Cremona, 79, 96, 97, 99, 246

Gerard of Sabbionetta, 400

Gerbert, 47, 48, 55, 65

Gerizim, Mount, 460, 461

Germany, description, 325

Gervase of Canterbury, 119

Gervase of Tilbury, 50, 104, 138, 151, 157, 170, 176, 189, 196, 213, 214, 215, 241, 270, 280, 298, 322; on bottom of the sea, 198; on Britain, 336; on center of the earth, 259, 260; on climatic influence on man, 180; on the Dead Sea, 208; on Ethiopia, 303; on Etna, 311; on France (southern), 333; on India, 272; on the Mediterranean, 307; on mouths of Hell, 209, 225; on mysterious cave, 161; on the Nile, 305; his Otia imperialia on regional geography, 256; on qualities of land areas, 211, 230; on rivers of Paradise, 211; on sea above the atmosphere, 183; on the Seres, 271; on shape of the earth, 152; on Sinai, 214; on springs and wells, 185, 203; on the terrestrial Paradise, 261, 262; on volcanic features of Naples, 221; on volcanoes, 226; on winds, 171, 172, 175

Gesta Hammenburgensis, 112

Gesta regis Henrici Secundi, 228

Gesta regis Ricardi, 109, 433; instructions for navigation in Mediterranean 308. See also Benedict of Peterborough

Geysers, 203, 204

Gihon, 72, 290, 304

Gilson, J. P., 461

Ginungagap, 147, 486

Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Barry), 50, 119, 137, 159, 214, 241; on climate of Ireland, 178, 180; comparison of East and West, 174, 177, 211; on course of rivers, 205, 206; eye for local topography, 240; on Iceland, Thule, Orkneys, Shetlands, 345; on Ireland and Wales, 215, 216, 232, 233, 337; on islands, 211, 229, 230; on lakes, 207; on marine phenomena, 196; on precipitation, 170; tidal studies, 194; on volcanoes of Iceland, 222; on wells and springs, 203

Glaciers, 219

Globe, 15

God, 53, 134, 135, 136

Godard, Léon, 474

Godefroy, F. E., 493

Godfrey of Viterbo, 119; on Alsace, 332; on Gog and Magog, 288, 471; on the golden ball of empire, 159; on Lombardy, 320; on Paradise, 263; on Sicily, 311.

Gog and Magog, 46, 50, 282; Bible accounts, 72; stories about, 287

Gold, 265, 275, 280, 281, 285, 316

Golden ball of empire, 159

Gollanda, 485, 487

Gondisalvi, Dominicus. See Dominicus Gondisalvi

Gossouin of Metz, 105, 405

Grabmann, M., 401

Great Summer, 14

Great Winter, 14, 27

Great Years, 13, 52, 82; duration, 14, 367; theory, 14

Greece, 317, 318

Greek Fathers, 54

Greek geographers, 3, 4

Greek language, 44, 95; translations from, 95, 398

Greek regional knowledge, 37

Green Sea, 281

Greenland, 76, 111, 257; description, 347; Norse settlements and voyages on the coast of, 486

Greenland Annals, 111

Gregory, Master, 321

Gregory of Nyssa, 30, 58, 60

Griffons, 272, 274, 280, 281

Grosseteste, Robert, 101, 147, 159, 262; on the congregation of the waters, 187; on the habitable parts of the earth, 163–165; on mountains in polar regions, 179; on oceans, 159; on temperature of the air, 167; theory of Creation, 144; on the tides, 190

Ground water, 199

Grousset, René, 464

Guido’s encyclopedia, 49, 103, 104, 124, 125

Gundophorus, 275, 278, 286

Günther, Siegmund, 497

Gunther of Pairis, 108, 233; on climatic influence of mountains, 178; on Germany, 326; on Italy, 180, 320; on mountains, 217; on northern Europe, 330

Gurganim, 290

Guy of Bazoches, 116, 311; on Etna, 221; on the Mediterranean, 310; on nature, 237; on Paris, 331

Gymnosophists, 274

Habitable regions, 17

Hades, 28

Ḥamd-Allāh Mustaufī, 446

Hardy, T. D., 382

Haskins, C. H., xx, 495

Hearth of the universe, 369

Heat, 23, 57

Heavens, blueness, 436

Hebrides, 344, 351

Hecataeus, 37

Hedin, Sven, 464

Heimskringla, 111, 448, 486

Hekla, 223, 225

Hell, 29, 62, 153, 209, 227; cold hell, 225; volcanoes as gates of, 225

Helluland, 76

Helmold, 328

Henry of Mayence, 124; outline map, 245 (ill.), 251, 252

Heraclius, 287

Hercules, 275

Hercules, Pillars of, 26, 301

Hercynian Forest, 326

Hereford map, sections showing marvels of India, 276 (ill.), 277 (ill.)

