XX. *421-*432

XX. *421-*432

These lines are found only in Hart’s printed edition. Pinkerton thought there was “no reason to view them as an interpolation,” and Jamieson regarded their agreement with the account in the Howlat[103] “a strong presumption of authenticity.” By Skeat they were at first accepted as genuine, but afterwards, influenced by the reasoning on Barbour’s rhymes of P. Buss in Anglia,[104] he surrendered them as an interpolation. In the passage of twelve lines three rhymes occur, which are unusual--more strongly, impossible--for Barbour on the basis of his admitted work. These are battell--tell, to be--de, ho--to. In the first case, Barbour, it is claimed, elsewhere always uses the “liquid” form bataill (battalyhe) to rhyme with another word of the same character as assaile or travaill (travailyhe).[105] In the second, he “never rhymes be with de (correctly dey),” as Skeat puts it, for de (Icel. deyja) was still influenced by the terminal semi-guttural, giving it an “impure” sound, whereas “be,” with no ghostly after-sound, is quite “pure.” The final example brings together two different values of “o,” and, it may be added, in the four cases in which Barbour uses the word, it is in the form hoyne.[106] These rhyme-tests had also been applied to the same result by Mr. W. A. Craigie.[107]

[103] See below.

[104] First Series, vol. ix., 493-514.

[105] But note battell, two syllables, in xiii. 395, 418; xiv. 175; and battell-stede (xiv. 301).

[106] V. 602; vi. 564; x. 226; xiv. 152.

[107] Scottish Review, 1893, p. 192 note.

With this conclusion Mr. Brown agrees, “although on slightly different grounds.”[108] Hart’s edition, of course, takes a place in his general scheme of redaction. But he would “hesitate to reject the lines on the rimes alone,” and “The be, de test” seems to him “quite untrustworthy.”[109] Skeat thinks it unanswerable.[110] Mr. Neilson pleads “that this canon begs the whole question of the text of the Bruce ... first you find your canon; then you edit out of your text all that is disconform.”[111] Arguing specially on its application to The Legends of the Saints, he points out that “There are not a few metrical and other solecisms in the Bruce,” and that the “exceptional e-rhyme” is the stamp of transition.[112] It is to be observed also that Chaucer, Barbour’s contemporary, and more careful in such matters than he, rhymes ho, y-do in the Knight’s Tale.[113] In the Alexander occurs the tell--battell rhyme.[114] On the whole, the test is perhaps not so conclusive--out of Germany--as Skeat imagines. Further, from the indubitable reference in the Howlat to the Bruce, Neilson accepts the latter as the sole source of its digression, and the lines as therefore authentic.[115]

[108] P. 135.

[109] P. 135.

[110] Pref., liv.

[111] John Barbour, p. 50.

[112] The Scottish Antiquary, vol. xi., p. 107 note.

[113] Group A, 2533-2534.

[114] P. 308; 26, 27.

[115] Chambers’s Cyclopædia of English Literature, i. 175.

If, however, what has already been said of the passages from Hart hold good,[116] then this one must go with the rest. Fortunately, in this specific case that argument can be greatly strengthened, for the lines have never been tried by their relation to the context and their historic implications, and that obvious and indisputable test puts the question beyond doubt. They have but an outside connection with the narrative of Barbour, and otherwise are in flat contradiction thereto. So much is at once evident from the closing couplet:

“And took it up in gret daintie; And ever in field this used he.”

[116] Pref., pp. vi-viii.

It is a series of performances of this kind that is contemplated, not a single example, which is all that Barbour’s account gives room for. Douglas is credited with a habit of this sort, “ever in field”; while Barbour, like Froissart, knows of only one battle in which Douglas fought while bearing the heart of Bruce.[117] Nor is Barbour likely to have omitted such a “point of chivalry” on the part of his twin hero, had a valid tradition of it existed in his day.

[117] Cf. notes on Book XX. 393, 431.

The problem becomes clearer when we consider alternative and later accounts of the expedition of Douglas, for which see note on Book XX. 191, 192. Evidently the idea of his going to the Holy Land, as Froissart explains the commission,[118] and as it occurs in Bower, gave an opening for embellishment, which expands in the hands of Boece to the extent of thirteen victories achieved by Douglas over the Turks! This, however, is only to give more precision to a composite account contained in the Buke of the Howlat of the middle of the fifteenth century, a poem written in glorification of the Douglases. The author, supposed to be Richard Holland, speaks of the great friendship Bruce had for Douglas: “Reid the writ of thar work to your witness”[119]--a clear reference to the Bruce, especially as in xxxv. and xxxvi. he paraphrases the reply of Douglas to the King in Book XX. 223, 234. Thereafter, however, he strikes off from Barbour. Douglas goes to “the haly graif,” where--

[118] In part; but see the reconciling passage in note on xx. 191-2.

[119] Stanza xxxi.

“XXXVII.

“He gart hallowe the hart, and syne couth it hyng About his hals[120] (neck) full hende (respectfully), and on his awne hart.”

[120] But cf. xx. 307, where this comes before.

The story then proceeds:

“XXXVIII.

“Now bot I semble for thi saull with Sarasenis mycht, Sall I never sene be into Scotland!”

An extension of the original commission, be it noted, and a motive for what follows:

“Thus in defence of the faith he fure to the fecht With knychtis of Cristindome to kepe his command. And quhen the batallis so brym, brathly and bricht, War joyned thraly in thrang, mony thousand, Amang the hethin men the hert hardely he slang, Said: ‘Wend on as thou was wont, Throw the batell in bront, Ay formast in the front, Thy fays amang;’

“XXXIX.

“‘And I sall followe the in faith, or feye to be fellit,-- As thi lege man leill, my lyking thow art.’

* * * * *

Thus frayis he the fals folk, trewly to tell it, Aye quhile he coverit (recovered) _and come to the Kingis hart, Thus feile feildis he wan, aye worschipand it_, Throwout Cristindome kid (known) War the dedis that he did, Till on a time it betid As tellis the writ.”[121]

[121] Cf. also xlii.

So we go back to Barbour (“the writ”), but in the final scene there is no mention of throwing the heart, any more than in the genuine Bruce, though it is stated that “His hardy men tuk the hart syne upon hand.”[122]

[122] XLI. Cf. Bruce, xx. 486, 487.

Obviously we have in these stanzas, and especially in the words underlined, the source of the lines in the Bruce, which are further in express contradiction to Barbour’s narrative, and have no place in it. The threefold argument leads inevitably to the one conclusion that these lines are an interpolation, and, as a corollary, that their source is the Howlat. Mr. Amours, in editing that poem,[123] has gone so far as to say that this is “almost certain.” I would remove the qualification.[124]

[123] Ed. S.T.S.

[124] Cf. also Preface, pp. vii-viii.

APPENDIX E

THE “ALEXANDER” AND THE “BRUCE”

The Buik of the Most Noble and Vailyeand Conquerour, Alexander the Great is an anonymous Scots translation of three French romances in the Alexander cycle, dated, in a rhyming colophon, 1438, and published for the Bannatyne Club in 1831. Between this translation and the Bruce there is a remarkably intimate and undisguised connection, not only in spirit and method, but in “the diction as a whole, the choice of words and the arrangement of the sentences, (and) the abundant use of alliteration,” to such an extent that “in reading the Buik of Alexander one would often think that he discerned the singer of the Bruce.”[125] A few examples have been given in the notes, but for a full survey of this literary phenomenon the reader must go to the dissertation quoted from above, or to Mr. J. T. T. Brown’s The Wallace and the Bruce Restudied, pp. 100-112 (Bonn, 1900), or Mr. Neilson’s John Barbour, Poet and Translator (London, 1900), which is devoted to the subject; or, for the parallels in the Bannockburn account, to Mr. Neilson’s article on Barbour in Chambers’s Cyclopædia of English Literature, vol. i.

[125] Untersuchungen über das schottische Alexanderbuch. Albert Hermann, Halle, 1893, pp. 26, 27.

On the facts there is no dispute; for explanation three hypotheses have been put forward. Hermann, accepting the 1438 date, concludes that the translator of the Alexander was so familiar with the language of the Bruce--“here and there, indeed, knew it by heart” (stellenweise es wohl auswendig wusste)--that his translation was necessarily strongly influenced thereby.[126] This is inadmissible; the French poems are earlier than the Bruce, and to these the links of connection ultimately go back. The relationship is really deeper than the mere language of the translation, as Hermann himself indicates. Mr. Neilson, accordingly, in a detailed and forcible argument, claims Barbour himself as the translator of the Alexander, arguing that, the literary proofs being so conclusive, the date given must be an error, “scribal or printer’s.”[127] Given Roman numerals to begin with, such a slip is not in the least unlikely; variations of this sort occur in the Bruce itself,[128] and 1438 may have been a misreading of 1338, or the date may be that of the scribe’s copy, not of the actual work. Mr. Neilson has an ingenious section on the wayward fortunes of dates.[129] Thus, reversing Hermann’s thesis, he holds that “Barbour’s mind and memory had been steeped in the Alexander when he wrote the Bruce.”[130] Mr. Neilson’s argument and conclusion are vigorously contested by Mr. Brown in a Postscript to the work cited. His more elaborate hypothesis is that David Rate translated the Alexander in 1437, and that “John Ramsay, Sir John the Ross, wishful to improve the plain song of John Barbour, used the translation of the Alexander extensively, taking freely whatever he required.”[131] Mr. Brown’s negative criticism is independent of this proposition which is involved in his wider theory regarding the construction of the Bruce. The eclectic conclusion of the writer in the Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. ii., is: “Either the book (i.e., the Alexander) is the work of Barbour preserved in a somewhat later form, or the author was saturated with Barbour’s diction, so that he continually repeats his phrases.”[132]

[126] As cited, p. 35.

[127] As cited, p. 45.

[128] Cf. p. 292.

[129] Pp. 43-47.

[130] P. 56.

[131] P. 162.

[132] P. 448.

In the dust of the conflict a crucial fact has gone unobserved--namely, that one of the parallel lines enumerated by Brown and Hermann appears in the portion of the Bruce incorporated in his own work by Wyntoun.[133] Here, then, we have a line of the alleged translation of 1438 occurring in the “Bruce” as it existed before 1420. Thus the only outstanding difficulty of Mr. Neilson’s proposition disappears. The effect on the rival propositions is obvious.

[133] The Bruce, I. 160; Alexander, 8, 8; Wyntoun, Book viii. chap. ii. 246; Brown, p. 110.

APPENDIX F

MR. BROWN’S “SOURCES” FOR THE “BRUCE.”

In pursuance of his “hypothesis of fifteenth-century redaction” of the Bruce, Mr. Brown applies what he claims to be “fair and ordinary tests” to six “selected examples,” in order to show that his hypothesis “has a basis in demonstrable fact.”[134] I shall notice such of these very briefly, premising that I do not consider Mr. Brown’s use of his tests either “fair” or “ordinary.” So much, I think, will appear.

[134] The Wallace and The Bruce Restudied, p. 92.

1. The Trojan War, Alexander the Great, Julius Cæsar, and King Arthur.

(a) The only thing urged against the Trojan War passage[135] is that it is in the suspicious company of the others, and these, Mr. Brown suggests, are derived from Chaucer’s Monk’s Tale, from which he produces a selection of lines to parallel those in the Bruce. It may be urged,[136] at the outset, that two contemporary poets dealing with the same set of historical events are very likely to display similarities. As Chaucer himself begins by saying--

“The storie of Alisaundre is so commune, That every wight that hath discrecioune Hath herd somwhat or al of his fortune.”

[135] I. 521-8.

[136] Bruce, I. 529-548; Monk’s Tale, Group B., 3821-3908.

But even in Mr. Brown’s “selected” lines it is the divergencies rather than the similarities that stand out. Chaucer says nothing of “Babilony’s tour”; “his awyne hows” is no parallel to “of thyne owne folk”; and “Bot, ar he deit, his land delt he” has no equivalent whatsoever in the Monk’s Tale. Yet Chaucer has forty lines to Barbour’s eight. In fact, the “example” is a stock one, even to its phraseology, as witness these excerpts from sources half a century and more earlier than either poet: Commendatio Lamentabilis on Edward I. in 1307, “magnus Alexander ... Nam ille annos regnans duodecim veneno hausto vita defungitur (15); Vita Edwardi Sec. (c. 1326). Sed ille magnus Græcorum imperator Alexander, totius orbis domitor, cum cunctas nationes orbis subicit, per familiares proditores toxicatus occubuit.” Do such close parallels prove that either Barbour or Chaucer borrowed from chronicles which they never saw?

(b) Mr. Brown argues that the Julius Cæsar parallels are “not less remarkable for significant agreement, as regards the sequence of the narrative,”[137] and that “so far as concerns the diction it (the Bruce passage) approaches even nearer the Chaucerian original.”[138] But where Chaucer speaks of Cæsar conquering “thoccident” and “the orient,” Barbour enumerates the countries. Is this similarity of diction? According to Mr. Brown, he is giving “simply an expansion of the Chaucerian phrases.”[139] Elsewhere, in such a case, Barbour is convicted of “summarising” or “assimilating,” here of “expanding.” This is Mr. Brown’s “fork” from which no author could escape. In twelve lines Barbour comments on Cæsar’s conquests, his imperial position, and his death, and in forty-eight Chaucer gives a detailed biography introducing Pompey, of whom Barbour says nothing, and Barbour is thereupon charged with following “the sequence of the narrative”--as if he could avoid doing so! That Cæsar by both poets is styled “Emperor” goes for nothing; that was the medieval way; as also was the statement that he was killed in “the Capitol,” as Shakespeare, too, believed. But the most striking note of difference remains. Barbour says of Cæsar--

“Hys eyn with his hand closit he, For to dey with mar honeste.”[140]

[137] P. 98.

[138] P. 99.

[139] P. 97, note.

[140] I. 548, 549.

Now Chaucer remarks: “Of honestee yet had he remembrance,”[141] and Mr. Brown enrols the word “honestee” among the things “not to be explained either as commonplaces or as mere coincidences.”[142] We see Barbour’s idea of his “honeste”; this is Chaucer’s:

“His mantel over his hypes casteth he For no man sholde seen his privetee.”[143]

[141] 3908.

[142] P. 99.

[143] 3904-5.

Mr. Brown here seems to have followed Cæsar’s example and “closit hys eyn”!

(c) The only point made with regard to the Arthur lines[144] is the calling of Lucius “Emperor,” and regarding this see my note on the passage. Geoffrey of Monmouth does the same. That Wyntoun corrects Huchown, and not Barbour, in this usage--well, Mr. Brown can make all he can of that. Barbour’s dozen lines on the familiar Arthur story is charged with being “an excellent summary of the Morte Arthure,”[145] a poem of 4,364 lines! No “expansion” here!

[144] I. 549-561.

[145] P. 99.

2. The Alexander allusions in Bks. III., X. With reference to these see Appendix E. But why should Mr. Brown speak of “the famous grey palfrey of Lord Douglas” on the strength of one notice in Bk. II. 118? There is nothing to justify the epithet “famous”; and Ferrand was no more an unusual name for a “grey” horse than Blanchard for a white one. Bishop Lamberton might have had “a grey” as well as Eumynedus.[146]

[146] See note on passage.

