The Book of the Pearl The history, art, science, and industry of the queen of gems (part 4 of 4)

The Book of the Pearl The history, art, science, and industry of the queen of gems (part 4 of 4)

Great Mogul’s Pearls:

Peacock Throne Pearl 200 grains

Two pear-shaped, one about 70 ratis 186.2 grains

Olive-shaped pearl (estimated) 125 grains

One button-shaped, 55–60 ratis 146.3–159.6 grains

One round pearl, 56 ratis (gift of the Shah Abbas II) 148.9 grains

Round pearl (estimated)[526] 110 grains

Three yellowish pearls, 25–28 ratis 66.5–74.5 grains

One perfectly round pearl, 35½ ratis 94½ grains

Two perfectly shaped and equal, each 25¼ ratis 67.1 grains

La Reine des Perles 109¼ grains

Pearls of Maria Theresa’s Necklace (three) 92–100 grains

La Régente (now owned by Princess Yousoupoff) 337 grains

La Pellegrina 111½ grains

The Ynaffit, pear-shaped 143⅛ grains

Hope Pearl, drop-shaped baroque 1800 grains

Also in the Hope Collection:

Conical pearl 151 grains

Bouton pearl 124 grains

Oval pearl 94 grains

Roughly spherical pearl 89 grains

Acorn-shaped pearl 85 grains

Oval conch pearl 82¼ grains

Button-shaped conch pearl 77½ grains

Drop-shaped pearl 76½ grains

Pear-shaped Scotch pearl 34¾ grains

Van Buren Pearls:

Two, each about 30 grains

Also necklace 148 pearls 700 grains

Tiffany Queen Pearl, American 93 grains

Black bouton earring-pearl 88 grains

White bouton earring-pearl 93 grains

Bapst Pearls, two 113¼ and 113¾ grains

Round pearl of Paris Exposition of 1889 70 grains

Mme. Nordica’s Pearl (abalone) 175 grains

Great Bahama Conch Pearl 138¼ grains

The Queen Conch Pearl 90 grains

W. H. Moore’s Pearl (Arkansas pearl, brown) 122½ grains

Shark’s Bay Pearl, golden yellow 30½ grains

Rudolph II Crown Pearl, 26 carats 104 grains

Carlotta’s Pearl, pear-shaped 84 grains

Marquis of Anglesey’s Pearl, drop-shaped 105½ grains

Black pear-shaped pearl (Lower California) 49 grains

XVII

THE ABORIGINAL USE OF PEARLS, AND THEIR DISCOVERY IN MOUNDS AND GRAVES

XVII THE ABORIGINAL USE OF PEARLS, AND THEIR DISCOVERY IN MOUNDS AND GRAVES

The use of pearls by the aborigines of the territory now comprised in the United States is proven by their appearance in the mounds and certain graves of pre-Columbian date. This is of great interest in view of the unique system of burial and the great variety of objects buried with the pearls. It is evident from the quantities discovered in some of the mounds that a very great number of pearls, many of large size, must have been owned by these aborigines, and they were evidently quite expert in the art of drilling them. Pearls must have been freely used for ornamental purposes, and it is clear that many rivers in this region must have produced them in great numbers, when we consider that in all probability the mussels were taken only as they were required for food or for bait in fishing, and had probably reached their full growth.

It is not unlikely that pearls were used on this continent for a long period, and they may have been in use centuries before any employment was made of them in Europe. In the age of the mound-builders there were as many pearls in the possession of a single tribe of Indians as existed in any European court. We have no means of ascertaining the precise date of any of these burials, and there are no historical records relating to this region, such as were kept in Mexico as well as in Europe and Asia. No trace has been found of the employment of pearls, either for decoration or ornament, by the aborigines of Europe or Asia; either they did not use them or else the pearls have entirely passed away in the course of twenty or more centuries. We do know, however, that neither pearls nor Unio shells were used by any of the lake-dwellers of Switzerland or the adjacent countries.

Many eminent archæologists have investigated the finding and history of the pearls of the mound-builders of Ohio and Alabama, especially Squier and Davis, F. W. Putnam, Warren K. Moorehead, C. C. Jones, W. C. Mills, and Clarence B. Moore. The discoveries made up to 1890 were fully treated by one of the writers in several pamphlets (one of them, “Gems and Precious Stones of North America”).

It is not unlikely that the Indians of the Atlantic coast may have known of pearls from the common clam as well as from the edible oyster. The former may have often contained pearls weighing from fifty to one hundred grains each, as at that period the mollusks were permitted to attain their full growth, and perhaps were not eaten except when they were as small as little-neck clams; the larger ones were sought for the purple spot which held the muscle, and was used for wampum. We have no record of the finding of pearls in any graves north of Virginia, as the many graves opened in the past century have failed to reveal them, nor has the use of pearls been mentioned by any of the early writers. They may have been worn, but if so they have passed away or may have been mistaken for ashes if they had decrepitated.

The first English settlers found the Indians of the tidewater region of what now constitutes the Middle States using pearls quite freely and esteeming them among their favorite treasures and ornaments. Captain John Smith, and all the early chroniclers of the Virginia colony, have given many accounts of this aboriginal use of pearls.

In view of the general interest awakened by the tercentenary of the founding of Jamestown, and the exposition in commemoration thereof, the “American Anthropologist” devoted its first number for 1907 principally to topics relating to the Virginia Indians.[527] Among these articles is one of much interest by Mr. Charles C. Willoughby, of the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, Massachusetts, dealing with the tribes occupying tidewater Virginia at the time of the first colonization, their habits and customs, their distribution, and their subsequent history of diminution and almost of extinction. These were a branch of the Algonquian stock, and extended as far south as the Neuse River in North Carolina. To the south and west they were hemmed in by tribes of Iroquoian and Siouan race, and on the north they were separated from other hostile Indians by the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay. The powerful confederacy under Powhatan comprised some thirty tribes or “provinces,” covering most of the tidewater region of Virginia proper. To the greater chiefs, John Smith states that tribute was paid, consisting of “skinnes, beads, copper, pearle, deere, turkies, wild beasts and corne.”[528] Many other references in this article confirm and illustrate this general statement, especially regarding pearls, both as to their use by the living and their deposit with the remains of the dead.

In the account given of the native clothing, the outer mantles are described, made usually of deerskin with the hair removed, and bordered with a fringe. These were often “couloured with some pretty work, ... beasts, fowle, tortayses, or such like imagery,”[529] or adorned with shells, white beads, copper ornaments, pearls, or the teeth of animals.[530] Strachey describes a wonderful cloak made of feather-work, belonging to an Indian princess, the wife of a deposed chief, Pipisco; with it she wore “pendants of great but imperfect couloured and worse drilled pearles, which she put into her eares,” besides a long necklace made of copper links.[531]

With regard to such ornaments, Mr. Willoughby says (p. 71) that “the ears of both sexes were pierced with great holes, the women commonly having three in each ear, in which were hung strings of bones, shell, and copper beads, copper pendants, and other ornaments. Captain Amidas met the wife of a chief who wore in her ears strings of pearl beads as large as ‘great pease’ which hung down to her middle.[532] The husband of this woman wore five or six copper pendants in each ear. It was a common custom for the men to wear a claw of a hawk, eagle, turkey, or bear, or even a live snake as an ear ornament.”

“Bracelets and neck ornaments of various kinds of beads were common. Beads of copper seem to have been most highly valued in the early colonial period. These were made of ‘shreeds of copper, beaten thinne and bright, and wound up hollowe,’ and were sometimes strung alternately with pearls which were occasionally stained to render them more attractive.[533] Beads of polished bone or shell were strung into necklaces either alone or with perforated pearls or copper beads. Some of these chains were long enough to pass several times around the neck. Necklaces of such construction as to be easily identified were worn by messengers as a proof of good faith. Powhatan gave Sir Thomas Dale a pearl necklace, and requested that any messenger sent by Dale to him should wear it as a guaranty that the message was authentic.”[534]

“Pearls of various shapes and sizes were comparatively common, but symmetrical pearls of uniform size were more rare. Strachey writes of having seen ‘manie chaynes and braceletts (of pearls) worne by the people, and wee have found plentie of them in the sepulchers of their kings, though discoloured by burning the oysters in the fier, and deformed by grosse boring.’ One of Hariot’s companions obtained from the Indians about five thousand pearls, from which a sufficient number of good quality and of uniform size were obtained to make a ‘fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and uniformitie in roundnesse, orientness and pidenesse of many excellent colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayre and rare.’[535]

“Those who have examined the thousands of pearls from the Ohio mounds, to be mentioned later, can readily understand these conditions. The pearl beads from the mounds vary in diameter from about an eighth of an inch to nearly an inch, the great majority being small and irregular, although there are many among them of good form and value. It is probable that most of the Virginia pearls were obtained from the fresh-water mussel (Unio)”; not unlikely from the common marine clam (Venus mercenaria), or the common oyster (Ostrea virginica).

As regards the burial of pearls with the dead and their use in religious rites, curious and quite full accounts are given by Strachey, Smith, Hariot, and Beverley.[536] There was a “temple,” also occupied as a residence by one or more priests, in the territory of every chief. This building was usually some eighteen or twenty feet wide, and varied in length from thirty to one hundred feet, with an entrance at the eastern end, and the western portion partitioned off with mats to form a sort of sanctuary or “chancel.” Within this were kept the dried bodies of deceased chiefs, and an image of the god, called Okee, made in the shape of a man, “all black, dressed with chaynes of perle.” Full descriptions of these idols and their manufacture are given by Hariot and Beverley, also of the process of preserving the remains of the chiefs.[537] After the body had been disemboweled, the skin was laid back and the flesh was cut away from the bones. When this operation was completed, the skeleton, held together by its ligaments, was again inclosed in the skin, and stuffed with white sand, or with “pearle, copper, beads, and such trash sowed in a skynne.”[538] It was then dressed in fine skins and adorned with all sorts of valuables, including strings of pearls and beads. The same kinds of treasures were also deposited in a basket at the feet of the mummy.

Captain Smith describes the temple of Powhatan, at Uttamussack, which was in charge of seven priests, and was held in great awe by “the salvages.” At a place called Orapaks, was also his treasure-house, fifty or sixty yards long, frequented only by priests, where he kept a great amount of skins, beads, pearls, and copper, stored up against the time of his death and burial. A vivid account is given of the four grotesque images that stood guard at the corners of this building, all made “evill favouredly according to their best workmanship.”[539]

The use of pearls as ornaments, and their deposit with the remains of chiefs and persons of distinction, have already been described as familiar among the Indian tribes of tidewater Virginia, in the notes above cited from early explorers and colonists. It is a curious circumstance, however, that this habit does not appear to have extended in that part of the country much beyond the dominions of Powhatan, as no pearls have been noted in the Indian graves in Maryland. This statement, in reply to a letter of special inquiry, is made by Dr. P. R. Uhler, of the Peabody Institute of Baltimore, who has been making very careful studies of all aboriginal remains in that region, for the Maryland Academy of Sciences.

It would seem from this and other evidence, that the use and appreciation of pearls must have been in some way a tribal matter, familiar to some and not to others, of the Indian peoples. In the Mississippi Valley, the ancient population known as the mound-builders, by some regarded as a distinct and earlier race, and by others as of true Indian stock, although much more advanced in arts and culture, have left in their mounds most remarkable quantities of pearls. But here again, the same feature appears, that these treasures are not found wherever there are mounds, but only in certain regions. Of these, by far the most celebrated is that of the Scioto and Miami valleys, in Ohio. Outside of these, no large amounts have been found, and only at a few localities are they met with at all.

The valleys of the Miami and Scioto rivers and their tributaries contain many remarkable mounds and “earthworks,” which have attracted much attention, and have been more or less explored at different times, with increasing care and thoroughness as archæological science has advanced. It may be well to give a brief, general account of these investigations and some leading features of the mounds as a whole, before going into particulars as to the occurrence of pearls.

The first important and scientific study of these remarkable structures was that conducted in the early forties by Dr. Edwin H. Davis and Mr. E. George Squier, and published in their celebrated and standard work entitled “Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley,” issued by the Smithsonian Institution in 1848. This book and the “Correspondence” in regard to the mounds by the same writers, published in 1847, were the first works issued by the Smithsonian Institution.

According to Squier and Davis,[540] two quarts of pearls were originally deposited in one of these mounds. The writers consider that the pearls were probably derived from the fisheries in the southern waters, and they regard their presence in the Ohio mounds as a proof of “an extensive communication with southern and tropical regions and a migration from that direction.”

A number of pearls or pearl beads from the Ohio mounds and which formerly belonged to the Squier and Davis collection, are now in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury, England. According to a communication from Dr. H. P. Blackmore, director of the museum, these pearls, which originally formed five necklaces, have been much injured by the action of fire at the time the bodies of those interred in the mounds were burned. Mr. Blackmore considers that the greater part of the pearl beads are of mother-of-pearl cut from some large shell, made into a round shape and perforated, but, after very careful examination, he is of the opinion that about ten may be classed as natural pearls. Their present color is a dull, leaden gray, rather lighter than the “black pearl” of commerce. The size of these pearls or beads varies from four millimeters to twenty millimeters in diameter. One of the necklaces consists of thirty-three beads well graduated, but of a dead white color from the action of the earth.

A quarter of a century later, when the Centennial Exposition was in preparation, the Smithsonian Institution undertook the formation of a public exhibit illustrating American archæology, and engaged Prof. F. W. Putnam, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to open and examine some of the most remarkable of the mounds described by Squier and Davis. These explorations were continued for some years, partly for the government and partly for the Peabody Museum of Archæology at Cambridge, and their results were exhibited at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. The mounds explored were chiefly in the valley of the Little Miami, and particularly those known as the Turner group.

A very important series of explorations was also carried on by Mr. Warren K. Moorehead, covering the years from 1887 to 1893, largely in preparation for the Columbian Exposition. These investigations were mainly in the Scioto valley, in the counties of Ross, Franklin, and Pickaway, Ohio. Among the most important results then obtained were those from the mounds of the “Porter” and “Hopewell” groups, in Ross County.

Since that time, much valuable work has been done by Mr. Moorehead and others, and particularly under the auspices of the Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society. The latest and most complete investigation was made for this society in 1903, by its curator, Prof. William C. Mills, in the Harness mound, seven miles north of Chillicothe, Ohio, near the Scioto River, in Ross County. This locality had been previously explored in part, by Professor Putnam in 1885, and Mr. Moorehead in 1896; it was now systematically examined down to the original surface at every point.

Squier and Davis divided these ancient monuments into four classes: (1) Altar mounds, which contain what appear to be altars, and are also called hearths, of stone or hardened clay; (2) Burial mounds, containing human bones; (3) Temple mounds, with neither altars nor bones, but seeming to have had some special religious significance; and (4) Anomalous mounds, including “mounds of observation” and others of mixed or uncertain character. The burials are found to be of two kinds, simple interment and cremation; and these are sometimes met with in the same mound.

This classification has been generally followed in describing these ancient structures, although the whole subject is obscure and difficult, from our ignorance of the purposes and conditions of their formation. In many of the mounds of the first two classes especially, not only have pearls been found, but quantities of interesting and remarkable objects, many of which have been brought from distant points, and prove clearly the existence of an extensive intertribal commerce at a remote period. Galena from Illinois and Wisconsin, mica from North Carolina, obsidian from beyond the Rocky Mountains, and sea-shells from the Gulf coast, are among these objects, and particularly native copper from Lake Superior, from which many articles were fashioned by hammering. Pearls are extremely abundant, and were at first supposed to have been brought from the coast, and may have been the pearls of the common clam and the common oyster, the pearls being found in opening the mollusks for food; but the recent development of pearl hunting in the western rivers, where the fresh-water mussels (Unios) are so abundant and produce such beautiful pearls, shows that these treasures were undoubtedly gathered, partly, if not wholly, in the region where the mounds exist. The enormous numbers found are, indeed, no source of surprise, as such quantities of pearls have been obtained, for over twenty years past, from the same regions. The mollusks are still abundant in all the streams of the Mississippi Valley, except where they have been reduced or exterminated by the reckless methods of pearl hunting employed where the “pearl fever” has prevailed.

It is quite possible that the fresh-water Unios were not sought for their pearls alone, but were also used as food, and perhaps as bait for fishing. They were evidently gathered in great quantities, as is shown by the old heaps of shells found along the banks of streams at many points; and doubtless there are multitudes of such heaps that have never been observed. They are known as far north as Idaho, as communicated by Dr. Robert N. Bell, State mineralogist, and they extend still farther north, as noted by Dr. Harlan I. Smith, in his “Preliminary Notes on the Archæology of the Yakima Valley.”[541] He says: “Small heaps of fresh-water clam-shells were examined, but these being only about five feet in diameter and as many inches in depth, are hardly to be compared to the immense shell-heaps of the coast.”

These Unio shell-heaps are frequent in the South, and some of the Spanish chroniclers of De Soto’s expedition in 1540–1541, describe the gathering and cooking of the mussels, and the finding of occasional pearls therein. The same writers also give glowing accounts of the pearls possessed by the natives. Some of these accounts may be exaggerated, but they cannot be wholly so. It would seem that some of the pearls may have come from marine shells, and others from those of the rivers and streams; but there are few pearl-producing shells on our own coasts, and it is not very likely that there was any trade or intercourse with the West Indian Islands, where marine pearls occur freely.

Albert H. Pickett, in his “History of Alabama,” refers to the accounts of De Soto’s historian, Garcilasso de la Vega, and holds that the pearls which he noted were evidently from the Unios of Alabama. “Heaps of mussel shells,” he says, “are now to be seen on our river banks wherever Indians used to live. They were much used by the ancient Indians for some purpose, and old warriors have informed me that their ancestors once used the shells to temper the clay with which they made their vessels. But as thousands of the shells lie banked up, some deep in the ground, we may also suppose that the Indians in De Soto’s time, everywhere in Alabama, obtained pearls from them. There can be no doubt about the quantity of pearls found in this State and Georgia in 1540, but they were of a coarser and more valueless kind than the Spaniards supposed. The Indians used to perforate them and string them around their necks and arms like beads.”[542]

The use of fragments of these shells in tempering the clay for pottery, alluded to in the preceding paragraph, is well known. Prof. Daniel S. Martin describes an old village site in South Carolina, near the Congaree River, a few miles south of the city of Columbia, where the ground had been plowed, and along the furrows the soil was gleaming with brilliant pearly fragments of Unio shells, intermingled with bits of pottery.

Mr. Clarence B. Moore discovered pearls pierced for stringing in several of the mounds at Moundville, Alabama. He also found a sheet-copper pendant, elongated oval in outline, with an excised repoussé decoration, embracing a swastika within a circle, and a triangle. This pendant, which lay near the skull of burial No. 132, bears a perforated pearl nearly seven millimeters in diameter and weighing about nine grains; it is fastened to the pendant by a piece of vegetable fiber that passes through the pearl. With another burial (No. 162), the skeleton of an adult, was an elliptical gorget of sheet-copper decorated with a pearl.[543] In a personal communication Mr. Moore states that all the pearls found by him in the mounds were very much disintegrated by the lapse of time; he also writes that he has never found any shells immediately with the pearls, although masses of Unio shells were often met with in the mounds. He believes the shell-fish had been used for food.

Unio shell-heaps exist likewise on the shores of the inland lakes of Florida, and in middle Georgia and Alabama; and several of them on the banks of the Savannah River, above Augusta, are fully described by Colonel Charles C. Jones.[544] He says: “In these relic-beds no two parts of the same shell are, as a general rule, found in juxtaposition. The hinge is broken, and the valves of the shell, after having been artificially torn asunder, seem to have been carelessly cast aside and allowed to accumulate.”

Thus, in addition to the historical evidence, physical proof is abundant of the pearl fisheries of the aboriginal tribes of the South. In order to ascertain the precise varieties of shells from which the southern Indians obtained their pearls, Colonel Jones invited an expression of opinion from a number of scientists whose studies rendered them familiar with the conchology of the United States. Their responses throw considerable light upon this inquiry, though with some curious variation.

Prof. William S. Jones, of the University of Georgia, says that he has seen small pearls in many of the Unios found in that State.

Prof. Jeffries Wyman, on the other hand, after a careful and extensive series of excavations in the shell-heaps of Florida, failed to find a single pearl. “It is hardly probable,” he remarks, “that the Spaniards could have been mistaken as to the fact of the ornaments of the Indians being pearls, but in view of their frequent exaggerations, I am almost compelled to the belief that there was some mistake; and possibly they may not have distinguished between the pearls and the shell beads, some of which would correspond with the size and shape of the pearls mentioned by the Spaniards.”

Prof. Joseph Jones, whose investigations throw much valuable light upon the contents of the ancient tumuli of Tennessee, says: “I do not remember finding a genuine pearl in the many mounds which I have opened in the valleys of the Tennessee, the Cumberland, the Harpeth, and elsewhere. Many of the pearls described by the Spaniards were probably little else than polished beads cut out of large sea-shells and from the thicker portions of fresh-water mussels, and prepared so as to resemble pearls. I have examined thousands of these, and they all present a laminated structure, as if carved out of thick shells and sea conchs.” This point will be referred to again.

Dr. Charles Rau[545] writes: “I learned from Dr. Samuel G. Bristow, who was a surgeon in the Army of the Cumberland during the Civil War, that mussels of the Tennessee River were occasionally eaten ‘as a change’ by the soldiers of that corps, and pronounced no bad article of diet. Shells of the Unio are sometimes found in Indian graves, where they had been deposited with the dead, to serve as food during the journey to the land of spirits.”

Dr. Brinton saw on the Tennessee River and its tributaries numerous shell-heaps consisting almost exclusively of the Unio virginianus (Lamarck). In every instance he found shell-heaps close to the water-courses, on the rich alluvial bottom-land. He says: “The mollusks had evidently been opened by placing them on a fire. The Tennessee mussel is margaritiferous, and there is no doubt but that it was from this species that the early tribes obtained the hoards of pearls which the historian of De Soto’s exploration estimated by bushels, and which were so much prized as ornaments.”[546]

A source has recently been pointed out whence small pearls, and perhaps some fine specimens, could have been obtained by the Indians of Florida, and in considerable quantities. In the Unios of some of the fresh-water lakes of that State, there were found not less than 3000 pearls, most of them small, but many large enough to be perforated and worn as beads. From one Unio there were taken eighty-four seed-pearls; from another, fifty; from a third, twenty, and from several, ten or twelve each. The examinations were chiefly confined to Lake Griffin and its vicinity. It is said that upon one of the isles in Lake Okeechobee are the remains of an old pearl fishery, and it is proposed to open the shells of this lake, which are large, in hopes of finding pearls of superior size and quality.

The use of the pearl as an ornament by the southern Indians, and the quantities of shells opened by them in various localities, make it seem strange that it is not more frequently met with in the relic-beds and sepulchral tumuli of that region; but, after exploring many shell- and earth-mounds, Colonel Charles C. Jones failed, except in a few instances, to find pearls.[547] A few were obtained in an extensive relic-bed on the Savannah River, above Augusta, the largest being four tenths of an inch in diameter, but all of them blackened by fire. Many of the smaller mounds on the coast of Georgia do not contain pearls, because at the period of their construction the custom of burning the dead appears to have prevailed very generally; hence, it may be that the pearls were either immediately consumed or so seriously injured as to crumble out of sight.

This absence of pearls tends somewhat to confirm the opinion that beads made from the thicker portions of shells that were carved, perforated, and brilliant with nacre, were regarded by the imaginative Spaniards as pearls. More minute investigation, however, will doubtless reveal the existence of pearls in localities where the pearl-bearing shells were collected. Perforated pearls have been found in an ancient burying-ground located near the bank of the Ogeechee River, in Bryan County, Georgia; and many years ago, after a heavy freshet on the Oconee River, which laid bare many Indian graves in the neighborhood of the large mounds on Poullain’s plantation, fully a hundred pearls of considerable size were gathered.

It seems quite clear that many of the pearls reported by the early Spanish voyagers were really such, although it is well known also that shell beads have been found in mounds in connection with pearls; but the numbers found in Ohio, by Professor Putnam, Mr. Moorehead, and others, leave no room for doubt in this matter. That the Indians of the South also had these pearls, both drilled and undrilled, is beyond question.

The same fact comes to view, however, in these various accounts, that has been alluded to already, viz., that the use of pearls among the aborigines appears to have been local, and probably tribal. All the fresh waters of North America contain Unios, especially in the Mississippi basin and in the South, and all the Unios are more or less pearl-bearing; but it is only at certain points that pearls are found deposited in ancient graves, sometimes, however, in extraordinary quantities.

Father Louis Hennepin relates that the Indians along the Mississippi wore bracelets and earrings of fine pearls, which they spoilt, having nothing to bore them with but fire. He adds: “They gave us to understand that they received them in exchange for their calumets from nations inhabiting the coast of the great lake to the southward, which I take to be the Gulph of Florida.”[548]

The statement here made, that the Indians perforated their pearls only “with fire,” evidently refers to the use of a heated copper wire, or point, as mentioned by Pickett and others of the early explorers. This point is of importance, as apparently indicating a marked difference between the Indians met with by the first European visitors, and the mound-building people of an earlier time, among whom the perforation was made with small stone drills. On this point, a recent letter from Prof. Wm. C. Mills, who has conducted the very full exploration of the Harness mound in Ohio, is of interest. He describes the small and carefully-wrought flint drills, which he found, and believes to have been made and used for this purpose. In size and form they answer all requirements; they are delicate little implements, somewhat T-shaped or gimlet-shaped, an inch and a quarter long; the narrow boring part is about an inch in length and tapers from one eighth of an inch to quite a fine point; the wider upper end is abruptly expanded into the transverse handle, which is about a quarter of an inch thick, i.e., lengthwise of the instrument, and half an inch in span, i.e., across, so as to give a good hold for the fingers to rotate the drill, just as in an ordinary gimlet.