Hermann of Reichenau, 55

Hermann the Dalmatian, 82, 83, 92, 95, 97, 168, 262

Hermits, 64

Herodotus, 30, 37

Herrad of Landsperg, 104

Herrmann, Albert, 464

Hesiod, 18

Hesperides, 350

Hibernia, 335

Hildegard of Bingen, 90, 148, 171, 396; macrocosm, microcosm, and winds, 148, 149 (ill.); microcosm, 436; position of the earth, 151; on the rivers of her country, 326; on the shape of the earth, 152; on soil and agriculture, 232; theories on the structure of the earth, 423; on the tides, 439; on the waters above the firmament, 183; on the waters of the lands, 201, 202; on winds, 171

Himalayas, 273

Hindu religion, 82

Hindustan, 272

Hipparchus, 10, 15, 35, 38

Hippo, 300

Hirth, Friedrich, 464

Historia Norwegiae, 112, 223; on Iceland, 346; on polar seas, 348; on use of skis, 329; on volcanic upheaval off Iceland, 137

Historians of the Crusades, 109

Historical bibliographies, 491

Historical narratives, 107

History of geography, xix; works on, 497

Hoffman, Rudolf, 379

Holy Ghost, 141

Holy Land, 51, 70, 176, 257; guidebooks, 115; histories, 109; travel to, 293, 294

Homer, 18, 37

Honorius Inclusus, 103, 403

Honorius of Autun, 103, 403

Hornelen, 448

Horses, Arabian, 296

Hospitallers, 316

Hugh of Amiens, 418

Hugh of St. Victor, 90, 143, 144, 153, 184, 234

Hulna, 279

Human sacrifice, 329, 482

Humboldt, Alexander von, 497

Hungarians, 315

Hungary, 267, 268, 313; description, 314; France and, 316

Huns, 315

Hyde, W. W., 501

Hydrography on maps, 253

Hyères, Îles de, 333

Hyle, 140

Hyperboreans, 71, 179, 312

Hyrcania, 270, 281, 188

Ibn Ḥauqal, 77

Ibn Rushd (Averroës), 77, 85, 100, 420, 437

Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), 77, 213, 446

Ibn Yūnūs, 395

Icebergs, 198

Iceland, 76, 111, 176, 345; glaciers, 219; in Icelandic literature, 346; springs and wells, 203, 204; volcanoes, 222

Icelandic Annals, 111, 349

Icelandic discovery of America, 391

Iconium, 296

Idrīsī, Al-. See Edrisi

Image du monde, L’, 105, 151, 159, 189, 227, 241, 256; on Mongibel, 220

Imagine mundi, De, 103, 151, 155, 157, 159, 171, 185, 188, 189, 227, 241, 307; on Africa, 300; on Asiatic mountains, 270; on British Isles, 325; on division of the earth, 259; on Egypt, 298; on fabulous isles of the Atlantic, 350; on Germany, 325; on Gog and Magog, 287; on regional geography, 256; on rivers of Paradise, 264; on Saba in Ethiopia, 303; on size of the earth, 155; on size of mountains, 214; on springs, 202; on subdivisions of land areas, 211; on tides, 441

Immobility of the earth, 15, 153

India, 24, 37, 42, 176, 263, 270; broad meaning, 272; Christians in, 114; facts known about, 273; legends of saints in, 74; marvels, 274, 276 (ill.), 277 (ill.); subdivisions, 272

Indian Ocean, 19, 37, 40, 279; Al-Battānī on, 280; islands, 280

Intellectual life, medieval, works on, 495

Interpretation of the Bible, 46; symbolic, 206

Iran, 281

Ireland, 50, 119, 176, 178, 180, 335; coast tides, 194; Giraldus Cambrensis on, 337; healthfulness, 212; lakes, 207, 208; properties of the soil, 212, 445; rivers, 205, 336, 339; topography, 240

Ireland the Great, 76

Irish, 338, 339

Isidore of Seville, 11, 48, 54, 56, 59, 60, 62, 241, 259, 305

Islandia, 346

Islands, fabulous, 350; Indian Ocean, 280; Mediterranean, 309; miraculous, 230, 231; origins, 229; representation on maps, 335; St. Brandan’s visits to, 230; volcanic, 224; of Western Ocean, 334

Islands of the Blessed, 28

Íslendingabók, 111, 346

Istakhrī, Al-, 77

Ister, 24

Italian traders, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299

Italians in Constantinople, 318

Italy, 180; city states, 320; description, 319, 478; dialectic regions, 484; northern, 319; regional divisions, 479

Iter ad Paradisum, 113, 262

Ithaca, 309

Itineraries, 33

Jacques de Vitry, 105

Java, 42

Jenghiz Khan, 266, 284

Jerome, 58, 64, 73, 125

Jerusalem, 68, 110, 249; as center of the oikoumene, 259; Kingdom of, 294; pilgrimages to, 117; plans, 126, 250 (ill.)