3. The Ferumbras Romance. I have analyzed this passage in my notes to Bk. III., 435-462. Mr. Brown contends that the adoption of the form Ferumbras for the French Fierabras “points to a knowledge on the part of the Scottish poet” of either the Syr Ferumbras or the Sowdone of Babylone, in both of which this form occurs. It is possibly an adaptation of the spelling Fierenbras, which occurs in The Destruction of Rome and also in a fragment of the romance.[147] But there is nothing more remarkable in Barbour’s intrusion of the “m” here than in his calling Lubaut or Lybaut, Lumbard in Bk. X. 324,[148] or Capaneus, Campaneus.[149] More significant is the name Lavyne for Balan, which is the normal form for all the existing texts, French and English, save the Sowdone, where we have Laban, Lavane and Lavyne, and The Destruction of Rome (French), which has Balan and Laban, the latter of which has given the spelling in “v.” Mr. Brown, however, rules out the Destruction for Barbour, as being “merely related to the Charlemagne cycle,”[150] though Dr. Hausknecht accepts it as the original of the first part of the Sowdone.[151] Why, then, should Barbour, too, not have known it? Mr. Brown’s conclusion is that the name, with other material, points to the whole passage being based on the Sowdone, and the Sowdone being post-Chaucerian--in which opinion he follows, and even goes beyond, Hausknecht--of the beginning of the fifteenth century, after Barbour’s death, it obviously follows that the lines cannot have been his work.[152] Against this may be put Hausknecht’s own conclusion, to which Mr. Brown makes no reference: “It is worthy of notice that the account of the Fierabras romance, as given by Barbour, may be considered, on the whole, as identical with the subject of the French Fierabras or the English Syr Ferumbras, but not with the Sowdan, as there is no mention made of the combat before Rome, nor any trace of what makes up the first part of the Sowdan.”[153] A few additional facts will substantiate Hausknecht’s statement.

[147] E.E.T.S. The Sowdone of Babylone, Introd., pp. xxxi, xxxii.

[148] See note.

[149] II. 534.

[150] P. 114.

[151] As cited, p. xxv.

[152] Pp. 115, 116.

[153] P. ix, note. The italics are mine.

In the Sowdone the twelve peers are shut up in “Egrymor”; Barbour gives “bot eleven.”[154] Mr. Brown says of the Bruce account that, “Every line is traceable in the Sowdone.”[155] There is no trace of line 452, or of Lavyne’s “flot” in 456; Charlemagne, instead of “being joyful” at the news that his peers were alive, there bursts out in anger against the traitor Ganelon.[156] Conclusive, on Mr. Brown’s own case, is the fact, noted by Hausknecht, that the relics mentioned by Barbour “differ from all other versions.”[157] It is not “off the croice a gret party”[158] in the Sowdone, but simply “the crosse, the crown, the nailes bente”;[159] and there is no mention of “the sper.”[160] Nothing is said of the cross in the Fierabras or the Syr Ferumbras, and the Destruction has the crown of thorns, the cross, the nails, and the “signe”[161] or shroud. Nor did Barbour invent “the sper,” for it is spoken of in this connection, though not in the final distribution, in the Provençal version of the Fierabras: “e del fer d’una lansa,” the spear-head.[162] It would seem, then, that Barbour was using a version of the romance different, in certain particulars, from any we now possess. At any rate, Mr. Brown has to get round these awkward corners before he can transfix Barbour on Lavyne.

[154] 444.

[155] P. 115, note.

[156] “Genelyn,” 2843-6.

[157] P. ix, note.

[158] P. 461.

[159] 665.

[160] Bruce, iii. 459.

[161] Hausknecht, note to line 665.

[162] Der Roman von Fierabras, Provensalisch, p. 5, line 15; Immanuel Bekker, Berlin, 1829.

4. The Tydeus Episode, Bk. VI. 179-268. It may be granted that Barbour here is not, as Skeat supposed, drawing directly on the Thebaid of Statius, even in memory. But then no more is Lydgate in his Story of Thebes;[163] having used, according to Dr. Koeppel, some French prose epic based on the classical story,[164] now lost, or giving in his poem “a transcript from a French rendering of Statius.”[165] There was ample material, including even, as Gaston Paris has suggested, an abridgment of Statius in Latin prose. Mr. Brown contends that Barbour’s “redactor” borrowed from Lydgate. But here, again, the differences are sufficiently vital to thwart such a conclusion. “Betwix ane hye crag and the se”[166] has no equivalent either in Statius or Lydgate, as is clear from Mr. Brown’s own citations;[167] nor has the detail that the “gret stane ... throu the gret anciente, Wes lowsyt reddy for to fall,”[168] for which Lydgate has:

“Beside he saw with water turned down An huge stone, large, round, and square.”[169]

[163] c. 1420.

[164] Brown, p. 117.

[165] Gregory Smith, The Transition Period, p. 8.

[166] P. 211.

[167] P. 118.

[168] Pp. 252-3.

[169] Ed. 1598, fol. 381.

In an inductive literary argument differences must be accounted for as well as similarities, and any other possible sources must be satisfactorily eliminated. Opinions as to “the classical parsimony of independent translators”[170] are purely speculative.

[170] P. 119.

5. The Hannibal lines, Bk. III. 207-248.--Here Mr. Brown’s argument needs only to be summarily stated to show its inadequacy. Wyntoun borrowed from Barbour in some instances, but not in this; therefore, since there are similarities in the way the same story is told, the Bruce lines are drawn from the Cronykil.[171] Wyntoun confesses to having translated from Orosius, Mr. Brown says through Martinus Polonus, and he follows his author closely. Barbour’s narrative is brief and, in several details, faulty, in which he diverges from both the Latin author and his Scots translator.[172] The startling error in chronology, especially, “would not be readily made by one using Martinus at first hand,” but with the Cronikyl before him the writer was quite likely to do so![173] The peculiar “touches” in the Bruce passage are noted, but unexplained. It is assumed that “The agreement with Martinus is much too close for it to be considered to be written from memory;”[174] and “there is nothing in Martinus that should lead us to expect independent translators to ascribe such a victory to God and in terms so similar:

“Bot throw Goddis gret powste.”[175] “Bot throw the mycht of Goddis grace.”[176]

[171] P. 125.

[172] P. 126. See notes on passage.

[173] P. 127.

[174] P. 126.

[175] Wyntoun.

[176] The Bruce, &c., p. 126.

But the terms are not “similar,” and both are a mediæval rendering of divina miseratio in Orosius and Polonus. The whole argument in this connection is involved and haphazard. What is there illegitimate in the simple hypothesis that Barbour wrote from a well-stored but not perfectly accurate memory, and that Wyntoun preferred the first-hand to the second-hand source? So we explain both similarities and differences. Wyntoun’s lines are a plain following of his Latin author; Barbour’s a brief summary, with expansions and comments of his own leading up to the moral he wishes to enforce; and in this case Mr. Brown cannot point to a single line in common.

6. Froissart and the Bruce.--Here Mr. Brown prints his parallels in full, and the matter can be safely left to the judgment of the unprejudiced reader. It need only be remarked that Froissart (1) calls Douglas William instead of James; (2) sends the heart to the Holy Sepulchre[177]; (3) makes Bruce choose Douglas; (4) embarks him at Montrose; (5) takes him to Sluys; (6) lands him at Seville: while Barbour (1) is right as to Douglas; (2) sends the heart against “Goddis fayis”; (3) makes the barons choose Douglas; (4) embarks him at Berwick; (5) says nothing of Sluys; and (6) lands him at Valentia. Of Barbour’s “motive” lines, of the repentance for blood-spilling and the saving of his sins,[178] Froissart (or Le Bel) has no trace. The two narratives are independent, though, in their trend, alike.

[177] Cf., however, on XX. 181.

[178] 171-177.

APPENDIX G

LANGUAGE AND ORTHOGRAPHY

The language of the Bruce is Northern English, the dialect spoken north of the Humber. Barbour himself calls it “Inglis” (Bk. IV. 253), and Scottish writers down to the sixteenth century do the same. The name “Scots” is therefore a term of pure convenience, signifying the English spoken within the political borders of Scotland, which continued to be an independent literary medium after the Northern English of England had ceased to be such, and had yielded place to the standard dialect of Chaucer and his successors. But the language of the Aberdeen Barbour is substantially that of the Yorkshire Richard Rolle.

The most obvious characteristic of the northern tongue is that in development it was far ahead of its southern contemporary, in so far as it had absolutely got rid of inflections, not even retaining the final e which casts its shadow over Chaucer. Where the final e occurs in the Bruce it is non-significant and unsounded. Like the variable spelling, it is the result of the writing of English by scribes accustomed to the sounds and orthography of contemporary French, which was rich in final e’s[179]--a process which had seriously complicated the straightforward phonetic spelling of Old English. A peculiar Scots fashion, however, was the representation of the long vowels by a combination with y or i, sometimes in addition to a final e, which came to be regarded as the sign of a long vowel. Thus we have such groups as mar, mair, mayr: done, doyn, doyne. In these and similar cases y is simply an alternative form of i; at first it would be written before letters like m, n, u, where i, having no dot, might be mistaken for a part of the succeeding letter; then in practice the two would become interchangeable according to the caprice of the writer. In this matter the scribe of C is rather more regular than that of E. Now, such a diphthong as ai was in time reduced to a simple sound, when the i became superfluous, and came to be looked upon as a sign of length. With this function it was afterwards, at the pleasure of the writer, transferred to the company of other long vowels where there was no original diphthong. Thus we have the long vowel sound represented in three ways--simple, with following i (y), or with terminal e. In cases like tais, gais, however, the i is part of the termination of the present tense of the verb, of which Barbour is particularly fond.[180]

[179] Sounded as yet, like those of M.E., but in time to become silent. Anglo-French is Norman-French developed in England; it was closely related to Old French, familiar to the scribes through the romances.

[180] Buss, Anglia IX., pp. 505-507. Cf. also Murray, Dialect of the Southern Counties, p. 53.

But while Scots--in the sense indicated above--had thus early parted with its inflections, it was, on the other hand, more conservative than the southern dialects in its treatment of the vowel sounds. It retained, for example, the Old English ā, which in Southern English was rounded into broad o (oa)--cf. ga, stane (O.E. or A.S. gan, stan) for go, stone. In the Bruce (X. 199; XII. 299) the rhyme more, before may show the rounding influence of r.[181] Vowels in words of French origin show slight modification. Anglo-French nasal a before m, n tends to become au, whence daunger, etc., and o or u to become ou as in baroun, felloun. Ai and ei incline to merge in long e as feble (O.F. faible), and sesyt (O.F. seisir); but ai may also become a--e.g., tratour for O.F. traitor.

[181] Buss, p. 509.

Aphæresis occurs in such shortened forms as stroy (destroy), semble (assemble), etc.

The following peculiarities may be noticed among the consonants:

ch sometimes = “tch” in middle and end of word--e.g., fech = fetch (II. 532).

h is silent in hoost, as in all Anglo-French words of Latin origin, and sometimes drops out--e.g., ost (II. 559, etc., O.F. ost), also in ayris (heirs, V. 520).

b in combination with m is dropped both in pronunciation and spelling. Cf. chamyr (II. 97), tumlit (IV. 182, etc.). C Hummyr for Humber; E Humbre (XV. 538).

d usually dropped after n--e.g., henmast = hindmost (XII. 268, etc.); sometimes intrusive--e.g., suddandly (VI. 11), but suddanly (VI. 220). In avantage, aventure from French the English d is intrusive.

f represents final ve in pruf or preif, leiff, driff, knaf, haf, etc., retaining the voiced sound (v) which it had in A.S. between vowels, and r l and vowels.

g in words of French origin has before e, i, the English sound = da(j), which was also then the French one--e.g., liege, jugis.

l as indicating merely a long vowel is unsounded in walknyt (VI. 296), walk (wake, VII. 179, etc.). So we have also falt (VI. 345, etc.) and fawt (III. 298); realte and reawte, etc. Skeat holds that the l in the first case represents but a way of writing the first k, so that the words should be wakk, etc., but this does not cover the second case.[182]

[182] S.T.S., I. lxxxix., and Glossary.

m and n are often interchanged, as in confort, manteme, etc.

ng becomes n before th as lenth, strenth, etc. Cf. also Grammar. The nasal ng may take the place of the liquid n, as in ryng (I. 78, etc.) for “reign” (Fr. regner). The French nasal nce is represented by ng or nch--e.g., Vallang (II. 201) or Vallanch (V. 472) for “Valence.”

r. Metathesis of r is very characteristic of the Northern dialect--e.g., fryst (first), brist (burst, A.S. berstan), tursit (O.F. trusser), etc.

s is changed to sch in schir, isch (issue), etc.; but on the other side we have sall, suld (shall, should) and Inglis.

z has in Fiz the Anglo-French sound ts, as in rats.

APPENDIX H

GRAMMAR

NOUNS

Singular--Possessive Case.--1. The inflected genitive or possessive is formed by adding ys or is; MS. E, on the whole, shows a preference for the former. Sometimes the final consonant is doubled. Cf. a manis hand (VII. 580), to mannys fude (X. 189).

2. Nouns denoting relationship are uninflected, as in Anglo-Saxon: Mordreyt his sistir son (I. 557). Till his brothiris pes (XI. 652) is an exception found in both MSS. For And sperit of his brotheris fair (XVI. 21) in C, E has brodyr.

NOTE.--Wode-syde (E woddis sid, IX. 139), sonne-rising, hous end (VII. 163), all common combinations. Editors, however, usually read the termination of the last as housis, though it seems to fall under the same category.

Plural.--1. The plural also is in ys or is, more seldom es, representing A.S. as. It “formed a distinct syllable in monosyllables and words accented on the final syllable.”[183] The latter part of the statement is not, however, uniformly true. Cf. battalis (XI. 122), bischoppes and prelatis (XX. 294), etc., which are dissyllables.

2. Simple s occurs only after r and y (i)--galays, werriours, etc.--but spurys, baneris, towris also occur. Feys (I. 58) and fays (I. 223) are to be read as two syllables.

3. Final f (ff) is generally changed to v, as theif, thevis; but wif preserves the f throughout, as wifis, wiffys, etc. (E, however, in XII. 246, has wyvis); and lif has lyvis (XI. 590), or livis and lyffis (X. 106), or liffis (IV. 137).

4. Words ending in er, ir, yr, yn, ill for the most part reject the final vowel before the ending of the plural: dochtrys, lettres or lettrys, wapnys, etc. Where the vowel is retained, it is silent, as in schulderis (IX. 356), letteris (XVII. 31, 39), etc.

NOTE.--Burges in XVI. 80, XVII. 236, is clearly unaltered in the plural, and this would seem to apply also to marras (VIII. 35), hous (VIII. 514, etc.), and mos (VIII. 173), which are usually read as three and two syllables respectively. Cf. on Singular (2).

5. Of strong plurals, besides men and its compounds, ky and brethir by change of vowel (Umlaut), we have eyn(e) (A.S. eagan), with singular e or ey (VI. 523), oxin or oxyne (X. 381, 388), schoyne (II. 510). These (with hosen and fan (faes)) are the only plurals in n preserved in Northern English.

6. Some old neuters (A.S.) take no inflection in the plural: deir, hors, etc.; hous has hous and housis (X. 60, etc.), but cf. on (4) (note); thing has thing (XI. 27, etc.) and thingis. Cf. also gudis and gude (XVII. 517, 521). One form is in er or ir, childer (XII. 246) or childir (XVII. 515), A.S. cildru.

7. Nouns indicating time, space, quantity, weight, and number are unchanged in the plural: fifty yheir (in I. 522 occurs ten yheris, quite an exceptional case), tuelf moneth, six and fourty wyntir (A.S. plural also winter), twa myle, tuenty thousand pund, etc. For paris in C (XIII. 463), E reads payr. In XII. 234 C has thre gret avantage, where E gives avantagis, but reads vasselagis (!) to rhyme.

8. Only men suffers inflection in the plural possessive: the Inglis menis fewte (VIII. 19), of othir mennis landis (XI. 148). In till Scottis men possessioune (XVII. 202) we may have, as Henschel suggests,[184] a piece of “scribal carelessness;” but Hampole undoubtedly uses this as a valid form:

“Sal dede men banes be set togyder Thurgh messes, and rightwis men prayers.”