Passing now to the actual discoveries of pearls in the mounds of the Mississippi Valley, these will be reviewed in the order of the successive explorations in which they were made known. As already stated, the only region where any large amounts have been encountered, is that of the Scioto and Miami valleys in Ohio. Even here, pearls are found only at certain points, and though the numbers are great, the graves which contain them are few. They were apparently buried only with the remains of individuals of especial distinction, probably either chiefs or eminent medicine men. The accounts of recent explorations in these mounds bring to mind very forcibly the statement before cited from Captain John Smith, as to Powhatan’s treasure-house, where all his most valued articles, including pearls, were collected and kept, in preparation for his death and burial. Pearls appear also to have been used only by the more cultured tribes, and were kept in the larger and more prosperous communities exclusively. They are confined to the great “mound groups,” and are not found in isolated mounds. The tumuli of northern Ohio, the hill mounds, and the village sites along the smaller streams, have yielded practically none.

According to the manner of burial, the pearls vary greatly in their present condition. Where they have been placed with cremated bodies, they are, of course, much damaged, being blackened and largely decomposed. Otherwise, although injured in color and luster, the mere fact of burial in the ground has not entirely ruined them. They are generally perforated, so as to be strung or attached to garments, and traces of both these methods of use are sometimes clearly shown.

The term “pearl beads,” often employed by writers, is uncertain in meaning; as it may refer either to actual pearls, bored so as to be strung, or to imitations thereof made from pearly shell. With regard to this point, although such quantities have been obtained, there seems to have been very little close examination as to their structure, which would at once indicate the facts, according as the minute layers of the pearly material are concentric or not. The only distinct testimony is that we have cited above from Prof. Joseph Jones,[549] who states that he has examined large numbers, and found them to be apparently cut from shells. He makes the suggestion that they may have been carved from the thicker portions of the fresh-water Unios. This is not only probable, but would go far to solve the mystery of the enormous numbers found, as compared with anything known of the yield of genuine pearls by these mollusks, even with all the pearl hunting of recent years. An interesting fact bearing directly on this question is the discovery in the Taylor mound, at Oregonia, Warren County, Ohio, of several Unio shells in which had been made a circular hole, two thirds of an inch in diameter, either for some ornamental use of the shell or to extract pieces to be shaped into beads. These may have been made in either of two ways. Firstly, by breaking pieces of the shell from one of the valves, as a lapidary “roughs out” a piece of gem material before he begins to grind it into shape; or, secondly, by cutting out a circular disk of shell by means of a hollow copper drill or a hollow reed, just as they perforated hard pieces of quartz or granite for pipes, or as they trephined circular disks from the skulls. Decorated disks of Unio shell were also found in the same mound. If the ancient people made beads in this manner, there is little difficulty in accounting for the quantities described, especially in connection with the evident gathering of Unios on a large scale, as shown by the widely distributed shell-heaps already described. They certainly did make beads from various marine shells, and these are found with the pearl beads in many of the mounds, as particularly noted by Professor Jones, cited above, and by others.

In the recent exploration of the Harness mound, by Professor Mills, a very curious discovery was made of imitation pearls of a kind never before met with; these were made of clay, modeled apparently after the larger natural pearls associated with them, and after being baked hard, had been “covered with a flexible mica,” so as to resemble pearls.[550] The mica was a silvery mica that may have been burned and would pulverize into a gray powder with a pearly luster, as almost all micas are too resilient to be attached in any other way.

Taking up now the history of pearl discovery in the mounds, the first definite record goes back to about 1844, when perforated pearls were found by Dr. Edwin H. Davis[551] on the hearths of five distinct groups of mounds in Ohio, and sometimes in such abundance that they could be gathered by the hundred. They were generally of irregular form, mostly pear-shaped, though perfectly round ones were also found among them. The smaller specimens measured about one fourth of an inch in diameter, but the largest had a diameter of three quarters of an inch.

The next great discovery of these Unio pearls was in the Porter group of mounds, in the Little Miami Valley, explored by Prof. Frederick W. Putnam, and Dr. Charles L. Metz, who procured over 60,000 pearls, nearly two bushels, drilled and undrilled, undoubtedly of Unio origin; all of them, however, decayed or much altered, and of no commercial value. In 1884 these scientists examined the Marriott mound, where they found nearly one hundred Unio shells, and among other objects of special interest six canine teeth of bears, that were perforated by a lateral hole near the edge at the point of greatest curvature of the root, so that by passing a cord through this, the tooth could be fastened to any object or worn as an ornament. Two of these teeth had a hole bored through near the end of the root on the side opposite the lateral perforation, and the hole countersunk in order to receive a large spherical pearl, about three eighths of an inch in diameter. When the teeth were found, the pearls were in place, although chalky from decay. Upward of 250 pearl beads were found here, concerning which they say: “The pearl beads found in the several positions mentioned are natural pearls, probably obtained from the several species of Unios in the Ohio rivers. In size they vary from one tenth of an inch to over half an inch in diameter, and many are spherical. They are neatly drilled, and the larger from opposite sides. These pearls are now chalky, and crumble on handling, but when fresh they would have formed brilliant necklaces and pendants.”[552]

FRESH-WATER PEARLS FROM HOPEWELL GROUP OF MOUNDS, ROSS COUNTY, OHIO

It is easy to see, even at a glance, that most of those in this great deposit of 60,000 are true pearls. Many are very irregular in form, and quite a number are the elongated, somewhat feather-shaped, “hinge pearls,” that are found in the region of the hinge teeth of Unios. A large and interesting exhibit of these is shown in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. But thousands of spherical pearls were also obtained, from the “altars” or “hearths” of mounds belonging to the first division of Squier and Davis’s classification, above noted. From the Turner group, in Clermont County, in the Little Miami Valley, Professor Putnam obtained for the Peabody Museum as much as half a bushel of pearls of this character. As these had been exposed to fire, nearly all were blackened, some cracked, and all greatly impaired.[553]

The next great series of explorations were those conducted by Mr. W. K. Moorehead in the Scioto Valley, in the counties of Ross, Franklin and Pickaway, Ohio. He opened and examined a number of mounds, and found pearls or pearl beads in ten or twelve of them, but the larger deposits were confined to certain limited districts, which seem to have been occupied by tribes more advanced in culture and in traffic than the rest. In these, the pearls and also objects of other kinds brought from a distance, are principally found. The scattered mounds, not associated with any village or community sites, have few of these valuable objects.

But even where they are found freely, pearls were apparently used or possessed by only a few individuals. Mr. Moorehead investigated in all 117 burial mounds, containing about 1400 skeletons. Pearls were met with in only seven of these mounds, and in connection with but twenty-two skeletons. These, however, yielded a total of 2600 pearls, apparently from Unios, the numbers found with single skeletons varying from 18 to 602, an average of 118. It thus appears that in Mr. Moorehead’s researches, pearls were found in about one mound out of seventeen, and in these, with about one skeleton out of eight.

From “altar mounds,” pearls have been in some cases taken in vast numbers. Professor Putnam’s discoveries are mentioned above; and Mr. Moorehead obtained tens of thousands from two altars or hearths in the Hopewell group, which will be described hereafter.

When found in the burial mounds with skeletons, pearls are generally seen to have been placed at the wrists or ankles, or about the neck, or in the mouth. Sometimes they are found on copper plates, and occasionally they show evidence of having been sewn or attached to a garment. Particulars on these points will be given further on. Mr. Moorehead has also found bears’ teeth, set with pearls, as Putnam and Metz did in the Marriott mound, lying with or near skeletons.

In the case of the altar mounds, there seems to have been a different procedure, not a burial, but a great funeral sacrifice in honor of some very distinguished person, in which treasures of every kind, including great stores of pearls, were consumed, or meant to be. Of this, Mr. Moorehead says, in a letter to the author: “In the case of all altar offerings, a fire had been kindled ... and all these things were heaped upon it. They were utterly ruined, save a few; ... those at the top were not so much affected as those at the bottom.”

Mr. Moorehead’s investigations already mentioned were in the years 1888 to 1891 inclusive; he next took up especially the remarkable Hopewell groups of mounds, in 1891–1892, and explored these extensively for the archæological exhibit at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893, at Chicago.[554] This was his most important and elaborate investigation, and will be described in some detail. In 1896, he made a partial exploration of the Harness mound near Chillicothe, which has been fully completed more recently by Prof. William C. Mills, and will also be described further on.

The investigations made in the Hopewell group of mounds were recorded by Mr. Moorehead in a series of articles in the “Antiquarian.”[555] He gives a general account of the remarkable region of ancient remains in Ross County, Ohio. The State archæological map shows the “mound belt,” as a strip of country some fifteen miles wide and one hundred miles long, extending through the Scioto Valley, from about Columbus to Portsmouth. The ancient works noted on this map, though not all that exist there, yet number over 900 mounds, 24 village sites, 36 circles of earth and stone, 87 other inclosures and works of similar character, and 31 sites of gravel or kame burials. Five groups of mounds in particular exist in Ross County, all of them showing a “high culture” state. “All of the lower Scioto Valley,” says Mr. Moorehead, “was occupied by a mound-building tribe ranking higher in intelligence and numerically stronger than that of any other section of the whole Ohio region.” Among the many remarkable ancient works in that part of the country, the five groups in Ross County are the most important, and among these, the Hopewell group is preëminent. The first published notice of them, which appeared in 1820, was by Mr. Caleb Atwater.[556] Squier and Davis examined and described them in the years 1844–1846, and obtained large and notable collections from them which are now in England, in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury, as not enough interest in such matters then existed in America to induce the purchase and retention of these valuable treasures. From that time until 1891, when Mr. Moorehead began his explorations there, no one had paid much attention to these mounds, all published accounts being derived from those of Squier and Davis. They described them under the name of Clark’s works, from the owner of the farm within which they lie; but the property has since passed into the possession of Mr. M. C. Hopewell. From this fact, yet more from his kind and intelligent interest in the work of exploration, his name has been given to the group.

The Hopewell works are situated on the north fork of Paint Creek, about one third of a mile from the stream. The intervening space is low bottom-land, and the works stand upon a terrace about twenty feet high, from which again there is a rather steep rise of thirty or forty feet more, to the general level of the country. They consist of a nearly quadrangular inclosure, about half a mile in length (strictly 2800 feet), and half as much in width, occupying the entire breadth of the terrace. At its eastern end, this large inclosure opens into a second and smaller one, an exact square of 850 feet. Within the main inclosure are one or more village sites, a number of separate mounds, and especially a group of several connected elevations, together known as the Effigy mound, these being much the highest and most conspicuous, and themselves surrounded by a semicircular inclosure. The whole suggests a defensive work, or “walled town”; but the wall, although strongly and carefully built, partly of stones and partly of hard clay, is so low—only from four to six feet in height—that it could not have been a very formidable obstacle to a vigorous assault; and, moreover, the whole is overlooked and “commanded” from the bluff above it. The mounds, as Squier and Davis examined them, were pronounced to be mainly of the sacrificial or “altar” type. Since their very full and accurate account was published, time and the hand of man have reduced and almost obliterated portions of the wall and some of the smaller mounds, while the creek has slightly shifted its course. When they wrote their description, it was a little nearer than it is now; and they then expressed the belief that it had formerly washed the base of the terrace where the works are located.

Mr. Moorehead’s exploring party, aided by Dr. H. T. Cresson, began operations at this notable group of mounds in August, 1891, and continued them through about seven months, without interruption, much of the time in severe winter weather. The work was carried on under authority of the Anthropological Department of the Columbian Exposition of 1893, at Chicago. All the most interesting and important of the very extensive body of relics obtained was displayed there; and the whole remains as a permanent exhibit in the Field (Columbian) Museum of Natural History.

The Hopewell group comprises in all some twenty larger and smaller mounds within the general inclosure, besides a few unimportant ones outside of it, and the main connected group in the special inclosure near the center. These latter form together what is known as the Effigy mound, a name based upon its general resemblance to a reclining human figure; but it is not constructed on a human or animal design, as are the effigy mounds properly so called. After working for a time upon some of the others, and finding much interesting material, Mr. Moorehead set his men to work upon the Effigy mound, and spent most of his time and effort upon that remarkable structure, of which he made a very thorough and systematic exploration.

The Effigy mound is about 500 feet long and 220 feet wide, and rises 23 feet above the general surface at its highest point. It proves to belong to the fourth class of Squier and Davis, those of mixed character, with both altars and burials, as it contained three large altars and as many as 175 skeletons, nearly all of adults.

Reviewing now the entire exploration of the Hopewell group, the first mound opened, known as No. 17, was of considerable size, nearly ninety feet in diameter, and was notable for a layer of mica—some 3000 sheets—that extended almost entirely through it. It contained a rude altar, with ashes and bones, some copper implements, bone needles, sharks’ teeth, and nearly 200 pounds of bright galena. The next examined, No. 18, contained several decayed skeletons, and a good example of an “altar,” together with ornaments cut from human skulls. The next, No. 19, had an altar of earth, partially hardened by heat, which was taken out entire and boxed. It was roughly cubical, about three feet each way. In the “bowl,” or concavity, on the top of it, were various minor implements, with some galena and mica, etc. The next attacked was a large mound, No. 2, which had been partly opened by Squier and Davis, nearly fifty years before. It is remarkable for its immense store of roughly chipped flint disks, over 8000 in number, of which 600 were taken out by Squier and Davis, and most of the remainder by Mr. Moorehead. It would seem to have been a place of storage for partly worked material of this kind, to preserve it from the hardening effect of long exposure to the air.

Several other mounds yielded little of importance, save that from the soil on the site of No. 1, which had been obliterated, were taken a number of fragments of bone, curiously ornamented with finely carved patterns. Two others, Nos. 4 and 5, had peculiarly constructed altars, of which an extended account is given.

The first discovery of pearls by Squier and Davis was made in their mound No. 9, now obliterated by a railroad. With the pearls, they report as found on the top of a small altar, broken instruments of obsidian, cut patterns of mica, vestiges of cloth, etc.

Mr. Moorehead’s first discovery of pearls was in a small but interesting mound, No. 20, about forty feet in diameter. It had been reduced by plowing to only some two feet in height; and its contents would ere long have been broken into and scattered by the same process. This was strictly a burial mound, and soon yielded five skeletons, one of them being that of a child, nine or ten years of age. With these bones were numerous objects: two large shells made into cups for drinking, several copper articles and ornaments, among them a broad copper bracelet encircling the right wrist, and several hundred pearl and shell beads and small shells. The same mound yielded later some other children’s remains, but with no important objects. A finely polished pipe and two bear’s teeth coated with copper were also found.

Mr. Moorehead points out the evidences of a long occupation of this site by a cultured tribe, who had commerce with the South and West more than with the North or East.

Work was then begun, in the latter part of September, on a large and important mound known as the Oblong (No. 23), 155 feet long by 100 feet wide, with an elevation at present of 14 feet, and originally of perhaps 20 feet. This mound yielded thirty-nine skeletons, lying at depths varying from eight and three fourths to eleven feet below the present surface, nearly on the base-line of the mound. Some of these were surrounded by boulders, others were much charred, and a good deal of variety exists in their condition, all of which Mr. Moorehead describes particularly. All manner of relics and objects were obtained, including pearl beads and a splendid copper ax of seventeen pounds’ weight, of course entirely too large for any practical use, and hence plainly a ceremonial object or badge of some high distinction. Among the most remarkable of the many interesting objects discovered here were the large canine teeth of bears,[557] which had not only been drilled through near the base of the root for suspension, like many others, but had also been partly drilled at the middle of one side, and a large pearl inserted into the cavity. These singular ornaments were found at the neck of a skeleton, and had evidently been worn as pendants. It will be remembered that almost identical specimens were found by Professor Putnam in the Marriott mound in the Miami Valley.[558] The one here figured is now in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, with most of the other Hopewell material.

Another somewhat similar example of the taste and art of the same people, also preserved in the Field Museum, came from the mound known as No. 25. This consisted of a large figure of a bird, in hammered copper, fifteen and seven eighths inches long, with a pearl inserted to form the eye. The head is quite expressive, and the tail-feathers well represented, although the wings and the general proportions are rude. This is shown about one third of the actual length.

The Effigy mound was next examined. The first trial shafts proved it to be evidently of human construction, and not of glacial origin, as some had supposed. One or two open cuts were then begun, using teams with a large shovel until indications of burials were found, when the further work would be carried on by hand, with extreme care.

After about two weeks, in which time several skeletons were unearthed, with some shells, beads, and copper ornaments, a burial of extraordinary character was reached on November 14. Here was lying a skeleton which the newspapers soon reported as “The King of the Mound-Builders.” It was much decayed, but was covered and surrounded with a wealth of relics. The skull was surmounted by a tall cap or helmet of copper, from which extended a wonderful pair of antlers, exactly imitating those of a deer, but made of wood and covered with copper. The whole skeleton, to quote the words of Mr. Moorehead, “glittered with mica, pearl, shell, and copper.” Plates of the latter were above, beneath, and around it, with bears’ and panthers’ teeth, etc., and over 1000 beads, many of them of pearl. The succeeding month, during which the last cut was finished down to the base-line, and a third one much advanced, revealed numerous skeletons, with abundant objects of the same general kind, including a remarkable separate deposit of copper articles of curious workmanship, ornaments of cut mica, and one of cannel coal, fragments of meteoric iron and celts made therefrom, and “many thousand pearl and shell beads.” The latest trophy here unearthed was another enormous ax of copper, nearly two feet in length, unparalleled in the world.

The first altar was next reached; it was about four by five feet, and some six inches deep, and had an immense variety of objects upon it and around it, nearly all entirely ruined by the fire. Among them were pearl beads.

The largest altar had been not only heaped with all sorts of valuables, but they had been piled around it so as to form a sloping mass of twelve feet or more in diameter at the base. Among these was a layer of mica plates of extraordinary size, eighteen or twenty inches in diameter. It is not easy even now to obtain sheets of mica of such dimensions, in any quantity. Carvings and effigies in bone and slate, rock crystal arrow-heads, obsidian knives, etc., etc., damaged and broken by heat, were cemented together by half-melted copper. The pearl and shell beads taken out amid the ashes are estimated at not less than 100,000.

The Effigy mound, “a place for ceremony, for sacrifice, for burial,” as Mr. Moorehead calls it, thus combining the character of the first three classes distinguished by Squier and Davis, is seen not to have been constructed at one time, but to have developed gradually through perhaps a long period. The several altars, the more important burials, the store of copper objects, each was surmounted by a small and separate mound. “These may have been built on the level dance or ceremonial floors, from time to time. When the entire floor was covered, the people brought large quantities of earth and gravel, heaped it on top of the irregular contour of the small mounds, and this formed the present Effigy.”

The population that occupied the main inclosure was apparently not very large, as compared with some other of the important earthworks, such as Fort Ancient, or Madisonville. From the distribution of village-site debris, Mr. Moorehead estimates that there could have been only from two hundred to three hundred lodges, even if these were all occupied at the same time. But the indications of traffic and of art show that it must have been a community advanced in culture beyond most of its neighbors. Mr. Moorehead believes it to have been a sort of capital among a body of allied or affiliated tribes who made and occupied the similar earthwork towns of the “mound belt,”—a center of production and distribution of art objects, and a place for the holding of great religious ceremonials. It may be noted, however, that the art was developed in certain directions and not in others wherein it might be expected. In hammered copper-work and in drilling, it was most remarkable, in the latter extending even to the perforation of quartz crystals, but of pottery there is little, and that not very choice—a striking contrast to the abundant and elaborately ornamental potter’s art of the tribes in the Southwest.

Tonti, the historian of La Salle’s expedition, in the eighteenth century, states that La Salle actually saw mound-dwellers among southern tribes of Indians, living very much as the Ohio mound-builders must have done, and quite untouched as yet by any contact with the whites. Tonti describes the dwellings, made of sun-dried mud and with dome-shaped roofs of cane; two of them were larger and better constructed than the rest, one the chief’s house and the other a temple, both about forty feet square. The latter held the bones of deceased chieftains, and was surmounted by three rude, wooden eagles. In the center was apparently “a kind of altar,” where was maintained a perpetual fire of logs, watched by two aged men. A recess, to which strangers were not admitted, contained the treasures of the tribe, especially pearls from the Gulf, as he was told. The chief returned the visit of La Salle, coming in great state, with attendants, one of whom bore a disk of copper, supposed to represent the sun, the chief’s great ancestor.[559] The wooden eagles recall the large copper bird taken from mound No. 25 at Hopewell; and the copper disk carried before the chief suggests a similar use for some of the large objects of the same metal. The whole account is extremely interesting in its resemblance to the Ohio remains.

The most complete study of these ancient structures is that of the Harness mound, not far distant from the Hopewell, conducted under the direction of the Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society, in 1905, by their curator and librarian, Prof. William C. Mills.[560]

The Harness group contains within and about it fourteen mounds; the works as a whole were described by Squier and Davis, on page 56 of their great report (“Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley,” 1848), and have been frequently mentioned and pictured for their striking form,—a large and perfect circle, opening at one side into a smaller circle and also into an exact square. They are located, like the Hopewell, in Ross County, and stand on a terrace of the Scioto River, nearly a mile from its eastern bank, and about eight miles south of Chillicothe.

The square inclosure measures 1080 feet on each side, and the diameters of the two circles are about 1600 feet for the larger and 650 feet for the smaller. In general character, this group closely resembles the Hopewell: there is the same low wall or embankment, some four feet high, though without any ditch as at Hopewell, and the same problem as to its object. A number of small mounds are placed here and there, and one large and important one recalls the Effigy, though it is somewhat less in size and much more regular in form. In 1846, when Squier and Davis examined it, unfortunately most of the ground was covered with woods; but these are gone, and the works have since been much reduced by tillage and partly obliterated by railroad and other constructions.

The one large mound is named for the recent owner of the property, Mr. Edwin Harness; the present owner, his son, Mr. John M. Harness, aided and facilitated the explorations in every way. This fact, as also in the case of Mr. Hopewell, stands in pleasing and honorable contrast to the narrow policy of some land-owners, who refuse permission for any such work, even when the structures are upon unused and valueless ground.

The large mound is an almost perfect oval in form, 160 feet long and some 80 feet across at its widest point, which is about one third of the way from the northern end; in height it is nearly 20 feet, or was before its recent removal. It was partly explored by Squier and Davis in 1846, and quite extensively by Professor Putnam in 1885, and, unlike the Effigy mound, had been repeatedly opened and examined in a small way by both official and unofficial explorers. In 1896, Mr. W. K. Moorehead took up the work where Professor Putnam had stopped, and carried it considerably further, under the auspices of the Ohio Archæological and Historical Society; and the same body, in 1905, commissioned Mr. Mills to resume and complete the examination, removing the entire structure down to its base.

The Harness mound, unlike the Effigy, was for burial purposes only. There must have been nearly two hundred. Squier and Davis found one of these, and possibly another which they mistook for an “altar”; and they state their belief that the mound probably contained other burials which their two pits had not revealed. Professor Putnam encountered 12 burials, Mr. Moorehead 27, and the final exploration 133, making a total of 174. Besides these, an unknown number have been disturbed and removed by occasional explorers. Of the 174 recorded, only ten had been buried without being burned; the rest were all cremated, some where they were laid, but most of them elsewhere, and the ashes brought and placed in the grave. This was in all cases carefully prepared, within a small inclosure of logs, the decayed and charred remains of which are clearly traceable. The entire mound itself had been outlined with posts set in the ground. the holes and impressions remaining as evidence of the fact.

Mr. Mills outlines the history of this mound, in a way that recalls Mr. Moorehead’s views as to the gradual growth of the Effigy. It began as a place for the holding of funeral rites and the deposit of the dead, marked out by lines of posts, which show that it was from time to time enlarged. Finally, when the place was substantially filled, earth and gravel were deposited over the whole, and slabs of stone (particularly noted by Squier and Davis) were laid around it, upon the lower part of the slope.

Much description is given of the separate graves or burial chambers, which are of several types, and of the various details of the cremated and uncremated interments. The mound is rich in relics, although none of the profuse sacrificial accumulations of the “altars” were encountered, this being a mound of burial only. The relics are of the same kind, in general, as those found in the Hopewell group, and to specify them in detail would be only repetition. From the 133 graves opened in Mr. Mills’s final investigation, no less than 1200 specimens were obtained for the museum of the Archæological Society at Columbus. Among these were artefacts of Lake Superior copper (and some pieces of native silver), large shells from the Gulf, galena, obsidian, and much mica, both in “blocks” and cut into ornaments, all showing the same range of aboriginal commerce as already described at Hopewell. In reference to pearls, the following are the principal observations:

Beads made from Unio pearls were very abundant everywhere in the Harness mound, as also beads of shell. They are found in such position as to show that they were strung and worn around the neck or wrists. One burial (No. 100) had some 2100 pearl beads, all rather small, and some of them perfectly round. Several hundred were obtained, however, that ranged from one quarter to one half an inch in diameter. A number of these are shown of natural size. The larger pearls, instead of being bored through for beads, are frequently somewhat flattened by grinding, and then pierced with two holes so as to attach them to a fabric. Very large ones were sometimes set in copper,—a style of work never observed before. Mr. Mills says of this: “Large and select pearls were flattened upon one side by grinding, and then placed upon a circular disk of copper a little larger than the pearl. The edges were then turned (up) around the pearl, holding it in place. Not only were pearls set in this way, but various pieces of shell cut in a circular form.” Fine examples of this unique style of jewelry, of natural size, and another copper setting of like character, from which the pearl has been lost, are shown in plates facing pages 499 and 510.