Jews, 282; in Arabia, 291; in Baghdad, 290; in Constantinople, 319; travelers, 117

Joerg, W. L. G., xvi

John of Bremble, on mountains, 218

John of Holywood (Sacrobosco), 96, 97, 98, 241; on the earth as the center of the universe, 151, 422 (diagr.); on immobility of the earth, 154; on shape of the earth, 152; on size of the earth, 155, 426

John of India, Patriarch, 114, 272, 278

John of Pian de Carpine, 269

John of Salisbury, 136

John of Seville (Johannes Hispanensis, John of Luna), 96; on climates, 243

John of Würzburg, 115

John Scot Erigena, 47, 48, 55

Jordanus of Severac, 373

Jornandes, 49

Josephus, 58

Jourdain, C. B., 496, 497

Judas, 225

Julius Valerius, 50

Jumna, 328

Jupiter Ammon, Temple of, 302

Kålund, K., 405

Karentet, 309

Karst, 27

Kelly, Matthew, 484

Keraits, 284

Kheibar, 291

Khorazmian Tables, 82, 95. See also Adelard of Bath

Khulam, 274

Khwārizmī, Al-, 78, 82, 86, 96, 244, 392, 394, 456

Kiev, 314, 477

King’s Mirror, 105, 347; on volcanoes in Iceland, 223, 225

Kitāb ṣūrat-al-arḍ, 78

Knowledge, classification, 127, 129; modern compared with medieval, 256

Known world. See Oikoumene

Komans, 313, 314, 315

Konungs-Skuggsjá. See King’s Mirror

Koran, 53, 73

Krachkovskii, ——, 389

Kretschmer, Konrad, xix, 500

Kufar-al-Turak, 282, 284

Kurland, 328

Lactantius Firmianus, 47, 54, 56

Lakes, 207; in Ireland, 338

Lambert li Tors, 113

Lambert of St. Omer, 103, 155; map, 124, 125, 158; on sphericity of universe, 150; on winds, 174; on tides, 192

Lamprecht, 113

Land surface, representation on maps, 253

Landnámabók, 76, 111, 346, 486

Landogna, F., 479

Lands, 31, 62, 210; classification of areas, 210; deathless, 211; distribution of waters and, 187; effect on waters which spring from the land, 202; qualitative and quantitative subdivisions, 210, 211; theory of four masses, 18; veins, cavities, and tunnels in, 27

Landscape, 63, 210

Langka, 86

Languages, 348; kinship, 484

Laodicea, 295

Lapps, 329

La Roncière, C., xx, 81

Latin, medieval, 493

Latin writers, 11

Latino, Brunetto, 106, 186, 187

Latitude, 34, 85, 242, 244; methods of finding, 244; parallels of latitude and climata (with diagr.), 453–456; phenomena resulting from differences in, 241

La Verna, 217

Legends, 49, 113

Leif Ericsson, 349

Lemannus, 325

Lentulus, 312

Leo Archipresbyter, 381, 412

Le Strange, Guy, 446

Letters of travel, 116

Levant, 177; Occidental population in, 294; trade, 293; traders, 378

Level of the sea, 188

Liber de proprietatibus elementorum, 82, 83

Liber floridus, 103

Libya, 258, 292, 300

Light, function in the Creation, 143

Ligurinus, 108

Linguistic geography, 340, 484

Lipari Islands. See Eolian Islands

Literal interpretation of the Bible, 46, 380

Liver Sea, 442

Llanthoni Abbey, 216

Location, 34, 85

Loegria, 336

Lombard, Peter, 91, 137, 140, 142, 143; on Paradise, 261, 462

Lombards, 180, 232, 312, 320

Lombardy, 320, 332

London, 335, 336; Fitzstephen’s account, 341

Longitude, 34, 85, 244; methods of finding, 246; prime meridian, 86

Lost Island, 351

Lost tribes, 282, 285, 288

Lot’s wife, 472

Lucidaire, 404

Lucidarius, 104

Lucius, Gratianus, 483

Lucydary, 404

Lynch, John, 483

Macarius, Saint, 263

McCartney, E. S., 367, 432

McGiffert, A. C., 383, 499

Macrobius, 9, 11, 16, 18, 44, 47, 66, 258; on antipodeans, 160; popularity, 366; on southern limit of the oikoumene, 378; on tides, 27

Macrocosm, 147; microcosm and, 148, 149 (ill.) See also Microcosm

Madeira, 334

Maelstrom, 61

Maghreb, 301

Magi, 284

Magna Graecia, 319

Magonia, 58

Magyars, 316

Main (river), 326, 327

Malay Peninsula, 41, 280

Malaya, 280, 281

Man, Isle of, 335, 345

Manegold, 47

Manegold’s Contra Wolfelmum opusculum, 161

Mantichora, 277 (ill.), 468

Mantua, 311

Manuscripts, 493

Maps, 121; Beatus, 68, 69 (ill.), 122, 123 (ill.); character and value, 247; conventions, 251; details, 247–254; distortion, 249; early, 65; early, classification, 389; European points in medieval astronomical tables as compared with actual position, 457 (with map); exaggeration, 249; inaccuracy, 247; of Lambert, Guido, Henry of Mayence, etc., 124; Macrobian, 66; regional, 125; Roman, 34, 36; Sallust, 67 (ill.), 68, 121; Scriptural effect on, 45; symbols and legends, 252; T-O maps, 66, 121; technique, 251; zone maps, 121, 122 (ill.). See also Cartography

Marbod of Rennes, on love of nature, 238

Marco Polo. See Polo, Marco

Marine life, 309

Marinelli, G., 471

Marinus of Tyre, 10

Markland, 76, 350

Marquart, J., 478

Marr, N. I., 389

Marseilles, 308, 309, 333

Marseilles Tables, 96, 162, 244; authorship, 456; on determination of longitude, 246; on habitability of equatorial region, 162; map constructed from positions given in Paris MS. of, 245

Marvels, of Ethiopia, 303; of India, 274, 276 (ill.), 277 (ill.)