[183] Murray, Dialect of the Southern Counties, p. 153.

[184] Darstellung der Flexionslehre in John Barbour’s Bruce, p. 12.

PROPER NOUNS.

In general, these follow the common nouns in their forms, but note:

1. Two names ending in s have no inflection for the genitive: King Adrastus men (II. 529), Thomas prophecy (II. 86). This occurs also in Chaucer.

2. Douglas has both flectionless and inflected forms: the Douglas men (X. 398), the Lord Douglassis men (XX. 481).

3. Possessive or genitive formed by his: Hannyball his mekill mycht (III. 232). Cf. also VI. 435, 446. Originally, as here, confined to proper names. A special example is in the reading of C (XVII. 940): Berwyk his toune; E Berwykis.

ADJECTIVES.

1. There is no distinction in the Bruce between strong and weak adjectives, the latter in Chaucer being indicated by a final e, and used after the definite article, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, etc., nor is the plural similarly distinguished from the singular. In all these cases the Scots adjective is invariable; the final e, which often occurs, is of no grammatical significance. There is no difference between the gud Erll (X. 686) and the gude Erll (XX. 603), while the plural is gud werriours (XX. 416).

2. The only example of inflection is the form aller, genitive plural (er = -ra, A.S. eal-ra). It occurs once: throuch thar aller hale assent (I. 137).

3. The comparative and superlative are formed by adding ar or er (seldom ir) and est or ast. In words of two and more syllables mar (mair) and mast (maist) also occur. The same rule applies to adverbs. The final consonant of a monosyllable may be doubled: thikkest (VIII. 81), but also thikast (XVII. 156).

4. Change of vowel (Umlaut) appears in two cases--sterkar (E starkar) (XV. 491) and eldest (I. 51, IV. 71). Ill or evill is the Northern form for bad, compared with wer or war, werst (III. 192). Mor, for mar, occurs twice to rhyme with befor (X. 199, XII. 299). Er gives erar.

5. After the comparative comes usually than, which is always used by Rolle, but there are four examples of na--wes starkar fer na he (VI. 538), also III. 229, II. 519, X. 637.

NUMERALS.

1. Ane before a consonant sometimes becomes a: in a nycht and a day (III. 429). The tane and the ta are compounds of this numeral, with the old neuter thaet (thet) of the definite article, really thet-ane, thet-a. The former is a substantive, the latter an adjective: the tane suld be kyng (VI. 186), the ta part (III. 239). Similarly the tothir = thet othir (I. 7, etc.), which is throughout used for the ordinal “the second,” as formast is sometimes used for “the first”: Fule-hardyment the formast is, And the tothir is cowardis (VI. 337, 338).

2. Note thresum, fiffsum, sex sum, where “sum denotes conjunction” (Jamieson’s Dictionary), three, etc., together; half deill (A.S. dæl, a part); twa part = two parts; yneuch, singular (usually adverb), used for quantity, and ynew (enew), plural, for number. Cf. XX. 337, and I. 558.

N.B.--For demonstrative, etc., adjectives, see also Pronouns, Demonstrative, etc. Note sam(m)yn (same) as adjective and adverb (V. 72, XII. 49, etc.). Distinguish ilk(e) = same (A.S. ylc) from the distributive ilk (A.S. æle) = each. Others are sik (syk), swilc, etc.

PRONOUNS.

Personal.--1. In MS. E besides I is found the strong form Ik or Ic (A.S. Ic). The latter is entirely wanting in C, which has everywhere I.

2. The third person feminine is scho (A.S. sēo), once spelled sche (XIII. 635), a Southern effect, where, however, E has scho.

3. Note the gen. sing. mas. and gen. plur. in magre his, in spite of him, and magre thairis, in spite of them.

Possessive.--1. The genitive cases of the personal pronouns are most often adjectives. Before words beginning with a vowel they are mine, thine; before words beginning with a consonant they become my, thi; words beginning with h may have either form.

2. The forms used absolutely are myn, his, ours, yhouris, thaires: That suld be myn (V. 223), etc.

Reflexive.--1. The personal pronouns serve as reflexives: I will me spied (XI. 638); And went hyr hame (V. 177).

2. There is also the form in self, more seldom selvyn, selvin. When the subject is a personal pronoun this may drop out: that himself suld wele Kepe the entre (XI. 445).

3. Self is both singular and plural: That thai mycht help thameself (X. 619).

Demonstrative.--1. The Northern plural of this is thir, which supplanted thas as thise did in the Midland. Its origin is obscure.[185]

[185] Murray, p. 185.

2. The plural of that is tha(i). Distinguish from thai (they), 3rd pers. plur.

3. Yhon(e), more often an adjective, has also a substantive use in three cases only (IV. 502, 506; XIV. 280).

Relative and Interrogative.--1. The relative pronoun is that or at, never quha. At is a purely Northern form. Quhais and quham occur occasionally as oblique cases. In quhom, as in words like so, mor, etc., there is evidence of Southern influence. Quha is used as an interrogative. The simple quhilk occurs but once (XVIII. 225, see note), where E has a different reading; otherwise it is in the form the quilk that.

2. The relative in the oblique cases is often omitted: the small folk thai had thar (IX. 261). This is a marked feature of the Wallace.

Indefinite.--1. None for nane occurs only once (IX. 485); and so, too, ilkone for ilkane, rhyming with a proper name (XI. 303). Nane is used both as substantive and as adjective. As adjective it comes before a word beginning with a vowel. Before consonants and h, na or no is used. In two cases no precedes a vowel: XIII. 145; XVI. 249.

2. Othir, often = “each other,” as Thai dang on othir (X. 680).

3. The plural of man has a pronominal use = one, German “man”: as men in the Bibill seys (I. 466); men mycht se (X. 678), etc.

VERBS.

1. Note the periphrastic form with gan in E (can in a few cases), can always in C: all the land gan occupy (I. 184); all can thai cry (XII. 200). The past tense of can is couth: thar vittale all fast couth fale (VIII. 460): whence, by analogy, the false form begouth for past of gan, itself the past of ginnen, to begin.

2. Weak verbs form their past tense and past participle in it or yt, the latter being more common in E. In certain cases the vowel drops out, as in dwelt. After r, l (ll), n, the ending is often in d, as herd, ansuerd, etc.

NOTE.--Felt for the ordinary feld occurs once, in III. 119. Cald, too, for callit, is forced to a rhyme (XIII. 61). The proper past of send is send.

3. The present tense indicative is, I spek, thou spekis, he spekis, we spek, etc. But when the personal pronoun is separated from the verb, or when the subject is a noun or relative pronoun or other form, the ending is in is or ys throughout. Cf. yhow that takis (XVI. 592); yhe that this redis (VI. 269); all men fleis the did (IX. 90), etc.

4. The imperative plural is in is (ys): departis us (VI. 543). It is more rare without the ending (XI 309; XII. 227, etc). This, however, is the rule when the imperative is followed by its pronoun: luk yhe (XII. 217).

5. The present participle ends in and. Doubling of the consonant may occur after a short vowel--e.g., wonnand (X. 160).

6. The verbal noun (so-called) ends in yng or ing. In many examples the g is dropped, as the tendency was and is in Scots, and we have a form in yn(e). Cf. fechting (XII. 119) and fechtyn (III. 241). And these may rhyme, which shows that in sound the difference was not apparent (cf. IX. 120). Sometimes the particular form depends on the MS.--e.g., VI. 520, C supposing: E supposyn. The same thing is found in proper names with a similar termination.

7. The past participle of strong verbs has ending yn or in, seldom en. Clymen in X. 648, where the correct form, clummyn, is given in 606, is either really a surviving or intruded infinitive, or has been assimilated to it.

N.B.--VII. 524, C cum: E cummyn; X. 506, C won: E wonnyn.

8. The infinitive has dropped all trace of an ending. The e which sometimes appears is silent. It is formed by prefixing to or till, in certain cases with for in addition. For one case we have a reduced infinitive with at: a-do (X. 348).

ADVERBS.

1. him allane is a strengthened form of him ane (VI. 272, 320), and is the more frequent of the two; equivalent to German “allein” and analogous in construction to the pronoun with self. In Early Scots alane is attached to the dative, in later and modern Scots to the possessive, his ane, etc.: the fuller form, from a confusion with lone, is now his lane, etc.

2. The surviving phrase, the morn (XIV. 478) occurs once for the older to-morn. Mr. Gregory Smith says that the former “begins to appear in M. Sc.” (Middle Scots, 1450-1600),[186] and MS. E indeed reads to-morn in the passage above.

3. Note the compounds with gat (a way), thusgat, swagat, etc.: in XIX. 253; C swagatis; E swagat: also howgatis, etc., preserving Genitive ending.

4. The forms on liff (XVIII. 154), on slepe (VII. 192), on stray (XIII. 195), etc., are peculiarly Northern forms for “alive,” “asleep,” etc. Cf. also on fer, on flot.

PREPOSITIONS.

1. Till = to, the former being a Northern fashion. C frequently extends to on-to, on-till, as in VI. 622, XVII. 29, etc.

2. Note the verbal preposition that I of tell, etc.

3. Be and by are common to both MSS., C more frequently the latter, probably a Southern influence. Strictly in Scots be alone denotes agency; by usually = beyond, as in by ordinar, etc.

CONJUNCTIONS.

1. The verb suppos is several times used as a conjunction.

2. the-quhethir = thohquhether = thohquether, “nevertheless,” unknown to the Southern dialects.[187]

[186] Specimens of Middle Scots, p. xxxviii.

[187] Specimens of Early English, Morris and Skeat, vol. ii.

GLOSSARY

1. Familiar words slightly disguised by spelling are not included.

2. C = Cambridge MS. of The Bruce; E = Edinburgh MS.; H = Hart’s printed edition; S = Skeat’s edition for Scottish Text Society (S.T.S.); N.E.D. = New English Dictionary; A.S. = Anglo-Saxon; A.F. = Anglo-French; O.F. = Old French; O.N. = Old Norse; N.E. = Northern English; v. = verb; p.t. = past tense; p.p. = past participle; s. = substantive.

3. i and y are completely interchangeable. In such cases as ar, air, ayr (ere), consult under first or earlier form.

4. Only the more significant or interesting references have been given, or those of single occurrence.

A, one, a single: A gatis, in one way, uniformly, IV. 702

Abaid, s., delay: v., waited = abode

Abais, v., to abash, dismay, discourage; p.p. Abaysit, dismayed

Abasing, Abaysyng, etc., s., dismay, discouragement

Abandoune, Abaundoune, give up; make subject, IV. 655, etc.; behave boldly: at abandoune, recklessly; in abandoune, loosely

Abovin, prep. and adv., above (A.S. ábúfan); also Abuf

Acquyt, v., free

Ado, to do = at do (N.E. infin.), X. 348

Afald, “one fold,” single, XX. 618

Affeir, Affer, s., bearing, pomp

Afferis, belongs to, becomes (Anglo-Fr. afferir, to belong). See Effeir

Affermit, confirmed

Affy, trust

Agane, Aganis, against

Air, Ayr, s., heir

Air, Ayr, adv., ere, formerly (A.S. ǣr). See Eir

Air, v., are, IV. 704

Alabast, alabaster

Alkyn, adj., every kind

Aller, gen. pl. of all: thar aller, of them all, I. 137. See Grammar

All-gat, Allgait, always; every way, XVIII. 451

All-weldand, “all-wielding,” omnipotent

Alsone, Alsoyn(e), as soon, very soon

Als-tit, very soon

Alsua, also

Alswith, very quickly

Ameyssyt, appeased, XVI. 134 (O.F. amesir)

Amonist, v., to admonish, exhort, VIII. 348

Amonestyng, Amonystyng, s., advice, exhortation

Amorus, adj., amorous

Amouris, s., love

Amovis, v., moves; p.p., Amovyt

Anamalyt, p.p., enamelled, XX. 305

Anciente, antiquity, VI. 252 (A.F. ancienté)

Anent, prep., near; towards; opposite to, XIX. 512

Anerly, only, merely, alone

Angyr, anger, affliction, suffering, I. 235, II. 519; also adj., Angry, difficult, unfavourable, V. 70; pained, III. 530; annoying, XVIII. 515

Anis, Anys, once: at anys, at once

A-pane, for all that, nevertheless; really a mere expletive: “at a pinch” (Skeat)

Apert, adj., open: in apert, openly, XIX. 217

Appurvait, provided

Aquynt, acquainted

Ar, Air, Ayr, adv., before, formerly (A.S. ǣr)

Ar, an oar; pl. aris

Arbytre, judgment, decision, I. 75 (O.F. arbitre or arbitrie)

Arest, s. and v., arrest, stop

Arettit, v., p.p., accused, XIX., 20 (O.F. aretter, to accuse)

Arsoune, saddle-bow, XVI. 131

Assay, v., “essay,” try, attempt, attack; also p.t., underwent, I. 448

Assege, s., siege; also v., Assegit, besieged

Assenyhe, war-cry; also, ensenyhe

Assentit, “assented,” agreed

Assignit, p.p., assigned

Assis, assize, court of law, XIX. 55

Assolyheit, v., p.t., absolved, set free

Assonyheit, p.p., excused (O.F. essoigner)

Assouerans, s., assurance

Assouerit, v., “assured,” give confidence to, encourage, VI. 225; also intrans., to have confidence in, rely upon, XI. 309

Ath, Ayth, oath

Atour, prep., over, above

Atour, s., gear, equipment (O.F. atour, ator, furniture, gear)

Aucht, v., ought; p.p., possessed, I. 45

Auchty, eighty

Aulde, old

Availyhe, Availl, to be of use

Avalyhe, in phrase IX. 147, “avail what may avail,” come what will.

Availl, v., lower

Avaward, vanguard

Avenand, handsome, graceful (O.F. avenant, well-proportioned)

Avent, v., to give air to, cool, XII. 145

Aventurous, “adventurous,” dangerous, risky

Averty, shrewd, prudent

Avisè, skilful, II. 271, prudent

Avisment, Avisement, advice, consideration

Avis, advice, opinion; sound judgment, X. 269

Awayward, in their going away, XVI. 584

Awblasteris, arbalisters, crossbow-men, XVII. 236 (E). See Oblesteris

Awmener, a purse (O.F. aumosniere, a bag for alms)

Awter, altar, II. 33, 34

Aynd, s., breath (O.N. andi)

Aynding, s., breathing

Ay-quhar, everywhere

Ayr, oar; pl. Ayris

Ayth, oath

Bacheler, Bachiller, a young knight, not displaying his own banner but following that of another

Baid. See Abaid

Baill, burning mass (A.S. bǣl, great fire)

Bailyheys, bailiffs

Bair, v., p.t., bore

Bait, Bate, a boat (A.S. bāt)

Baitit, v., p.t., baited, fed. See Bayt

Baneour, a banner-bearer

Banys, bones

Banyst, v., p.p., banished

Banrentis, bannerets, XI. 259: knights bringing vassals under their own banner. Cf. Bacheler

Bar, v., p.t., bore: bar on hand, maintained against, hence condemned, excluded, I. 62. See note

Barblyt, barbed

Barell-ferraris, vessels for carrying liquid, XV. 39. See note

Bargane, s. and v., fight, encounter

Barganyng, s., fighting, combat

Barnage, baronage (O.F. barnaige, gathering of barons)

Barnè = barnage (word of two syllables)

Barras, barriers, outwork (O.F. barres; pl. of barre, a stake)

Barrit, p.t., barred

Basnet, a helmet of conical shape (O.F. bacin, a basin, giving dimin. bacinet)

Bat(e), boat. See Bait

Bath, both

Battaillyt, Battalit, furnished with battlements

Battale, battell, a battalion, division of the army

Battel-sted, a battlefield, XV. 74

Bauld, adj., bold; also adv., Bauldly

Bayt, to feed

Bawlmyt, embalmed

Be, prep., by

Bedene, Bedeyn, straightway, quickly; in XV. 108 as an expletive, or with no particular force

Beforn, prep. and adv., before

Begouth, v., p.t. of began. See Grammar.