More curious still is the discovery of imitation pearls, made of clay, and apparently modeled from real ones as they reproduce all the irregularities of form of the true pearls. They could easily have been made more nearly spherical, as the beads cut from shell are so regular as to look as though made by machinery. These somewhat irregular clay imitations, found with the genuine pearls, were first coated with a pulverent mica and then burned so as to preserve a pearly appearance.

Other forms of art work were abundantly represented in the Harness mound, such as carvings and decorations in stone and bone; a variety of textile fabrics, of which remnants are preserved when they were in contact with plates of copper, the salts of the metal having penetrated the fabric and prevented its entire decay; very skilful work in copper, and to some extent in native silver and meteoric iron; and numerous fragments of pottery, more or less ornamental with simple impressed patterns. The “culture,” as a whole, appears to have been equal, and very similar, to that of the Hopewell community, and these are regarded as having been the most advanced among the Ohio mound-builders; while the term “Fort Ancient culture” is applied to a somewhat lower grade in the matter of arts, which has its chief illustration among the builders and occupants of that celebrated work. By such researches, thus minutely and systematically conducted, there is now beginning to be possible something like a classification of these ancient unknown tribes, which will doubtless be developed more fully, as investigation shall be extended and its results combined and compared.

As to pearls in the mounds of Illinois, we are informed by the veteran archæologist, Dr. J. F. Snyder, that in 1889 he found the skeletons of three adult Indians at the base of a small mound on the bluffs of the Sangomon River in Cass County. These skeletons were in a squatting posture; artefacts—such as greenstone celts, a bicave stone and a heavy pipe—had only been deposited with one of them. Around each wrist and ankle of this skeleton were perforated beads made from Marginella shells, and resting on the sternum was a solitary pearl which had evidently formed the center of a necklace of the same small marine shells. Although much decayed, it still retained something of its original luster. It was spherical, measured approximately seven eighths of an inch in diameter, and was perforated through the middle. Dr. Snyder also states that at the base of one of the large mounds he opened in 1895, in Brown County, on the west side of the Illinois River, he discovered a number of the large canine teeth of the bear, perforated at the roots, so as to be used for necklaces. On the convex side of each tooth were from two to four pits about one third of an inch in diameter, and the same in depth, in which gems had been inserted. Two small pearls were still in place. Near by were the remains of another necklace composed of alternate pearls and bone beads; the latter were oblong and perforated lengthwise. Eight of the pearls were recovered, ranging in diameter from one half to one third of an inch, and pierced through the center, but all were very badly injured by the action of fire.

Mr. David I. Bushnell, who has excavated the McEvers mound in Montezuma, Pike County, Illinois, for the Missouri Historical Society, found in this mound a cyst containing a skeleton six feet in height and also a skull reposing on a bundle of bones near which lay forty-five pearls, one of them weighing fifty-two grains and still showing a beautiful luster. Almost all the objects discovered in the mound will be presented to the Missouri Historical Society. The large pearl would be worth from $12,000 to $15,000 if it were in perfect condition.

We learn from Mr. Richard Herrmann, founder of the Herrmann Museum of Natural History, Dubuque, Iowa, that on the top of the high cliff from Eagle’s Point to its end at McKnight’s Spring, there were formerly a great many mounds which were long ago examined by government experts. Many ancient ornaments were found in these mounds, among them a string of pearls, greatly damaged from having been buried for a long period.[561] Mr. Herrmann believes that these pearls were taken from the Mississippi River by the mound-builders.

Enough has been said, in this general sketch, to give some idea of the extent to which pearls, largely those from the fresh-water Unios, were gathered and used by the native tribes of North America, from the ancient mound-builders of the Ohio Valley to the Indians encountered by the explorers and colonists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

The love of pearls shown by the Indians was as noteworthy as was their devotion to their dead and the superstitious mystery which enshrouds their funeral rites; for, when the human sacrifice was consummated, the act was performed in as earnest a spirit of devotion as was shown by Abraham in his readiness to sacrifice Isaac, and the Indians evidenced an almost pathetic sentiment either of reverence, duty, or supernatural dread.

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes writes that in none of his excavations has he ever noted pearls. Haliotis shells, conch shells, and fragments of the same have been found in the great ruins at Casa Grande, Arizona.

Dr. Charles Hercules Read, director of the Department of Archæology of the British Museum, states that the Mexican mosaic masks in the Christy collection, which are pre-Columbian in origin, and probably date hundreds of years in advance of the conquest, prove of special interest from the fact that five of them contain an inlay of mother-of-pearl shell. The first of these is a plain mask in which the eyes are of mother-of-pearl; the second is a dagger having the details of feather-work in mother-of-pearl; the third, a circular shield center having the eyes, teeth, fingers, and toes of the figures in mother-of-pearl; the fourth, a helmet with small pieces of pearl-shell representing collars around the necks of rattlesnakes; and the fifth is a jaguar in the side of which are similar inlays. These masks are described by Dr. Read in “Archæologia,” Society of Antiquaries, London, Vol. LIV, p. 383; in this volume the objects are shown in color. Dr. Read communicates that the pearl jaguar seems to be of more recent execution, but he believes the first four to be original. He is not entirely sure that these objects contain the true mother-of-pearl, the substance having changed so much as to make a decision doubtful even if it were extracted. He states, however, that it is a pearly, nacreous shell, resembling that of the ordinary pearl-oyster. In these masks are also other shells, among them a red shell, probably a spondylus, almost as red as coral. The mother-of-pearl is of special interest as it is quite possible that the shell itself was known, and it may be that pearls also formed part of a commerce that existed between the coast and the interior.

FRESH-WATER PEARLS FROM HOPEWELL GROUP OF MOUNDS, ROSS COUNTY, OHIO

We are informed by Mr. E. P. Dieseldorf, of Coban, Republic of Guatemala, that he has never observed pearls in the pre-Columbian graves in Guatemala; he had, however, frequently found marine shells, whole, and elaborated in connection with jadeite beads.

In a personal communication, Mr. Thomas Gann, of Yucatan, states that, in excavating a mound at San Antonio, near the mouth of the Rio Hondo, in Yucatan, he uncovered a small stone cyst or chamber, containing two perforated, pear-like ornaments of considerable size, together with portions of a human skeleton, painted pottery, etc. He also states that ornaments such as beads, gorgets, and ear-pendants, made from the pearly shell of both the oyster and the conch, are of common occurrence in many sepulchral mounds in British Honduras and in Yucatan, and he notes the fact that pink conch pearls are found in considerable numbers at the present day along the coast of British Honduras. There is no especial fishing for pearls, and they are found only incidentally in conchs which have been gathered for food. These pearls are sold by fishermen in Balize at prices varying from two or three dollars to twenty or thirty apiece. In size they range from that of a large pin’s head to that of a small pea.

Mrs. Marie Robinson Wright informs us that she has never found pearls in the Bolivian graves, although they are quite plentiful in Bolivia to-day, and hundreds of them are offered in the markets. The pretty girls wear them as earrings and in their topos.

There is no doubt that pearls existed long before the advent of man, both in the fresh-water and in the marine form. This is more clearly evidenced by Sir Charles Lyell, who calls attention to the fact that the fresh-water mussel (Unio littoralis Gray), formerly found in abundance at Grays Thurrock, Essex, no longer exists in England, but occurs in France, showing that not only had this mollusk been unseen by any Englishman, but that the form had become extinct in an entire country. Thus, both the pearl shell of the ocean and the pearl-mussel of the river, for many centuries produced pearls, which passed away with the shell itself.

A great number of fossil Unios were collected by Barnum Brown from the Laramie clays, 130 miles northwest of Miles City, Montana. The shells were found in a bed situated about 180 feet above the Fort Pierre shales and, therefore, well above the recognized cretaceous strata. These shells were in fairly good condition and retained the nacreous coloring to a considerable extent. As some of them resemble the modern species, it seems that the same designations might be applied to them.

Prof. R. P. Whitfield, one of our greatest palæontologists, who has carefully examined these fossil shells, suggests that they are probably the progenitors of the species of Unios and fresh-water mussels that now inhabit the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers and their tributaries, and he proposes the following names for some of them, indicating at the same time the living species with which he compares them: Unio biæsopoides, Unio æsopoides and Unio æsopiformis, all resembling U. æsopus Green; Unio letsoni = U. cornutus Barnes; Unio cylindricoides = U. cylindricus Say; Unio gibbosoides = U. gibbosus Barnes; Unio pyramidatoides = U. pyramidatus Lea; Unio retusoides = U. retusus Lam.; Unio verucosiformis = U. verrucosus Barnes.

Although it is almost certain that these ancient Unios were pearl-bearing, Professor Whitfield informs us that, in a period of fifty years of palæontological research, he has never found a fossil pearl.

We are informed by Sophus Müller, Director of the Royal Danish Museum of Antiquities at Copenhagen, that no Danish ornaments containing pearls have been found dating from an earlier period than 1000 B.C.; he also states that no fresh-water pearls have ever been discovered in the Danish graves.

Dr. H. Ulmann, director of the great Swiss Landesmuseum at Zurich, and Dr. Otto Leiner, director of the Rosengarten Museum at Constance, personally communicated to us that no pearls exist in either of the collections of these great museums, nor to their knowledge have any been discovered in the lake-dwellings or the prehistoric graves of either Switzerland or Baden. This may either be due to conditions favorable to the dissolution of the pearl by the action of the ooze on the lake bottom, or else to the entire absence of knowledge of them on the part of a people who were familiar with many materials, since the museum collections even show jade implements of a number of types.

Dr. Leiner, whose father was curator of the Rosengarten Museum before him, informs us that at Bodman on Lake Constance there were found a large number of bored cylinders, from one fourth of an inch to one inch in length, made out of limestone. They were used for necklaces, somewhat in the style of our Indian wampum, and were either worn alone or in connection with bored cylinders made of the tuff-rock and also of encrinite stems.

Dr. Leiner also asserts that he has never seen Unio margaritifera in Lake Constance; nor was there any evidence of shells, broken or otherwise, observed by him in the excavations in the lake-dwellings.

The curator of the Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo, South Africa, states that in Rhodesia, in the vicinity of Bulawayo, beads made out of the shell of the common Unio or fresh-water mussel (Unio verreauxi) have been observed in the graves, although pearls themselves have never been found with them in any burials.

ADDENDA

One of the authors used every endeavor in 1893 and 1894 to have a bill passed by Congress for the regulation of pearl-fishing in the United States. These efforts were frustrated by the influence of the local pearl fishers. An attempt has now been made to preserve the industry in Illinois, where the legislature has this spring passed a bill for its regulation.

The first section of the bill provides:

It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to take or catch, by any means whatever, in any of the navigable waters within the jurisdiction of this State, any mussel, fresh-water clam or shell-fish from the first day of October to the first day of April (both dates inclusive) of each succeeding year.

The bill imposes upon any one who violates these provisions a fine of not less than $25, nor more than $100, or imprisonment in the county jail for a term not exceeding one year, or else both fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court.

Another section provides that any one not a resident of Illinois, who takes clams, shell-fish, or mussels, without procuring a license, shall be subject to a fine of not less than $50, nor more than $100, or to imprisonment for one year, or to both penalties. The licenses may be procured on application and payment of $50 for each vessel to be employed, and they expire on the first day of October following their issuance. The amount received for these licenses is to be turned over to the State Treasurer at the end of each month and placed to the credit of the State Fish Protective Fund. No boat having more than two bars, each not exceeding sixteen feet in length, shall be used for this fishery, and the space separating the hooks on these bars is not to be less than eight inches.

Miss Carl, the artist who painted the portraits of the Empress and that of the Dowager Empress of China, states that she wears a diamond ring. When she shows this she apologizes for wearing it, stating that it had been given to her by the Viceroy, Li Hung Chang, saying that she, herself, sees no beauty in the sparkle of the diamond; for her there is more beauty in the soft, quiet tones of the pearl than in the brilliancy of the diamond.

During the Boxer War in China, the looting was carried on to so great an extent, that a French hotel-keeper is said to have obtained a basket of pearls, which he bought for a trifle, and which are said to have netted him very nearly $1,000,000.

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Application des rayons X à la recherche des perles fines. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, VOL. CXXXVIII, pp. 301–302. Paris, 1904.

Sur les perles de nacre. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, VOL. CXXXVIII, pp. 583–584. Paris, 1904.

Sur le mécanisme sécrétoire producteur des perles. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, VOL. CXXXVIII, pp. 710–712. Paris, 1904.

DUTENS (LOUIS)

Des pierres précieuses et des perles fines, avec les moyens de les connoître et de les évaluer. Londres, 1776. 12mo.

EBERHARD (JOHANN PETER)

Abhandlung von dem Ursprung der Perle, worin deren Zeugung, Wachsthum und Beschaffenheit erklärt, und eine Nachricht von verschiedenen Perlenfischereien gegeben wird. Halle, 1751. 8vo.

EDOUARD-PETIT (ALIX)

Aux îles des perles. Journal le Correspondent, pp. 977–996. Paris, March 10, 1906.

ELGIN, Earl of

Leasing of the Pearl Fisheries of Ceylon. Sessional Papers, pp. 650–651. Colombo, 1906.

EMANUEL (HARRY)

Diamonds and precious stones. London, 1865. 8vo.

ENTRECOLLES (F. X. D’)

Manière de faire des perles artificielles. Lettre à Pekin, 4 Nov. 1734. Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des Missions Étrangères, VOL. XXII, pp. 425–437. Paris, 1736.

ESTEVA (JOSÉ MARIA)

Memoria sobre la pesca de la perla en la Baja California. Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, VOL. X, pp. 673–697. Mexico, 1865.

FARRINGTON (OLIVER CUMMINGS)

Gems and Gem Minerals. Chicago, 1903. 8vo.

FERGUSON (ALASTAIR MAKENZIE AND JOHN)

All about Gold, Gems, and Pearls in Ceylon and Southern India.... Second edition. Colombo, 1888. 8vo.

FERNANDES DE QUEIROS (PEDRO)

The Voyages of Pedro Fernandez de Quiros, 1595–1606. Translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham. 2 vols. London, Hakluyt Society, 1904. 8vo.

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A Popular Treatise on Gems, in Reference to Their Scientific Value. New York, 1859. 8vo.

FICHTNER (CONRAD HEINRICH)

Einige Nachrichten von dem Rehauischen Perlen Bach. Frankische Sammlungen von Anmerkungen aus der Naturlehre Arzneigelehrtheit. Nurnberg, 1768. 8vo.

FIELDS (J. T.)

Underbrush. Boston, 1881. 8vo.

FILIPPI (FILIPPO DE)

Sull’ origine delle perle. Il Cimento revista di Scienza, Lettere, ed Arti, VOL. I, pp. 429–439. Torino, 1852. Translated into German by Dr. Küchenmeister in Müllers’ Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie, und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1856, pp. 251–269. Berlin, 1856.

Mémoire pour servir à l’histoire génétique des Trématodes. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, VOL. XV, pp. 331–358, 1855; VOL. XVI, pp. 419–442. Torino, 1857.

Also in Annales des Sciences Naturelles, VOL. II (Zool.), pp. 254–284. Paris, 1854. Nouvelles observations sur le développement des Trématodes.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, III (Zool.), pp. 111–113. Paris, 1855.

Encore un mot sur la formation des perles. Müllers’ Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie, und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1856, pp. 490–493. Berlin, 1856.

Troisième mémoire pour servir à l’histoire génétique des Trématodes. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. VOL. XVIII, pp. 201–232. Torino, 1859.

FISCHER (GOTTHELF)

Essai sur la Pellegrina, ou la Perle incomparable des Frères Zozima. Moscou. 1818. 8vo.

FISCHER (P.)

Production artificielle des perles. Journal de Conchyliologie, VOL. XIII, pp. 64–65. Paris, 1865.

FRANK LESLIE’S MAGAZINE

Pearl-mussel Fishery of New Jersey. “Frank Leslie’s Magazine,” VOL. III, pp. 384–386. New York, May 23, 1857.

FRÉDÉ (PIERRE)

La Pêche aux Perles. Paris, 1887. 8vo.

La Pêche aux Perles en Perse et à Ceylon. Paris, 1890. 8vo.

FREDERICK (CÆSAR)

The Fishing for Pearls [in Ceylon, 1563–81]. Translated out of Italian by Thomas Hickoke. Hakluyt’s Voyages, VOL. V. Glasgow, 1904. 8vo.

FRIEDLAENDER (S.)

Perlen der Juwelierausstellung. Internationale Fischerei-Austellung zu Berlin, 1880, pp. 75–83. Berlin, 1881. 8vo.

FRISWELL (J. H.)

Pearls and Oysters. “Once a Week,” VOL. III, pp. 78–81. London, July 14, 1860.

FRYER (JOHN)

A new Account of East-India and Persia. London, 1698. Fol.

GANONG (W. F.)

Bibliography of the Fresh-water Pearl Fishery in New Brunswick. Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, NO. XVII, pp. 134–136., St. John, N. B., 1899.

GARNER (ROBERT)

On the Pearls of the Conway River, North Wales. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report for 1856, PART II, pp. 92–93. London, 1857.

Notes on Anatomy and Pearls of Alasmodon margaritifera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, VOL. XI, pp. 426–428, 1872. On the Formation of British Pearls and Their Possible Improvement. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool.), VOL. XI, pp. 426–428. London, 1873.

GARRAN (ANDREW)

Australasia Illustrated. 3 vols. Sydney, 1892. 4to.

GEIGER (MALACHIAS)

Margaritologia, sive dissertatio de Margaritis, in qua, post varia ad Margaritas pertinentia, demonstratur, Margaritas bavaricas, in usu medicinali, viribus et effectibus æquivalere orientalibus et occidentalibus. Monachii, 1637. 12mo.

GEMELLI-CARERI (GIOVANNI FRANCESCO)

Giro del mondo. Nuova edizione, accresciuta, ricorretta, e divisa in nove volumi. Venezia, 1719. 8vo.

GIARD (ALFRED)

L’épithélium sécréteur des perles. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, séance du 29 decembre, 1903, VOL. LV, pp. 1222–1225. Paris, 1903.

GIBBINS (HERBERT JAMES)

Curiosities of Pearls. “Gentleman’s Magazine,” VOL. CCLXXVII, pp. 306–315. London, September, 1894.

GILL (WILLIAM WYATT)

Life in the Southern Isles; or Scenes and Incidents in the South Pacific and New Guinea. London, 1876. 8vo.

GILLMAN (HERBERT W.)

Valuation of Pearls in Ceylon. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1887, VOL. X, pp. 32–40. Colombo, 1888.

GIMMA (GIACINTO)

Della storia naturale delle gemme, delle pietre, e di tutti i minerali, ovvero della fisica sotterranea. 2 vols. Napoli, 1730. 4to.

GODRON (D.-A.)

Les perles de la Vologne, et le Château-sur-perle. Mémoires de l’Académie de Stanislas, 1869, pp. 10–30. Nancy, 1870.

GRAND (S.)

Méthode de culture de l’huître perlière dans les lagons de Tahiti. Revue Maritime et Coloniale, VOL. CXXV, pp. 575–590. Paris, May, 1895.

GRAY (JOHN EDWARD)

On the Structure of Pearls, and on the Chinese mode of producing them of a large size and regular form. Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, New Series, VOL. IX, pp. 27–29. London, January, 1825; VOL. X, pp. 389–390, November, 1825.

GRIFFIN (G. W.)

The Pearl-shell Fisheries of Queensland. U. S. Consular Reports, NO. LV. Washington, August, 1885.

Also published in Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, VOL. VI, pp. 433–435. Washington, 1887.

GRILL (JOHAN ABRAHAM)

Bericht wie die Chinesen ächte Perlen nachmachen. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften for 1772, VOL. XXXIV, pp. 88–90. Leipzig, 1776.

GRIMM (HERMANNI NICOLAI)

De piscatura margaritarum apud Insulam Manaar, non procul à Ceylon sitam. Miscellanea Curiosa Medico-physicarum, obs. 36, pp. 99–107. Norimbergæ, 1685.

GROSS (J. G.)

De Margaritis, earumque Virtute Medica. Wirceburgi, 1744. 4to.

GRYLLS (JAMES WILLYAMS)

The Pearl Fishery. “The New Monthly Magazine,” VOL. LXXXII, pp. 70–79. London, January, 1848. The Out-station; or Jaunts in the Jungle. London, 1848. 16mo.

GUIDO (JOANNIS)

De Mineralibus tractatus absolutissimus. Francofurti, 1627. 8vo.

GUILLEMAND (FRANCIS HENRY HILL)

Malaysia and the Pacific Archipelago. London, 1894. 8vo.

GÜNTHER (ALBERT)

A Small Fish of the Genus Fierasfer Imbedded in the Shell of Margarita margaritifera. Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London, 1886, pp. 318–320.

HAGUE (W. F.)

On the Natural and Artificial Production of Pearls in China. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, VOL. XVI, pp. 280–284, 1856.

HALE (SARAH J.)

History of Pearls, Natural and Artificial. “Godey’s Magazine,” VOL. XLVIII, pp. 533–537. Philadelphia, 1854.

HALL (ANNA MARIA)

Pearls and Pearl Divers of the Gulf of California. “St. James’s Magazine,” Vol. II, pp. 289–295. London, October, 1861.

HALL (FRANCIS)

Colombia: its present state. Philadelphia, 1825. 12mo.

HAMILTON (ALEXANDER), Captain

A New Account of the East Indies. 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1727. 8vo.

HAMONVILLE (L. D’)

Les moules perlières de Billiers (Mytilus edulis). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, VOL. XIX, pp. 140–142. Paris, 1894.

HARDY (ROBERT WILLIAM HALL), Lieut.

Travels in the Interior of Mexico, in 1825, 1826, 1827, and 1828. London, 1829. 8vo.

HARLEY (GEORGE)

Microscopic Examination of Pearls. “The Cheltenham Ladies’ College Magazine,” NO. XVII, pp. 37–42. London, 1888.

HARLEY (GEORGE AND HAROLD S.)

The Chemical Composition of Pearls. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, VOL. XLIII, pp. 461–465, 1888. The Structural Arrangement of the Mineral Matters in Sedimentary and Crystalline Pearls. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, VOL. XLV, pp. 612–614, 1889.

HARPER’S MAGAZINE

Pearls and Gems. “Harper’s New Monthly Magazine,” VOL. XXI, pp. 764–780. New York, November, 1860. Treasures of the Deep. “Harper’s New Monthly Magazine,” VOL. LVIII, pp. 321–336. New York, February, 1879.

HARTING (PIETER)

Sur la production artificielle de quelques-unes des principales formations calcaires organiques. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, VOL. LXXIII, pp. 361–362. Paris, 1871.

Also in Quarterly Journal Microscopic Science, VOL. XII, pp. 118–123. London, 1872.

HARTMANN (PHILIPP JACOB)

Exercitatio de generatione mineralium, vegetabilum, et animalium in aere. Konigsberg(?), 1689. 4to.

HASAN IBN YAZĪD (ABŪ ZAID) Al-Sīrāfī

Ancient Accounts of India and China, by two Mohammedan travellers who went to those parts in the 9th Century. London, 1733. 8vo.

HAWKINS (RICHARD), Sir

The Observations of Sir Richard Hawkins in his Voyage into the South Sea, in the Year 1593. Reprinted from the edition of 1622. London, Hakluyt Society, 1847. 8vo.

HEEREN (ARNOLD HERMANN LUDWIG)

Historical Researches into the Politics, Intercourse and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity. 3 vols. Oxford, 1833. 8vo.

HERDMAN (WILLIAM ABBOTT)

The Pearl Fisheries of Ceylon. Abstract of a discourse delivered at the Royal Institution on March 27, 1903. “Popular Science Monthly,” VOL. LXIII, pp. 229–238, July, 1903.

Also in Smithsonian Report for 1904, pp. 485–493.

Presidential Address, 1905. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 117th Session, pp. 20–30, October, 1905.

Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl-Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manar. 5 vols. London, The Royal Society, 1903–1906. 4to.

The Pearl Fisheries of Ceylon. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, VOL. XVII, pp. 279–287. London, March, 1905.

HERTZ (BRAM)

A Catalogue of the Collection of Pearls and Precious Stones formed by H. P. Hope, Esq. London, 1839. Fol.

HESSE (P.)

Die Perlfishcherei im Roten Meere. Zoologischer Garten, VOL. XXXIX, pp. 382–385. Frankfurt-a.-M., December, 1898.

HESSLING (THEODOR VON)

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Ueber die Ursachen der Perlbildung bei Unio margaritifer. Siebold und Kölliker, Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, VOL. IX, pp. 543–546. Leipzig, 1858.

Die Perlmuscheln und ihre Perlen. Leipzig, 1859. 8vo.

Die Verbreitung der Seeperlenmuschel und der Perlfischerei. Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, VOL. XIV, pp. 17–32. Halle, 1859.