Maslama-al-Majrīṭi, 95

Masson, Paul, 442

Masʿūdī, Al-, 50, 77

Materia, 141, 142, 144

Mathematical geography, 33, 65

Matter, preëxistence, 139; orthodox view, 139; rational view, 141

Matthew, Saint, 272

Matthew Paris, 125; maps of Britain, 126, 342, 343 (ill.); on the Tatars, 267

Maur, Raban, 48, 385

Mauretania, 300, 306

Mayence, 326

Mazdeus, 278

Mcerloba, M. J. K., 389

Mecca, 85, 297

Media, 288

Medieval geography, works on, 497

Medieval intellectual life, works on, 495

Medina, 295

Mediterranean Sea, 25, 37, 257; commerce between northern and southern shores, 301; during the Crusades, 307; islands, 309; length, 86, 307; map of region constructed from position given in Paris MS. of Marseilles Tables, also outline map of Henry of Mayence, 245; name, 307; names of parts, 475; navigation, instructions, 308; speed of journeys in, 476

Megasthenes, 24, 38

Meiryonidd (Merioneth), 215

Mela, Pomponius, 40

Meridian, prime, 86

Merioneth, 340

Meroë, 298, 305, 377

Merriman, R. B., 474

Meru, Mount, 86

Mesopotamia, 270, 288, 289, 294

Messina, 312

Meteorology, 21, 57, 166

Michael Scot, 99, 100, 138, 151, 183, 225; on the Eolian Isles and Etna, 222; on hot springs, 202

Michel, F., 487

Microcosm, 147, 148, 185; macrocosm and, 148, 149 (ill.)

Middle Ages, 2; geographical lore, works on, 496; science, 43, 44; writings, 88

Midgard, 147

Migne, J. P., 494

Milan, 320

Milford Haven, 195

Miller, Konrad, 121

Minutius Felix, Marcus, 24

Mirabilia urbis Romae, 321

Mirage, 311

Missions to the Mongols, 268, 269

Mistral, 173, 175, 180, 333

Mohammedans, 297

Mona, 214

Mongibel (Etna), 220, 311

Mongol conquests, 266

Mongol princes, 284

Mongols in Russia, 313

Monsoons, 24, 40

Monsters, 263, 274, 276 (ill.), 277 (ill.), 309, 329, 348; in Ethiopia, 303; lands of, 257

Mont St. Michel, 441

Moon and tides, 61, 84, 190

Morava-Maritsa valley, 317

Morgain, 311

Moritz, Bernhard, 472

Morocco, 302

Moselle, 326, 327

Moslems, 43; contribution of, 77; exploration and travel, 87

Mosquitoes, 296

Moule, A. C., 439, 442

Mountaineering, 220, 448, 501

Mountains, 30, 212; Asia, great system, 270; atmosphere of, 168, 178; beauty, appreciation of, 215; height, 32, 447; influence on climate, 178; medieval feeling about, 217; miraculous qualities, 214; mountain in the north of the earth, 152; observation of phenomena, 215; origin, 213; in polar regions, 179; religious attitude toward, 216; representation on maps, 253; saline, in the sea, 189; size and height, 214

Mozambique Channel, 281

Munster, Ireland, miraculous spring, 203

Mysticism, 90, 237

Naples, 221, 322

Narbonnese, 333

Natural defenses, 233

Natural laws, 136

Nature, early Christian attitude toward, 64; esthetic appreciation of, 63, 237; feeling for, works on, 500; medieval attitude toward, 64, 389; practical interest in, 238; spiritual feeling for, 235

Naval expedition in the Red Sea in twelfth century, 295

Navel of the earth, 260, 461

Navigation, 81, 246, 248; speed of travel, 308, 476

Neagh, Lough, 208

Nearchus, 26, 38

Neckam, Alexander, 93, 138, 228, 232, 264; on Britain, 336; on springs, 204; on the tides, 193; on volcanoes, 226; on the waters, 186, 188, 189

Neoplatonism, 47

Nestorian Christianity in Asia, 269, 275, 284

New Compendium, 116

Nicaea, 296

Nicholas, Abbot, 405

Niger, 41, 304, 305

Nikulás Bergsson of Thverá, 115, 405

Nile, 24, 41, 71, 298, 300; flood, 30, 60, 206, 300; sources, 304

Nilometer, 300

Nineveh, 289

Noah, 170

Normans in Sicily, 79, 81

Norsemen and America, 76

Northmen, 51, 70, 75

Norway, 112, 328, 329

Notes, 365

Nous, 146, 156

Nuchul, 305, 306

Oblong circle, 153

Observation, 84; geography of, 255; of mountains, 215

Occident, climate, 177; Orient compared with, by Giraldus Cambrensis, 211

Ocean, 24; bottom, 198; circulation, 25; encircling the earth, 18; relative areas of land and sea, 187; saltness, 189; as source of the waters of the land, 200; uniform level, explanation, 188. See also Sea