Begunnyn, Begonnyn, v., p.p., begun

Behaldand, v., pr. p., beholding

Behufis, v. impers., it behoves: behufit away, had to go, VI. 210

Bekand, warming, XIX. 552

Belif(f), speedily, soon

Bemys, beams

Benk, bench

Berdlass, beardless

Berfrois, a tower, modern belfry. See note X. 708

Berne, a barn

Berynes, s., burial, variant of “buriness” (A.S. byrignes, a burial)

Bet, v., beat, XIII. 158

Bet, v., p.t., improved, mended, XIX. 497 (A.S. betan, to better, repair)

Betane, pursued, p.p. (Northern) of betake, III. 159

Betaucht. See Beteche

Betraiss, to betray; p.p. Betrasyt, Betresyt

Beteche, to commit, hand over; part., betaucht

Betyd, v.; pr. sub., happen

Biggit, built and so, inhabited, XIV. 383

Bikkyr, Bykkir, to skirmish; pr. part., Bikkyrring; p.t., Bykkerit

Blenknyt, v.; p.t., blinked, glanced; variant of next form

Blenkyt, looked to the side, glanced, shone (A.S. blīcan, to shine)

Bodword, a message, XV. 423 (N.E. only)

Bodyn, p.p. (obs.), of Bid, bidden, challenged to fight; armed, VII. 103

Bollis, bushels

Boruch, pledge (A.S. borh, a pledge)

Bot, but

Boune, Bown, Bowne, prepared, ready; adj. and p.p.; v., bown, to make ready

Bow-draucht, bow-shot

Bourdand, jesting, humorous, VIII. 383 (O.F. bourder, to jest)

Boyis, fetters, X. 763 (O.F. boie, buie)

Brad, Braid, broad

Bra-syd, brae--i.e., hill-side

Brast, v., to break, “burst,” XV. 479; p.t., Brest, Brist. See Language, “r”

Bredis, v., expand, spread out, XVI. 68 (A.S. brædan, to spread)

Breid, breadth: on breid, in breadth (A.S. brædu, breadth)

Brig, Bryg, s., bridge: as v., Briggit, bridged

Brocht, broucht, brought

Browdyn, p.p., embroidered

Bruk(e), v., enjoy

Brulyheit, broiled, burned

Brym, shore; originally “the line which separates the land from the sea” (Max Müller)

Bryn, to burn. See Language, “r”

Brynstane, brimstone

Bundin, Bundyn, p.p., bound

Burchis, s. pl., burghs, towns

Burd, board: Burdys, Burdis (II. 96, V. 388), the boards of a temporary table

Burgeonys, leaves, fresh shoots, V. 10

Buschement, an ambush

Busk, to prepare oneself, get ready; past, buskit

But, prep., without: but persaving, without being seen, XVII. 92

Bynk. See Benk

Byrd, it behoved; past of reflexive verb: VI. 316

Byrkis, birches

Byrnys, “birnies,” shirts of mail

Cald, Cauld, cold

Call, to drive. See note on X. 227; labour, XIX. 174

Can, did (auxiliary). Cf. Gan

Cant, active, brisk

Car, “care” in sense of grief, regret

Cariage, Caryage, s., baggage

Carle, Carll, churl, peasant

Carpand, v., pr. p., talking

Carpi(y)ng, s., speaking, narrative

Cataill, Catell, property, III. 735, V. 275. See Fe. Chaucer has it in this sense

Cause, Cawse (two syllables), causeway, highroad (O.Nor.F. caucie = chaussée)

Certis, certainly, I. 21, XVII. 812

Chak-wachis, s., “check-watches,” inspectors of the guard

Challans, s., challenge

Challans, v., accuse, XIX. 60 (O.F. chalonger)

Chalmer, Chamur, Chamyr, Chawmer, chamber. See on Language, “m”

Chapyt, p.p., escaped

Charge, business on hand, I. 141

Chargeand, pr. p. of charge, load, XVI. 458; p.p., chargit, IV. 401, etc.

Charre (two syllables), s., a collection of chariots or waggons

Chasty, v., to chasten; check, I. 122; reprove, IX. 742, 743, 751

Cheis, Cheys, choose. See Ches

Chekys, gate-posts, X. 229

Chemyr, “Chimer,” a loose gown, specially that of a bishop, to which the lawn sleeves are attached, XVI. 580

Ches, v., to choose; p.t., Chesi(y)t; p.p., Chosyn

Chevisance, provision, III. 402 (O.F. chevir, to furnish)

Cheyff, in: directly from the Lord Paramount

Childer, s. pl., children. See Grammar

Childyne, s.--i.e., childing, travail with a child

Chos, s., choice, III. 264

Claif, Clafe, Claff, v., p.t., clove, cleft

Clap, knock, noise, X. 401

Cled, v., p.t., clad

Cleket, catch, trigger (F. cliquet, a catch), X. 401; XVII. 674

Clengit, cleared, emptied

Clergy, learning, IV. 689

Clerkis, men of learning, I. 249

Clething, clothing

Cleuch, a gorge, hollow

Clummyn, p.p. of Clym, climb

Cole (two syllables), a buffet. See note on VII. 623

Com, s., coming

Compering, s., comparison, I. 261

Compositur, arbiter, I. 883

Conabill, adj., proper, fitting, III. 290, V. 266 (O.F. covenable, suitable)

Confort, comfort

Conand. See Cunnand

Consaf, v., conceive; p.p., consavit, XX. 186

Conteyning, Contynyng = containing, s., demeanour, behaviour

Conteyn, v., demean or carry oneself; past, Contenyt

Contrar, adj., contrary; also Contrar, s., oppression, I. 461

Contraryit, v., p.t., countered, opposed

Convyn, Convyne. See Covyne

Cosynage, relationship, V. 135

Cosyne, cousin, near relative

Coupillyt, “coupled,” united

Couth, (1) could, (2) did auxiliary, III. 460, XX. 250; past of can. See Grammar (Verb)

Covatis, covetousness

Cover, v., to recover; p.t., Coverit

Coveryng, recovery, IX. 113

Covyne, s., counsel, XIII. 122; agreement, mental power, IX. 77; secret design or contrivance; condition, XIII. 219 (O.F. covine, couvine, convine, manner of being, contrivance)

Crakkis (“cracks”), explosions; gynis for crakkis, engines for explosions, guns, XVII. 250; so also crakkis of wer, XIX. 399

Croice, s., cross, III. 461

Cruk, s., a “crook,” a large hook, X. 363

Crykis, crevices, X. 602, 605 (O.F. crique)

Cuke, a cook

Culter, a coulter, IV. 113

Cummyrsum, “cumbersome,” difficult to cross

Cun, v., to know, XIX. 182 (A.S. cunnan, to know)

Cunnand, s., covenant, agreement

Cunnannes, s., cunning, III. 712

Cuntyrnans = Countynans, Contenance, face, manner, IX. 273

Cunyhe, a coign, corner

Custumabilly, customarily, XV. 236

Dang. See Dyng

Dantè, Daynte, s., pleasure, eagerness, honour, affection

Daw, of, “of day”--i.e., out of life: doyn out of dawis, killed, VI. 650

Dawing, Dawyng, s., dawning

Dawit, p.t., dawned; p.pt., Dawyn

De, v., to die; p.t., Deit

Debowalit, Debowellit, v., p.p., disembowelled. XX. 285, 570

Ded, Deid, s., death; pl., Dedis, XVII. 115: done to ded, slain

Dedeynyheit, him, v., p.t. impers., he deigned

Defawtyt, “defaulted,” put in fault, I. 182

Defoull, defile

Degyse (three syllables), feigned, XIX. 459 (F. déguisé, disguised)

Deill, s., part, bit: nocht a deill, not a bit

Delitabill, pleasant

Deli(y)ver, adj., nimble, quick; also adv., Deliverly, Delyverly

Demanyne, to waste, spoil, ill-treat; to rule, manage; to be behaved, to conduct oneself, V. 229: p.t., Demane(y)t (O.F. demener, to treat, exercise, etc.)

Dempt, doomed

Demyng, judgment, doom

Demys, judges, decides (A.S. dēman, to judge)

Den, v., to dam, XIV. 354

Depart, to part, depart, VI. 552

Der, v., dare, risk. III. 382

Deray, disorder, injury (O.F. desrai, disorder, harm)

Derenyhe, v., prove, vindicate (O.F. desraisnier, to render a reason, defend); s., single combat or duel, XIII. 324, 325

Derff, strong, daring

Deris, v., harms (A.S. derian, to harm)

Det, s., debt

Devis, v., narrate; determine, propose, plan (F. deviser, speak, decide, etc.); also noun, at all devis, in every way, IV. 264, etc.; at thair devis, to their liking, according to their plan, X. 363

Devour, duty (O.F. deveir)

Dey, v., to die; p.t., Deyt. See De

Dicht, v., dress, prepare (A.S. dihtan, to prepare); p.p., Dycht

Digne, worthy

Dik, ditch, entrenchment; as v., Dik thame, entrench themselves, XVII. 271

Disclar, v., declare, I. 75

Discrif, Discryre, v., describe; p.p., Discrivit

Discure, v., discover

Discurrouris, “discoverers,” scouts, spies

Disese, s., discomfort

Disherys, Dysherysys, v., disinherit

Dispari(y)t, v., p.p., in despair

Dispend, v., to spend

Dispending, s., what they might spend--i.e., money--VIII. 509

Dispitous, adj., spiteful, cruel; also adv., spitefully, severely, angrily

Disponis, v., disposes

Dispulyheit, p.p., despoiled

Dissaf, v., deceive

Dissat, s., deceit

Distrenyhit, compelled

Distrowbilling, s., disturbance, annoyance, V. 216

Dittit, closed up (A.S., dyttan, to close up)

Do, thrive, succeed, II. 128

Dochtrys, daughters, I. 200

Dongen, Dungin. See Dyng

Dosnyt, Doysnyt, stunned, dazed

Dour, determined, stubborn, severe

Dowtyne, s., doubting, XIV. 230

Doyne, p.p. of do, done

Dre, Drey, v., endure (A.S. drëogan, to suffer)

Dreid, s., dread, fear: but drede, doubtless, IV. 277; withouten dreid, without doubt, V. 579

Dreuch, Drewch, drew, dragged

Drif, Dryf, Dryve, v., to drive; continue, X. 699; pull, X. 255; Drafe, Drivin

Drouery, Drowry, love. See note on VIII. 492

Dule, sadness, grief (O.F. duel, dueil, sorrow, suffering)

Dulfull, “doleful,” sad

Dusche, a heavy blow

Duschit, fell heavily, XVII. 693

Dyng, v., strike; past, Dang; p.p., Dungin, Doungyn

Dynnyt, made a sound, XVI. 131

Dyspitit, v., p.t., treated spitefully, hated, IV. 596

E, Ey, s., eye. See Eyn

Effer, Effeir(e), Effere (also Affeir), s., bearing, demeanour, I. 361, V. 608, VII. 126, etc.; stature, XX. 515; equipment, belongings, XI. 196; business, X. 305 (O.F. afaire, thing, business, etc.)

Efferis. See Afferis

Effray, fear; also Effraying

Effrait, Effrayit, p.p., terrified; also adv., Effrayitly

Eft, again, VI. 378

Eftir, adv., afterwards; prep., after; also Eftirward, Efterwartis

Eftsonis, soon after

Egging, s., urging, pressing

Eild, Elde, s., age

Eir, Er(e), adv., “ere,” before

Eisfull, easy, V. 70

Ek, v., add to

Ek, adv., also (A.S. ēac)

Eld-fadir, grandfather

Eldris, Eldrys, elders, forefathers

Elys, eels, II. 577

Emang, among

Embandownyt, v., p.p., subjected. See Abandoune

Enchawfyt, v., p.p., heated, incensed

Enchesoun(e), Enchesone, occasion, reason, cause (O.F. enchaison; Lat. occasionem)

Enclynit, v., p.t., inclined

Endentur, s., indenture

Endlang, prep. and adv., along; forward, XIX. 356: endlang furth, right along forward, XVI. 548

Eneuch, enough

Enew, adj. pl., enough

Enfors, s., force, XVII. 448

Enforsaly, Enforcely, forcibly

Enforsit, “enforced,” strengthened

Engreif, Engreiff, grieve, annoy

Engynour, engineer, XVII. 434, 663

Enkrely, Encrely, especially; really, III. 529; earnestly, heartily

Enpres, Enpris, Empris, enterprise; price, value, X. 507

Ensample, Ensampill, etc., s., example

Enselyt, v., p.t., sealed

Ens(s)enyhe, war-cry (O.F. enseigne, banner, war-cry)

Entencioune, intention, X. 527

Ententif, attentive; also adv., Ententily

Entremas, or Entremess, something served between the courses of a banquet (O.F. entremès = entremets)

Enveronyt, environed, surrounded

Erar, adv., sooner, rather

Erd, earth: at erd, on the ground

Erding, Erdyng, s., burial

Erdit, v., p.p., buried

Ernystfully, earnestly, seriously, VIII. 144

Erynes, fear, II. 295

Es, Eys, ease, I. 228: male es, mail eis, disease, XX. 73, 74. See Male-ess

Escheiff, XIX. 778. See Escheve

Eschele, Eschell, a squadron, company (O.F. eschele)

Escheve, v., to achieve; past, Eschevyt; p.p., Eschevit

Eschewe, v., to eschew, avoid

Espyne, a long boat, XVII. 719 (O.N. espingr)

Et(e), v., to eat; Ete, Eyt, Etyn, VII. 169, 170

Etlyng, Etling, aim, endeavour, intention

Everilk, every

Exorcisaciones, exorcisings, IV. 750

Eym(e), uncle (A.S. ēam); Emy’s, uncle’s

Eyn(e), eyes; pl. of E, Ey

Eyth, easy, XVII. 454 (A.S. īethe)

Fa, Fay, a foe (A.S. fāh); pl., Fais, Fayis; also Famen, foemen

Failyhe, v., to fail, give way, faint, lose

Fair, s., manner, XI. 256; condition, success, XVI. 21; journey

Falding, s., falling, change

Faldyn, fallen, XI. 547. See note

Fall-brig, “fall-bridge,” drawbridge, XVII. 419

Fallow, s., fellow, companion

Fallow, v., to follow

Falset, Falsat, Falsade, falsehood

Fand, v., p.t., found

Fanding. See Faynd

Fantiss, Fayntice, faintness of heart; Fantyss, deceit, XVII. 51

Far, v., to fare, go; p.p., Farn, Faryne; s., ‘fare,’ circumstance, pomp; effort, XVII. 400; good cheer, XIX. 730; adv., fairly, becomingly

Farand, Farrand, handsome, fit, II. 514, XI. 95

Fardele, a bundle

Farlyit, v., p.t., wondered. See Ferly

Farsis, v., stuffs (F. farcir, to stuff)

Fassoun, Fassownys (pl.), fashion, way

Fast, adv., earnestly, zealously, I. 42; strongly, vigorously, XIII. 129

Faucht, Fawcht, fought

Fawt, Faute, fault

Fay, faith, fealty: at a fay, “at one faith”--i.e., subject to the same lord

Faynd, v. (Scots form of Fand, obsolete verb), try, tempt; past, Fayndit; p.p., Fayndit (A.S. fandian, to try, prove); also s., Faynding, “tempting of Providence” (Skeat), III. 268. Cf. XII. 364

Fe, Fee, cattle; property, XIII. 725 (A.S. feoh, cattle, goods); Chaucer has “catel” (cattle) in this sense of wealth; of fee, by fief, in feudal ownership, XI. 456; pl., here Feys, I. 58

Feble, v., to become feeble, II. 384

Feblis, v., to enfeeble; p.p., Feblist

Fechand, fetching, III. 428. See Language, etc.