Ueber die Befruchtung der Flussperlenmuschel. Siebold und Kölliker, Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, VOL. X, pp. 358–363. Leipzig, 1860.

HILL (JOHN)

Theophrastus’s History of Stones, with the Greek Text and an English Version, and Notes Critical and Philosophical, Including the Modern History of Gems Described by that Author. London, 1746. 8vo.

HOLDSWORTH (EDMUND WILLIAM HUNT)

Report on the Conditions and Prospects of the Pearl Oyster Banks, 1868. Colombo, 1868. Fol.

HOME (EVERARD), Sir, Bart.

On the Production and Formation of Pearls. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, VOL. CXVI, pp. 338–341. London, 1826.

HORNELL (JAMES)

Biological Results of the Ceylon Pearl Fishery of 1904, with Notes on Divers and Their Occupation. Colombo, 1905. 4to.

Report on the Placuna placenta Pearl Fishery of Lake Tampalakamam. Ceylon Marine Biological Reports, PART II, VOL. I, pp. 41–54. Colombo, 1906.

Report on the Operations on the Pearl Banks During the Fishery of 1905. Ceylon Marine Biological Reports, PART II, VOL. I, pp. 55–79. Colombo, 1906.

HUMBOLDT (FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER VON), Baron

Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent During the Years 1799–1804. 7 vols. London, 1814–29. 8vo.

IBN BATUTA

The Travels of Ibn Batuta. Translated from the original Arabic manuscript copies ... by Samuel Lee. London, 1829. 4to.

IRVING (THEODORE)

The Conquest of Florida, under Hernando de Soto. 2 vols. London, 1835. 12mo.

ISSEL (ARTURO)

I Molluschi Commestibili, le Applicazioni delle Conchiglie, le Perle e i Coralli. Annali dell’ Industria e del Commercio, 1880, num. 28. Roma, 1881. 8vo.

JAHN (J. G.)

Die Perlenfischerei im Voigtlande. Oelsnitz, 1854. 8vo.

JAMESON (H. LYSTER)

On the Identity and Distribution of the Mother-of-pearl Oysters. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1901, VOL. I, pp. 372–394.

On the Origin of Pearls. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1902, VOL. I, pp. 140–166. The Formation of Pearls. “Nature,” VOL. LXVII, pp. 280–282. London, January 22, 1903.

JARDINE (FRANK L.)

Report Relating to the Mergui Pearl and Pearl Shell Fisheries. Rangoon, 1894. Fol.

JEFFREYS (JOHN GWYN)

British Conchology, or an Account of the Mollusca Which now Inhabit the British Isles and the Surrounding Seas. 5 vols. London, 1862–69. 12mo.

JEFFRIES (DAVID)

Treatise on Diamonds and Pearls and the True Method of Manufacturing Diamonds. London, 1750. 8vo.

A Treatise on Diamonds and Pearls. Fourth edition, corrected to the present time. London, 1871. 12mo.

JONES (CHARLES COLCOCK)

Antiquities of the Southern Indians, Particularly of the Georgia Tribes. New York, 1873. 8vo.

JONES (WILLIAM)

History and Mystery of Precious Stones. London, 1880. 8vo.

JOPP (ALEXANDER H.)

Days with Industries: Adventures and Experiences Among Curious Industries. London, 1889. 8vo.

JORDANUS (CATALANI), Bishop

Mirabilia Descripta. The Wonders of the East, by Friar Jordanus (circa 1330). Translated by Col. Sir Henry Yule. London, Hakluyt Society, 1863. 8vo.

KÆMPFER (ENGELBERT)

The History of Japan. 2 vols. London, 1727. Fol.

KAWALL (J. H.)

La pêche des perles en Livonie. Annales de la Société Malacologique de Belgique, VOL. VII, pp. 38–46. Brussels, 1872.

KELAART (EDWARD FREDERICK)

Introductory Report on the Natural History of the Pearl-oyster of Ceylon. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, VOL. I, pp. 399–405, 1857.

Also in Madras Journal of Literature and Science, VOL. III, pp. 89–104, 1858.

Report on the Tablegam Pearl-oyster Fishery. Madras Journal of Literature and Science, VOL. III, pp. 105–110, 1858.

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KELAART (EDWARD FREDERICK) AND MÖBIUS (KARL)

On the Natural History of the Cingalese Pearl-oyster and on the Production of Pearls. Annals of Natural History, 3rd series, VOL. I, pp. 81–100. London, 1858.

KELLY (H. M.)

A Statistical Study of the Parasites of the Unionidæ. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, VOL. V, pp. 399–418. Springfield, Ill., 1899.

KENT (WILLIAM SAVILLE)

Report on the Pearl and Pearl Shell Fisheries of North Queensland. Brisbane, 1890. Fol.

On the Experimental Cultivation of the Mother-of-pearl Shell in Queensland. Report Australian Association, VOL. II, pp. 541–548. Sydney, 1891.

The Great Barrier Reef of Australia; Its Products and Potentialities. London, 1893. Fol.

KING (CHARLES WILLIAM)

The Natural History of Precious Stones and of the Precious Metals. London, 1870. 8vo.

KINGSMILL (WALTER)

The Pearling Industry [of Western Australia]. Illustrated Handbook of Western Australia. Paris International Exhibition, 1900. Perth, W. A., 1900. 8vo.

KLEIN (JACOB THEODOR)

Tentamen Methodi Ostracologicæ sive Dispositio Naturalis Cochlidum et Concharum. Lugduni Batavorum, 1753. 4to.

KLEIN (JOHANN)

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KNAUTHE (KARL)

Perle in Unio rostratus. Zoologischer Garten, p. 155. Berlin, 1896.

KOGEL (J.)

Tripang- und Perlenfischerei in niederländischen Australien. Ausland, 1857. 8vo.

KÜCHENMEISTER (FRIEDRICH)

Uebersetzung der Arbeit: “Sull’ origine delle Perle, del Dottore F. de Filippi.” Nebst auf Untersuchungen gegründeten Anmerkungen. Müller’s Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie, und wissenschaftliche Medicin, pp. 251–268. Berlin, 1856.

Ueber eine der häufigsten Ursachen der Elsterperlen und das Verfahren, welches zur künstlichen Vermehrung der Perlen dem Königl.-Sächsischen Ministerium der Finanzen vorgeschlagen wurde. Müller’s Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie, und wissenschaftliche Medicin, pp. 269–281. Berlin, 1856.

KUNZ (GEORGE FREDERICK)

American Pearls. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 33rd meeting, pp. 665–674. Salem, 1885.

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Gems and Precious Stones of North America. A Popular Description of Their Occurrence, Value, History, Archæology, and of the Collections in which they Exist, also a Chapter on Pearls and on Remarkable Foreign Gems Owned in the United States. New York, 1890. 4to.

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A Brief History of the Gathering of Fresh-water Pearls in the United States. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, VOL. XIII, pp. 321–330. Washington, 1894.

On Pearls and the Application and Utilization of the Shells, etc., as Shown at the World’s Columbian Exposition. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, VOL. XIII, pp. 439–457. Washington, 1894.

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Fresh-water Pearls of America. “Nature,” VOL. LX, pp. 150–152. New York, June 15, 1899.

Precious Stones of California. Sacramento, 1905. 8vo.

KUSNETZOW (I. D.)

Fischerei und Thiererbeutung in den Gewässern Russlands. St. Petersburg, 1898. 8vo.

LAFERRIÈRE (J.)

De Paris à Guatémala. Notes de Voyages au Centre-Amérique, 1866–1875. Paris, 1877. 8vo.

LANDAETA ROSALES (MANUEL)

Gran Recopilacion geografica, estadistica e historica de Venezuela. 2 vols. Carácas, 1889. Fol.

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Description du Trésor de Guarrazar. Paris, 1860. 4to.

LEACH (WILLIAM ELFORD)

The Zoologists Miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals. 3 vols. London, 1814–17. 8vo.

LE BECK (HENRY J.)

An Account of the Pearl Fishery in the Gulph of Manar in March and April, 1797. Asiatic Researches, VOL. V, pp. 393 et seq. London, 1798.

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Memoirs and Remarks ... Made in Above Ten Years’ Travel Through the Empire of China: Particularly Upon Their Pottery, Varnishing, Silk, and Pearl-fishing. London, 1737. 8vo.

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De perlis Lusato-silesiacis. Miscellanea Curiosa, observatio 150, pp. 327–328. Norimbergæ, 1690.

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Speculum lapidum. Venice, 1502. 4to.

LEUWENHOECK (M.)

Microscopical Observations on the Salts of Pearls, Oyster-shells, etc. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London for 1707, No. 311, pp. 2416–24.

LEWIS (JAMES)

On the Coloring Matter of Pearl-shells. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1860, pp. 88–89.

LEWIS (J. P.) AND HORNELL (JAMES)

Reports on the Pearl Fishery of 1904. Sessional Papers. Colombo, 1904. Fol.

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LINSCHOTEN (JOHN HUYGHEN VAN)

The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies. 2 vols. London, Hakluyt Society, 1884. 8vo.

LISTER (MARTIN)

A Journey to Paris in the Year 1698. London, 1699. 8vo.

LONDON MAGAZINE

Pearls. “London Magazine,” VOL. XI, pp. 715–722. London, January, 1904.

LOPES DE CASTANHEDA (FERNHAM)

The First Booke of the Historie of the Discoverie and Conquest of the East Indies, Enterprised by the Portingales. London, 1582. 4to.

LOPEZ DE GOMARA (FRANCISCO)

Historia general de las Indias con todo el descubrimiento y cosas notables que han acaecido desde que se ganaron hasta el año de 1551. Çaragoça, 1552. Fol.

LOVELL (ROBERT)

Panmineralogicon, or an Universal History of Minerals, containing the summe of all Authors. Oxford, 1661. 8vo.

LOVETZKY

Notice sur les perles du gouvernement de Viatka. Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes. Moscou, 1830.

LOW (FRANZ)

Die Flussperlenmuscheln-fischerei in der Moldau in Böhmen. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft, pp. 333–336. Wien, 1859.

LUCATT

Rovings in the Pacific from 1837 to 1849. 2 vols. London, 1851. 8vo.

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L’Histoire Naturelle éclaircie dans deux de ses parties principales, La Lithologie et la Conchyliogie dont l’une traite des pierres et l’autre des Coquillages ... par M... de la Société Royale des Sciences de Montpellier. Paris, 1742. 4to.

MCCULLOCH (JOHN RAMSAY)

Article “Pearls.” Dictionary of Commerce. London, 1882. 8vo.

MACDONALD (ALEXANDER C.)

In Search of El Dorado: a Wanderer’s Experiences. London, 1905. 8vo.

MACGOWAN (D. T.)

Pearls and Pearl-making in China. Journal of the Society of Arts, VOL. II, pp. 72–75. London, Dec. 16, 1853.

MCINTOSH (WILLIAM CARMICHAEL)

The Story of a Pearl. “The Zoologist,” No. 752, VOL. LXII, pp. 41–56. London, February, 1904.

MALCOLM (JOHN), Sir

Sketches of Persia, from the Journals of a Traveller in the East. 2 vols. London, 1827. 8vo.

MANDEVILLE (JOHN), Sir

Le Grand Lapidaire, où sont déclarez les noms de Pierres orientales, avec les Vertues et Propriétés d’icelles, aussi les isles et pays où elles croissent. Paris, 1561. 12mo.

MARBODUS, Bishop of Rennes

Marbodei, Galli poetae vetustissimi de lapidibus pretiosis encheridion cum scholiis Pictorii Villingensis. Paris, 1531. 8vo.

Liber Lapidum seu de Gemmis varietate lectionis et perpetua annotatione illustratus a Johanne Beckmanno. Gottingæ, 1799. 8vo.

MARIOT

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Departmental Commission on Pearl-shell and Bêche-de-mer Fisheries. Report, Together With the Minutes of Evidence and Proceedings of the Commission Appointed to Inquire into the General Working of the Laws Regulating the Pearl-shell and Bêche-de-mer Fisheries of the Colony. Brisbane, 1897. Fol.

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Mémoire géographique, historique et scientifique sur l’Inde antérieurement au milieu du xi^e siècle de l’ère chrétienne d’après les écrivains arabes, persans et chinois. Paris, 1849. 4to.

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A Natural and Civil History of California Containing an Accurate Description of That Country. 2 vols. London, 1759. 8vo.

VENETTE (NICHOLAS)

Traité des Pierres qui s’engendrent dans les terres et dans les animaux, où l’on parle des causes qui les forment dans les hommes. Amsterdam, 1701. 12mo.

VERE (SCHELE DE)

Jewels of the Deep: Pearls. “Putnam’s Magazine,” VOL. XI, pp. 278–288. New York, March, 1868.

VERNATTI (PHILIBERTO), Sir

Pearl-divers in the East Indies, Their Time Under Water. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, for 1669, No. 43, p. 863.

VILLA (ANTONIO)

Sull’ origine delle perle e sulla possibilita di produrle artificialmente. Atti del Ateneo Milano, VOL. XV, 1859–60. pp. 165–173. Il Politecnico, VOL. VIII, pp. 568–584. Milano, 1860.

Des Perles; de leur origine et de leur production artificielle. Traduit de l’Italien par Timothée Coutet. Paris, 1863. 12mo.

VINCENT (WILLIAM)

The Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean. 2 vols. London, 1807. 4to.

W. (S.)

Recollections of Ceylon: its Forests and its Pearl Fishery. “Fraser’s Magazine,” VOL. LXII, pp. 753–767. London, December, 1860.

WASHBURN (HOWARD E.)

American Pearls. Ann Arbor, Mich., 8vo, 48 pages, paper, 5 plates.

WATKINS (M. G.)

Scotch Pearls and Pearl Hunting. “Gentleman’s Magazine,” VOL. CCLXXX, pp. 626–629. London, June, 1896.

WATTS (MRS. PHILIP)

A Visit to the Ceylon Pearl Fisheries. “The Graphic,” VOL. LXXI, pp. 583–597. London, May 20, 1905.

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Om Perler og Perlefiskerierne. Norske Fiskeritidende, pp. 252–263. Bergen, October, 1886. 8vo.

A translation in English by Herman Jacobson is given in Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, VOL. VI, pp. 321–328. Washington, 1886.

WELLSTED (JAMES RAYMOND)

Travels in Arabia. 2 vols. London, 1838. 8vo.

Travels to the City of the Caliphs Along the Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean. 2 vols. London, 1840. 8vo.

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Fauna Molluscorum terrestrium et fluriatilium Sveciæ, Norvegiæ et Daniæ. 2 vols. Stockholm, 1871–73. 8vo.

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A Manual of Precious Stones and Antique Gems. London, 1874. 8vo.

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The Persian Problem. London, 1903. 8vo.

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Pearl-diving and Its Perils. “The Cosmopolitan,” VOL. XVIII, pp. 564–572. New York, March, 1895.

The World’s Rough Hand: Toil and Adventure at the Antipodes. New York, 1899. 12mo.

Working Under Water: the Story of an Amateur Pearl Fisher. “The Outlook,” VOL. LXI, pp. 124–129. New York, January 14, 1899.

WILLIAMS (CHARLES)

Silvershell; or the Adventures of an Oyster. London, 1856. 8vo.

WILSON (D.), Colonel

Pearl Fisheries in the Persian Gulf.

Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London, VOL. III, pp. 283–286. London, 1834.

WOHLBEREDT (O.)

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Reise nach Zeilan. Nebst einem Berichte von der holländischen Regierung zu Jaffanapatnam. 2 vols. Berlin und Stettin, 1782–84. 8vo.

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Parasitical Animals in Meleagrina margaritifera of Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, pp. 176–177.

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INDEX

INDEX

Abalone pearls, 55, 78, 148, 280, 291, 351, 414

Abbas the Great, 455

Abdul-Aziz, 421

Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 164, 166

Aboriginal use of pearls, 485–513

Abortive ova theory, 42

Abraham and Sarah, 7

Accidents to divers, 117, 138, 144, 197, 203, 208, 247, 249

Acid stains, 376

Acosta, José de, 232

Aden, Arabia, 37, 142

Aden, Gulf of, 80, 140

Adirondack, New York, 266

Adour River, France, 171

Adrian, Pope, 313

Africa, 65, 140, 153–156

Age of mollusks, 74, 108, 171

Ago Bay, Japan, 292

Aitken, E. H., 133

Alabama, 492, 493

Alasmodon arcuata, 73 margaritifera, 281

Albertus Magnus, 311

Alexander the Great, 319

Alexander VI, 24

Alexander Severus, 10

Alexandra, Queen, 165, 418 (plate), 438

Alexandria, 320

Alexandria shell, 69

Alfonso X, 311

Alfred the Great, 414

Algonquin Indians, 486

America, 225–282, 294

America, Prehistoric, 23, 485–512

American Museum of Natural History, 266, 467

Amsterdam, Diamond Merchants of, 325

Anania of Shiraz, 329

Ancients, Pearls among the, 3–12

Anglesey, Marquis of, 479

Angoulème, Duchess of, 170

Anhalt Dessau, Duchess of, 476

Anjou, Duke of, 425

Annan River, Scotland, 164

Anne de Bretagne, 436

Anne de France, Duchess, 435

Anodonta cygnea, 42, 168

Antwerp, Chamber of Commerce of, 327

Apparatus of capture, 166, 181, 268–270. See Dredges, Scaphanders.

Apple River, Wisconsin, 262

Aqualia jewels, 479

Aqua perlata, 311

Archangel, Russia, 181, 184

Areca-nut, 310

Arethusa necklace, 405

Aristotle, 95

Arizona, 510

Arkansas, 259, 263, 264, 270, 276, 361

Arkansas River, 263, 264

Arlington, Tenn., 263

Arnobio, Cleandro, 344

Arnold, Sir Edwin, 41, 85

Arthurian legends, 304

Artificial pearls, 41, 285–293

Aru Islands, 206, 220

Ashburnham missal, 17

Assyria, Pearls in, 6, 404

Atax ypsilophorus, 43

Atharvaveda, 4, 301

Athens National Museum, 405

Atwater, Caleb, 500

Auction of oysters, 120

Auction of pearls, 470–472, 477–481

Augsburg, Germany, 320

Australia, 30, 58, 65, 68, 199–212, 291, 294, 466

Austria, Fisheries of, 178–179

Austrian Schatzkammer, 472–474

Awabi. See Abalone.

Aztecs, Pearls among the, 23

Bacon, Francis, 313

Baden, Germany, 177

Baegert, Jacob, 244

Bagdad, 88, 98, 335, 411

Bagge, J. P., 287

Bahama Islands, 278

Bahrein Islands, 85, 88–90

Balapur, India, 133

Baldknob, Arkansas, 276

Banda, 221

Banks, Edgar J., 5

Bann River, Ireland, 165

Bantam Lake, Conn., 266

Bapst pearls, 465

Barbot, Charles, 337, 390

Baroda, Gaikwar of, 460

Baroque pearls, 30, 31, 59, 265, 272, 353, 359, 464, 475, 476

Baroque pearls, Values of, 337, 340, 343, 355

Barthema, Lodovico, 86

Base value for pearls, 330–333

Basilica of St. Mark, 17, 59

Bassein Coast, India, 139

Bath, Marquis of, 355

Batthyani, Count Louis, 467

—— Countess Louis, 434

Bavaria, 171–173, 294

Bazaruto Islands, 153, 156

Beads, 403, 497, 498, 508

Beckmann, Johann, 287

Bede, 160

Bell, Robert N., 492

Benjamin of Tudela, 37, 86

Benzoni, Girolamo, 231

Berri, Duc de, 426

Beuth-Schinkel Museum, Charlottenburg, 421

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 407, 425, 428, 436

Biedma, Louis Hernandez de, 253, 257

Bird’s-eye pearls, 56, 353

Birdwood, Sir George, 319

Birmingham, Jewelers’ and Goldsmiths’ Association of, 327

Blackmore, H. P., 490

Blackmore Museum, 490, 500

Black pearls, 29, 60, 241, 349, 355, 376, 467, 476

Black River, Arkansas, 264, 273

Black Rock, Arkansas, 264, 276

Bleaching pearls, 377, 396

Blister pearls, 58, 353

Blue-point shell, 72

Boats, 91, 112, 136, 141, 166, 205, 218, 234

Bober River, Germany, 175

Bohemia, Austria, 178

Bohemian pearls, 433, 434

Bolchow, H. W. F., 478

Bolivia, 511

Bologna treatise of, 1791, 331, 338, 342, 343

Bombay, 88, 89, 98, 156, 347, 354, 357

Bombay Presidency, 132

Bombay shell, 69, 143

Boncza, Mlle. Wanda de, 479

Boot, Anselmus de, 40, 311, 331, 338, 343, 382, 455

Bordeaux, Austin de, 459

Borneo, 221, 297

Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 11, 12, 307

Bouchon-Brandely, G., 193, 195, 290

Bourbon, Duchess of, 348

Bouton, Louis, 291

Bouton pearls, 56, 57, 352. See Button pearls

Bracelets, 474

Brazil, 282

Breeding pearls, 296–298

Bremond, Gabriele, 411

Brhatsamhita of Varâhamihira, 334

Bridal presents, Pearls as, 170

Brinton, D. G., 494

Bristow, Samuel G., 494

British Honduras, 511

British Isles, 11, 159–168

British Museum, 11, 20, 67, 405, 414, 510

Brooch, 471

Broome, Australia, 205

Brown, Barnum, 511

Browning, Robert, 303

Bruce, Robert, 418

Brunswick, Duke of, 349, 399

Brydges, Sir Harford Jones, 459

Bubics, Bishop, 481

Buckhorn shell, 73

Buckingham, Duke of, 24

Buckland, F. T., 165

Budapest National Museum, 435

Buddha images, 288–289

Buddhabhaṭṭa, 310, 335, 378

Budé, Guillaume, 348

Bulawayo, South Africa, 513

Bullhead shell, 73

Bunyan, John, 79

Burgundy family, 21, 431

Burkill, F. H., 136

Burma, 135

Bushell, Stephen W., 413

Bushnell, David I., 509

Butterfly shell, 73

Button manufacture, 72, 264, 269, 271

Button pearls, 352, 360, 470

Buttons, Link, 443

Buying pearls, 369

Byron, Lord, 403

Byssus, 66, 76

Byzantine coins, 15

Byzantium, 320

Cæsar, Julius, 10, 11, 159, 329, 449

Cæsarea, Syria, 406

Calcutta, 357

California, 280, 281

California, Gulf of, 69, 241–251, 294

Caligula, 9

Caliph Al-Mamun, 411

Cambridge, Mass., 490

Camden, William, 37, 160

Canada, 281

Candarin, weight, 322

Caniapuscaw, Canada, 281

Carat, 321–329, 331, 333

Carborel, José, 242

Care of pearls, 394–395

Caribbean Sea, 225

Carl, Miss, 513

Carlotta, Empress of Mexico, 397, 476

Caroline Augusta, Empress, 474

Caroline, Queen, 29

Carpets embroidered with pearls, 411

Carthage, Tenn., 263, 276

Carupano, Venezuela, 234

Cassis madagascarensis, 351, 354

Castellani, Alexandro, 185

Castellani, Augusto, 468

Catharine de’ Medici, 24, 435, 453

Catharine of Russia, 184

Cavvadias, M. P., 405

Ceram, 221

Ceylon, 4, 29, 31, 45, 60, 81, 87, 99–128, 293, 343–347, 383

Ceylon Company of Pearl Fishers, 110, 125, 127

Chank, 78

Chardin, Jean, 94

Charente River, France, 171

Charlemagne, 16, 472, 475

Charles I of England, 431, 456

Charles II of Spain, 452

Charles IV, Crown of, 416

Charles V, Buckle of, 24

Charles VI of France, 313

Charles the Bold, 21

Charles the Bold’s jewel, 450

Charlotte, Queen, 29

Chauveton, Urbain, 38, 232

Che-kiang, China, 288

Chesapeake Bay, 267

Chicago, Ill., 275, 499, 500

Chicot, 58, 353

Chillicothe, Ohio, 491, 500, 506

China, 4, 5, 19, 145–146, 285, 288, 302, 413

Chinese pearl ornaments, 413

Christ, 7, 304

Christie’s Auction House, 477–481

Chung-kwan-o, China, 290

Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 468

Clam pearl. See Venus, 351, 486

Cleaning pearls, 375, 377, 378, 396

“Cleanness,” the poem, 21

Cleopatra, 10, 55, 314, 315, 407, 449

Clinch River, Tenn., 263

Clinton, Tenn., 263, 276

Clodius, 315

Coche Island, Venezuela, 231, 233

Cockburn, Lady Augusta Anne, 479

Cocoanut pearls, 78, 351

Cofaciqui, 253, 254, 257, 267

Coins, ancient, 404, 450

Collar, Pearl, 444

Colombia, 233, 239, 282

Colombo, 357

Color of pearls, 60, 61, 97, 124, 166, 184, 221, 241, 261, 267, 273, 321, 351, 354, 359, 362, 467