Ocean currents, 173, 192

Oceanus Britannicus, 335

Oder, 327

Odin, 147

Odjein, 86

Odo, 279

Oikoumene, 18, 187; astronomical geography of, 241; center, 259; extent, 19; limit, 39, 41, 377; three parts—Asia, Libya, and Europe, 258; as a whole, 257

Old Compendium, 116

Old Man of the Mountain, 298

Olympus, Mount, 168, 204, 214

Ophir, 275

Ordericus Vitalis, 272, 278, 350

Orient, 238; climate, 177; ideas transmitted to the West, 82; Occident compared with, by Giraldus Cambrensis, 211

Origen, 52

Original sources, collections, 493

Orkneys, 335, 344, 345

Orosius, 44, 48, 66, 103, 258, 259, 483; on the Nile, 304, 305

Orthodox works, 137

Oscorus, 282

Osma Beatus map, 123 (with ill.)

Ostrogard, 477

Otia imperialia, 104, 256

Otto of Freising, 107, 262, 325; on the Alps and Apennines, 323; on Babylon and Cairo, 289; on France, 331; on Germany, 326; on Gog and Magog, 287–288; on Hungary, 315; on the influence of climate on man, 180; on the influence of environment on man, 232; on Italy, 180, 319; on a certain John of the Far East, 283; on mountains, 217; on the mutability of things, 234; practical interest in nature, 239

Oxus, 282, 290

Paetow, L. J., 492

Paleography, 493

Palestine, 270; exaggeration on maps, 249. See also Holy Land

Palingenesis, 13, 51

Pannonia, 314, 323

Pappas, Nicholas, 198

Paradise, 42, 45, 63, 71, 261, 352; journeys to, 263; location, 261; rivers of, 28, 72, 185, 205, 264; types of legends of, 463

Paraskévopoulos, J. S., 373

Paris, description, 331

Paris, Matthew. See Matthew Paris

Parmenides, 17

Parthia, 270, 288

Partholan, 338

Pasquali, Giorgio, 374

Patrick, Saint, 212

Patristic literature, 44, 46. See also Church Fathers

Patroclus, 38

Paul the Deacon, 61

Pausanius, 271

Peeters, Paul, 389

Pelion, 33

Pelliot, Paul, 465

Pentapolis, 300

Perdita, 351

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 40, 271

Persia, 37, 267, 272, 288

Persian Gulf, 279, 281

Peschel, Oscar, 497

Petachia of Ratisbon, 117, 118, 289; on Slavic Europe, 314

Petchenegs, 313, 314, 315

Peter Abelard. See Abelard, Peter

Peter Alphonsi. See Alphonsi, Peter

Peter Comestor. See Comestor, Peter

Peter Lombard. See Lombard, Peter

Peter of St. Cloud, 113

Petrarch’s ascent of Mont Ventoux, 212

Peutinger Table, 35

Philip, Master, 286

Phillips, W. R., 379

Philolaus, 369

Philosophy, 89, 91, 127

Physical geography, 19, 57, 89; works on, 500

Pian de Carpine. See John of Pian de Carpine

Pilgrim narratives, 71, 115

Pilgrims, 51, 212

Pillar of salt, 472

Pillars of Hercules, 26, 301

Piracy, 310, 330

Pisa, 479

Pison, 72, 273, 279

Planisphere, 377

Plano Carpini. See John of Pian de Carpine

Plato, 9; on cosmic cycles, 13; on earthquakes and volcanoes, 32; on interior of the earth, 29, 32; on sphericity of the earth, 15

Plato of Tivoli, 96, 162. See also Battānī, Al-

Platonism, 51, 135

Pliny the Elder, 11, 15, 16, 20, 23, 24, 25–27, 31, 35, 40, 41, 220, 377; popularity, 365

Po, 319

Poisons, 212, 310, 338

Poland, 233, 267, 313, 314, 315

Polar caps, 156, 157

Polar regions, Grosseteste on, 165; influence of mountains on climate, 179

Polar seas, 348

Polo, Marco, 269, 270, 272, 284

Polo, Nicolo and Maffeo, 269

Polybius, 10

Pomeranians, 328

Pontianum (pontias), 175

Popularization of knowledge, 105

Porus, 287

Posidonius, 10, 16, 26, 33, 373

Pozzuoli, 209, 211, 221, 225

Precession of the equinoxes, 83, 164

Precipitation, 169

Prester John, 74, 265, 269; alliance desired by Western powers, 286; court, 286; on the desert, 229; on the Fountain of Youth, 204; kingdom, 283; kingdom as described in his Letter, 285; legend, origins, 283; Letter, 114, 271, 272; palace, 278, 286

Priscian, 49

Procopius, 73

Prodigies, 228

Proprietatibus elementorum, Liber de, 83

Proserpina, 311

Provençaux, 334

Provence, 333

Prussians, 328

Psellos, Michael, 378

Pseudo-Abdias, 379

Pseudo-Callisthenes, 49, 73, 113

Pseudo-Methodius, 50, 73

Ptolemy, Claudius, 10, 15, 16, 35, 36, 77; Africa on his map, 41; “Almagest,” influence of, 78; “Geography,” 10, 19, 34; “Geography,” influence of, 48, 78; parallels and climates, 242, 453–456 (with diagr.)