Fecht, to fight

Fechting, Fechtyne, s., fighting

Fechting-sted, s., place of fighting

Feill, Fele, Feyll, adj., many (A.S. fele)

Feir, Fer, adj., unhurt: haill and feir, safe and sound

Feir, Fere, s., companion (A.S. gēfera, a travelling companion)

Fell, v., pertained, XVII. 176; befell, happened

Felloun(e), Feloune, “terrible,” cruel, wicked; also adv., Fellounly, etc.

Felly, adv., cruelly, severely, exceedingly; also Fellely

Felouny, s., cruelly, fierceness, harm

Fendis, fiends, IV. 224

Fens, defence, XX. 384

Fenyhe, v., to feign; also s., Fenyheyng, feigning, I. 74

Fer, adv., far: fer out the mair, very much the more, VI. 666; on fer, afar; Fer-furth, far forward, XIX. 376

Ferd, fourth

Ferd, v., p.t., fared. See Far

Ferlifull, wonderful

Ferly, s., a wonder

Ferly, adj., wonderful (A.S. fǣrlīc, “fear-like,” strange); also adv.

Ferm, adj., firm; adv., Fermly

Ferrer, Ferrest, adj., farther, farthest, XIX. 537, 530

Ferryit, farrowed

Fersly, fiercely

Fesnyng, Festnyng, s., fastening, compact, XX. 57; confinement, XV. 309

Fetrys, fetters

Fewte, fealty, service

Fey, dying, doomed, XV. 45 (Icel. feigr, doomed to die)

Feys, fiefs, I. 58

Ficht. See Fecht. Fichtyne = Fechting

Flaggatis, faggots

Flaikes, hurdles, XIX. 742*. See footnote

Flang, v., p.t., flung

Flatlyngis, flat, XII. 59

Flaw, flew; p.t. of Fle

Flawmand, “flaming,” fluttering brightly, XI. 192

Flechand, cajoling

Fletand, Fleting, floating

Fleying, s., “fleeing,” flight, XIX. 459

Fleyit, p.p., frightened, scared

Flicht, Flycht, flight

Flote, a fleet (cf. A.S. flota, a ship); on flot, afloat, XIV. 359

Flure, floor, V. 400

Fluss, pool, XIII. 20

Flyt, float, III. 420

For, prep., against, XIV. 115

Forbeft, quite beaten, XVII. 793; Beft (N.E.) means “to strike, to beat”; “For” is intensive

Forby, by

Fordid, “did for,” spoiled

Forfalt, forfeited, XIII. 499

Forfayr, go to ruin; past subj., Forfure, go wrong, fail, X. 529 (A.S. forfaran)

Forgane, “fore-gainst,” opposite to, XVI. 555

Forlorn, quite lost, X. 246

Forly, v., violate, I. 199

Formast, adv., foremost

Forouch, For(r)outh, For(r)ow, prep., “for with,” before

Forout, Forowt, without

Forouten, Foroutyn, Forowtyn, prep., without, besides (A.S. forūtan)

Forouth. See Forouch

Forow, Forrow, before

Forsicht, Forsycht, s., foresight

Forsuk, avoided, turned from, XIV. 315

Forspokyn, v., p.p., agreed upon

Forswat, v., p.p., covered with sweat, VII. 2

Forsy(e), strong

Forthi, therefore (A.S. forthī)

Forthirmar, adv., farther

Fortravalit, v., p.p., exhausted by labour

Forwounderit, v., p.p., greatly surprised, VI. 10

Foundyn, v., p.p., found

Foysoun(e), Fusioune, abundance, great number (O.F. foison, plenty)

Fra, from

Frakly, eagerly, VII. 166 (A.S. frac, bold)

Franchis, liberty, XI. 268 (O.F. franchise, freedom)

Fra-thine, from that time forward

Fray, s., fear, XV. 255

Fraying, clanking, clashing, X. 653 (O.F. freiier, to rub)

Frely, noble, III. 578. See note (A.S. frēolic, free-handed, noble)

Frer, a friar, XVIII. 300

Frest, delay (Icel. frest, delay)

Freyast, freest

Freyndsome, friendly

Froggis, frocks, X. 375

Froytis, fruits, X. 191

Frusch(e), s., rush, crash, charge; v., to crush in or break violently (O.F. fruissier, froissier, to break)

Fudyr, “fodder,” a load, specially a waggon-load, as here, X. 198 (A.S. fōther, a load)

Fule-hardyment, s., fool-hardiness, VI. 337, 340

Fundyng, benumbment with cold (O.F. emfondre).

Fundyn, Fundin, v., p.p., found, provided for

Funyheit, “foined,” fenced

Fur(e), p.t. of Fare, fared, went on his way; behaved, II. 503

Furrit, furred

Fusioune. See Foysoun

Fut-breid, s., foot’s-breadth, XI. 365

Fute, person. III. 578. See note

Fut(e)-hate, “foot-hot,” with all speed

Fyschit, v., p.p., fixed, resolved, XX. 178

Ga, go; p.p., Gane, gayn

Gabbing, s., lie, deceit (A.S. gabban, to lie, jest); p.p., Gabbit, IV. 290

Gaddering, Gaderyng, s., gathering; as v., p.t., Gad(d)eret

Gadwand, goad or whip, X. 232. (A.S. gād)

Gaf(f), Gaiff, gave

Galay, v., reel, II. 422

Gam(m)yn, game, play (A.S. gamen, sport)

Gan, v. = p.t. of ginnen, used as an auxiliary, did. Cf. Can

Gang, go; walk, in phrase gang no ryd, IV. 193; pr.p., Gangand

Garris. See Ger

Gast, ghost, XIX. 214

Gat, way: a gatis, in one way, IV. 702

Gayne-cumming, “against-coming,” attack, II. 450

Gayne-geving, “again-giving,” restoration, I. 115

Geddis, pikes (the fish) (O.N. gedda)

Ger, v., to cause; p.t., Gert

Gestis, joists, beams, XVII. 597. See note

Ghyle, guile, I. 172

Gif(f), Gyff, conj., if: bot gif, unless

Gladschip, gladness (A.S. glaedscipe)

Gle, Glew, glee; also game or business, affair in yheid the gle, I. 90, etc

Glemand, gleaming

Gliffnyt, v., p.t., looked quickly up

Glowand, glowing

Gottyn, Gottin, p.p., got

Governale, government, skill in governing

Graith, ready; also adv., Graithly, Grathly, directly, speedily (O.N. greithr, ready)

Granting, confession, XIX. 45

Granys, groans

Grathit, v., p.t. and p.p., made ready

Gravyn, v., p.p., buried, IV. 309

Gret(e), to weep (A.S. grētan); also s., Greting, weeping

Gretumly, greatly, extremely

Grevis, s., groves, V. 13

Grewit thame, v., p.t., impers., it made them shudder. See Grow

Grow, to quake with terror, to shake; p.t., Growit, Grewit

Gruching, grudging, XVI. 19; Gruchys, v., objects, II. 123

Grund, “ground,” land, XX. 325. See note

Grundyn, p.p., ground

Gude, s., property, XVII. 105; pl., Gudis

Gyit, p.p., guided; still Sc. in “guy-rope,” guiding-rope (O.F. guier, to guide)

Gyn, s., device, stratagem; Gyne, engine, XVII. 682, 691; Gynnys, pl., contrivance, some sort of net or trap, II. 576 (O.F. engin, from Lat. ingenium)

Gynour, s., engineer. See above

Gyrd, s., a sharp stroke, blow; also pr. p., Gyrdand, rushing forward, II. 417

Gyrnand, growling, speaking angrily, IV. 322; Skeat says “grinning,” of which it is a variant by metathesis of r, but also with a different shade of meaning; it is an ordinary Scots word in sense given

Gyrs, s., grass (A.S. gers)

Gyrth, sanctuary

Hachit, s., hatchet

Haill, Hale, Halle, adj., whole, sound: all haill, wholly; also = adv., Halely, Halyly, Haly

Hailsyt, Halsit, saluted, II. 153

Haldaris, s., holders

Half-deill, half-part, half, XIV. 188, 497

Hals, neck

Halsing, salutation, VII. 117

Haltand, pr. p., “halting,” lame

Haly, holy (A.S. hālig)

Hamly, adj. and adv., homely, kindly, in a friendly way

Hansell, s., a present at the commencement, V. 120

Hardis, s., “hards,” or bundles of flax-fibres

Hardnyt, v., p.t., emboldened, urged on, XII. 500

Harnas, armour (O.F. harnois, with dialectal form harnas)

Harnys, brains

Hat, v., p.t., was named; p.p., Hattyn (A.S., hātan, to be called); p.p., haten, N.E.

Hat, Hate, Het, adj., hot; also adv., Hat, hotly

Hawbrekis, hauberks

Hawbryschownys, habergeons

Hawch, s., haugh, low-land, XVI. 336

Hawtane, proud, I. 196 (O.F. haltain, high)

Haym(e), home

He, Hee, Hey, adj., high; also adv., loud (A.S. hēh)

Hecht, to promise; to be named (A.S. heht, pret. of hātan; used as present, N.E. See Hat)

Hede-soyme, the rope attaching the yoke to the waggon, X. 180

Heill, v., cover; p.t. and p.p., Helit, Helyt, covered, hid (A.S. helan, to cover)

Heirschip, harrying, wasting (A.S. hergian, to ravage with an army, here)

Helde, v., to incline; pr. p., Heldand, inclining, V. 153

Heling, s., covering

Helmys, helmets

Hely, adv., highly, loudly

Hendir, behind, past. Cf. Hendirmar, Henmast

Her, master (Skeat, reading doubtful), IX. 640

Herbery, Herbry, s., lodging (A.S. herebeorga, shelter for an army)

Herbery v. reflex, to “harbour” themselves, take lodging; p.t. Herberyd, Herbryit

Herbreouris, men sent on to secure lodgings

Herd, adj. and adv., hard

Herrodis, heraulds (O.F. heraut)

Hertit, heartened, encouraged, XVI. 662

Hevede, s., head, V. 11 (A.S. hēafod)

Heych, adj., high; s., Heycht, Hicht, a height: into the hicht, openly, V. 487

Heyt, p.p., raised “high,” exalted

Hicht, s., a promise

Hicht, v. See Hecht or Heych

Hiddillis, Hyddillis, a hiding-place (sing.), VI. 382 (A.S. hydels, a den)

Hidwys, adj., hideous; adv., Hydwisly

Hing, Hyng, to hang

Hint, Hynt, seized, took (A.S. hentan, to seize)

Ho, s., delay, XX. *429. See note

Hobland, tossing about, IV. 447

Hobleris, light horsemen--i.e., riders on unarmoured horses--(Anglo-Fr. hobeleor--our, derivative of hobin. See next)

Hobynis, light horses not strong enough to wear armour (O.F. hobin, hobi, apparently of English origin)

Holl, adj., hollow, deep, VIII. 176

Holl, adj., whole, VI. 78

How-gatis, how. See Gat

Howis, holes, XI. 153

Howis, “hoes,” picks on long poles for warlike purposes, XVII. 344 (F. houe, a hoe)

Hoyn, s., delay

Hude, a hood; pl. Hudis, XIX. 332

Hufe, remain, lie in wait; pr. p., Hufand, Huvande

Humely, Humylly, humbly

Huntand, pr. p., hunting

Husband, a small farmer

Huvande. See Hufe

Hy, s., haste; v. reflex, to hasten (A.S. higian, to hie)

Hyde, skin, III. 584. II. 511

Hye, adj., high; adv., loudly; v., to heighten

Hyne, s., a hind, lad, XII. 460

Hyrcheoune, hedgehog (O.F. heriçon, a hedgehog)

Ic, I

Ik, adv., eke; also III. 326. See Ek

Ilk, Ilka, same, each. See Grammar for distinction

Ilkan(e), Ilkone, everyone, each one

Inew, adj., enough. See Enew

Inewch, enough

Infair, a house-warming, XVI. 340

Inforcely, adv., with great force

Inforsit, v., p.t., “enforced,” strengthened, IV. 65

Ingrevand, pr. p., “engrieving,” annoying

In-myd, prep., amid

Innouth, prep., within

In-sundir, adv., asunder

Intermelle, mixed up, confusedly, XIV. 215

In-till, prep., in, into

Intwyn, asunder, VIII. 175

Isch, v., to issue; p.t., Ischyt

Iwiss, adv., certainly, truly, XVI. 154 (A.S. gewis, certain)

Jolely, handsomely, well

Joly, handsome, good; gay, high-spirited, VIII. 446 (F. joli)

Journee, a day’s work, a battle or feat of arms (Fr.)

Jowele, jewel, XVIII. 360

Juntly, close up, XVII. 689

Justing, s., jousting, XIX. 520

Karlis, “churls,” fellows (O.N. karl, a man)

Ken, v., to know, recognize, perceive; instruct, direct, show; pres., Kennys, IV. 748; p.t., Kend; p.p., Kend

Kendlyt, v., p.p., kindled

Kep, Keip, s., heed: takand na kep, taking no heed, I. 212

Kers, Carse, low land bordering a river

Kest, v., p.t., cast

Kinrik, Kynrik, kingdom

Knaf, Knave, a boy: knaiff child, a male child

Knawyng, s., knowledge

Ky, pl. of cow (A.S. cū, cȳ)

Kyndly, adj., of nature, IV. 721, etc.