Colorado River, 261

Columbus, Christopher, 23, 225, 226, 228, 321

Columbus, Diego, 229

Columbus, Ohio, 500

Commerce in pearls, 319–321

Commission des Instruments et Travaux, 326

Comparette, F. Louis, 408

Compiègne, France, 431

Composition of pearls, 52, 314

Comyn, Tomas de, 213

Conch pearls, 55, 77, 278, 279, 351, 361, 464

Conchiolin, 44, 51, 61

Cone-shaped pearls, 352

Congaree River, 492

Connecticut, 266

Connemara, Ireland, 165

Constantinople, 15, 320

Conway River, Wales, 37, 160, 161, 168

Copenhagen, 476

Coque de perle, 59, 351

Coral, 412

Cordiner, James, 104, 116, 382

Cordoba, Maria Fernandez de, 433

Coronation orb, English, 418

Cortés, Hernando, 241

Corvinus, Cross of, 423

Cossack, Australia, 205, 466

Costa Rica, 239, 282

Coxe, Daniel, 258, 263

Cracks in pearls, 271, 321, 381

Crawfurd, John, 213

Cresson, H. T., 501

Crosses of pearls, 444

Crowfoot drag, 269

Crowns, 15, 24, 414–420, 455, 472–475

Crown jewels of France, 56, 461, 468–472

Crusades, 19, 320

Crystalline pearls, 54, 55, 351

Cubagua Island, Venezuela, 228, 229, 231, 233

Culin, Stewart, 414

Cultching, 294

Culture pearls, 41, 75, 148, 288–293

Cumana, Venezuela, 228, 233, 234

Cumberland River, 263, 494

Cupid and Psyche, 307

Curtis, William E., 282

Cuzco, Cathedral of, 432

Cylindrical pearls, 56, 353

Czarina of Russia, Frontispiece

Czarina of Russia, Daughters of the, 442

Dahlak Islands, 142

Danube River, 18, 171, 177, 179

Dark Ages, 17, 21, 320, 421

Davenport, Charles B., 292

Davis, Edwin H., 485, 489, 498

Death of pearls, 397, 399

Debenham & Storr, 481

Dee River, Scotland, 164

Denmark, 179, 512

Dennis, James T., 6

Dennys, N. B., 297

Denton, Sherman F., 266

Depletion of pearl beds, 31, 106, 132, 148, 164, 169, 175, 180, 206, 233, 261, 277, 294

Dew-drop origin of pearls, 36–39, 60

Diamonds, 21, 28, 29, 30, 79, 259, 321, 330, 334, 369, 371, 392, 403, 412, 439, 442

Diane de Poitiers, 436

Diaz, Carmen Romero Rubio de, 441

Diederichsen, 476

Diemerbroeck, 94

Dieseldorf, E. P., 511

Dieulafait, Louis, 337

Dinglinger, J. M., 475

Dipsas plicatus, 75, 146, 288

Distomum duplicatum, 42 margaritarum, 43 somateriæ, 43

Divers, Characteristics of, 91, 93, 113, 131, 134, 137, 143, 149, 194, 207, 217, 238, 246

Diving-bell, 239, 245, 247

Diving, Limit of, 93, 94–96, 195, 208, 219, 249

Diving, Method of, 92, 114, 128, 132, 138, 142, 146, 194, 201–203, 207, 219, 230, 236, 246, 249

Diving-stones, 92

Dixon washing machine, 123, 125

Dog-tooth pearls, 352, 360

Donnan, James, 93

Don River, Scotland, 163, 164

Doon River, Scotland, 163, 164

Double pearls, 57, 353

Dragon and pearl, 302

Dragsen, Alfred, 476

Dredging for pearl-oysters, 115, 146, 218, 231, 234

Dreher, Julius D., 196

Dresden, Germany, 475

Drilling pearls, 378–385, 477, 492, 496

Drinking dissolved pearls, 314

Drop-shaped pearls, 352

Druggists’ pearls, 75

Dublin Museum, 424, 425

Dubois, Raphael, 43, 44, 55, 71

Dubosq, Augustus, 390

Dubosq, Henry, 390

Dubuque, Iowa, 510

Dudley, Lady, 479

Durand, L. E., 88

Dust-pearls, 56, 352, 445

Durability of pearls, 395–398

Dutch Indies, 202, 220

Dyeing pearls, 377

Earn River, Scotland, 164

Ear-piercing, 407

Earrings, 403, 404, 407–410, 444

East Africa, Fisheries of, 153–156

East African Pearl Company, 154

East Indian pearl jewelry, 412

Ebert, Frank M., 267

Ecclesiastical ornaments, 16, 17, 160, 421–424, 444

Echternacher Codex, 421

Ecuador, 282

Edgcumbe, Sir Robert, 153, 155

Edibility of pearl mollusks, 66, 171, 210, 250, 280, 494

Edward VI of England, 455

Edward VII of England, 438

Edward, the Black Prince, 417

Effigy mound, 502, 504, 505

Egbert, Archbishop of Treves, 421

Egg-shaped pearls, 56, 240, 352, 470

Egypt, Pearls in ancient, 6, 403 403–404

Eldorado explorers, 252

Elgin, Lord, 126

Eligius or St. Eloi, 16

Elizabeth of England, 24, 453, 454

Elizabeth of Russia, 182, 183

El Katif, 457

Elster River, Saxony, 173

Emanuel, Harry, 337, 340

Embedded pearls, 57, 353, 376

Emeralds, 330, 372, 412, 439

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 145

Empress Dowager of China, 431 (plate)

Enriching a drink with pearls, 314

Entrecolles, F. X. de, 285, 286

Eo, Wilhelmus, 348

Espiritŭ Santo Island, Mexico, 248, 293

Esterházy, Count Maurice, 434

Esterházy, Prince Nicholas, 434, 481

Esthonia, Russia, 182, 183

Etowah River, Georgia, 267

Eugénie, Empress, 30, 164, 260, 307, 355, 395, 471

Europe, Fisheries of, 168–185

European pearl-bearing mollusks, 75, 160, 164, 170, 184

Fabricius, Dionysius, 182

Fake pearls, 361

Falco, Alphonse, 468

Farsan Islands, Red Sea, 142

Fashion for pearls, 21, 30, 31, 329, 354, 439, 440

Ferbecq, 475

Ferguson, A. M., 117

Ferranz, Ivens, 153

Fertility of pearl mollusks, 67, 74

Feuchtwanger, Lewis, 336

Fever, Pearl hunting, 276

Fewkes, J. Walter, 510

Field Museum of Natural History, 499, 501, 503

Filippi, Filippo de, 42

Findhorn River, Scotland, 164

Finland, Russia, 182, 183, 290

Finot, Louis, 334

Fishermen, Characteristics of, 91, 268, 275. See Divers.

Fishermen, Total number of, 80

Fishing boats, 112, 113, 136, 141

Flavor of pearls, 313, 315

Flint River, Georgia, 268

Florence, Italy, 24, 407

Florida, 257, 262, 268, 278, 493

Foix, Françoise de, 436

Fontaneda, Hernando, 256, 257

Forms of pearls, 55–60, 351–354

France, 17, 169–171

Francis I of France, 468

Frederick, Cæsar, 101

Frederick III of Germany, 438

French crown jewels, 56, 461, 468–472

Fresh-water pearls, 16, 18, 30, 72–75, 146, 159–185, 252–282, 351, 359

Froehner, 12

Fugger, J. J., 450

Fukura, Japan, 293

Funeral rites, use of pearls, 133

Gabrielle d’Estrées, 436

Gambier Islands, 190, 192

Gann, Thomas, 511

Garde-Meuble, Paris, 461

Garner, Robert, 43

Garrard & Co., 464

Gemelli-Careri, 238

Gemmen Münzen Cabinet, 12

General Pearl and Coral-Fishing Association of London, 245

Genoa, Italy, 24, 320

Gentleman of Elvas, 253

Georgia, 267, 492, 495

German East Africa, 154

German Federation of Jewelers, 326

German ornaments, Antique, 421–422

Germany, 171–178, 294

Giant clam, 53, 76, 144, 296

Giard, Alfred, 43

Gieger, Malachias, 312

Gillman, H. W., 346

Gimma, Giacinto, 213

Gironde River, 171

Glyptothek, Munich, 407

Godron, D. A., 169

Goethe, 305

Gogibus pearl, 350, 461

Gollancz, 20

Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, 226, 235, 451, 455

Gonzalez, President, 247

Goode, John Mason, 94

Gordon-Lennox, Lady Henry, 481

Gould, Mrs. George J., 480 (plate)

Grain, Pearl, 322–327, 330–334

Gran, Cathedral of, 422

Grass River, N. Y., 266

Graves, Aboriginal, 253, 485–512

Great pearls of history, 481, 482

Greece, 8, 11, 307, 405, 409

Greene, Robert, 253

Greenland, 179

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 314, 454

Grimshaw, Beatrice, 197

Grüne Gewölbe, 59, 175, 475

Guadeloupe, Church of, 452

Guatemala, 511

Guidius, Joannes, 28

Guillaume, M., 325

Hafiz, 47

Hale, Edward E., 241

Half-pearl making, 392, 394

Half-pearls, 354, 364, 444

Half-pearls, values, 340–341

Haliotidæ, 78

Haliotis gigantea, 148

Hammer pearls, 353

Hampton Court, 22

Hanover, Germany, 176

Hapsburg family, 23

Hardy, R. W. H., 245

Hariot, Thomas, 257, 488

Harley, Geo., 54, 396

Harness, John M., 506

Harness mound, 491, 496, 500, 506–509

Harpeth River, Tenn., 494

Harris, Israel H., 261

Haupt, Paul, 6

Hawkins, Sir Richard, 38

Haystack pearls, 56, 353, 360

Healing qualities of pearls, 314

Hebrew literature, 6, 7

Hedenberg, Frederick, 290

Heikow, Lake of, Manchuria, 147

Heirlooms, 434, 477, 479

Hennepin, Father Louis, 495

Henry V, 417, 454

Henry VIII, 22, 431, 451

Heraldic significance, 437

Herculaneum, pearls from, 409

Herdman, W. A., 45, 46, 155, 287, 290

Hermitage, St. Petersburg, 11, 410, 415

Herrick, Robert, 285

Herrmann, Richard, 509

Hesse, 177

Hessling, Theodore von, 52, 172, 176, 181

Hiller, Henry W., 462

Hindus, 4, 301, 307, 309, 347, 350, 382

Hinge pearls, 59, 352

Hispano-American Museum, 432

Holbein, Hans, 22

Holberg, 179

Holland, Philemon, 314

Holy Roman Empire, 472, 475

Home, Sir Everard, 42

Homer, 8

Hope pearls, 59, 463–464

Hope, Henry Philip, 463

Hopewell mounds, 490, 500–505

Hopewell, M. C., 501

Hornell, James, 45, 117, 127

Horsehair threads, 391

Hôtel de Tiraz, Palermo, 475

Hôtel Drouot, 477–479

Howe, Sir Everhard, 42

Howell, David, 259, 260

Howie, W. Forbes, 425

Humbert, Mme., 478

Humboldt, Alexander von, 23, 233

Hungary, Pearls in, 179, 422, 423, 434, 481

Hunt & Roskell, 465

Hunyadi, Count Joseph, 434

Hussock, Eugene, 282

Iberville, Pierre, 258

Ibn Batuta, 86, 94

Ibo Archipelago, 153, 155

Iciaha, 255, 259

Idaho, 492

Idar, Germany, 392

Ille River, 170

Illinois, 270, 274, 276, 509

Illinois River, 264

Ilz River, Bavaria, 172

Imam of Muscat, 457, 464

Imitation pearls, 29, 61, 279, 286, 361, 376, 382, 403, 445, 490, 497

India, 3, 18, 128–133, 293, 309, 343–347, 354, 385

Indiana, 276

Indications of pearls, 71, 74, 165

Ingram, David, 256

Inspection of reefs, 108, 130, 155, 174

International Committee of Weights and Measures, 326

Inventories of jewels, 425–431, 469, 470, 472

Investments in pearls, 456

Iowa, 276, 291

Ireland, 17, 162, 165

Irregular pearls, Value of, 342

Isabella, Clara Eugenia, 436

Isabella, Queen, 453

Isar River, Bavaria, 172

Isidorus of Charace, 85

Isla River, 163, 164

Jackson, A. V. Williams, 3, 5

Jackson, Lowis d’A., 323, 347

Jade, 412

Jahn, J. G., 173

Jameson, H. L., 43, 44, 67

Japan, 70, 147, 292, 296, 302, 309

Japanese divers, 137, 207, 208

Jeffries, David, 331, 338

Jesuits, 242, 244, 251, 258

Jiddah, Arabia, 140, 142

Jolo, Philippine Islands, 218

Jones, Charles C., 485, 493, 495

Jones, F. Alfred, 431

Jones, Joseph, 493, 497

Jones, William S., 493

Jordanus, Friar, 100

Joseph, Archduke, 434

Josephine, Empress, 170

Jouchanan ibn Massouiah, 95

Juan, Griego, Venezuela, 234

Julia, daughter of Titus, 407

Juppel River, Prussia, 176

Justinian the Great, 450

Kaempfer, Engelbert, 147, 296

Kalidasa, 4

Karachi, India, 133

Károly, Countess Alois, 434

Kawall, H., 182

Kelaart, E. F., 43, 127

Kelly, James W. S., 466

Kentucky, 262

Khayat, Azeez, 406

Khusrau crown, 411, 414

Kimmerly, 297

King of the Mound-Builders, 504

Knolles, Richard, 455

Kohl, Johann Georg, 184, 463

Koran, 7

Kosseir, Arabia, 142

Kremlin, Moscow, 417, 424

Krishna, 4, 306

Küchenmeister, F., 43

Kunstgewerbe Museum, Berlin, 421, 422

Kunz, George F., 328, 527, 528

Labrador, 281

La Bruyère, Jean de, 169

La Crosse, Wisconsin, 295

Laminæ of pearls, 53, 54

Lamnitz River, Bavaria, 171

Lampsilis, 73 alatus, 73

La Paz, Mexico, 245, 248, 251

La Pellegrina, 461–463

La Peregrina, 452, 462

Laplanders, 184

La Régente, 56, 461, 471

La Reine des Perles, 461, 469

La Salle, Robert, 505

Lea, Isaac, 290

Lead poisoning, 394

Learning, E. B., 438

Lease of pearl beds, 125–127, 135, 246, 247

Leavenworth, Indiana, 276

Le Bec, Henry, 94, 104

Lefevre and Curtis, 295

Lehigh River, Penn., 259

Leiner, Otto, 512

Levin and Melville, Earl of, 453

Lewis-Hill, Mrs., 480

License to fishermen, 204, 217, 233, 240, 282

Lima, Cathedral of, 432

Lingah shell, 68, 98, 99, 141

Linnæus, 41, 181, 286, 288

Linnean Society of London, 286

Linschoten, J. H. van, 86, 101

Lister and Mandel, Norway, 180

Lister, Martin, 170

Litchfield County, Conn., 266

Little Miami River, Ohio, 261, 262

Livonia, Russia, 182

Lobkowitz, Count Moritz, 433

Loch Dochert, Scotland, 163

Lollia Paulina, 406

London, 358, 477

London Society of Arts, 288

Longevity of pearls, 79, 473, 478

Loreto, Mexico, 245, 251

Lorraine, Dukes of, 428, 429

Lorraine, Germany, 169, 170

Louvre Museum, Paris, 5, 11, 59, 398, 403–405, 408, 430, 437, 454, 465

Love for pearls, 7, 9, 184, 304, 347, 463, 510

Lovell, Robert, 312

Lower California, 241, 247

Lower California Pearl Fishing Company, 247

Lüneburg, Germany, 176

Luster of pearls, 51, 52, 78, 293

Lyell, Sir Charles, 511

Maabar, King of, 412

Macassar, 70, 221

McEvers mound, 509

Macgowan, D. T., 288

MacGregor, David, 165

McGregor, Iowa, 272, 276

Madras, 129–130, 354, 357

Mahavansa, 4

Maine, 265

Malabar fisheries, 132

Malay Archipelago, 30, 67, 70, 201, 212–221, 296

Malcolm, Sir John, 89

Manama, Persian Gulf, 90

Manar, Gulf of, 65, 67, 99–131

Manchuria, 146, 147

Manila, 70, 221

Mani-Málá, 310

Manlius, 9

Mannheim Natural History Society, 177

Manta, Ecuador, 282

Maple-leaf shell, 73

Marbach, Austria, 179

Marbodus, Bishop of Rennes, 160

Margaret, 305

Margaret, Pearl of Bohemia, 305

Margaret Tudor, Queen, 308

Margaret, wife of James III, 22

Margarita, wife of Philip III, 432, 452

Margarita Island, Venezuela, 229, 233, 457

Margaritarii, 320

Margaritiferæ, 67, 351

Margaritifera, 296 carcharium, 70, 200 margaritifera, 68, 155, 164, 184, 190, 200, 214, 221, 425 cumingi, 44, 69 erythræensis, 69, 140 mazatlanica, 69, 248 persica, 69 martensi, 70, 148, 292 maxima, 70, 133, 200, 214, 221 panasisæ, 148 radiata, 70, 234 vinesi, 248 vulgaris, 44, 67, 68, 98, 134, 155

Margherita, Queen of Italy, 438, 442

Marguerite of Flanders, 426

Marguerite of France, 381

Maria Loretto, Prague, 423

Maria Louise, Empress of France, 461

Maria de’ Medici, 24, 308

Maria Theresa, 24 (plate), 179, 395, 473

Marichchikadde, Ceylon, 109

Marketing pearls, 349–351, 356–362

Marlborough, Duchess of, 465

Marquesas Islands, 189

Marriott mound, 498

Martial, 10

Martin, Daniel S., 492

Martyr, Peter, 38

Mary Stuart, 24, 453

Maryland, 267, 489

Massachusetts, 265

Massey-Mainwaring collection, 480

Massoudi, 86

Massowah, Egypt, 142

Matched pearls, 349

Matheson, Lady, 478

Maturity of Unios, 74

Maurus, Rabanus, 304

Medici, Lorenzo de, 313

Medicinal use of pearls, 18, 133, 308–314, 351, 360

Mediterranean Sea, 67, 185, 293

Megasthenes, 11, 85

Melbourne, Australia, Chamber of Commerce, 327

Meleagrina margaritifera, 204, 205

Melville Island, 190

Meredith, Owen, 306

Mergui Archipelago, 70, 133–139, 221

Metric carat, 325–327

Metropolitan Museum of Art, 11, 405

Metz, Charles L., 498

Mexico, 23, 29, 30, 60, 69, 241–252, 433, 476

Miami Valley, 489

Middendorf, Alexander von, 184

Mikimoto, Kokichi, 292, 293

Milan, Cathedral of, 17

Miller, Hugh, 167

Mills, William C., 491, 496, 500, 506

Milman, Hugh, 206, 211

Milton, John, 87, 189, 307

Mingti, Emperor of China, 145

Missals, Decoration of, 16, 17

Mississippi clams, 72–74

Mississippi River, 258, 264, 271, 272, 273, 359

Mississippi Valley, 30, 252, 262

Missouri Historical Society, 509

Mitsukuri, K., 292

Möbius, Karl, 43, 176, 178

Mogeaud, Gaston, 398

Mogul, Great, 457

Moldau River, Austria, 178, 179

Mongareva, 192

Monster pearls, 353

Montana, 512

Monte de Piedad, 476

Monterey, Cal., 280

Montpensier, Comte de, 425

Montpensier, Duchesse de, 437

Montrose, Duchess of, 478

Moore, Clarence B., 485, 492

Moore, Thomas, 37, 241

Moore, W. H., Pearl of, 482

Moorehead, Warren K., 485, 490, 499–507

Moosehead Lake, Maine, 265

Morales, Gaspar de, 236

Moravians, 259

More, Sir Thomas, 22

Mörenhout, 192

Morgan, J. de, 403, 405

Morgan, J. Pierpont, 17

Morgan-Tiffany Collection, 266, 467

Moro Province, 215

Moscow, 461, 463

Moscow Pearl, 1840, 463

Mother-of-pearl, 6, 53, 69, 70, 80, 198, 201, 220, 238, 245

Moulins, Cathedral of, 435

Mound pearls, 485–511

Moundville, Ala., 493

Mulege, Mexico, 243, 245, 251

Müller, Sophus, 512

Munshi, Kadir, 51

Murad I, 421

Muscat, Arabia, 156

Muscatine, Iowa, 271, 276

Musée de l’Hôtel de Cluny, 16, 415

Mya margaritifera, 287

Mystic River, Conn., 266

Mystical properties, 301–308

Mytilidæ, 75

Mytilus crasitesta, 148 edulis, 43, 44, 160, 168 smaragdinus, 131

Nacre, 51, 53, 54, 66, 70, 288, 289

Nadenäs, Norway, 180

Naldi, Pio, 331, 338, 342, 343

Nao-ratna, 412

Naples Museum, 409

Napoleon I, 469

Napoleon III, 461, 470

Narahari, 78, 308

Narvaez, Pánfilo, de, 256

Nassau, Bahamas, 279

Nautilus, 59, 351

Nautilus pompilius, 78, 214, 354

Nawanagar, India, 132

Nearchus, 85

Necklace, Accumulating a, 442

Necklaces, Method of valuing, 331–333

Necklace, pearl, 273, 362, 365, 386–388, 404, 439, 443, 471, 473, 478, 480

Neisse River, Russia, 176

Nero, 9

Nesbit, Alexander, 17

New Brunswick, Canada, 281

New Cadiz, Venezuela, 229

New Caledonia, 189, 193, 194

New Guinea, 67

New Jersey, 259, 261, 290

Newport, Arkansas, 276

New York City, 260, 262

New York State, 266

Niggerhead shell, 72

Nigger hunting, 201

Nineveh Obelisk, 6

Nino, Pedro Alonso, 228

Nishikawa, T., 293, 309, 414

Nith River, Scotland, 164

Nitsche, Hinrich, 173, 174 175

Nonesuch Pond, Mass., 265

Nordica, Mme., 468, 476 (plate)

Nordica pearl, 468

North Carolina, 298

Norway, 180

Nose rings, 443

Notch Brook, N. J., 259, 260

Notice of fishery, 108, 110, 111, 130

Nova Scotia, Canada, 281

Nuclei of pearls, 41, 52, 55, 58, 60, 288, 289, 380

Nuggets, 353

Nuremberg, 320, 348

Nuttal, Mme. Zélie, 433

Oberstein, Germany, 393

Ocklocknee River, Fla., 268

Ocmulgee River, Ga., 268

Oconee River, Ga., 268, 495

Oder River, Prussia, 175

Odet River, France, 170

Oelsnitz River, Bavaria, 171

Ogeechee River, Ga., 495

Ohio, 261, 489

Ohio Archæological and Historical Society, 490, 506–508

Ohio River, 264

Okeechobee Lake, Fla., 494

Olonetz, Russia, 182, 183

Oman Coast, Arabia, 142

Omura, Gulf of, 147

Oostanaula River, Ga., 267

Opening pearl mollusks, 122, 139, 198, 209, 250, 255, 271, 273

Oppert, Jules, 85

Order of Christ, 439

Order of Crown of India, 439

Oregonia, Ohio, 497

Oriental collections of pearls, 355–357

Oriental pearls, 351, 359

Orient or luster, cause of, 53, 54

Origen 159

Origin of pearls, 35–48

Ormus, Island of, 86, 87, 457

Ortega, Iturbide, 242

Osio, Manuel, 242

Ostrea, 53, 66, 351, 467 edulis, 77 virginica, 77, 488

Ottoman crown jewels, 421

Ounce-pearls, 360

Ourejenaya Palata, Moscow, 17

Oviedo y Valdes, 229, 237, 451, 455

Oyster, edible, 77

Oyster pearls, 351

Palermo, 475

Palgrave, W. G., 90

Panama, 23, 56, 60, 69, 235–241, 451, 452

Pancake shell, 73

Panciroli, 450

Papeiti, 189, 198

Papers of pearls, 358, 360, 361, 386

Paphos pin, 405

Paragon pearls, 56, 352

Parasitic formation of pearls, 42–46, 295

Parasitic stage of Unios, 73, 295

Paris, 358, 477

Paris, Académie des Sciences, 291

Passau, Bavaria, 172, 179

Peabody Museum of Archæology, 486, 490

Peacock Throne, 458

Pearl blisters, 389, 390

Pearl-caps, 184, 185

Pearl carpet of Baroda, 460

Pearl cloth, 445

Pearl coast, 231

Pearl collar, 388

Pearl-culture, 177, 285–296

Pearl, derivation of word, 19, 20

Pearl drills, 380, 383, 385, 394

Pearl-dust, 380

Pearl forms, 295

Pearl-grading, 343–347

Pearl Islands, Panama, 239

Pearl mesh, 445

Pearl monstrance, 424

Pearl of Great Price, 7

Pearl River, N. Y., 266

“Pearl,” the poem, 20, 51

Pearls, Annual product of, 79, 80

Pearls as investments, 350, 355

Pearls as tears, 307

Pearls as wedding gifts, 306–307

Pearls, Bibliography of, 517–538

Pearls, Qualities of perfection in, 321, 336, 344, 370–372

Pearly nautilus, 78

Pear-shaped pearls, 56, 349, 352, 382, 456, 470

Pecatonica River, Wisconsin, 262

Pecten yezocusis, 148

Pedrarias, 236

Peelers, 353

Peeling pearls, 58, 375–377

Pegging pearls, 388

Pelly, Sir Lewis, 88

Penang, 221

Pendants, 404, 442, 474

Pennant, Thomas, 163

Pennsylvania, 259, 261, 266

Penrhyn, 189, 193

Perazolli, A., 143

Percival, Robert, 94, 104

Periplus of the Erythræan, 100

Perlbach River, Bavaria, 171

Perle dolce, 343

Perna, 155

Peroz Pearl, 450

Persia, 5, 31, 85–99, 404

Persian Gulf, 65, 67, 85–99

Perthshire, Scotland, 165, 166

Peru, 238

Peruvian aristocracy, 433

Petal pearls, 352, 360

Petrie, George, 425

Petrie, William F., 403

Phenicians, 319

Philip II of Spain, 431, 451, 452

Philip IV of Spain, 350

Philippine Commission, 217

Philippine Islands, 213, 217

Philo, 9

Philostratos, 285

Pickett, Albert H., 492

Piebald pearls, 60

Piercing pearls, 350. See Drilling pearls.