Pumice, 222

Purgatory, Mount of, 463

Putrid Sea, 314

Pygmies, 274, 317

Pyramids of light rays, 163, 164, 191

Pyrenean Alps, 319, 323

Pythagoreans, 9, 15

Pytheas of Marseilles, 26, 39

Quadrivium, 127

Quilon, 274

Raban Maur, 48, 385

Raeburn, H., 448

Ragewin (Rahewin), 108, 233, 325; on northern Europe, 330; on Poland, 313

Rainfall, 169

Rainmaking, 203

Ratisbon, 325

Ravenelle, 317

Ravenna, 251

Ravenna geographer, 49, 124

Raymond of Marseilles. See Marseilles Tables

Rays of light, 163, 164, 191

Red Sea, 279, 281, 289; naval expedition in twelfth century, 295

Redemptorists, 302

Regional geography, 36, 255; ancient limits on the south and east, 41; expansion of Greek, 37; Hellenistic, 39; medieval, 70, 255–352; regions grouped as known, little-known, or unknown, 257; works on, 501

Regional maps, 125

Reinhardt, Karl, 365

Remy of Auxerre, 48

Renaissance, 293

Renan, E., 487

Reykyanes, Cape, 223

Rhaetia, 325

Rhine, 326, 327, 331, 332

Rhipaean Mountains, 242, 312, 329

Rhodes, 310

Rhone, 333

Richard Coeur-de-Lion, 109, 110, 308, 322

Richard of St. Victor, 190

Rivers, 27; connection between seas and, 185; Hildegard on, 326; origin, 29; peculiarities, 206; representation on maps, 253; source, 205; underworld, 28

Rivers of Paradise, 28, 72, 185, 205, 264

Robert de Clari, 110, 313

Robert Grosseteste. See Grosseteste, Robert

Robert of Retines, 92, 97

Robinson, G. W., xxi

Rochemelon, 448

Rockall, 487

Rockhill, W. W., 464

Roger of Hereford, 97

Roger of Hoveden, 109; on coasts of Iberian Peninsula, 322; on the Mediterranean, 308

Roger II, 79, 80, 198

Roland and Oliver, 311

Rolls Series, 494

Roman de toute chevalerie, 412

Romance of Alexander. See Alexander the Great

Rome, 479; anonymous guide, 121; climate, 180; decay, 321; Mirabilia urbis Romae, 321; wonders in, 321

Roncaglia, 324

Rubruck. See William of Rubruck

Rudolf of Hohen-Ems, 274

Rupert of Deutz, on origin of mountains, 213

Russia, 87, 118, 176, 257, 267; northern, 312; southern, 313

Saba, 291, 303

Sacrobosco. See John of Holywood

Saewulf, 115, 260

Sagas, 51, 110, 346

St. Bernard Pass, 218, 324

St. Rhémy, 218

St. Sever Beatus map, 68, 69 (ill.)

Saints’ Land of Promise, 231, 262, 351, 352

Salamander, 285

Salimbene, Fra, 448

Saline mountains in the sea, 25, 189

Sallust maps, 67 (ill.), 68, 121

Salt, 25; African, 302

Saltness of the ocean, 189

Samarkand, 282, 290

Samland, 328

Sanaa, 291

Sandaruk, 275

Sandy Sea, 229, 285

Sanjar, 282

Santa Quaranta, 309

Saracens, 287, 294, 297, 312

Sarandib, 281

Sardinia, 308, 310, 319

Sargasso Sea, 442

Saxo Grammaticus, 112, 203; on farther Biarmaland, 348; on northern Europe, 327, 328, 329; on the geysers of Iceland, 204; on the glaciers of Iceland, 219; on the volcanoes of Iceland, 223

Saxony, 327

Scandia, 328

Scandinavia, 39, 106, 257, 327, 328; historical works, 110; Latin histories, 111

Scenery, 63; appreciation, 215, 235; Guy of Bazoches and, 237

Schechter, S., 471

Schmidlin, I., 452

Schneid, M., 383

Schneider, A., 401, 418

Science, 43; bibliographies of the history of, 492; character, 134; medieval, 128; stagnation in early Middle Ages, 44

Scilly Isles, 335

Scot. See John Scot Erigena

Scot, Michael. See Michael Scot

Scotia, 335, 336

Scotland, 335, 336, 344

Scriptures, 43. See also Bible

Scylla and Charybdis, 311

Scythia, 37, 49, 270, 281

Scythian Sea, 330

Sea, 25; above the atmosphere, 183; connection between seas and rivers, 185; depth, 25; influence on climate, 178; physical geography of, 61; recessions, 196; saltness, 25; speed of medieval travel by sea, 308, 476; sphericity, 369. See also Ocean

Secondary works, 495

Seh, 327

Seine, 186, 193, 331

Seneca, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 174; popularity, 366