Kyne, s., kind: na kyn(e), of no kind

Kynrik, kingdom, royal power

Kyrnaill, s., a battlement (O.F. crenelle)

Kyt, a wooden vessel or pail

Ladis, s., loads

Lafe, Laif(f), Layff, Lave, the rest, the remainder (A.S. lāf)

Landar (E., Lavender), Layndar, a laundress

Land-brist, surf

Lang, long. Cf. Langar

Lansit, Lansyt, bounded, dashed forward (O.F. lancier, throw forward; the O.Nor.F. form lancher has been adopted as “Launch”)

Lans, s., rush, leap, X. 414

Lap, v., p.t., leapt

Lardener, a larder. V. 410

Larg(e), liberal (O.F. large)

Larges, bounty, liberty: at his larges, to the full, VII. 378

Lasair, Lasare, Laser, Laseir, leisure

Lat, s., let, hindrance, XII. 516

Lat, v., let

Lat, Layt, adj., late

Late, s., manner, behaviour, VII. 127 (O.N. læte, manners)

Lauchand, laughing

Laute, Lawte, Leawte, loyalty, truth (O.F. leaute)

Law, Lawch, low: compar., Lawer

Lawchtane, dull coloured, dark (Gaelic lachdunn = Irish lachtna, N.E.D.), XIX. 672

Lawit, v., lowered

Layd-men, s., “load-men,” the men in charge of the pack-horses, VIII. 466

Lechis, doctors

Lechyng, s., healing

Leddir, a ladder

Lege, full, free: in lege poustè, “in health and full possession of one’s faculties” (N.E.D.), V. 165

Leif, v. and s., leave: but leif, without leave, XVII. 863

Leis, v., lose; p.t. and p.p., Lesit (A.S. lēosan, to lose)

Leit, think, consider (A.S. lǣtan)

Leit, v., let, XVII. 850. See Lat

Lele, Leile, Leyle, adj., leal, faithful; also adv., Lely, Lelely, Lelyly

Lendit. See Leynd

Lenteryne, Lent, the spring

Lenye, “lean”

Lesing. s., lying (A.S. lēasung, falsehood)

Lesit, Lessit, Lesyt, v., lost

Lest, List, imper. v., it pleases, VII. 314 (A.S. lystan, to please)

Let, Letting, s., hindrance; adv. Letless, without hindrance XVI. 568

Let, v., to hinder, allay, prevent; p.t., Letit, Lettyt

Leve, to leave, to remain

Levir, rather

Levit, Levit: war levit of, had taken their leave of, XX. 577

Leyme, flame, XI. 191 (A.S. lēoma, a ray of light)

Leynd, to remain, wait

Leysch, leash

Libbard, leopard

Licht, Lycht, light

Lichtit, v., p.t., alighted

Lift, s., sky, XVI. 692 (A.S. lyft, air)

Lik, v., to please

Lisnyt, v., p.t., listened

Losengeour, a traitor, IV. 108 (O.F., losengier, a flatterer, a traitor)

Lovit, v., p.t. and p.p., praised; and s., Loving, praise

Low, flame

Lownyt, sheltered, XV. 276; v., Lown, to become calm, to shelter (N.E. and Scots)

Lowp, v., to leap

Lows, v., to loose; p.p., Lowsyt

Lowtit, Lowtyt, bowed before or to

Luff, s. and v., love

Lufre, “livery,” gift (O.F. livrée; Anglo-Fr. liveré)

Lurdane, s., rascal (O.F. lourdin, a heavy [lourd], i.e., stupid fellow)

Lusumly, “lovesomely,” pleasantly

Lychtyt, v., p.t. and p.p., lightened

Lyknyt, v., p.p., likened, compared

Lyng, a line

Lynyng, linen, XIII. 422

Lypnyng, s., trust

Ma, v., to make; pres., Mais, Mays

Ma, May, adj., more. Comp. Ma(i)r, Ma([i.])st

Magre, s., ill-will, XVII. 60 (O.F. mal grè, ill-will); also as prep., in spite of: magre his, in spite of him; magre thairis, in spite of them

Maill-eiss, Male-ess, disease (F. mal aise)

Maistri, s., “mastery,” strength

Maistris, arts, XIX. 182

Man, v., must, VII. 137; also Mon

Manauce, Mannasyng, s., “menace,” threatening

Manausyt, Mannausit, v., p.t., menaced

Mandment, commandment

Manhede, Manheid, “manhood,” valour

Mankynd, s., manliness, IV. 530

Manrent, homage

Manteme, Ma(y)nteym, maintain

Marcheand, pr. p., “marching with,” bordering. See next

Marchis, marches, borders (A.S. mearc, a boundary)

Marras, morass

Martirdome, slaughter

Martymes, Martinmas (Nov. 11)

Mas, s., plur. maces

Mastrice, mastery, superiority; “masterly” skill, VI. 566 (O.F. maistrise)

Mastry, “mastery,” skill; force, VII. 354 (O.F. maistrie, skill)

Mate, dull, dispirited (O.F. mat, dull)

Maturite, s., deliberation XI, 583

Maucht, might

Mavite, wickedness, guile (O.F. mauvitie for malvaistié)

Mawch, kinsman, especially, as here, by marriage, XV. 274 (A.S. maeg)

Mayn(e), s., “moan,” lamentation

Mekill, much, large (A.S. micel)

Melland, v., pr. p., mixing (O.F. meller, to mix); p.p., Mellit

Melle (two syllables), a mixture, whence, a battle, etc.

Mellyng, Mellyne, s., encounter; mixture, V. 406

Menand, v., moaning (A.S. mǣnan); p.t. Menit, Menyt

Mengit, v., p.t., mixed (A.S. mengian)

Menyhe, Mengne, host, company

Menounys, “minnows,” small fish

Mensk, honour, dignity (O.N. mennska, humanity)

Menskfully, honourably

Menyng, s., lamentation

Menyng, s., remembrance, IV. 326. See Meyn

Menys, think, XII. 269 (A.S. mǣnan, to think on). See Meyn

Merdale, camp-followers, IX. 249

Merk-schot, XII. 33. See note

Mesour, Mesur, s., “measure,” moderation: our mesur, beyond measure; at all mesure, in every proportion, X. 281

Mesurabill, adj., moderate

Meyn, v., to think of, be mindful of; mention, X. 736

Meyne, v., to moan, lament, XV. 237

Misteir, Mister, trade, craft (O.F. mestier; F. métier)

Mister, Myster, need (as above); also v., Mysteir, be necessary, XVII. 215; adj., needful

Mocht, Moucht, v., might

Mody, adj. See Mude, Mudy

Mon, v., must

Mone, to remember, bear in mind (O.N. muna, to remember)

Mony, many

Monyst, admonished, XII. 379

Mot, v., may be, IV. 26

Mow, a heap of corn, IV. 117

Mowence, mutation, change, I. 134 (O.F. muance)

Mubill, “movable” property, V. 275 (F. meuble, furniture)

Mude, mood, XX. 203; courage, XIX. 622 (A.S. mōd); adj., Mudy

Murnyn(g), s., mourning

Muryt, blocked up, IV. 164 (F. mur, a wall)

Mut, make mention, XIII. 60

Mycht, s., might: at thar mychtis, as much as they could, III. 190; that all mychtis may, that is able to do all things, III. 366

Mydlike, adv., moderately, III. 71

Mydwart, s., midway, III. 682

Myrk, Merk, dark; s., Myrknes, darkness

Myschieff, misfortune, danger, loss; evil fate, XIX. 71 (O.F. meschief)

Mystrowing, suspicion; v., Mystrowit, suspected, X. 327

Myt, s., “mite,” a bit

Na, adj., no; conj., nor: na thay war, but they were, V. 372; na (ne) war, were it not

Nakit, adj., naked, bare, XIII. 459; generally, however = without armour on

Nakyn, of no kind: nakyn wis, in no wise

Namly, especially

Nanys, For the, for the nonce, X. 58

Nave, fist; pl., Nevis, Nevys

Navyn, s., shipping, III. 393

Nedlyngis, adj., necessarily

Neid-way, adv., of necessity

Neist, Neyst, nearest, next

Neuth, prep., beneath

Nevo, nephew

Newlyngis, adv., newly

Nigramansy, s., necromancy, IV. 747

Noblay, nobility

Nocht, not

Nocht-for-the, adv., nevertheless

Nouthir, conj., neither; adv., not, VI. 522

Novelreis, novelties, XIX. 394

Noy, annoy, hurt (O.F. nuire, to injure)

Noyn(e), noon

Noyus, disagreeable, XIX. 742

Nynt, ninth

Nysste, “nicety,” folly

Nychtbur, Nychtbour, s., neighbour

Nygramansour, necromancer, IV. 242

Nyt, v., p.t., denied, I. 52 (O.F. noier, neier, to deny)

Obeiss, to obey; pr. p. as adj., Obeysand

Oblesteris, “arblasteris,” crossbow-men, XVII. 236

Occisioune, slaughter, XIV. 220

Ocht, aught, III. 282

Off lyve, alive, I. 293

Of-new, anew

Oftsis, often (“oftsithes,” oft-times, A.S. sīth, a time)

Oftymis, adv., oft-times

On-ane, anon, immediately

Ony, adj., any

Oost, Ost, host, army

Otow, prep., beyond

Oucht, Owcht, adv., at all; very, XV. 428

Ouirmair, Owyr-mar, farther away

Our, prep., over

Our, Owyr, adv., too, very; over, across; also in compounds: e.g., Our-drawyn, etc.

Ourdriff, “drive over,” survive

Our-ga, “go over,” overcome

Our-hy, v., “hie or hasten over,” overtake

Ourta(k), overtake; manage, VIII. 190; cover, XI. 125; p.p. Ourtane, “done for,” condemned, XIX. 55

Ourthwort, adv., “overthwart,” beyond on each side

Ourtummyllit, “over-tumbled,” upset

Outane, Outtak, Outaken, Outakin, besides, except

Out-our, prep., across, beyond, over

Outraying, s., harm, injury, XVIII. 182

Owk, week (still an Aberdeenshire word)

Owth, prep. and adv., above, outside; beyond, XIV. 352.

Oysis, v., uses, are used; p.t. and p.p., Oysit (O.F. user, to be in the habit); Oys, s., use

Pailyhownys, Palyheonis, etc., pavilions, tents

Panch, s., paunch

Par, for (O.F. par): e.g., par cheryte, for charity

Parage, rank, lineage, I. 102, 276

Paramouris, adv., as a mistress

Paske (in comps), Pasche, Easter

Pautener, adj., low, rascally (O.F. pautonier, vagabond)

Peill, a fort with stockade and ditch. O.F. pel; Late Lat. pelum (acc.), a stake, X. 137

Peir, v., to equal, match

Pennystane, a flat stone used as a quoit, XIII. 581 (E and H, see note)

Percas, adv., by chance (O.F. per cas)

Perde = par dieu (F.), an expletive, truly, etc. See next

Perfay, “by my faith,” truly (O.F. per fei, by my faith)

Perfornyst, performed, XII. 61 (O.F. parformir)

Perquer, by heart, thoroughly (O.F. per quer (cuer), by heart)

Peth, path, pass

Petwisly, Pitwysly, piteously

Pik, s., pitch, XVII. 611

Planer, full, I. 624

Play, s., pleasure, V. 73; tricks, XIX. 364

Plenyhe, v., to complain

Plewch, plough

Pollis, pools, XII. 395, 404

Portrait, v., p.p., painted, X. 743; formed, shaped, X. 281

Pouerale, “poor-folk,” camp-followers (O.F. pouraille, poor folk)

Poustè, Powstè, power; for lege poustè, see Lege

Poynt, s., moment, opportunity; feat of arms, in poynt of weir, XVI. 492, and alone, XVI. 499; at poynt, in good condition, favourable, III. 702; in sic poynt, in such array, XII. 93; into sic point, at such a “point” or crisis, IV. 331

Pray, v., to prey; also s., with plur. Prayis

Preif, v., to prove; p.t., Previt

Presand, s., present: in or intill presand, as a present

Prek, Prik, v., prick, wound, spur; Prikand, riding

Prevate, s., “privity,” privacy, secrecy; secret design, X. 161

Pris, Prys, v., to prize, esteem, praise

Proplexite, s., perplexity

Pryme, prime (six o’clock), the first of the “canonical hours”

Pundelan, hero, warrior

Punsoune, a dagger

Punyhe, a skirmish

Pupill, people

Purchas, v., to get, procure (O.F. porchacier, pourchacier, to follow, to procure)

Purchas, s., effort; contrivance, plot, XIX. 12

Purvians, “purveyance,” provisions, IV. 397

Pusoune, s., poison

Put againe, push back, repulse

Pyne, pain, suffering, distress (A.S. pin, pining, suffering)

Queyr, choir, XX. 293

Quhar, where; also in compounds, Quharfor, Quhar-throuch, etc.

Quhedirand, whizzing or roaring. XVII. 684

Quheill, s., wheel

Quhestling, Quhistlyng, s., “whistling,” baying (of a dog), VI. 94, 87

Quhet, s., wheat, V. 398

Quheyn(e), adj., “wheen,” few; also Quhoyn; comp. Quhenar

Quhilum, “whilom,” once

Quhyne, whence, VII. 240

Quod, v., “quoth,” said, XVIII. 57

Quyntis, s., “quaint” devices or decorations on the armour or on flags, XI. 194; XIII. 183

Quytly, securely, X. 548; freely, completely

Quyrbolle, leather hardened by heating, etc., XII. 22. See note

Rad, adj., frightened, afraid

Radness, fear

Raid, v., p.t., rode

Rair, Rar, v., to roar

Rais, Rase, s., “race,” strong current

Rais, v., p.t., rose

Raith, Rath, soon

Rakit, v., p.t., moved with speed (A.S. racian)

Randoun, s., onrush, force (O.F. randon, force)

Rangale, Rangald, Rangall, rabble

Range: on range “in rank,” in “Indian file,” X. 379

Rangit, v., p.p., ranged, ranked, XI. 431

Ranyt, v., p.t., rained

Rath, adv., soon

Ratret, Retret, retreat

Raucht, v., p.t., reached, dealt. See Reik

Raw, s., row

Realtè, Reawtè, royalty, kingdom

Rebaldaill, Rybbaldaill, rabble; also Rebaldis, rogues

Rebelland, pr. p., as adj., “rebelling,” rebellious

Rebours, at, in great dislike

Reboytit, Rebutyt, repulsed; also Reboyting, s., repulse (A.F. reboter: O.F. rebouter)

Reconsalit, v., pp., reconciled

Recour, recovery, II. 543

Recryand, recreant, cowardly

Red(e), Reid, s., counsel; tane to red, come to the conclusion, taken the advice, XII. 389, XVII. 267 (A.S. rǣd, counsel)

Red(e), v., to advise

Red, v., save, IV. 132, XIX. 677

Redyit, v., p.t., got ready, IX. 171

Refe, Reve, v., to take away; p.t., Reft; p.p., Revede, reft, V. 12

Refrenyhe, v., to refrain

Regnyt, reigned, XIII. 698

Reif, s., plunder (A.S. rēaf)

Reik, v., reach, XVII. 419; p.t., Raucht

Reik, Reyk, s., smoke

Releif, s., payment on taking possession of a property, XII. 320

Releyit, p.p., provided with a fresh supply, IV. 456

Relit, Relyt, v., p.t. reeled

Rely, v., to rally; p.t., Releyt; p.p., Releit

Renconfort, v., to encourage

Rengye, Renyhe, Reynye, rein

Renk, “rink,” space, II. 365. See note

Renyit, v., p.p., denied (O.F. renier, to deny)

Renyhe, Reynye, s., rein

Repair, s., dwelling, haunt, place of meeting or retreat

Repreif, s., reproof

Reprief, v., to reprove

Rerit, v., p.t., reared

Rescours, rescue (O.F. rescos, rescousse, succour)

Reset, refuge (O.F. recet, place of refuge); also v., p.p., Resettit, received

Revede. See Reve

Rewis, streets (F. rue)

Riall, Ryoll, adj., royal; s., Rialtè, royalty, royal power

Richtwisness, righteousness, adj., Rychtwis; adv., Rychtiously

Rif, v., rive

Rik, kingdom (A.S. rīce, a kingdom, sovereignty)

Rocht, Roucht, v., p.t. See Raucht

Rod, s., road, path

Roucht, v., p.t., I should not reck or care, VII. 24 (A.S. rēcan, rōhte)

Routit, snored, V. 632

Rownand, Rowning, pr. p., whispering, XII. 360; as s., Rownyng, XII. 368

Rowt, Rout, s., a blow; also Rowt, s., a company, troop

Roydly, Ruydly, rudely, fiercely

Rude-evyn, s., Eve of the Exaltation of the Rood or Cross, XVII. 634

Rusche, to rush, drive back, overthrow, repulse; also Rus, XII. 527; p.t., Ruschit, Rouschit

Rybbaldy, s., dissipation, I. 341

Ryde, adj., severe, XII. 557

Ryg, ridge

Rymmyll, s., blow

Ryng, v., to reign. See on Language

Ryoll, adj., royal, XIII. 30

Ryot, v., in ryot to, made “riot” in, ravaged

Ryth, adv., “right,” utterly, I. 194

Sa, so

Sa yhe, say ye, VII. 258

Sad, steadfast, XII. 134. See next

Sadly, firmly, compactly, steadfastly, XIII. 374, 494, XVII. 576 (Mid. E. sad = firm, etc., as in Chaucer)