Pigeons, 169

Pigopitta, 213

Pinna nobilis, 155

Pinna pearls, 55, 75, 351 squamosa, 355

Pirate coast, 88, 89, 91

Pirningerbach, Austria, 179

Pisa, 24

Placuna pearls, 296, 310, 311, 351

Placuna placenta, 45, 76, 127, 132, 148, 221, 355

Plagiola securis, 73

Pleurobema œsopus, 73

Pliny, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 36, 38, 55, 85, 159, 314, 315, 406, 409, 449

Poland, 355

Polishing pearls, 377

Polo, Marco, 19, 100, 116, 310, 357, 411, 414

Pomaré, Queen, 192, 198

Pompeiian pearls, 409

Pompey, 9

Pooto, China, 289

Port Darwin, Australia, 205

Port Kennedy, Australia, 205

Porter group of mounds, 490, 498

Porter, Sir Robert Ker, 459

Portuguese East Africa, 156

Portuguese Order of Christ, 439

Pottier, M., 407

Powder pearls, 344, 345

Powhatan, 486, 487

Prague, 416, 423, 434, 455

Prague, Association of Jewelers and Goldsmiths of, 327

Prairie du Chien, Wis., 262, 272, 275, 276

Prince Edward Island, Canada, 281

Procopius, 11, 450

Prussian regalia, 420

Ptolemy, 85

Putnam, F. W., 485, 490, 498

Puton, Ernest, 169

Quackenbush, Jacob, 260

Quadrula ebena, 72 heros, 74 plicata, 72 undulata, 72 wardi, 73

Quahog, 77

Quebec, Canada, 281

Queen Mary Pearl, 275

Queen Pearl, 260, 465

Queensland, Australia, 199, 206

Queiss River, Prussia, 176

Quelpaerd Island, 149

Ramayana, 4

Randell & Bridge, 417

Ratnagiri, India, 132

Rau, Charles, 494

Rau, Sebaldus, 95

Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 6

Read, Charles Hercules, 405, 510

Réaumur, 40

Reccesvinthus, Crown of, 16, 415–416

Redding, Sir Robert, 162

Red Sea, 31, 67, 69, 139–144, 285

Reed River, Florida, 256, 257

Regalia, 418–420, 443, 460, 473

Regen River, Bavaria, 172

Regulation of fishery, 193, 197, 204, 211, 218, 277

Renaudot, 18

Reues, Francis, 169

Rhode Island, 259

Rhodesia Museum, 513

Ribeiro, Joano, 94

Richard II, 22

Rigveda, 4

Ring-a-round pearls, 56, 353

Rings with pearls, 438, 442

Robinson, Edward, 12, 405

Rock Island, Ill., 271

Rock River, 262, 274

Rogkerus. See Rugerus.

Rome, Georgia, 267

Rome, Pearls in ancient, 8, 9, 12, 320, 406–410

Rondelet, Gulielm, 40

Rosales, Manuel Laudecta, 233

Rosaries, 413

Rosenberg Palace, Copenhagen, 59, 476

Rosengarten Museum, Constance, 512

Rosnel, Pierre de, 306, 338

Rotschildt, Don A. de, 437

Round pearls, 352, 470

Royal fifth, 243, 244

Rubies, 79, 330, 371, 392, 412, 417, 439

Rückert, Friedrich, 35

Rudolph II, 24, 455, 473

Rugerus, 381, 423

Rundell, Bridge & Rundell, 233

Rupprecht, Prince, 302

Russia, 463

Russian Jewesses, 184

Russian Treasury at Moscow, 414

Rymsdyck, J. & A. van, 342, 371

Saddle decorations, 360, 444

Sadi, Shaikh, 37

Safe-guarding pearls, 357, 399, 400

Sahayun, Bernadino de, 433

St. Augustine, 304

St. Barbara, 435

St. Denis, Paris, 425, 429, 430

St. Domingo, Lima, 432

St. Edward’s crown, 418

St. Francis River, Ark., 263, 264

St. Francisville, Ill., 276

St. Jerome, 10

St. Ludmilla, 417

St. Margaret Ætheling, 305

St. Margaret of Antioch, 305

St. Petersburg, 462

St. Stephen’s crown, 416

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 425, 427

Sales of pearls, 477–481

Salisbury, England, 490

Sand shells, 73

Sandius, Christopher, 39

San José Island, Mexico, 248

San José Island, Panama, 239

San Miguel, Panama, 239

San Vitale, Ravenna, 15

Sanskrit literature, 4, 36

Santa Barbara, Cal., 280, 281

Santo Domingo, Mexico, 434

Santos, João dos, 153

Sapphire, 371, 412, 439

Satsuma, Japan, 147

Saumaise, Claude de, 9

Savannah River, 253, 452, 493, 495

Saville, H. M., 282

Saxony, Fisheries of, 173–175

Scaphander, 137, 171, 196, 203, 234, 240, 247, 282

Scarf-pins, 443

Schärding, Austria, 179

Scharff, R. F., 425

Schleswig-Holstein, 178

Schmerler family, 174, 177, 178

Schulz, Aurel, 154

Schuylkill River, Penn., 266, 267

Schwarzbach River, Russia, 183

Schwarzenberg, Count, 178, 434

Schwarzenberg family, 178

Schwesnitz River, Bavaria, 171

Scioto River, Ohio, 491, 506

Scioto Valley, Ohio, 489

Scotch pearls, 17, 160–164, 167, 319, 343, 427, 464

Scotland, 17, 160–167

Scott, Sir Walter, 35, 305, 419

Scriptural references, 6, 7, 449

Season, Fishery, 89, 109, 114, 141, 206, 240, 246, 250, 271, 277

Seed-pearls, 18, 56, 124, 221, 273, 309, 337, 342, 352, 391

Seed-pearl jewelry, 390–392

Selangs, 134, 139

Selling pearls, 276, 356, 361

Seneca, 10

Sermonata, Duchess of, 439

Servia, 304

Servilia pearl, 10, 449

Setting pearls, 384, 388, 389, 393

Seugne River, France, 171

Seurat, L. G., 44

Seven Sisters of Sleep, 310

Shabl Abdullah, 306

Shah Jehan, 458

Shah’s pearls in 1820, 459

Shah’s tippet, 459

Shakspere, 35, 122, 314, 319

Shark-charmers, 115, 116

Sharks, 117, 138, 144, 208, 249

Shark’s Bay, Australia, 57, 60, 70, 200, 211, 468

Shelley, P. B., 212, 278

Shell-heaps, 492

Shells, Commercial varieties, 69, 70, 72, 73, 124, 141, 143, 221

Shells, Product of, 80, 99

Shells, Sweet-water, 264

Shepaug River, Conn., 266

Shrine of St. Patrick’s Gospels, 424

Shuangtze, 302

Shu King, 5

Siam, Gulf of, 149

Siamese decoration, 439

Sibbald, Robert, 161

Siberia, Fisheries of, 147

Sieves (peddi) for pearls, 344

Silesia, Germany, 175

Silk threads for pearls, 387

Silva-Tierra, Father, 242

Simmonds, Vane, 291

Simpson, James J., 155

Sinaloa, Mexico, 244, 248

Singapore, 135, 149, 220

Size of pearls, 328, 344

Slaney River, Ireland, 162

Slugs, 272, 275, 352, 360

Smith, Captain John, 486

Smith, Charles Roach, 414

Smith, Harlan I., 492

Smith, Sir J. E., 287

Smithsonian Institution, 490

Smithville, Tenn., 263, 276

Snail shell, 139, 148

Snyder, J. F., 509

Sofala, Africa, 106, 153

Sokotra Islands, 142

Solomon, 301

Solubility of pearls, 55

Sonnapore mussels, 132

Sonora, Mexico, 241, 244, 245, 248, 251

Sorting pearls, 385

Soto, Hernando de, 253, 255, 452

Sources of pearls, 65–81

Sourindro Mohun Tagore, 309

South America, 65, 282

South Carolina, 492

Southern Cross, 57, 466, 467

South Kensington Museum, 464

South Sea Islands, 29, 30, 189–198

Spain, 327, 355

Spanish crown jewels, 452

Spanish jewelry, 432

Specific gravity of pearls, 52

Spenser, Edmund, 161

Spey River, Scotland, 164

Spherical pearls, 55, 56

Springs, Fresh-water, 96

Squier, E. George, 485, 489, 490

Stang-Alla River, France, 170

Statistics of fisheries, 80, 88, 91, 98, 100, 103, 105, 126, 136, 143, 246

Stavanger, Norway, 180

Stearns, Frederick E., 279

Steever, E. Z., 468

Steinbach River, Germany, 177

Steir River, France, 170

Stilicho pearls, 12

Stock-book for pearls, 324

Stoddard, C. W., 194

Strachey, William, 487, 488

Strawberry pearls, 56, 353

Streeter, E. W., 214, 349, 390, 465

Stringing pearls, 386–388

Strombus gigas, 77, 278, 351

Strozzi, Philip, 436

Structure of pearls, 51–55

Stupefying mollusks, 292

Suakin, Egypt, 140

Sudbury River, Mass., 265

Suetonius, 10, 159

Sugar River, Wisconsin, 262

Sultan of Sulu, 215, 217, 220, 350, 468

Sulu Archipelago, 70, 213, 214–220, 350, 468

Sumptuary laws, 10, 25–28

Susa necklace, 386, 404, 405

Sweden, 180, 286, 290

Sweetness of pearls, 305

Sydney, Australia, 201

Sydney shell, 70

Symphynota complanata, 73

Syracusan coins, 409

Syria, Pearls in ancient, 386, 406

Syrian pearl merchants, 357

Tabari, 411, 415

Tablegram Lake, Ceylon, 127

Tacitus, 159

Tahiti, 189, 190, 196, 290

Talmud, 7

Talomeco, Temple of, 254, 452

Taoists, 302

Tararequi pearls, 236, 451

Tariff on pearls, 362–369

Tasso, Torquato, 153

Taunton, Henry, 58, 202, 466

Tavernier, J. B., 56, 60, 87, 97, 147, 172, 331, 412, 456

Tavernier pearls, 456–458

Taylor mound, 497

Tay River, Scotland, 163, 164

Tears, Pearls as, 35, 307–308

Teheran, Persia, 458, 459

Teifashi, Ahmad ibn, 335

Teith River, Scotland, 164

Teixeira, Pedro, 40, 103, 242

Temple of Talomeco, 254, 452

Tennessee, 262, 263, 276, 494

Tennessee River, 263, 494

Tennyson, Alfred, 305

Terron, Juan, 255

Texas, 261, 262

Theft of pearls, 118, 123, 210, 232

Theodora, Mosaic of, 15

Theophrastus, 8, 405

Thiers necklace, 398, 465

Three-ridge shells, 72

Thursday Island, 205, 207

Thurston, Edgar, 131

Tiana, Captain, 216

Tiaras, 443

Tiffany & Co., 394

Tiffany, Charles L., 260, 276, 350

Tiffany Queen Pearl, 260, 465

Tomaco, 235

Tonti, 505

Top-shaped pearls, 352

Torres Straits, 199, 201, 210, 211

Transylvania, 432

Treves, Cathedral of, 422

Tridacna gigas, 53, 76, 144, 296

Triptych, 433

Tritigonia verrucosa, 73

Troiza Monastery, Moscow, 424

Tuamotu Islands, 29, 189, 190, 196, 198, 294

Turbinella rapa, 78

Turbo marmoratus, 139

Turner group of mounds, 490, 499

Turtleback pearls, 56, 353, 360

Tuticorin, India, 128, 130

Twynam, Sir William, 117

Tyszkiewicz statuette, 12

Uelzen, Germany, 176

Uffizi, Florence, 12, 407, 436

Uhler, P. R., 489

Ulloa, Antonio de, 238

Ulmann, H., 512

Ungava, Canada, 281

Unio complanata, 73, 265 dahuricus, 75, 146 littoralis, 511 margaritifera, 513 mongolicus, 75, 146 sinuatus, 170 verreauxi, 513 virginianus, 494

Unionidæ, 72, 351

Unios, 59, 72–74, 259, 261, 268, 272, 290, 291, 294

United States, 252–278, 291

United States National Museum, 290, 494

University of Moscow, 59

Unripe pearls, 61

Urim and Thummim, 412

Uzaramo, Africa, 154

Vaca, Cabeza de, 256

Values of pearls, 273, 274, 275, 279, 281, 282, 329–349, 350, 361, 470, 474 method of computing, 331–335, 346–348

Van Buren pearls, 464

Van Dort, K., 149

Vatican, 407

Vaughan, Rice, 338

Vedas, 3, 4, 301

Veerapandianpatanam, 130

Vega, Garcilasso de la, 253, 254, 452

Venezuela, 23, 31, 38, 70, 225–235, 354, 457

Venice, 24, 25–27, 320, 348

Venus, 306, 467

Venus de Medici, 407

Venus de Milo, 408

Venus Genetrix, 159, 407

Venus mercenaria, 77, 488

Venus of the Pantheon, 407, 449

Venus, Statues of, 10, 11

Venus, Temple of, 9

Vermont, 262

Vernatti, Sir Philiberto, 94

Verrazano, Juan, 256

Victor Emanuel II, 468

Victoria, Association of Manufacturing Jewelers of the Colony of, 327

Victoria crown, 417

Victoria, Princess, 438

Victoria, Queen, 163, 167, 425

Vienna, 395, 472

Vilshofen, Finland, 290

Vils River, Bavaria, 171

Vincennes, Indiana, 276

Vinegar, 315

Virgin pearls, 308

Virginia, 486, 488, 489

Vitellius, 10

Vladimir crown, 417

Vogtland, Saxony, 173

Volga River, Russia, 181

Vologne River, France, 169, 170

Von Middendorf, 184

Vosges mountains, 169

Wabash River, 264, 265

Waddesden collection, 59

Wahibis of Pirate Coast, 89

Waistcoat buttons, 443

Waizkirchen, 179

Waldheim, G. Fischer de, 461

Walk, How Unios, 74

Walpole, Horace, 454

Walters, Henry, 394

Washington, George, 438

Washington, State of, 262

Water-telescopes, 141, 194, 268, 278

Waynesville, Ohio, 261

Webster, John, 307

Wedding gifts of pearls, 476

Weighing pearls, 321–329, 346

Weights of pearls, 56, 251, 327, 330, 481, 482

Welker, Landreth, 177

Wellsted, J. R., 88, 93, 142

Wenkheim, Countess, 434

West Indies, 278

Westminster Abbey, 454

White Cart River, Scotland, 161

White Main River, Germany, 176

White River, Arkansas, 263, 264

Whitfield, R. P., 512

Whittier, J. G., 252

Wijayo, King, 4

Willoughby, Charles C., 486, 488

Window-glass shell, 76. See Placuna.

Wing pearls, 352, 359

Wire threads for pearls, 388

Wisconsin, 262, 276

Wohlberedt, O., 173

Women as fishermen, 149, 155, 189, 264

Wordsworth, Wm., 305

World’s Columbian Exposition, 490, 500, 501

Worms, Parasitical, 43–45

Wottawa River, Austria, 178, 179

Wright, Marie Robinson, 511

Wyman, Jeffries, 493

Wynne, Sir Richard, 161

Xavier, St. Francis, 131

X-ray examination, 71

Yaqui Indians, Mexico, 242, 243, 246

Yellow pearls, 97, 98, 212, 351, 354, 377, 468

Youssoupoff, Princess, 461, 462

Ythan River, Scotland, 164

Yucatan, 511

Yu Shun Yang, 290

Zanzibar, 156

Zonaras, 450

Zozima pearl, 461, 462

Zwemer, S. M., 35

-----

Footnote 1:

See pp. 301, 302.

Footnote 2:

See Jacobi, “Das Ramayana,” Bonn, 1893.

Footnote 3:

Geiger, “Dipavansa und Mahavansa, die beiden Chroniken der Insel Ceylon,” Erlangen, 1901.

Footnote 4:

Legge, “The Shu King,” Oxford, 1879, pp. 67, 69.

Footnote 5:

See p. 404.

Footnote 6:

Rawlinson, “Cuneiform Inscriptions of Babylonia and Assyria,” London, 1850, p. 38.

Footnote 7:

Gen. R. xl. 6. This story also exists somewhat altered in Arabic literature; see Weill’s “Biblical Legends of the Mussulmans,” New York, 1846.

Footnote 8:

Sale, “Preliminary Discourse to the Quran,” London, 1882, Vol. I, pp. 153–159.

Footnote 9:

Lib. XXIII, c. 6.

Footnote 10:

“Plinianæ Exercitationes in Solinum,” 1629, pp. 822–4.

Footnote 11:

“Historia naturalis,” Lib. IX, c. 59.

Footnote 12:

Ibid., Lib. XXXVII, c. 2.

Footnote 13:

Ibid., Lib. IX, c. 53.

Footnote 14:

Ibid., Lib. XXXIII, c. 3. Also Böttiger, “Sabina oder Morgenscenen,” Leipzig, 1803, Vol. I, p. 158.

Footnote 15:

Martial, “Epigrammata,” VIII, 81.

Footnote 16:

Seneca, “De beneficiis,” Lib. VII, c. 9.

Footnote 17:

Pliny, “Historia naturalis,” Lib. IX, c. 35.

Footnote 18:

Equivalent to 1,875,000 ounces of silver, worth about $1,300,000 at the present time, but of far greater value in Roman days.

Footnote 19:

“Divus Julius Cæsar,” c. 50.

Footnote 20:

“Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines,” Paris, 1904, Vol. III, pp. 1595–6.

Footnote 21:

See p. 449.

Footnote 22:

Froehner, “La Collection Tyszkiewicz,” Munich, 1892.

Footnote 23:

See p. 415.

Footnote 24:

Renaudot, “Ancient Accounts of India and China by Two Mohammedan Travelers,” London, 1733, p. 98.

Footnote 25:

“The Book of Ser Marco Polo,” London, 1871, Vol. II, p. 275.

Footnote 26:

Analogous to the uniform European word for this gem, is the extension of the Sanskrit form, mukta, from Persia to the Sulu Islands. In Tamil, the word for pearl is mootthoo; in Hindustani, it is mootie; in Cingalese, mootoo; and in Malay, mutya or mootara. (Ainslie, “Materia Indica,” London, 1826, Vol. I, pp. 292–297.)

Footnote 27:

Gollancz, “Pearl, an English Poem of the Fourteenth Century,” London, 1891.

Footnote 28:

Sachs, “Kaiserchronik,” Vol. IV, p. 261.

Footnote 29:

Staudenraus, “Chronik der Stadt Landshut,” 1832, Vol. I, p. 172.

Footnote 30:

Jones, “History and Mystery of Precious Stones,” London, 1880, p. 135.

Footnote 31:

Humboldt, “Personal Narrative of Travels to the New Continent,” London, 1822, Vol. II, p. 273.

Footnote 32:

See p. 473.

Footnote 33:

Yriarte, “Autour des Borgia,” Paris, 1891, pp. 136, 137.

Footnote 34:

See Yriarte, “Venice,” Paris, 1878, p. 236.

Footnote 35:

Ibid., pp. 252, 253.

Footnote 36:

Guidius, “De Mineralibus,” Frankfort, 1627, p. 74.

Footnote 37:

Ibid., p. 73.

Footnote 38:

Ibid., pp. 75–77.

Footnote 39:

Croker, “Lord Hervey’s Memoirs,” London, 1848, Vol. I, pp. 88, 89.

Footnote 40:

“The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus,” London, 1601, Book IX, ch. 35.

Footnote 41:

“Travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela,” Gerrans’s edition, London, 1783, p. 23.

Footnote 42:

“Camden Britannia,” 2d edition, London, 1722, Vol. II, p. 801.

Footnote 43:

Ibid., Vol. II, p. 1003.

Footnote 44:

Richard Eden edition, London, 1577, 10th ch. of 3rd Decade, fol. 148_a_.

Footnote 45:

Hawkins, “Voyage to the South Sea in 1593,” London, 1847, p. 133.

Footnote 46:

Benzoni, “Novæ Novi Orbis Historiæ,” Geneva, 1578, pp. 161–163.

Footnote 47:

“Philosophical Transactions,” 1674, No. 101, p. 11.

Footnote 48:

Goldsmith, “History of the Earth and Animated Nature,” 1774, Vol. VI, p. 54.

Footnote 49:

Rondelet, “Universæ Aquitilium Historiæ Pars Altera,” Lugduni, 1554.

Footnote 50:

“Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia,” Hanoviæ, 1609.

Footnote 51:

“The Travels of Pedro Teixeira,” Hakluyt Society, p. 180.

Footnote 52:

“Memoires de l’Académie des Sciences,” 1717, pp. 177–194.

Footnote 53:

Grill, in “Abhandlungen der Königlichen Schwed. Akademie der Wissenschaften,” Vol. XXXIV, p. 88, 1772.

Footnote 54:

“Philosophical Transactions,” 1826, Pt. III, pp. 338–341.

Footnote 55:

“Sull’origine delle Perle. II Cimento, revista di Scienze,” Torino, 1852, Vol. I, pp. 429–439.

Footnote 56:

“Memorie della Reale Academia delle Scienze di Torino,” 1855, Vol. XV, pp. 331–358; 1857, Vol. XVI, pp. 419–442, and 1859, Vol. XVIII, pp. 201–232.

Footnote 57:

Müller’s “Archiv für Anatomie,” 1856, pp. 269–281.

Footnote 58:

“Die echten Perlen,” Hamburg, 1858. Dr. Möbius died in Berlin, on April 26, 1908. He was born at Eilenburg, in Saxony, in 1825.

Footnote 59:

“Report on the Natural History of the Pearl Oyster of Ceylon,” Trincomali, 1859.

Footnote 60:

“Journal of the Linnean Society,” Vol. XI, pp. 426–428.

Footnote 61:

“Société de Biologie, Séance du 29 décembre, 1903.”

Footnote 62:

“Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,” Vol. 133, pp. 603–605, Oct. 14, 1901.

Footnote 63:

“Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London,” Vol. I, pp. 140–166.

Footnote 64:

“Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London,” 1902, pp. 148–150.

Footnote 65:

“Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,” Paris, 1903, Vol. CXXXVII, pp. 611–613.

Footnote 66:

Seurat, “Observation sur l’évolution de l’Huitre perlière des Tuamotu et des Gambier,” 1904.

Footnote 67:

“Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar,” London, 1903, Vol. I, p. 11.

Footnote 68:

Hornell, “Report on the Placuna placenta Pearl Fishery of Lake Tampalakamam,” Colombo, 1906.

Footnote 69:

“Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar,” London, 1903, Vol. I, p. 10.

Footnote 70:

Harley, “Proceedings of the Royal Society,” Vol. XLIII, p. 461.

Footnote 71:

“Die Perlenmuscheln,” Leipzig, 1859, pp. 294, 295.

Footnote 72:

Harley, “Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,” Vol. XLV, p. 612.

Footnote 73:

“Historia Naturalis,” Lib. IX, c. 35. This is also referred to by Macrobius in Saturnaliorum conviviorum Lib. II, c. 13.

Footnote 74:

Now in the French crown brooch in the possession of the Princess Youssoupoff of Russia.

Footnote 75:

See p. 465.

Footnote 76:

Taunton, “Australind,” London, 1903, p. 224.

Footnote 77:

“Tavernier’s Travels,” London, 1889, Vol. II, p. 115. See p. 97.

Footnote 78:

See “Report of the Royal Society,” Oct. 13, 1688.

Footnote 79:

Neither is there any special significance in the popular terms “clams,” “mussels,” etc., as applied to the pearl-bearing species of the rivers. The “clams,” or Unios of the Mississippi Valley, resemble neither the long clams (Mya) nor the round clams (Venus) of the Atlantic coast; the mussels of the fresh-water lakes are quite distinct from the edible ones of brackish waters, and the Pinna oyster and the giant clam (Tridacna) have little resemblance to the mollusks with which these terminal names are commonly associated.

Footnote 80:

Jameson, “On the identity and distribution of the mother-of-pearl oysters; with a revision of the subgenus Margaritifera.” Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London, Vol. L, 1901, pp. 372–394.

Footnote 81:

Vassel, “Sur la Pintadine du Golfe de Gabes, Comptes Rendus Assoc. Franç.,” 1896, pp. 458–466.

Footnote 82:

See “Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,” Paris, 1904, Vol. CXXXVIII, pp. 301, 302.

Footnote 83:

See p. 288.

Footnote 84:

Garbe, “Die Indischen Mineralien,” Leipzig, 1882.

Footnote 85:

Gray’s Elegy.

Footnote 86:

In 1905, the Ceylon pearl yield approximated $2,000,000 in value.

Footnote 87:

Including African coast.

Footnote 88:

Including Sharks Bay.

Footnote 89:

Oppert, “L’Ambre jaune chez les Assyriens.”

Footnote 90:

Holland’s edition of 1601, p. 254.