Sententiae of Peter Lombard, 91

Septimer Pass, 324

Seres, 39; land of the, 270, 271

Serica, 40

Serpents, 310, 335, 345

Servi, 317

Seth, son of Adam, 263

Seven liberal arts, 127

Seven wonders of the world, 321

Severian of Gabala, 54, 234

Shannon, 205, 339

Sheba, 290, 291

Sheba, Queen of, 291, 303

Shetlands, 345

Siberia, 290

Sic et non, 91

Sicades, 333

Sicilo-Moslem geography, 81

Sicily, 226, 303, 310, 319, 322; description, 311; geography in, 79; volcanic regions, 221

Sigurd the Crusader, 111

Silk, 271

Silkworms, 271, 285

Simar, T., 306

Simoom, 175

Sinae, 271

Sinai, Mount, 214, 291

Singer, Charles, xxi, 423

Sinus Codanus, 40

Situ terrarum, De, 259, 262, 405

Six Days, nature of, 144. See also Works of the Six Days

Ski-runner, 482

Skiapodes, 157, 254, 274, 275, 276 (ill.)

Skis, 329, 482

Skraelings, 349

Skridfinns, 329

Sky, blueness, 436

Slavonia, 328

Smalserhorn, 448

Smith, J. R., 375

Snorri Sturluson, 111, 448. See also Heimskringla

Snow, 167, 214

Snowdon, Mount, 208, 215, 340, 344; floating island in a lake on, 230

Soil and agriculture, 232

Solinus, 11, 44, 241, 337; interpolation in, 176

Sources, collections of original, 493; secondary, 495

Southern hemisphere, 164

Spain, 322; Christian and Saracenic, 322

Speculum mundi, 405

Sphericity of the earth, 15, 54, 152, 158, 383, 384, 425

Sphericity of the universe, 150

Spirit of God, 141

Spitsbergen, 349

Springs, 199, 374–375; hot, 202, 221; miraculous, 203; in Munster, Ireland, 203

Stade, 16, 33

Staffordshire, 205

Stagnation, scientific, 44

Stars, 51, 52

Stoechades, 333

Storms. See Winds

Strabo, 10, 40

Strasburg, 333

Striguus, 316

Stromboli, 222

Stubbs, William, 469

Sturluson, Snorri. See Snorri Sturluson

Submarine eruption, 223

Subterranean channels, 27, 264

Sucades, 333

Sugar, 296

Sullivan, R. J., 446

Sulphur, 202, 222, 226

Sulpicius Severus, 214

Sumatra, 280

Summa philosophiae, 408

Sur (Tyre), 296

Svalbard, 349, 486

Svantevith, 328

Swabia, 325

Sweat of the earth, 199

Sweden, 328, 329

Syene, 298

Sylvester, Bernard. See Bernard Sylvester

Sylvester II, 47

Symbolic interpretation, 206

Symbols on maps, 252

Syria, 292, 294, 296; European occupation, 294

Syrtes, 301

Systems, 129

Tabula Peutingeriana, 35

Tanai, 291

Tanaïs (Don), 71, 312

Tangier (Tingi), 301

Taormina, 311

Taprobane, 38, 280, 310

Tartarus, 28

Tatars, 267

Taylor, H. O., 416, 495

Teima, 291

Temperature, 23, 57

Templars, 316

Temujin, 266

Tenedos, 310

Terrestrial degree, measurement, 85

Terrestrial geography, works on, 499

Terrestrial Paradise, 63, 261. See also Eden; Paradise

Tertullian, 46

Thames, 344

Thanet, 335, 342

Thebes, Egypt, 298

Theoderic (pilgrim), 115

Theodoric (Thierry) of Chartres, 91, 92, 93, 134, 135, 182; on immobility of the earth, 154; on precipitation, 169; theory of Creation, 139, 141, 144

Theodosia, 312

Theodricus monachus, 346, 412

Theology, 89

Thessalonica, 317

Thina, 40

Thinae, 271

Thomas, Saint, 272; Church of, in India, 279; in India, 74; preaching in India, 275

Thomas Aquinas, 91

Thomas of Cantimpré, 408

Thompson, E. M., 493

Thule, 39, 75, 176, 211, 241, 335, 345

Tibet, 282, 290

Tibiariae, 281

Tides, 21, 25, 26, 61, 173; Adelard of Bath on, 192, 439–440; astrological and physical theories, 190; British and Irish coasts, 194; Chinese knowledge, 439; Giraldus Cambrensis’ studies, 194; moon and, 190; Moslem theories, 84; terrestrial causation, 192

Tigris, 72, 265, 284, 288, 289, 290, 294

Tilmas, 291

T-O maps, 66, 121, 259; types, 67 (ills.)