Sair, Sayr, sorely: by sair, pay for dearly, XVIII. 514

Sakless, innocent

Salit, v., p.t., sailed; pr. p., Saland

Sall, shall

Sals, sauce, III. 540

Salt, s., assault; also Sawt

Salusit, saluted, IV. 509

Sam(m)yn, adv., together

Sam(m)yn, adj., same

Sanct, s., saint; v., p.p., sainted

Sanyt. See Sayn

Sar, Sayr, sorely

Sarraly, close together; also adj. and adv., Sarray, close, closely

Sary, sorry

Saucht, v., p.p., reconciled, X. 300 (cf. A.S. saht, peace)

Sauf, Sawff, v., to save

Saufly, safely

Sauftè, Savitè, safety

Savourit, scented, XVI. 70

Sawin, v., p.p., sown, IV. 685

Sawt, s., assault: also Salt

Sayn, v., s., bless; p.t., Sanyt (O.F. seignier, to bless with the sign of the cross; Lat. signare)

Saynd, a message, V. 196 (A.S. sand, a sending)

Scaffatis, scaffolds

Scaill, s., a scattered company, men in loose order

Scale, Scaill, v., to scatter, separate; p.t. Scalit; p.p. Scalit; also Skalyt

Scarsly, scarcely

Scath, s., harm: also v., to harm

Scathfull, Scathless, harmfull, unharmed

Schar, Schair, Schare, cut, carved; p.t. of Scher

Schavalduris, vagrants, V. 205. See note

Schaw, v., show; p.t. Schew, X. 161, or Schawit

Schaw, s., thicket, grove

Schawdest, adj., super., shallowest, IX. 354

Sched, clove, divided

Schent, v., p.p., shamed

Scher, v., to shear, cut up

Schiltrum, a close-packed body of men: so in E; C has childrome (A.S. scild, a shield, truma, a troop)

Schipfar, s., a journey in a ship

Schir, s., sir

Schire, adj., bright; also adv., Schyre (A.S. scīr, bright)

Scho, pron., she

Schoir, Schore, adj., sheer, steep

Schonand, shunning, V. 201

Schop, v., prepare; more usual Schap, XVI. 573

Schore, adj., “sheer,” steep

Schoyne, “shoon,” shoes, II. 510

Schoyr, loud threats (cf. Withoutin outher bray, or bost, or schore.--King Hart)

Schup(e), “shaped,” purposed, attempted; p.t. of Schap

Schynand, v., pr. p., shining

Scowking, s., “skulking,” cowardice

Scowryt, v., p.p., scoured

Scrymmyng, s., skirmishing, XIX. 521 (O.F. escrimer, to fence)

Se, v., to see, watch over

Segis, seats (F. siege, a seat): astrological term as “mansions”

Seik, adj., sick

Seir, Ser, various, separate

Sekir, safe, sure, firm, steadfast

Sekirly, Sekyrly, certainly

Sekirnis, security, certainty

Sekkis, s., sacks

Sembland, “semblance,” show

Semble, s., assembly, body of men, II. 380

Sen, since

Send, v., p.t. of Send; p.p., Send, Sent

Sent, s., scent

Sentens, meaning, IV. 260

Senyhory, Senyhoury, sovereignty, lordship, rule

Sermonyng, s., speech, explanation, IV. 278

Sesand, v., pr. p., seizing

Sesing, s., possession, VI. 496

Setis, snares, III. 479

Seyle, s., good, I. 303 (A.S. sǣl). Cf. adj. Sely (silly) (A.S. sǣlig)

Schawis, v., shows

Shraf, v., p.t., shrived, XI. 377

Sib, related, kin

Sib-man, relative

Sic, Sik, such

Sich, v., to sigh

Sith, Syth, times, unaltered plur; also Sis, Sythis (A.S. sīth, a time). See Grammar

Skaith, scath, hurt, injury. See Scath

Skalyt. See Scalit

Skill, reason

Skunnyrrit, v., p.t., avoided in dislike

Sla, v., slay; pr. p., Slayand

Slaid, v., slid

Slak, s., a hollow

Sle, sly, crafty, skilled. Cf. Slear, Sleast; adv., Slely

Sleuch, v., p.t., slew

Sleuth, slot, track (O.N. sloth, a track)

Slew, v., p.t., struck in slew fyre (A.S. slean, to strike)

Slike, Slyk, mud, slime. For first Skeat gives “slick,” rapidly (?), VI. 78

Slop, a gap, opening; pl., Sloppis. Cf. slaps and stiles in “Tam o’ Shanter”

Smat, v., p.t., smote

Snell, biting, sharp, severe (A.S. snell, quick, sharp)

Snuk(e), a promontory, I. 188 IV 556

Socht, Soucht, v., p.t., sought

Solacious, adj., pleasant, X. 290

Somdeill, adv., somewhat, to some extent

Sop, s., a sup, a hasty meal

Sop, s., a close body of men; pl. Soppis, heaps

Southren, southern

Sowing, s., pricking, piercing, XVI. 628

Soym, trace of a cart. See Hede-soyme

Soyn(e), Sone, Soune, adv., soon

Spar, v., faster, bar; p.t., Sparit, Sperit, Spyryt, etc.

Spayn, span, grasp

Spering, Speryng, s., asking, information; also v., Sperit, inquired (A.S. spirian)

Spoulyheing, s., spoiling

Sprent, v., p.t., sprang, XII. 49

Spryngaldis, shooting-machines, XVII. 247. See note

Spulyheit, v., p.p., spoiled

Squyary, a body of “squyares” or esquires

Stablist, v., p.t., “established,” settled

Stad, “bested,” hard pressed

Staffing, s., thrusting, pushing, XVII. 785

Staff-slyngis, slings on sticks, XVII. 344. See note

Staill, a fixed position, XVII. 97

Standand, v., pr. p., standing

Stane, s., stone; pl., Stanis

Stay, adj., steep

Sted(e), Steid, “stead,” place (A.S. stede)

Steir, v., stir, IX. 382 (A.S. styrian): on steir, a-stir

Steir, Ster(e), s., a rudder (A.S. steōr, steering, rudder)

Steir, Steyr, v., to “steer,” direct, govern

Stekis, v., closes

Stekit, v., p.t., stuck, stabbed

Stemmand, steering, straight, V. 25

Stent, v., to pitch, set up; p.t., Stentit

Sterand, “stirring,” prancing, XI. 129

Stern, a star; pl., Sternis, Steris

Stert, v., to start; p.t., stert

Stertling, s., restless motion. (Cf. fische wantounly stertland.--Complaynt of Scotlande)

Stew, mist, vapour, XI. 614

Stint, v., stop, X. 716; s., Stinting, stopping

Stith, Styth, “stiff,” strong, hardy (A.S. stīth, strong); also adv., Stithly

Stoking, thrusting, XVII. 785 (F. estoquer, to thrust)

Stole, “stool,” seat

Stonay, v., to astonish, terrify, defeat; p.t. and p.p., Stonayit

Stot, drive back

Stound, s., time, while

Stour, s., conflict, battle (A.F. estur)

Stowpand, v., pr. p., stooping, VIII. 297

Straif, v., p.t., strove

Straucht, Strawcht, adj., straight; also adv.

Straucht, v., p.t., stretched out; also p.p.

Strecour, s., a young hound, VI. 487

Strekit, v., p.t., and p.p., stretched, extended: strekit weill, clearly defined, XX. 317

Strenyheit, p.p., constrained

Strikand, pr. p., “striking” leading, VI. 238; p.p. Strikin, fought

Strowit, p.p., strewn

Stroy, v., destroy

Sture, sturdy, strong (A.S. stōr, great)

Sua, Swa(y), so

Suagat, Swagat, so, in such a manner

Succudry, pride, presumption (O.F. sorcuiderie)

Sudjorne, s. and v., sojourn

Suelt, died, IV. 311 (A.S. sweltan, to die)

Suet, life-blood, life, XIII. 32

Suld, should

Sum, as suffix, altogether, in all: e.g., fiff-sum, five in all; six-sum, etc.

Sumdeill, Sumdele, adv., somewhat, to some extent

Sumkyn, adv., of some kind. Cf. Nakyn

Summer, the bearing or principal beam; same word as next, XVII. 696

Summer, a sumpter-horse, XIX. 746 (O.F. sommier)

Suppowale, support, reinforcement, XVI. iii, 139

Sur-noune, surname, XVII. 152

Suth, adj., true; s., truth

Suthfast, adj., true; s., Suthfastnes; adv., Suthley

Swa. See Sua.

Swak, a blow, V. 643

Swappit, drew quickly, threw, cast

Swar, v., p.t., swore; also Swoir

Swat, s., sweat

Swonand, swooning, XVII. 648

Swilk, Swylk, such

Swith, Swyth, quickly, soon: als swith, as quickly as possible

Swoir, v., p.t., swore; also Swar

Swome, v., to swim, III. 431

Sychand, pr. p., sighing

Sykis, streams in a muddy bottom, XI. 300. See note

Syn(e), adv., afterwards, then, next, at last

Syndir, Syndri, adj., sundry, various, separate; adv., Syndrely

Sythyn, adv., afterwards

Syttyn, v., p.p., sat

Ta, v., take; p.t., Tuk; p.p., Tan(e), Tayne; pr. p., Takand

Ta; the ta = thet a, the one (see Grammar); also the tane = thet-ane

Taill, payment by an heir on succeeding to an estate, XII. 320

Tais, v., takes

Tailyhe, agreement, XX. 134; v., Talit (E. Tailyheit), agreed upon, XIX. 188

Taknyng, Takynnyng, sign, token, evidence (A.S. tācnung, a sign)

Takyn, a token, sign, signal (A.S. tācn, a token)

Tald, v., p.t., Told

Tale, number, XI. 5 (A.S. tal, number)

Talent, s., desire: so also in Chaucer, B. 1137

Tane the, the one. See Ta

Tasit, drew back, V. 623. See note

Taskar, a thresher (A.S. therscan, to thresh)

Tastit, v., tested, tried

Taucht, v., p.t., gave

Tauld, v., p.t., told

Te, v., to tie, XV. 282

Tell, count (A.S. tellan)

Tend, tenth

Tene, Teyne, anger, vexation, II. 377: for propyr tene in his personal vexation (A.S. tēona, injury, insult)

Tent, care, heed

Ter, tar, XVII. 611

Tha(y), those. See Grammar

Thak, thatch

Than, adv., then; even, I. 217

Thar, impers. v., it needs, it is necessary, VIII. 257, XII. 300; p.t., Thurt

Thar, adv., there; and in compounds, Thareftir, Thar-fra, therefrom; Thartill, thereto; Thar-throuch, thereby

Tharup, “up there”

The-quhethir, however, and yet, nevertheless. See Grammar (Conj).

Thine, thence; fra thine, from thence, V. 190; Thine-furth, thenceforth, XVII. 722

Thir, these. See Grammar (Pron.)

Thocht, conj., though

Thole, Thoill, v., to suffer, endure; p.t., Tholyt; p.p., Tholit (A.S. tholian, to suffer)

Thouch(t), though

Thowlesnes, heedlessness, I. 333

Thra, eager (O.N. thrār, stubborn)

Thrang, s. “throng,” crowd, press; difficulty, distress, X. 117, XV. 353

Thraw, a little time (A.S. thrāg, a space of time)

Thrawing, s., throwing

Threllis, “thralls,” slaves; also Thryll; Threldome, s., thraldom

Thretty, thirty

Thrillag(e), Thryllage, thraldom; also Thrildome, Thryldome

Thrillit, pierced (A.S. thirlian, to pierce)

Thring, Thryng, v., to throng; pr. p., Thringand (A.S. thringan, to press, crowd)

Thristill, a throstle, thrush

Thristing, s., thrusting, XIII. 156

Throppill, the windpipe, the throat

Throuch, Throw; prep., through

Throwand, pr. p., writhing, XV. 230

Thurt. See Thar

Thyrland, piercing, making holes in, II. 540; pr. p. of Thrillit

Tid, Tyd, time (A.S. tīd)

Till, prep., to

Till-hewyn, p.p., scarred, cut in different directions, XX. 367; p.t., Till-hewyt, clove, cut down, II. 381

Tit, Tyt, adv., soon, quickly; comp. Titar, Tyttar

Tit, Tyt, v., snatch, pull, V. 603, XVI. 132

Tithand, Tithing, s., tidings, news

To-fruschyt, v., p.p., crushed, broken in pieces (A.S. to, in two; O.F. froissier, to break)

To-ga, fled

To-morn, to-morrow

Top-castellis, top-castles or fighting-tops of a war-ship

To-stonay, to astound thoroughly. (“To” is intensive = Ger. Zu)

Tothir in the tothir, second. See Grammar

Tournys, v., turns

To-waverand, wandering in different directions

Towme, a tomb

Toym, Tume, leisure, V. 642 (Icel. tōm, emptiness, leisure). See note

Trammys, war-engines, structures of wood, XVII. 245

Trane, Traine, Trayn, stratagem, plot

Tranonting, Tranontyne s., stratagem, specially, apparently, a forced march, VII. 508, 608; v., Tranontit, XVIII. 360

Trappit, furnished with trappings, armoured (of horses)

Trast, Traist, adj., trusty; secure, XIV. 466; comp., Trastar; v., Trast, Trastit; adv., Trastly, Traistly, trustfully, securely, confidently; comp. Trastlyar; also Trast, subs., appointment, XVII. 36

Travaill, v., to travel, work hard, pr. p.; also Travale, trouble, interfere with, VI. 602

Travaill, Travell, s., a difficult journey, IV. 48; labour, hardship; pl., Travalys: also Travailyhe

Travaland, toiling, travelling; p.t., Travalit, troubled, harassed, etc.

Tray, s., vexation, XVIII. 233 (A.S. trega)

Trayne, v., draw, entice, XIX. 354

Tretis, s., a treaty; proposes to treat, X. 125

Treuth, s., troth, trust; gaf treuth, believed, IV. 223

Trew, v., trust, believe

Trewis, Trowis, s., truce; also as plur., XIX. 200, 203

Treyn, adj., wooden

Trist, “tryst,” place of meeting; set trist, appointed, VII. 235

Tropellis, troops, small bodies (O.F. tropel, dimin. of trope = troupeau, a troop)

Trow, v., believe; Trowit, Trowit

Trumpe, to sound the trumpet; pr. p., Trumpand; p.t., Trumpit, XIX. 429. See note

Trumpe, v., to sound on a trumpet; pr. p., Trumpand

Trumpit, p.p., deceived, XIX. 712 (?) (F. tromper, to deceive)

Trunsioune, a truncheon, staff of office

Trymbill, v., to tremble, II. 295; pr. subj., Trymmyll, XII. 268

Tulyheit, v., p.t., harassed, IV. 152

Tume, leisure, XVII. 735. See Toym.