Footnote 91:

Reinaud, “Mémoire sur l’Inde,” Paris. 1849

Footnote 92:

“Travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela,” London, 1783.

Footnote 93:

Lee, “Ibn Batuta,” 1829, p. 65.

Footnote 94:

“The Travels of Lodovico di Barthema, 1503 to 1508,” London, 1863, p. 95.

Footnote 95:

“Discours of Voyages into ye Easte and West Indies,” London, 1598, folio, ch. 84.

Footnote 96:

See p. 457, for Tavernier’s description of this gem.

Footnote 97:

Tavernier, “Travels in India,” London, 1889, Vol. II, p. 108.

Footnote 98:

Wellsted, “Travels in Arabia,” London, 1838, Vol. I, ch. 17, pp. 264, 265.

Footnote 99:

In report to the Government of Bombay, dated December 15, 1865.

Footnote 100:

Schlagintweit, “Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen Gesellschaft,” Frankfurt-am-Main, 1883, pp. 153–156.

Footnote 101:

Malcolm, “Sketches of Persia,” London, 1827, p. 27.

Footnote 102:

“Personal Narrative of Journey through Arabia,” London, 1865, p. 100.

Footnote 103:

Lord Curzon reports 4500 boats, and some other authorities state 5000, but this probably includes a number of tenders.

Footnote 104:

For this and some other data on the pearling fleet of Bahrein we are indebted to the kindness of Dr. S. M. Zwemer, who has spent many years at the Bahrein Islands as a missionary.

Footnote 105:

“Reports by the Superintendent of the Fishery and the Inspector of the Pearl Banks,” Colombo, 1887.

Footnote 106:

Wellsted, “Travels in Arabia,” London, 1838, Vol. I, p. 266.

Footnote 107:

“Histoire de l’Isle de Ceylon,” Amsterdam, 1701, ch. 22, p. 169.

Footnote 108:

“An Account of the Island of Ceylon,” London, 1803, ch. 3, p. 91.

Footnote 109:

“Asiatic Researches,” London, 1798, Vol. V, p. 402.

Footnote 110:

Chardin, “Voyages en Perse,” Paris, 1811, Vol. III, p. 363.

Footnote 111:

Sprat, “History of the Royal Society,” London, 1667, p. 169.

Footnote 112:

Philosophical Transactions for 1669, No. 43, p. 863.

Footnote 113:

Diemerbroeck, “Anatome Corporis Humani,” Ultrajecti, 1672.

Footnote 114:

Sixth American Edition, New York, 1835, Vol. I, p. 239.

Footnote 115:

Reinaud, “Fragments Arabes,” Paris, 1845, p. 126. Lee, “Ibn Batuta,” London, 1829, p. 65.

Footnote 116:

A Christian physician who lived in the time of the Khalif Wathek Billa, about 842 A.D.

Footnote 117:

“Specimen Arabicum,” Traiecti ad Rhenum, 1784, p. 64.

Footnote 118:

Ibid., p. 65.

Footnote 119:

Writers describing the early pearl fisheries on the American coast, and especially at Cubagua on the present coast of Venezuela, also reported very lengthy stays. In 1526, Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés wrote: “The thing that causeth men most to marvel is to consider how many of them can remain at the bottom for the space of one whole hour, and some more or less, according to expertness.” (“Natural Historia de las Indias,” Toledo, 1526.) About 1588, the Jesuit priest José de Acosta wrote: “I did see them make their fishing, the which is done with great charge and labor of the poor slaves, which dive 6, 7, yea 12 fathoms into the sea...; but yet the labor and toil is greatest in holding their breath, sometimes a quarter, yea, half an hour together under water.” (Acosta, “Natural and Moral History of the Indies,” Hakluyt Society, 1880, p. 227.)

Footnote 120:

Tavernier, “Travels in India,” Ball edition, Vol. II, pp. 114, 115.

Footnote 121:

London, 1812, p. 55.

Footnote 122:

See infra., p. 125.

Footnote 123:

“The Book of Ser Marco Polo,” London, 1871, Vol. II, pp. 267, 268.

Footnote 124:

Jordanus, “Mirabilia Descripta,” Hakluyt Society, 1863, p. 28.

Footnote 125:

“The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies,” Hakluyt Society, 1884, Vol. II, pp. 133–135.

Footnote 126:

“Hakluyt’s Voyages,” Vol. V, Glasgow, 1904, pp. 395–397. Benjamin Franklin states that the Mediterranean divers, finding the light below obscured by the surface waves, used to let a little oil out of their mouths at intervals, which, rising to the surface, smoothed the waters. This might be a suggestion to modern marine and fresh-water pearl fishers.

Footnote 127:

“The Travels of Pedro Teixeira,” Hakluyt Society, 1902, pp. 174–181.

Footnote 128:

“Asiatic Researches,” London, 1798, pp. 393, et seq.

Footnote 129:

“The Island of Ceylon,” 1803, ch. 3.

Footnote 130:

“Description of Ceylon,” 1807, Vol. II, pp. 36–78.

Footnote 131:

In 1881, the number of days was the same—47, the season extending from March 4 to April 27. In 1891 there were 40 working days, in 1904 there were 33, in 1903 there were 36, and in 1906 there were 36 days of actual fishing.

Footnote 132:

See Reinaud’s “Fragments Arabes,” Paris, 1845, p. 125.

Footnote 133:

“Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar,” 5 vols., London, 1903–1906.

Footnote 134:

Tavernier, “Travels in India,” Vol. II, ch. 21.

Footnote 135:

See pp. 110, 111.

Footnote 136:

The report of the Chief of Police at the 1905 fishery states: “In the camp there were 40,000 to 50,000 persons, of whom it may be said that not less than a tenth were gamblers, vagrants, and rogues, who, without occupation in their own country, made their way to Marichchukkadi with the hope of making money to gamble in oysters.” (“Reports on the Pearl Fisheries for 1905,” Colombo, p. 17.)

Footnote 137:

In 1906 there were 473 boats employed; in 1905, 318; in 1857, 1858, 1859, and 1863, over 400 boats reported for employment.

Footnote 138:

Some years ago, notably in the early sixties, each and every boat was required to have ten divers, thus making a total of 23 persons in each boat. (See Vane’s “Report on Ceylon Pearl Fisheries,” 1863.)

Footnote 139:

Supra., p. 100.

Footnote 140:

Hornell, “Reports on the Pearl Fisheries of 1904,” Colombo, p. 31.

Footnote 141:

“Reports on the Pearl Fishery for 1904,” p. 7.

Footnote 142:

“Reports on the Pearl Fishery for 1905,” p. 23.

Footnote 143:

Ibid., p. 22.

Footnote 144:

“The Book of Ser Marco Polo,” London, 1871, Vol. II, p. 267.

Footnote 145:

Cordiner, “Description of Ceylon,” Vol. II, p. 52.

Footnote 146:

“Reports on the Pearl Fisheries of 1904,” p. 17.

Footnote 147:

Ibid., p. 17.

Footnote 148:

Ibid., p. 34.

Footnote 149:

“Royal Asiatic Society Proceedings,” 1887–1888, p. 100.

Footnote 150:

“Reports on the Pearl Fisheries of 1905,” p. 40.

Footnote 151:

Ibid., p. 24.

Footnote 152:

“Reports on the Pearl Fishery for 1904,” Colombo, p. 6.

Footnote 153:

“Colonial Sessional Papers,” 1904, Colombo, p. 653.

Footnote 154:

“Colonial Sessional Papers,” 1906, Colombo, p. 330.

Footnote 155:

“Reports on the Pearl Fisheries for 1905,” Colombo, p. 25.

Footnote 156:

Ordinance No. 8 of 1906.

Footnote 157:

“Ceylon Sessional Papers,” 1906, p. 328.

Footnote 158:

Ibid., pp. 333, 335.

Footnote 159:

“Ceylon Sessional Papers,” 1906, p. 650.

Footnote 160:

The Government Commission has interdicted the fishing for this year (1908), as experts have reported the pearl-oysters were not plentiful enough and were also immature, being only five years old. The next fishery will be in 1909.

Footnote 161:

Kelaart, “Report on the Tablegram Pearl-Oysters,” Trincomali, 1857, 6 pp.

Footnote 162:

Hornell, “Report on the Placuna placenta Pearl Fishery of Lake Tampalakamam,” Colombo, 1906.

Footnote 163:

Jardine, “Report Relating to the Mergui Pearl Fisheries,” Rangoon, 1894, p. 6.

Footnote 164:

Nisbet, “Burma Under British Rule and Before,” Westminster, 1901, Vol. I, p. 362.

Footnote 165:

Nisbet, “Burma Under British Rule and Before,” Vol. I, p. 363.

Footnote 166:

See Proverbs xxxi, 1.

Footnote 167:

Hesse, “Der Zoologische Garten,” Dec. 1, 1898.

Footnote 168:

Wellsted, “Travels in Arabia,” London, 1838, Vol. II, p. 238.

Footnote 169:

Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 268, 269.

Footnote 170:

“Bolletino della Società d’esplorazione commerciale in Africa,” Milan, June, 1898.

Footnote 171:

Von Hessling, “Die Perlenmuscheln,” Leipzig, 1859, p. 6.

Footnote 172:

See p. 288 for an account of the methods.

Footnote 173:

Statist. “Beschreibung des chines. Reiches,” 1842, Vol. II, p. 11.

Footnote 174:

Ranft, “Vollständige Beschreibung des russischen Reiches,” Leipzig, 1767, p. 415.

Footnote 175:

Witsen, “Nord en Oost Tartarye,” 1705. p. 762.

Footnote 176:

Tavernier, “Travels in India,” Ball edition, London, 1889, Vol. II, pp. 113, 114.

Footnote 177:

One candareen equals 5.72 grains.

Footnote 178:

One koban equals 66 cents.

Footnote 179:

$4200.

Footnote 180:

Kaempfer, “History of Japan,” 1728, Vol. I, pp. 110, 111.

Footnote 181:

Ibid., Vol. I, p. 139.

Footnote 182:

Joao dos Santos, “Ethopia Oriental,” Lisbon, 1609, Vol. i, c. 27.

Footnote 183:

Lisbon Geographical Society Report, January, 1903.

Footnote 184:

“Britanniam petiisse spe margaritarum, quarum amplitudinem conferentem, interdum sua manu exegisse pondus.” “Divus Julius Caesar,” c. 47.

Footnote 185:

“Naturall Historie,” Holland edition, London, 1601, Lib. IX, c. 35.

Footnote 186:

“Vita Agricolæ,” c. 12.

Footnote 187:

Giles’s edition, London, 1840, p. 6.

Footnote 188:

Joyce. “Social History of Ancient Ireland.” New York. 1903. Vol. II, p. 227.

Footnote 189:

Nicolai, “Anglia Sacra,” Vol. II, p. 236. Also “Alberti Magni Opera Omnia,” ed. Augusti Borgnet, Paris. 1890, Vol. V., p. 41.

Footnote 190:

“Histoire de l’Orfèvrerie-Joaillerie.” Paris, 1850, p. 46. De Laborde, “Emaux,” Paris, 1852, Vol. II, p. 437.

Footnote 191:

Camden. “Britannia.” 2nd edition, London, 1722, Vol. II, p. 802.

Footnote 192:

Macpherson, “Annals of Commerce,” Vol. II, p. 131.

Footnote 193:

Sibbald, “Hist. Nat. Scotiae,” 1684, Vol. III, p. 27.

Footnote 194:

Camden, “Britannia,” London, 1695, p. 924.

Footnote 195:

London, 1777, Vol. II., p. 24.

Footnote 196:

“History of Cumberland,” London, 1794, Vol. I, p. 573.

Footnote 197:

Joyce. “Social History of Ancient Ireland,” New York, 1903, Vol. II, p. 227.

Footnote 198:

“Transactions of the Royal Society of London, for 1693,” Vol. XVIII, No. 198, pp. 659–663.

Footnote 199:

Pennant, “Tour in Scotland,” Chester, 1771.

Footnote 200:

London “Times,” December 24, 1863.

Footnote 201:

Hugh Miller, “My Schools and Schoolmasters,” 1852, p. 201.

Footnote 202:

Puton, “Mollusques terrestres et fluviales des Vosges: Le Département des Vosges, statistique, historique, et administrative, par Henri Lepaye et Ch. Charton,” Nancy, 1845, 8vo, 2 vols., Vol. I.

Footnote 203:

Godron, “Les perles de la Vologne, et le Château-sur-Perle.” “Mémoires de l’Académie de Stanislas, 1869,” Nancy, 1870, pp. 10–30.

Footnote 204:

Volcyr, “Cronicque abrégée par petits vers huytains des Empereurs, Roys, et Ducz d’Austraisie,” etc., Paris, 1530.

Footnote 205:

Reues, “De Gemmis aliquot,” etc., Tiguri, 1566, p. 47.

Footnote 206:

Claude de la Ruelle, “Les pourtraicts des ceremonies, ... et pompe funèbres faitez au corps de feu Charles III, Duc de Lorraine,” etc. Nancy, 1609.

Footnote 207:

Lister, “Journey to Paris in the year 1698,” London, p. 143.

Footnote 208:

Durival, “Description de la Lorraine et du Barrois,” Nancy, 1779, Vol. I, p. 280.

Footnote 209:

Bonnemere, “Les perles fines de l’Ouest de la France,” “Revue des sciences naturelles de l’Ouest,” 1899, Vol. III, p. 97–99.

Footnote 210:

“La Nature,” 1899, pp. 347, 348.

Footnote 211:

Von Hessling, “Ueber die Erzeugung künstlicher Perlen,” “Gelehrte Anzeigen der Münchener Akademie,” 1856, Vol. II, p. 159.

Footnote 212:

Weinmann, “Bresslauer Naturgeschichten,” 1725.

Footnote 213:

Tavernier, “Travels in India,” 1889, Vol. II, p. 113.

Footnote 214:

Von Hessling, “Die Perlenmuscheln,” Leipzig, 1859, p. 179.

Footnote 215:

“Beiträge zur Naturkunde des Herzogthums Celle,” Halle, 1766, Pt. I, p. 70.

Footnote 216:

Von Hessling, “Die Perlenmuscheln,” p. 180.

Footnote 217:

Möbius, “Die echten Perlen,” Hamburg, 1858., p. 47.

Footnote 218:

Jahn, “Voigtländische Perlenfischerei,” p. 165; Von Hessling, “Die Perlenmuscheln,” p. 182.

Footnote 219:

Von Hessling, “Die Perlenmuscheln,” p. 182.

Footnote 220:

“Die echten Perlen,” p. 48.

Footnote 221:

Gesner, “De aquatilibus,” Tiguri, 1560.

Footnote 222:

Bohuslai Balbini, “Miscellanea historica regni Bohemiæ,” Prague, 1679, Vol. I, p. 73.

Footnote 223:

“Allg. Zeitung,” Nov. 1, 1858, No. 305.

Footnote 224:

Von Hessling, “Die Perlenmuscheln,” Leipzig, p. 178.

Footnote 225:

Holberg, “Danmarks Riges Historie,” Reicharot edition, 1743, Vol. II, p. 632.

Footnote 226:

Thaaruys, “Versuch einer Statistik der dänischen Monarchie,” Copenhagen, 1795, Pt. I, p. 416.

Footnote 227:

Jahn, “Voigtländische Perlenfischerei,” p. 175; and Von Hessling, “Die Perlenmuscheln,” p. 189.

Footnote 228:

Pontoppidan, “Versuch einer natürlichen Historie von Norwegen,” Copenhagen, 1754, Vol. II, p. 309.

Footnote 229:

Olaus Magnus, “Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus,” Antwerp, 1562, c. 6, p. 192.

Footnote 230:

Linnæus, “Lach. Lapponica,” Vol. II, pp. 104–107.

Footnote 231:

See “Abhandlungen der Schwedischen Akademie,” 1742, Vol. IV, p. 240; 1759, Vol. XXI, p. 136, and 1762, Vol. XXIV, p. 64.

Footnote 232:

“Die Perlenmuscheln,” Leipzig, 1859, p. 194.

Footnote 233:

Kawall, “La pêche des perles en Livonie,” “Annales de la Société Malacologique de Belgique,” 1872, Vol. VII, pp. 38–46.

Footnote 234:

Dionysius Fabricius, “Scriptor rerum Livonicarum,” 1612, Vol. II, p. 440.

Footnote 235:

G. F. Mylius, “Memorabilium Saxoniae subterraneae,” Leipzig, 1709–1718, Vol. II, p. 20.

Footnote 236:

Charles Zeze, “Considerations sur les lièvres blancs en Livonie,” 1749, p. 52.

Footnote 237:

A. H. Hupel, “Nouvelles topographiques de Livonie et d’Esthionie,” 1774, Vol. I, p. 134.

Footnote 238:

“Die Perlenmuscheln,” Leipzig, p. 196.

Footnote 239:

Baer and Helmersen, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des russischen Reiches,” St. Petersburg, 1845, Vol. XI, pp. 143, 144.

Footnote 240:

Kohl, “Reisen in Südrussland,” 2nd edition, Leipzig, 1846, Vol. I, p. 15.

Footnote 241:

“Voyage aux Iles du Grand Océan,” Paris, 1838; also “Le Correspondant,” March 10, 1906.

Footnote 242:

“La Peche et la Culture des Huitres Perlières à Tahiti; Pêcheries de l’Archipel Tuamotu,” Paris, 1885.

Footnote 243:

Seurat, “L’huitre perlière,” Paris, 1900, p. 133.

Footnote 244:

Lucatt, “Rovings in the Pacific from 1837 to 1849,” London, 1851, Vol. I, p. 245.

Footnote 245:

“Bulletin United States Fish Commission,” Vol. V, p. 293.

Footnote 246:

Alexander, “Report United States Fish Commission,” Vol. XXVII, p. 764.

Footnote 247:

“Tahiti et les Colonies Françaises de la Polynésie,” Paris, 1887, p. 173.

Footnote 248:

“Report on Pearl Fisheries of North Queensland,” Brisbane, 1890.

Footnote 249:

Garran, “Australasia Illustrated,” Sydney, 1892, Vol. II, p. 886.

Footnote 250:

Gill, “Life in the Southern Isles,” London, 1876, p. 294.

Footnote 251:

“Australind,” London, 1900, pp. 233–239.

Footnote 252:

45 Victoriæ, No. 2.

Footnote 253:

50 Victoriæ, No. 2.

Footnote 254:

55 Victoriæ, No. 29.

Footnote 255:

50 Victoriæ, No. 7.

Footnote 256:

55 Victoriæ, No. 29.

Footnote 257:

“Departmental Commission on Pearl Shell and Bêche-de-Mer Fisheries,” Brisbane, 1897.

Footnote 258:

“Report on the Fishing Industry for the Year 1905,” Perth, 1906, pp. 4–7.

Footnote 259:

During the month of June, 1908, a severe storm destroyed a pearling fleet, with a loss of 40 vessels and 270 lives.

Footnote 260:

“Report of Departmental Commission on Pearl Shell and Bêche-de-Mer Fisheries,” Brisbane, 1897.

Footnote 261:

55 Victoriæ, No. 29.

Footnote 262:

To this should be added the output of Sharks Bay, amounting to £2000 in 1906, making a total of $450,000.

Footnote 263:

See pp. 70 and 200.

Footnote 264:

Comyn, “State of the Philippine Islands,” London, 1820, pp. 38, 39.

Footnote 265:

“Storia Naturale delle Gemme,” Naples, 1730. Vol. I, p. 461.

Footnote 266:

Crawfurd, “History of the Indian Archipelago,” Edinburgh, 1820, Vol. III, p. 445.

Footnote 267:

Act No. 51, June 7, 1904.

Footnote 268:

A letter from the Bureau of Insular Affairs, dated November 20, 1906, states: “It is proposed by the officials of the Moro province to amend the regulations so that, under certain restrictions, vessels of foreign build may engage in pearl fisheries.”

Footnote 269:

Act No. 43, amended June 7, 1904.

Footnote 270:

“Historia general de las Indias,” by Francisco Lopez de Gomara, 12mo, 1554, pp. 104–106 b.

Footnote 271:

Herrera, “Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano,” Dec. iii, Book VII, ch. 3.

Footnote 272:

Herrera, “Descripcion de las Indias Occidentales,” Dec. iv, Book VI, ch. 12.

Footnote 273:

Humboldt’s “Personal Narrative,” Vol. II, p. 273.

Footnote 274:

Translated from “Historia del Mondo Nuovo,” Geneva, 1578.

Footnote 275:

Translation of Chauveton’s Notes to Benzoni’s “Historia del Mondo Nuovo,” Geneva, 1578, fol. 170.

Footnote 276:

Ibid., fol. 168.

Footnote 277:

“Natural and Moral History of the Indies,” Hakluyt Society, London, 1880, p. 228.

Footnote 278:

Humboldt, “Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent, 1799–1804.”

Footnote 279:

Findlay, “Directory for the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean,” London, 1851, Vol. I, p. 217.

Footnote 280:

Rosales, “Gran Recopilación de Venezuela,” Caracas, 1889.

Footnote 281:

Gomara, “Historia general de las Indias,” 1554, pp. 268, 269 b.

Footnote 282:

111½ ounces of gold; present value about $2300.

Footnote 283:

Gemelli-Careri, “Giro del Mondo,” Venezia, 1719, p. 240.

Footnote 284:

Ulloa, “Relación historica del viage á la América meridional,” Madrid, 1748.

Footnote 285:

“Ulloa’s Voyage to South America,” translated by J. Adams, London, 1758.

Footnote 286:

Hakluyt’s “Voyages,” Glasgow, 1904, Vol. IX, pp. 318, 319.

Footnote 287:

Clavigero, “Storia della California,” Venezia, 1789, Vol. I, p. 161.

Footnote 288:

Venegas, “Noticia de las Californias,” Madrid, 1757, p. 454.

Footnote 289:

Clavigero, “Historia de la Baja antigua California.” Esteva, “Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geographia y Estadistica,” Vol. X, pp. 673–697.

Footnote 290:

Pedro Alvarado, “Historia California,” Vol. I, p. 10.

Footnote 291:

Baegert, “Nachrichten von der Amerikanischen Halbinsel Californien,” Mannheim, 1772.

Footnote 292:

Arch. Cal. Prov. St. Pap. xvi. Ben. Mil. xvi, xvii, xviii.

Footnote 293:

Hardy, “Travels in Mexico,” London, 1829, pp. 231–238.

Footnote 294:

Diguet, “Bulletin de la Société Centrale d’Aquiculture,” Paris, 1895, Vol. VII, pp. 1–18.

Footnote 295:

Esteva, “Memoria sobre la Pesca de la Perla,” “Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geographía,” Vol. X, pp. 681–688.

Footnote 296:

Lassepas, “Historia de la Baja California,” Mexico, 1859, p. 65.

Footnote 297:

Pujol, “Estudio Biológico sobre la ostra Avicula margaritiferus,” “Boletin de la Sociedad de Geographía,” Epoc. 2, Vol. III, p. 139 et seq.

Footnote 298:

Diguet, “Bulletin de la Société Centrale d’Aquiculture,” 1895, Vol. VII.

Footnote 299:

Lassepas, “Historia de la Colonizaciónde la Baja California,” Mexico, 1859.

Footnote 300:

“Recueil des pièces sur la Floride,” Paris, 1841.

Footnote 301:

“Relaçam verdadeira dos Trabalhos q ho gouernador dō Fernādo de Souto e certos fidalgos portugueses passarom no descobrimēto da provincia da Frolida. Agora nouamente feita per hū fidalgo Deluas.”

Footnote 302:

“La Florida del Ynca,” Lisbon, 1605.

Footnote 303:

One arroba = twenty-five pounds’ weight.

Footnote 304:

“Discovery of Florida,” Hakluyt Society, 1851, Vol. IX, p. 181.

Footnote 305:

Ibid., p. 50.

Footnote 306:

“Discovery of Florida,” Hakluyt Society, 1851, Vol. IX, p. 60.

Footnote 307:

Bernard Shipp, “The History of Hernando de Soto and Florida from 1512 to 1568,” Philadelphia, 1881, 8vo, p. 364.

Footnote 308:

Bernard Shipp, “The History of Hernando de Soto and Florida from 1512 to 1568,” Philadelphia, 1881, 8vo, p. 369.

Footnote 309:

Ibid., p. 372.

Footnote 310:

“Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeça de Vaca,” translated by Buckingham Smith, New York, 1871.

Footnote 311:

Bernard Shipp, “History of Hernando de Soto and Florida,” Philadelphia, 1881, p. 586.

Footnote 312:

Hakluyt, “The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation,” London, 1589.

Footnote 313:

“Purchas’s Pilgrims,” London, 1625, Vol. IV, p. 179.

Footnote 314:

Hakluyt’s “Voyages,” Glasgow, Vol. VIII, p. 357.

Footnote 315:

P. F. X. de Charlevoix, “History of New France,” New York, 1900, p. 129.

Footnote 316:

“Voyage of Father Gravier in 1700 From the Country of Illinois to the Mouth of the Mississippi,” Cleveland, 1900, p. 141.

Footnote 317:

Coxe, “A Description of the English Province of Carolana, by the Spaniards call’d Florida, and by the French La Louisiane, as also of the Great and Famous River Meschacebe or Missisipi,” London, 1722, pp. 82, 83.

Footnote 318:

“Allgemeine Handelszeitung,” Leipzig, April, 1789, p. 218.

Footnote 319:

“Frank Leslie’s Magazine,” New York, May 23, 1857, Vol. III, pp. 384–386.