Togarmim, 290

Toledo, 322

Toledo Tables, 79, 96, 242, 244, 392, 394, 400

Topography, influence on climate, 177; local, 240; as a natural defense, 233; works on, 118

Tortona, 323

Tractatus excerptionum, 405. See also Situ terrarum, De

Tradition, 270; geography of, 255

Transalpine, term, 324

Translations from the Arabic, 95

Translations from the Greek, 95, 398

Transmutation, 29, 30, 60

Transposition of land and sea, 83

Travelers, 116, 292; Jewish, 117, 289

Travels, 269; books of, 50; letters of, 116

Trees of the sun and moon, 275

Triangulation, 33

Triffar, 309

Tripartite division, 258

Tripolis, 300

Trivium, 127

Troglodytes, 304

Tudela, 117

Tunis, 301, 302

Turegum (Zurich), 325

Turkestan, 267, 282

Twelfth-century renaissance, 1

Typhoons, 272

Ukraine, 313, 314

Ultima Tile, 346

Underground waters, 27, 28

Underworld rivers, 28

Universe, 12; Bible opposed to theory of an eternal, 51; eternity, 145; history, 51; sphericity, 150

Upsala, 329

Urals, 312

Vapor, 166, 168, 169, 172, 185, 191, 202

Venetian traders, 295

Ventoux, Mont, 212

Vesuvius, Mount, 220, 221, 322

Viedebantt, Oscar, 371

Vignaud, Henry, 459

Vikings, 110

Vincent of Beauvais, 106, 405–406

Virgil, 221

Virgil, bishop of Salzburg, 57, 386

Virginum, Mons, 221

Vitruvius, 16

Vivaldi, Fulberto, 448

Vivien de St. Martin, Louis, 497

Volcanic islands, 224

Volcanoes, 21, 62, 137; causes, 31; as gates of Hell, 225; Iceland, 222; regions of, in Italy and Sicily, 220; visits to, 220

Voyages, 70

Vulcanism, causes, 225

Vulcano, 222

Wales, 120, 179, 195, 344; description, 340; Giraldus Cambrensis on, 337, 340; lakes, 207; landscape, 216; local topography, 240; marine encroachments, 196–197; mountains, 215; natural defensibility, 233; rivers, 206, 340

Walter of Châtillon (of Lille), 108, 113; on a mountain view, 216

Walter of Metz, 105, 405

Warner, G. F., 461

Waters, 20, 21, 24; above the firmament, 58, 182; congregation of, 59, 184, 188; distribution of land and, 187; distribution on the earth, 437; earth upon the waters, 60, 186; effect of land on waters which spring from it, 202; of the lands, 199; purpose of waters above the firmament, 184; qualities of waters of the lands, 201, 202

Wells, 199; miraculous, 203

Welsh, 340

Welsh language, 340

Wensinck, A. I., 460

Werner, Karl, 499

West. See Occident

Western Ocean, 25, 257; islands, 334. See also Atlantic Ocean

Westward flow of civilization, 233, 235

Whirlpools, 194, 348, 349, 388

White-men’s-land, 76

Wicklow, 195, 206

William of Auvergne, 101, 138, 145, 183

William of Conches, 93, 135, 136, 151, 157, 158, 160, 185, 189, 214, 227; on the atmosphere, 166; on atmospheric circulation, 172; on climates, 177; on climatic influence of mountains, 178; on clouds, 168; on elements, 418; on eternity of universe, 145; on floods, 170; on ground water, 199; on precipitation, 169; rationalism, 136; on shape of the earth, 152; on springs and wells, 202; theory of Creation, 141, 142; on tides, 192; on the waters, 182; on winds, 171, 172, 173, 174

William of Malmsbury, 469

William of Rubruck, 269

William of Tyre, 109; on Alexandria, 299; on the Assassins, 298; on the desert, 228; on Egypt, 299, 300; on the simoom, 175; on Western Asia, 296, 297

William the Breton, 108, 417; on French landscapes, 483; on the tides, 193, 441

Winchester, 336

Wind blowers, 252

Wind-blown horns, 221

Winds, 22, 32, 171; cause, 172; local, 175; names, 173; qualities, 174; supernatural production, 171, 433

Wineland, 76; position, 349

Wolfelm of Cologne, 161

Woman, 143

Wonders of the world, 321

Wood, G. A., 469

Works of the Six Days, 53, 134, 135, 137; medieval discussions of, 138

World, medieval conception, 71

World center, 259. See also Arin; Jerusalem

World Soul, 16, 141, 231, 419

Worms region, 326

Writings, Middle Age, 88

Xenophon, 38

Ydonus, 273

Yemen, 290, 291

Ymer, 147

Youth, Fountain of, 204, 285

Zachary, Pope, 57

Zanzibar, 87

Zarqalī, Az-, 79, 86, 96, 245

Zemarchus, 50

Zephyr, 173, 174

Zin, 272

Zion, Mount, 260, 463

Zone maps, 121, 122 (ill.)

Zones, 17, 23, 55, 156, 157

Zurich, 325

ERRATA

p. 71, line 13: for Tanais read Tanaïs.

p. 112, line 8: for Hamm-burgensis read Hammenburgensis.

p. 242, line 7: for Borysthenes Dnieper read Borysthenes (Dnieper).

p. 273, line 16 from bottom: for “Pison” read “Phison.”

p. 509, line 16: for Michael Scot, 1921–1922, read Michael Scot, 1921–1922.

p. 516, line 21: for Giordano read Giordano Carlo.

The titles of Hugh of St. Victor’s De arca Noë mystica and De arca Noe morali are thus spelled in Migne, Pat. lat., vol. clxxvi (not De archa, etc., as throughout the present volume).

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Corrected Errata. ● Renumbered footnotes. ● Enclosed italics font in underscores.

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17. is on geography and voyages