Tummyll, v., tumble: p.t., Tumlit, pulled down

Turs, v., truss, pack up (O.F. torser); Tursit, Tursit

Tutlyng, tooting on a horn, XIX. 604

Twa(y), two

Twist, a twig, a small branch, VII. 188

Twyn, adj., twain, IV. 691

Tyd, v., to betide, happen

Tymbrys, crests (F. timbre)

Tyne, v., to lose; p.t., Tynt (Icel. tyna, to lose)

Tynsale, loss, harm

Tysday, Tuesday

Tyt. See Tit

Umbecast, v., to consider, think over

Umbeset, v., beset

Umbestount, adv., sometimes, VII. 398 (A.S. ymbe, about; stund, a time)

Umbethink, Umbethoucht, bethink, bethought

Umquhill, sometimes (A.S. hwīl, a time)

Unabasitly, boldly

Unbondyn, v., p.p., unbound

Under-ta(k), v., undertake; p.p., Undertane

Unfair, Unfayr, unfortunate, evil

Unseill, s., misfortune (A.S. unsǣl)

Unwittandly, unwisely

Unwemmyt. See Wem

Upcom, s., way up; also Upgang

Ure, s., fate, luck, “especially ‘good luck’” (Skeat) (O.F. _eur. Cf._ bonheur)

Utelauys, outlaws

Utouth, outside, II. 299

Valayis, s., valleys; pl., of Valè

Vanys, veins

Vaslage, Vassalage, prowess, valour (such as was expected from a vassal)

Vath, s., danger (O.N. vāthi)

Vaward, vanguard

Vencus, Vencust, v., vanquish, vanquished

Vere, spring

Verty. See Averty

Veschall, “vessels”; i.e., plate, XI. 117 (F. vaisselle)

Viage, s., voyage

Vittelleris, Vittelouris, s., “victualers,” foragers

Volageous, “flighty,” dashing, unsettled, VIII. 445, X. 553

Vyre, a bolt for a crossbow

Vyre, cast, XVII. 704 (O.F. virer)

Wa, Way, s., woe; adj., sad, sorry

Wach, Wauch, v., watch, guard

Wafand, waving

Wageouris, s., “waged soldiers,” mercenaries, XI. 48

Waik, weak. Cf. Waykar

Wald, s., wold

Wald, v., would

Walk, v., to wake, watch; p.t., Walknyt. See Language, “l”

Walkyn, v., to awake. See Language, “l”

Wallyt, p.p., walled

Walopyt, galloped, II. 440

Wan(e), v., p.t. of won

Wane, Wayne, quantity, XVI. 454

Wapnys, s., weapons

Wappyt, v., p.t., struck, knocked, XVII. 691

War, s., ware, merchandise, XIX. 194

War, adj., aware; wary, X. 333

War, adv., worse, XIII. 219

War, v., were

Warisoune, Warysoun, s., reward

Warn, v., to refuse, IV. 392; p.t., Warnyt, opposed; warned (A.S. wyrnan, to refuse)

Warnist, v., p.t. and p.p., stored, provided with; s., Warnasyng, Warnysyng (O.F. warnir; F. garnier, to provide)

Warnisoun, garrison

Warpyt, v., threw (A.S. weorpan, to throw)

Warrand, Warand(e), s., refuge, place of safety, protection; v., Warand, to protect

Warrar, adj., comp. more aware, V. 546

Warra(y), v., to war against; pr. p., Warrayand, warring upon, making war

Warraying, s., “warring,” warfare

Waryit, cursed (A.S. wergian, to curse)

Wassand, weasand, throat, VII. 584

Wat, adj., wet

Watyt, v. p.t, “waited,” lay in wait for, I. 202

Wat(e), v., wot, know

Wauch. See Wach

Waverand, v., pr. p., wandering about

Wayn, Weyn, “weening,” thought, purpose

Wayndist, gave way, swerved, recoiled (O.F. wandir, gandir, to turn aside, escape)

We, “wee,” a small space or short time

Wecht, s., weight

Weddir, “wether,” sheep

Weid, dress; armour, XVI. 580; pl. Wedis (A.S. wæd, clothing)

Weill, Weile, Wele, Weyle, adv., well very

Weir, s., war

Weir, s., doubt; but weir, without doubt

Weld, v., “wield”; pr. p., Weldand, ruling, guiding

Weltir, v., upset, XI. 25; pr. p., Weltrand, rolling. III. 719; p.t., Weltryt, rolled

Wem, stain, scar (A.S. wam); v., p.p., Wemmyt, scarred, XX. 368

Wend, v., to go; p.t., Went

Wend, v., “weened,” thought, expected; p.t., Wenit

Wene, Weyne, s., supposition; but we(y)ne, without doubt (A.S. wen)

Wenyng, “weening,” supposing, foretelling, IV. 765

Wer, adj., worse; also War

Wer(e), v., to defend, XVI. 594

Wer, Weyr, s., doubt: but wer, without doubt. See Weir

Werd, We(i)rdis, fate, destiny, and pl.

Wicht, adj., strong, brave, active

Wikkid, adj., poor, cruel; s., Wikkidness, timidity, weakness, XII. 280; Wikidly, severely, XVII. 809

Will, adj., wild, astray, VII. 2 (see note): will of red--of wane, at a loss

Wis, adj., “wise,” way (A.S. wīs)

Wissill, mutually destroy, XII. 580

With, Wyth, prep., against, I. 520; by, I. 521

Withsay, v., gainsay, oppose, I. 210

With-thi, conj., on condition that

Wittely, adv., wisely

Wittering, Witting, s., knowledge, information

Witterly, Wittirly, for certain

Witty, adj., wise, prudent

Wlispyt, v., lisped (Old Low Germ. wlispen)

Wod, Woud, s., wood

Wone, v., p.p., wont, accustomed

Wonnand, v., pr. p., dwelling; p.t., Wounyt (A.S. wunian, to dwell)

Wonnyn, v., p.p., won

Wonnyng, s., dwelling

Worschip, s., valour

Worth (Worthis), Worthit, v., becomes, became; p.p., Worthyn: hym worthit neid, it became necessary for him, XIX. 209; wo worth, woe be to, I. 515

Worthyhede, honour

Woude, “wud,” mad, XVII. 106 (A.S. wōd); also Wood, XX. 483

Woude, v., p.t., waded (A.S. wadan, wod)

Wouk, v., p.t., kept watch (A.S. wacan, woc, to watch, watched)

Woux, Wox(e), v., p.t., waxed, grew

Wrate, Wrat, Wrayt, v., wrote

Wre(y)th, Wreythyt, v., became enraged, enraged; p.p., Wrethit, XVII. 45

Wrichtis, wrights, workmen

Wrocht, Wroucht, v., p.t., wrought

Wyndland, pr. p., rolling, tumbling over one another, XVII. 721. “Windle-straws” in Scots = dog’s grass

Wysk, s., whisk, a quick blow.

Y, Yh. See also under I.

Yare(e), Yha(i)r, adj., ready; also adv.

Yheld, Yhald, Yholdyn, v., yield, yielded

Yharn(e), Yharnit, v., yearn, yearned for

Yharne, adv., diligently

Yheid, Yhed, Yhude, v., went (A.S. ēode)

Yheit, Yheyt, yet

Yhemar, a keeper, groom

Yhemsall, Yhemsell, Yheymseill, s., care (Icel. geimsla, guardianship)

Yheyme, Yhemyt, v., guard, take care of (A.S. gȳman, to watch over)

Yhet, Yhate, s., gate (A.S. geat)

Yhoill-evyn, “Yule-even,” Christmas Eve

Yhon(e), adj., yon; adv., Yhongat, in that way, in such a way

Yhouthheid, s., youth

Yneuch, adj. as indef. pron., enough, XIV. 235, 364

Ynkirly Ynkurly, adv., specially, particularly. See Enkrely

Ysche, v. See Isch

Ysching, s., “issuing,” sally

Ysche, s., “issue,” way out; sally; outlet, XIV. 354

Yscheill. See Eschele

Ythand, adj., diligent, constant, tenacious, also adv., Ythandly

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THE END

BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD

Transcriber's Note

Page headers have been reformatted as sidenotes.

A half-title page has been removed from the front of the book.

The following apparent errors have been corrected:

p. xvi (note) "xv-xxv" changed to "xv-xxv."

p. 5 "rewate." changed to "rewate.'"

p. 46 The footnote marker 399 was printed as 99.

p. 90 (note) "Is from C." changed to "Is from C."

p. 105 The footnote marker 325 was printed as 25.

p. 115 " Of me" changed to ""Of me"

p. 119 "forrow us. quhill" changed to "forrow us, quhill"

p. 122 ""Sa yhe suthly?"" changed to "'Sa yhe suthly?'"

p. 122 "Yhour men" changed to "'Yhour men"

p. 145 "c uth ta" changed to "couth ta"

p. 145 "E Jedworthis" changed to "Jedworthis"

p. 168 "'Yheit may" changed to ""Yheit may"

p. 179 "chere,'" changed to "chere,""

p. 187 "dnrst nocht" changed to "durst nocht"

p. 194 (note) "93. E has" changed to "94. E has"

p. 209 "agane," changed to "agane,'"

p. 210 (note) "H. a gray" changed to "H a gray"

p. 217 (note) "E. That" changed to "E That"

p. 220 (note) "Cf." changed to "Cf."

p. 235 ""His brydill" changed to "His brydill"

p. 239 (note) "464" changed to "463"

p. 261 "And', in" changed to "And, in"

p. 261 "o! Lumbardy" changed to "of Lumbardy"

p. 263 The letter "n" in "And schot" was inverted

p. 280 The letter "n" in "and yhumanry" was inverted

p. 321 "SEPT., 1319." changed to "SEPT., 1319"

p. 324 "Me think" changed to ""Me think"

p. 326 "ilkane "" changed to "ilkane.""

p. 333 (note) "H. few" changed to "H few"

p. 335 (note) "(S." changed to "(S)."

p. 344 (note) "eirded" changed to "eirded."

p. 345 "hailll" changed to "haill"

p. 347 "Attack by the English Archers." changed to "Attack by the English Archers"

p. 351 (note) "Cf." changed to "Cf."

p. 353 (note) "H as E" changed to "H as E."

p. 355 "battale." changed to "battale.'"

p. 370 (note) "weere." changed to "weere.""

p. 370 "fall.'" changed to "fall."

p. 372 (note) "els die"" changed to "els die.""

p. 387 "Introd., ii" changed to "Introd., ii."

p. 387 "F.I.C." changed to "F.i.c."

p. 390 "Bk. XIII." changed to "Bk. XIII."

p. 395 "Holshausen" changed to "Holthausen"

p. 395 The notes to lines 479 and 482 were printed out of order

p. 396 "dat" changed to "dat."

p. 398 "Alexander. III." changed to "Alexander III."

pp. 399, 400 "Appendix F, III" changed to "Appendix F, iii"

p. 400 "see Appendix" changed to "see Appendix"

p. 402 "(Bain., ii." changed to "(Bain, ii."

p. 403 "359); Cristina" changed to "(359); Cristina"

p. 412 "589 his baneour." changed to "588 _his baneour.</i?"

p. 417 "116 And als frendis." changed to "117 And als frendis."

p. 420 "the left" changed to "be left"

p. 421 "Bk. II. 463" changed to "Bk. II. 463"

p. 422 "at St. Andrew s" changed to "at St. Andrews "

p. 423 "154 Wilyhame Bunnok." changed to "153 Wilyhame Bunnok."

p. 424 "Bk. ix." changed to "(Bk. ix."

p. 425 "(No. 358)." changed to "(No. 358),"

p. 426 "710 Lap fra a berfrois." changed to "708 Lap fra a berfrois."

p. 427 "8-9)" changed to "8-9"

p. 431 "Scotchronicon" changed to "Scotichronicon"

p. 434 "Bk. XII." "Bk. XII."

p. 434 "547 war past." changed to "548 war past."

p. 437 "300 enveronyt." changed to "302 enveronyt."

p. 439 "themelves" changed to "themselves"

p. 446 "471 Wilyhame Vepownt." changed to "472 Wilyhame Vepownt."

p. 447 "489-90." changed to "489-90"

p. 447 "143.)" changed to "143.)."

p. 448 "735 our-raid all Northumbirland." changed to "736 our-raid all Northumbirland."

p. 449 "in Ireland" changed to "in Ireland""

p. 449 "Maii" changed to "Maii."

p. 454 "af the Lacys" changed to "of the Lacys"

p. 455 "55 Quha mast" changed to "56 Quha mast"

p. 457 "schiltrome,"" changed to ""schiltrome,""

p. 459 "Bk. xiv." changed to "Bk. xiv."

p. 459 "and note)" changed to "and note)."

p. 460 "Bk. XI." changed to "Bk. XI."

p. 461 "205 note)" changed to "(205 note)"

p. 461 "in Barbour.”" changed to "in Barbour."

p. 462 "577 Willyhame Syncler." changed to "575 Willyhame Syncler."

p. 466 "p. lxxxii" changed to "p. lxxxii."

p. 468 "500 he wald nocht sa soyne assale." changed to "501 he wald nocht sa soyne assale."

p. 470 "in Morte Arthure" changed to "in Morte Arthure"

p. 472 "declares thut" changed to "declares that"

p. 472 "whch had" changed to "which had"

p. 476 "ibid.)" changed to "ibid.)."

p. 478 "liv" changed to "liv."

p. 481 "249 In England." changed to "248 In England."

p. 481 "Skene, i." changed to "Skene, i."

p. 481 "Fordun, Gesta Annalia" changed to "Fordun, Gesta Annalia"

p. 483 "lxviii" changed to "lxviii."

p. 483 "(? l’aigle)" changed to "(? l’aigle)”"

p. 484 "Murimuth, p. 53" changed to "Murimuth, p. 53"

p. 484 "Knighton, i." changed to "Knighton, i."

p. 484 "i. 445" changed to "i. 445)"

p. 485 "Every day" changed to ""Every day"

p. 485 "Scala apparently" changed to "Scala. apparently"

p. 485 "519-20 ilk day justyng of Wer." changed to "520-1 ilk day justyng of Wer."

p. 488 "everything'" changed to "everything""

p. 489 "129 Maid hym manrent and fewte." changed to "*129 Maid hym manrent and fewte."

p. 489 "130 Till Cardross went." changed to "151 Till Cardross went."

p. 493 "421-32 Bot ere they joyned, etc." changed to "*421-32 Bot ere they joyned, etc."

p. 493 "Appendix D" changed to "Appendix D"

p. 493 "p. 484)" changed to "p. 484"

p. 506 "printer's"" changed to "printer's.""

p. 509 "versions." changed to "versions.""

p. 514 "(4) note)" changed to "(4) (note)"

p. 516 "(XI. 638" changed to "(XI. 638)"

p. 519 "s = substantive" changed to "s. = substantive"

p. 520 "XIX. 512." changed to "XIX. 512"

p. 520 "accused XIX.," changed to "accused, XIX.,"

p. 521 "Banyst, v." changed to "Banyst, v.,"

p. 521 " p.t. barred" changed to " p.t., barred"

p. 522 "a pledge" changed to "a pledge)"

p. 523 "IX. IX. 77" changed to "IX. 77"

p. 525 "V 70" changed to "V. 70"

p. 525 "Eldrys elders" changed to "Eldrys, elders"

p. 526 "Feble, b." changed to "Feble, v."

p. 529 "contrivance some" changed to "contrivance some"

p. 529 "called" changed to "called)"

p. 533 "See Neyn" changed to "See Meyn"

p. 533 "adj, no" changed to "adj., no"

p. 534 ""over-tumbled,'" changed to ""over-tumbled,""

p. 535 "v. to prey" changed to "v., to prey"

p. 537 "c.f" changed to "cf."

p. 541 The entry for "Trunsioune" was printed out of alphabetical order

p. 545 "ii. iii., iv." changed to "ii., iii., iv."

p. 546 "I, II., III." changed to "I., II., III."

Inconsistent spellings throughout the book, and inconsistent punctuation in the LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS IN REFERENCES have been left as printed. There are numerous discrepancies in spelling between the text and the endnotes.

The following possible errors have not been changed:

p. 149 Than, wit yhe weill his, men wes wa!

p. 194 of fechtaris with hym thar.

p. 271 the note to line 338 may refer to line *338

p. 345 all Cokdaill.

p. 360 sic perplexite.

p. 395 auserlessene busse.

p. 432 analagous

p. 452 "Scottish enemies”" has no opening quotation mark

p. 457 (see Bk. 128)

p. 485 "(À faire" has no closing bracket

p. 541 There are two entries for "Trumpe"