Footnote 320:

“Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” by George F. Kunz, New York, 1889–1892, pp. 211–257. “The Fresh-Water Pearls of the United States,” Washington, 1898, 50 pages and plates.

Footnote 321:

“Neue Zeit,” in Ausland, 1858, No. 8, p. 192.

Footnote 322:

See p. 258.

Footnote 323:

Illinois State has passed a bill to regulate pearl fishing. See Addendum on p. 513.

Footnote 324:

Philostratus, “Vita Apollonii,” Lib. III, c. 57, edit. Olearii, p. 139. Also see Konrad von Gessner, “Historiæ natura,” Lib. IV, p. 634.

Footnote 325:

Vol. XXII, pp. 425–437.

Footnote 326:

Pulteney, “General View of the Writings of Linnæus,” London, 1805.

Footnote 327:

“Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London,” October, 1905. p. 26.

Footnote 328:

Pearl: an excrescence on the inside of a shell when the outside has been perforated.

Footnote 329:

Beckmann, “History of Inventions,” London, 1846, Vol. I, p. 263.

Footnote 330:

London, 1821, p. 48.

Footnote 331:

“Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London,” October, 1905, p. 29.

Footnote 332:

See Grill, “Abhandlungen der königlichen Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften auf das Jahr 1772,” Leipzig, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 88–90.

Footnote 333:

“Journal of the Society of Arts,” Vol. II, pp. 72–75.

Footnote 334:

“Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London,” October, 1905, p. 28.

Footnote 335:

“La Pèche et la Culture des Huitres Perlières à Tahiti,” Paris, 1885.

Footnote 336:

“Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,” Vol. CXXVII, pp. 828–830.

Footnote 337:

See p. 73.

Footnote 338:

Kæmpfer, “History of Japan,” London, 1728, Vol. I, pp. 110–112.

Footnote 339:

“Notes and Queries,” 3rd Series, Vol. II, p. 228.

Footnote 340:

“Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,” Singapore, 1878, Vol. I., pp. 31–37.

Footnote 341:

“Jewelers’ Review,” May 10, 1892.

Footnote 342:

Bloomfield, “Hymns of the Atharvaveda,” Oxford, 1897, p. 62.

Footnote 343:

Macgowan, “Journal of the Society of Arts,” Vol. II, p. 73.

Footnote 344:

Pfirzmaier, “Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften,” Wien, 1868, Vol. LVII, p. 623.

Footnote 345:

Translated from Klenn, “Culturgeschichte,” Leipzig, 1852, Vol. X, p. 318.

Footnote 346:

Tennyson, “Idylls of the King.”

Footnote 347:

“Opera omnia,” Paris, 1864, Vol. V, p. 473.

Footnote 348:

W. & G. Audsley, “Handbook of Christian Symbolism,” London, 1865, p. 140.

Footnote 349:

“Lucile,” Pt. II, c. 6, st. 16.

Footnote 350:

“Le Mercure Indien, ou le Trésor des Indes,” Paris, 1672, p. 160.

Footnote 351:

Many Greek scholars maintain that this is a knotted cord or fillet; but this view is contested by others.

Footnote 352:

Edited by Jibananda Vidyasagara, Calcutta, 1877.

Footnote 353:

Edited by Vidyasagara, 1873.

Footnote 354:

Garbe, “Die Indischen Mineralien.” Narahari’s “Raganighantu,” Varga XIII, Leipzig, 1882, p. 74.

Footnote 355:

Ainslie, “Materia Indica,” London, 1826, Vol. I, p. 292.

Footnote 356:

“Maṉi-málá,” Calcutta, 1881, p. 871.

Footnote 357:

“Maṉi-málá,” Calcutta, 1879, p. 315.

Footnote 358:

Finot, “Les Lapidaires Indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 15.

Footnote 359:

“Materia medica of India and their Therapeutics,” Bombay, 1903, p. 98.

Footnote 360:

“Alberti Magni Opera omnia,” ed. Augusti Borgnet, Paris, 1890, Vol. V, p. 41.

Footnote 361:

“Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X,” Codice original, Madrid, 1881, p. 4.

Footnote 362:

De Boot, “Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia,” Hanover, 1609, Lib. II, c. 38, p. 87.

Footnote 363:

Margaritologia, Monachii, 1637.

Footnote 364:

Lovell, “Panmineralogicon,” Oxford, 1661, pp. 77, 78.

Footnote 365:

Jones, “Credulities Past and Present,” London, 1880, p. 166.

Footnote 366:

“Speculum lapidum,” Venice, 1502, p. 37.

Footnote 367:

Yriarte, “Florence,” Paris, 1881, p. 39.

Footnote 368:

Bacon, “Historia Vitæ et Mortis,” Londini, 1623, p. 100.

Footnote 369:

Grew, Nehemiah, “Musæum Regalis Societatis,” London, 1681, p. 145.

Footnote 370:

“A Queen’s Delight,” London, 1671, pp. 75, 76.

Footnote 371:

“Hamlet,” Act V, sc. 2.

Footnote 372:

W. J. Lawson, “History of Banking,” London, 1850, pp. 24, 25.

Footnote 373:

“The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus,” Lib. IX, c. 35. This anecdote is mentioned also by Macrobius (Circa 400 A.D.) in “Saturnaliorum conviviorum libri septem,” Lib. II, c. 13.

Footnote 374:

See p. 55.

Footnote 375:

“The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus,” Lib. IX, c. 35.

Footnote 376:

See the epitaph of Tutichylus “qui fuit margaritarius,” Orelli, 4076.

Footnote 377:

Lowis d’A. Jackson, “Modern Metrology,” London, 1881, p. 370.

Footnote 378:

Grimm, “Deutsches Wörterbuch,” Leipzig, 1873, Vol. V, p. 205.

Footnote 379:

Guillaume, “Les récents progrès du système métrique,” Paris, 1907, pp. 62–66, “La réforme du carat.”

Footnote 380:

William Hallock and Herbert T. Wade. “Outlines of the Evolution of Weights and Measures and the Metric System,” New York, 1906, p. 25.

Footnote 381:

“A New English Dictionary,” Oxford and New York, 1893, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 105.

Footnote 382:

Buteonis, “Opera Geometrica,” Lugduni, 1554, pp. 88–96.

Footnote 383:

See “Edelsteinkunde,” Wilhelm Rau, Leipzig, 1907, p. 137.

Footnote 384:

“Les Lapidaires Indiens,” Paris, 1896.

Footnote 385:

The guñja was one fifth of a mâsaka and equaled about 2¼ grains.

Footnote 386:

Finot, “Les Lapidaires Indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 22.

Footnote 387:

“Fior di Pensieri sulle Pietre Preziose di Ahmed al Teifascite,” text and translation by Antonio Raineri, Florence, 1818, pp. 8, 9.

Footnote 388:

Charles Barbot, “Traite Complète des Pierres Précieuses,” Paris, 1858, p. 467.

Footnote 389:

Emanuel, “Diamonds and Precious Stones,” 2nd edition, London, 1867, p. 6.

Footnote 390:

Anselmi de Boot, “Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia,” Hanoviae, 1609, pp. 88–90.

Footnote 391:

De Rosnel, “Le Mercure Indien,” Paris, 1672, Pt. III, pp. 17, 18.

Footnote 392:

Rice Vaughan, “A Discourse of Coin and Coinage,” London, 1675, p. 241.

Footnote 393:

David Jeffries, “A Treatise on Diamonds and Pearls,” London, 1751, pp. 128–141.

Footnote 394:

“Encyclopédie de Diderot et d’Alembert,” Neuchâtel and Paris, 1774, Vol. XII, p. 385.

Footnote 395:

Pio Naldi, “Delle Gemme e delle Regole per Valutarle,” Bologna, 1791, p. 207.

Footnote 396:

Emanuel, “Diamonds and Precious Stones,” London, 1867, p. 197.

Footnote 397:

“L’Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences,” Neuchâtel and Paris, 1774, Vol. XII, p. 385.

Footnote 398:

“Delle Gemme,” etc., 1791.

Footnote 399:

See “Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar,” by W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., Pt. V, London, 1906, pp. 34–36.

Footnote 400:

See pp. 124–127.

Footnote 401:

See “Modern Metrology,” Lowis d’A. Jackson, London, 1882, p. 369.

Footnote 402:

From “Navaratnapariska,” in Finot, “Les Lapidaires Indiens,” p. 158.

Footnote 403:

Guillielmi Budaei, “De Asse,” Venice, 1522, Lib. V, pp. 67, 68.

Footnote 404:

Caire and Dufie, “La Science des Pierres Précieuses appliquée aux Arts,” Paris, 1833.

Footnote 405:

Charles Barbot, “Traité Complète des Pierres Précieuses,” Paris, 1858, pp. 464, 465.

Footnote 406:

“The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian.” Trans. and ed. by Col. Henry Yule, London, 1871, Vol. II, p. 275.

Footnote 407:

General Appraisers 5146 (Treasury Department 23748).

Footnote 408:

December 6, 1901; 112 Fed. Rep. 672.

Footnote 409:

Suit No. 3328.

Footnote 410:

Dec. 29, 1903.

Footnote 411:

Suit No. 4974.

Footnote 412:

General Appraisers 4166.

Footnote 413:

General Appraisers 5148.

Footnote 414:

Suits Nos. 2781 and 3324.

Footnote 415:

John and Andrew van Rymsdyk, “Museum Brittanicum,” London, 1778, p. 8, note.

Footnote 416:

Finot, “Les Lapidaires Indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 24.

Footnote 417:

“An Essay upon Various Arts, in Three Books by Theophilus, called also Rugerus, Priest and Monk, Forming an Encyclopedia of Christian Art of the Eleventh Century.” Translated, with notes, by Robert Hendrie. London, 1847.

Footnote 418:

“Indian Art,” by Sir George C. M. Birdwood (South Kensington Museum Art Books), Pt. II, pp. 188, 248.

Footnote 419:

Anselmi de Boodt, “Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia,” Hanover, 1609. Lib. II, c. 40, “Quomodo margaritae perforuntur,” p. 91.

Footnote 420:

See portrait facing page 442.

Footnote 421:

Charles Barbot, “Traité Complète des Pierres Précieuses,” Paris, 1858, pp. 464, 465.

Footnote 422:

“Délégation en Perse,” Paris, 1905, Vol. VIII, p. 52.

Footnote 423:

De Morgan, “Délégation en Perse,” Paris, 1905, Vol. VIII, p. 52.

Footnote 424:

Imhoof-Blumer, “Porträtköpfe auf antiken Münzen,” pl. 7, figs. 12 sqq.

Footnote 425:

See “Délégation en Perse,” Vol. VIII. “Recherches Archéologiques.” Paris, 1905, third series, pp. 51–2, pl. 5.

Footnote 426:

Equivalent to about 1,250,000 ounces of silver; Hardouin says 7,600,000 francs.

Footnote 427:

“Naturall Historie,” London, 1601, Lib. IX, c. 35.

Footnote 428:

MS. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 2089, XLVII, No. 12.

Footnote 429:

“Dictionnaire des Antiquites Grecques et Romaines,” ed. by Deremberg and Saglio: Art. “Inaures” by Pottier, Paris, 1899, Vol. III, pp. 440–447.

Footnote 430:

Babelon, “Cab. des Antiq.,” pl. 33, fig. 3.

Footnote 431:

Duruy, “Hist. des Romains,” Vol. I, p. 511.

Footnote 432:

Custodian of the coin collection of the Philadelphia Mint.

Footnote 433:

Imperial Museum of Archæology, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Footnote 434:

“Della Storia Naturale delle Gemme delle Pietre e di tutti i Minerali,” Giacinto Gimma, Naples, 1730.

Footnote 435:

Tabari, “Chronique,” translated by Zotenberg, Paris, 1869, Vol. II, p. 304.

Footnote 436:

Ibid., Vol. III, p. 417.

Footnote 437:

Alexander, “The History of Women,” London, 1782, Vol. II, p. 136.

Footnote 438:

“The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian,” trans. and ed. by Col. Henry Yule, London, 1871, Vol. I, p. 343.

Footnote 439:

De Mély, “Les Lapidaires Chinois,” Paris, 1896, p. 178.

Footnote 440:

“The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian,” trans. and ed. by Col. Henry Yule, London, 1871, Vol. II, p. 275.

Footnote 441:

Alexander, “The History of Women,” London, 1782, Vol. II, p. 172.

Footnote 442:

Max Müller, “Rig-Veda Samhita,” 1862, Vol. IV, p. 64.

Footnote 443:

Alexander, “The History of Women,” London, 1782, Vol. II, p. 171.

Footnote 444:

From a letter of Charles Roach Smith, Esq., F. S. A., to John Gage Rokewode, F. R. S. “Archæologia,” Vol. XXIX, p. 70.

Footnote 445:

Augustus C. Hamlin, “Leisure Hours Among the Gems,” Boston, 1884, p. 22.

Footnote 446:

Dieulafoy, “L’art antique de la Perse,” Paris, 1884. Pt. V, p. 137.

Footnote 447:

See Maskell, “Russian Art” (South Kensington Museum Handbooks), London, 1884, pp. 83, 84; also “La Russie Méridionale,” by Reinach-Kondakoff-Tolstoy, pp. 489, 490.

Footnote 448:

“Die Domkirche bei St. Veit in Prag,” Prague, 1890, pp. 13, 19, 21.

Footnote 449:

Abridged from a description by Professor Tennant.

Footnote 450:

Davenport Debrett, “Dictionary of the Coronation,” London, p. 52.

Footnote 451:

Sir Walter Scott, “Description of the Regalia of Scotland,” Edinburgh, 1869.

Footnote 452:

Communicated by Prof. H. Schumacher of Bonn and Johann Wagner & Sohn, Jewelers of the German Court.

Footnote 453:

W. Jones, “Crowns and Coronations,” London, 1883, p. 425.

Footnote 454:

Otto von Falke and Heinrich Frauberger, “Deutsche Schmelzarbeiten des Mittelalters,” Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1904, p. 2.

Footnote 455:

Otto von Falke and Heinrich Frauberger, “Deutsche Schmelzarbeiten des Mittelalters,” Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1904, pp. 6, 7.

Footnote 456:

Ibid., p. 9.

Footnote 457:

Ibid., p. 16.

Footnote 458:

Josef Dankó, “Aus dem Graner Domschatz,” Gran, 1880, pp. 64–66.

Footnote 459:

Josef Dankó, “Aus dem Graner Domschatz,” Gran, 1880, pp. 67–70.

Footnote 460:

Ibid., pp. 74, 75.

Footnote 461:

“Katalog der Schatzkammer von Maria Loretto am Hradschin zu Prag,” Prague, 1891, pp. 34, 40.

Footnote 462:

Maskell, “Russian Art” (South Kensington Museum Handbooks), London, 1884, pp. 119, 120.

Footnote 463:

Baedeker, “Russland,” Leipzig, 1888, p. 317.

Footnote 464:

One of the authors has in his possession twenty manuscript volumes of these inventories. They are careful copies from the originals, most of which are in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. These copies were executed for M. E. Molinier, a conservator of the Louvre Museum, and were disposed of after his death in 1906. The values in the money of the times are usually given, and we have endeavored where possible to indicate the equivalent in United States currency, taking account of the progressive changes in the French monetary standard.

Footnote 465:

“Inventaire des Joyaux de Louis Duc d’Anjou,” In De Laborde’s “Emaux,” Paris, 1853, Vol. II.

Footnote 466:

Bibliothèque Nationale. MS. fr. 6542 (suppt. 4622) parchemin original, 13 pp. in folio.

Footnote 467:

De Laborde, “Emaux,” Paris, 1853, Vol. II, p. 437.

Footnote 468:

“Inventaire des Biens de Marguerite de Flandre,” Bibliothèque Nationale coll., Moreau, 1725 (Mouchet 5).

Footnote 469:

Bibl. Nat. MS. Latin. 9941 (suppt. 1656), folio, parchment, 40 leaves.

Footnote 470:

Bibliothèque Nationale MS. fr. 18766 (S. Germain fr. 910) 40 ff. Bound in green velvet.

Footnote 471:

Bibl. Natl. MS. français, 4611, folio, pp. 433 in parchment.

Footnote 472:

“Inventaires des Ducs de Bourgogne,” De Laborde, “Emaux,” Vol. II, p. 438.

Footnote 473:

See De Laborde. “Emaux,” Paris, 1853, Vol. II, p. 437.

Footnote 474:

“Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses,” Vienna, 1895, Vol. XIV, Pt. II, p. 52. “Inventories of Philip II” (1598–1607).

Footnote 475:

Ibid., Vol. XIX, Pt. II, p. 170.

Footnote 476:

From eptli—shell, and yollott—heart, i.e., life.

Footnote 477:

“Heraldic. Curios.,” Pars III, c. 8, p. 12.

Footnote 478:

Debrett, “Dictionary of the Coronation,” p. 127.

Footnote 479:

“Illustrated London News,” April 13, 1878, p. 347.

Footnote 480:

Pliny, “Naturall Historie,” London, 1601, Lib. IX, c. 35.

Footnote 481:

Budé, “De Asse,” Paris, 1514.

Footnote 482:

Pliny, “Historia Naturalis,” Lib. IX, c. 35.

Footnote 483:

“Historia,” Lib. I, c. 4, ed. Niebuhr, Bonnae, 1833.

Footnote 484:

Panciroli, “Rerum Memorabilium, libri duo,” Frankfort. 1660, Pt. I, p. 44. We have been unable to find this statement in the Annals of Zonaras; it was possibly derived from some gloss or annotation.

Footnote 485:

Published by Lambeccius in “Bibliotheca Cæsarea,” Vol. II, p. 516.

Footnote 486:

See p. 254 for Garcilasso’s description.

Footnote 487:

Garcilasso, “Historie des Incas, Rois du Pérou,” Amsterdam, 1704, Vol. II, p. 352.

Footnote 488:

Ibid., p. 351.

Footnote 489:

Miscel. Academ. Nat. Curios, Dec. 1, Ann. II, obs. 288.

Footnote 490:

“Hawkins’ Voyages,” Hakluyt Society, 1878, p. 315 note.

Footnote 491:

See Robertson, “Inventaires de la Royne d’Ecosse,” Bannatyne Club, 1863.

Footnote 492:

See Lang, “Portraits and Jewels of Mary Stuart,” Edinburgh, 1906.

Footnote 493:

Teulet, “Relations politiques de la France et de l’Espagne avec l’Ecosse,” Vol. II, p. 352.

Footnote 494:

Teulet, “Relations,” etc., p. 364.

Footnote 495:

Walpole, “Anecdotes of Painting in England,” London, 1849, Vol. I, p. 151.

Footnote 496:

An interesting account of this collection was given in a little book, now quite rare, published in London in 1793 by John Roberts, entitled “A View of the Waxen Figures in Henry VII’s Chapel.”

Footnote 497:

Bolton, “Curious Relics of English Funerals,” Boston, 1894, p. 233.

Footnote 498:

Lawson, “History of Banking,” London, 1750, pp. 24, 25.

Footnote 499:

Burgon, “The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham,” London, 1839, Vol. I, p. 69.

Footnote 500:

See p. 451.

Footnote 501:

London, 1631, p. 1297.

Footnote 502:

Tavernier, “Travels in India,” London, 1889, Vol. II, p. 130.

Footnote 503:

Tavernier used the Florentine carat, which equaled 3.04 grains troy.

Footnote 504:

Tavernier, “Travels in India,” London, 1889, Vol. II, p. 110.

Footnote 505:

One rati equaled seven eighths of the Florentine carat, or 2.66 grains troy.

Footnote 506:

Tavernier, “Travels in India,” London, 1889, Vol. I, pp. 397–399.

Footnote 507:

Sir Henry Miers Elliot, “The Mohammedan Period as described by Its Own Historians,” Vol. V. of “The History of India,” ed. by A. V. W. Jackson, New York, 1907, p. 324.

Footnote 508:

See Fig. 2 of Tavernier’s diagram.

Footnote 509:

Tavernier, “Travels in India,” trans. by V. Ball, London, 1889, Vol. II, p. 384.

Footnote 510:

Benjamin, “Persia,” p. 73.

Footnote 511:

Brydges, “An Account of the Transactions of His Majesty’s Mission to the Court of Persia, in the Years 1807–1811,” London, 1834, p. 383.

Footnote 512:

Porter, “Travels in Georgia, Armenia, Ancient Babylon,” etc., London, 1821, Vol. I, p. 325.

Footnote 513:

Robert de Berquen, “Les Merveilles des Indes Orientales et Occidentales,” Paris, 1661, p. 78 b.

Footnote 514:

Bibl. Nat. MS. “Mélanges de Colbert,” Tome 218, p. 14.

Footnote 515:

De Waldheim, “Essai sur la Pellegrina,” p. 48.

Footnote 516:

See p. 452.

Footnote 517:

Hertz, “Catalogue of the Collection of Pearls and Precious Stones Formed by Henry Philip Hope, Esq.,” London, 1839.

Footnote 518:

“Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1892, Pl. VIII, p. 229.

Footnote 519:

Streeter, “Pearls and Pearling Life,” London, 1886, pp. 295, 296.

Footnote 520:

Taunton, “Australind,” London, 1900, p. 231.

Footnote 521:

Austrian Court Journal, 1899.

Footnote 522:

See p. 461.

Footnote 523:

The senior author was permitted to handle these treasures in 1899.

Footnote 524:

Winckler, “Die Reichskleinodien,” Berlin, 1872, p. 17.

Footnote 525:

Ibid., p. 9.

Footnote 526:

As this pearl was brought from the East later on, it may be the same as the Reine des Perles, stolen from the French crown jewels in 1791. It is evidently the same as the La Pellegrina of the Zozima brothers (1814) and later stolen from them, reappearing as the pearl described by Kohl, in 1840, first in the possession of a Russian merchant and then later in the Russian Treasury.

Footnote 527:

“American Anthropologist,” Lancaster, Pa., Vol. IX, No. 1, Jan.–March, 1907, pp. 57–86.

Footnote 528:

“True Travels,” Richmond edition, 1819, p. 144.

Footnote 529:

Strachey, “Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia,” Hakluyt Society, London, 1849, p. 65.

Footnote 530:

Smith, op. cit., p. 130.

Footnote 531:

Strachey, op. cit., p. 57.

Footnote 532:

Smith, op. cit., p. 83.

Footnote 533:

Strachey, op. cit., p. 67. “The ‘blue’ or ‘violet-colored’ pearls shown in White’s original drawings are probably stained pearls.” These were most probably the dark purple pearls of the round clam or quohog of the coast, although it is possible that they were only glass beads.

Footnote 534:

Smith, op. cit., Pt. II, p. 19.

Footnote 535:

Thomas Hariot, “A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia,” Holbein edition, p. 11.

Footnote 536:

Willoughby, “American Anthropologist,” Lancaster, Pa., Vol. IX, No. 1, January, 1907, pp. 61, 62.

Footnote 537:

Beverley, “History of Virginia,” 1722, pp. 167, 186.

Footnote 538:

Strachey, op. cit., p. 89.

Footnote 539:

Smith, op. cit., p. 143.

Footnote 540:

Squier and Davis, Smithsonian “Contributions to Knowledge,” Vol. I, 1848, p. 283.

Footnote 541:

“Science,” April 6, 1906, Vol. XXIII, No. 588.

Footnote 542:

“History of Alabama,” Charlestown, 1851, Vol. I, p. 12.

Footnote 543:

“Moundville Revisited,” Reprint from the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 1907, Vol. XIII, pp. 398–403.

Footnote 544:

“Antiquities of the Southern Indians,” New York, 1873, p. 483; also, “Monumental Remains of Georgia,” Savannah, 1861, p. 14.

Footnote 545:

“Ancient Aboriginal Trade in North America,” Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1872, p. 38 of the author’s reprint.

Footnote 546:

See “Artificial Shell Deposits in the United States,” in the Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1866, p. 357.

Footnote 547:

“Antiquities of Southern Indians,” p. 490.

Footnote 548:

Transactions of the Philosophic Society for 1693.

Footnote 549:

See p. 494.

Footnote 550:

“Exploration of the Edwin Harness Mound,” Columbus, O., press of F. J. Heer, 1907, p. 76.

Footnote 551:

“Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley,” Squier & Davis, Washington, 1848, p. 232.

Footnote 552:

“Explorations in Ohio,” from the Eighteenth Report of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, 1886, p. 462.

Footnote 553:

Collection of Peabody Museum of Archæology, Cambridge, Mass.

Footnote 554:

Now in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Ill.

Footnote 555:

“American Archæologist,” May, 1897, to May, 1898.

Footnote 556:

“Archæologia Americana,” 1820, p. 182.

Footnote 557:

See p. 499.

Footnote 558:

See p. 498.

Footnote 559:

“La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West,” Parkman, p. 281.

Footnote 560:

William C. Mills, “Explorations of the Edwin Harness Mound, Columbus, O.”; press of Fred. J. Heer, 1907. “Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly,” Vol. XVI, No. 2.

Footnote 561:

Herrmann, “Mound-builders of the Mississippi Valley,” pp. 92, 93.

Footnote 562:

A large number of these works are in the library of George F. Kunz.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. P. 153, changed “o, Jerusalem Delivered” to “Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered”. 2. P. 235, changed “a snort distance” to “a short distance”. 3. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 4. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 5. Footnotes were re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter. 6. Enclosed italics font in underscores. 7. Superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}.

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