The 2004 CIA World Factbook (part 11 of 17)

The 2004 CIA World Factbook (part 11 of 17)

Fiji total: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 19 (2004 est.)

Finland total: 73 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 69 (2004 est.)

France total: 195 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 72 under 914 m: 120 (2004 est.)

French Guiana total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

French Polynesia total: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Gabon total: 45 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 23 (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Georgia total: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Germany total: 219 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 31 under 914 m: 185 (2004 est.)

Ghana total: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Glorioso Islands total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Greece total: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Greenland total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Guadeloupe total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Guam total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Guatemala total: 441 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 109 under 914 m: 323 (2004 est.)

Guinea total: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau total: 25 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Guyana total: 41 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)

Haiti total: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Honduras total: 104 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 84 (2004 est.)

Hungary total: 26 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Iceland total: 93 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 29 under 914 m: 61 (2004 est.)

India total: 99 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 42 under 914 m: 45 (2004 est.)

Indonesia total: 513 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 480 (2004 est.)

Iran total: 178 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 129 under 914 m: 39 (2004 est.)

Iraq total: 32 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Ireland total: 21 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.)

Israel total: 23 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Italy total: 38 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Jamaica total: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)

Jan Mayen total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Japan total: 31 over 3047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 26 (2004 est.)

Jordan total: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Juan de Nova Island total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan total: 328 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 22 914 to 1,523 m: 71 under 914 m: 217 (2003 est.)

Kenya total: 206 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 110 under 914 m: 84 (2004 est.)

Kiribati total: 17 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Korea, North total: 43 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 20 914 to 1,523 m: 14 under 914 m: 8 (2003 est.)

Korea, South total: 91 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 88 (2004 est.)

Kuwait total: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan total: 44 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 37 (2003 est.)

Laos total: 35 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Latvia total: 24 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 20 (2003 est.)

Lebanon total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Lesotho total: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Liberia total: 51 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 38 (2004 est.)

Libya total: 80 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 41 under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Lithuania total: 74 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 67 (2003 est.)

Luxembourg total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Macedonia total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Madagascar total: 87 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 42 under 914 m: 43 (2004 est.)

Malawi total: 36 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Malaysia total: 79 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 72 (2004 est.)

Maldives total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Mali total: 19 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Marshall Islands total: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Martinique total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Mauritania total: 16 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Mauritius total: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Mexico total: 1,600 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 69 914 to 1,523 m: 454 under 914 m: 1,075 (2004 est.)

Midway Islands total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Moldova total: 18 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 11 (2003 est.)

Mongolia total: 25 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 5 (2003 est.)

Morocco total: 38 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Mozambique total: 136 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 34 under 914 m: 87 (2004 est.)

Namibia total: 115 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 22 914 to 1,523 m: 71 under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Nepal total: 37 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 29 (2004 est.)

Netherlands total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

New Caledonia total: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

New Zealand total: 70 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 29 under 914 m: 39 (2004 est.)

Nicaragua total: 165 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 141 (2004 est.)

Niger total: 18 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 14 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Nigeria total: 34 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Norway total: 36 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 29 (2004 est.)

Oman total: 130 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 52 914 to 1,523 m: 34 under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Pakistan total: 39 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Palau total: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Palmyra Atoll total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Panama total: 61 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 49 (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea total: 550 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 62 under 914 m: 478 (2004 est.)

Paraguay total: 866 1,524 to 2,437 m: 26 914 to 1,523 m: 323 under 914 m: 517 (2004 est.)

Peru total: 182 1,524 to 2,437 m: 21 914 to 1,523 m: 62 under 914 m: 99 (2004 est.)

Philippines total: 173 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 68 under 914 m: 100 (2004 est.)

Poland total: 39 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Portugal total: 23 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico total: 13 1,524 to 2, 437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Qatar total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Romania total: 36 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 24 (2004 est.)

Russia total: 2,024 over 3,047 m: 19 2,438 to 3,047 m: 34 1,524 to 2,437 m: 120 914 to 1,523 m: 261 under 914 m: 1,590 (2003 est.)

Rwanda total: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Samoa total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia total: 129 over 3047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 72 914 to 1,523 m: 39 under 914 m: 12 (2004 est.)

Senegal total: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro total: 25 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

Seychelles total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone total: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Slovakia total: 17 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Slovenia total: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands total: 31 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Somalia total: 54 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 914 to 1,523 m: 29 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

South Africa total: 584 1,524 to 2,437 m: 34 914 to 1,523 m: 300 under 914 m: 250 (2004 est.)

Spain total: 61 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 44 (2004 est.)

Spratly Islands total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Sudan total: 63 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 33 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Suriname total: 41 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Svalbard total: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Swaziland total: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Sweden total: 100 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 90 (2004 est.)

Switzerland total: 23 under 914 m: 23 (2004 est.)

Syria total: 66 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 54 (2004 est.)

Taiwan total: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Tajikistan total: 51 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 40 (2003 est.)

Tanzania total: 112 1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 914 to 1,523 m: 60 under 914 m: 33 (2004 est.)

Thailand total: 44 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 28 (2004 est.)

Togo total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Tonga total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Tromelin Island total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Tunisia total: 16 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Turkey total: 32 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan total: 45 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 36 (2003 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands total: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Tuvalu total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Uganda total: 25 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Ukraine total: 528 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 35 under 914 m: 469 (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates total: 13 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

United Kingdom total: 137 2438 to 3047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 112 (2004 est.)

United States total: 9,729 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 160 914 to 1,523 m: 1,718 under 914 m: 7,843 (2004 est.)

Uruguay total: 50 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 17 under 914 m: 31 (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan total: 214 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 200 (2003 est.)

Vanuatu total: 27 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.)

Venezuela total: 242 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 88 under 914 m: 144 (2004 est.)

Vietnam total: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2003 est.)

Wallis and Futuna total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Western Sahara total: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Yemen total: 28 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Zambia total: 99 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 62 under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe total: 387 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 186 under 914 m: 196 (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

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@2032 Environment - current issues

Afghanistan limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials); desertification; air and water pollution

Akrotiri shooting around the salt lake; note - breeding place for loggerhead and green turtles; only remaining colony of griffon vultures is on the base

Albania deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents

Algeria soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water

American Samoa limited natural fresh water resources; the water division of the government has spent substantial funds in the past few years to improve water catchments and pipelines

Andorra deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal

Angola overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water

Anguilla supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasing demand largely because of poor distribution system

Antarctica in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light coming through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants; in 2002, significant areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming

Antigua and Barbuda water management - a major concern because of limited natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by the clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to run off quickly

Arctic Ocean endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack

Argentina environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, air pollution, and water pollution note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse gas targets

Armenia soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone

Aruba NA

Ashmore and Cartier Islands NA

Atlantic Ocean endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales; drift net fishing is hastening the decline of fish stocks and contributing to international disputes; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea

Australia soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resources

Austria some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe

Azerbaijan local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT as a pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton

Bahamas, The coral reef decay; solid waste disposal

Bahrain desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources, groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs

Baker Island no natural fresh water resources

Bangladesh many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation

Barbados pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships; soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination of aquifers

Bassas da India NA

Belarus soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine

Belgium the environment is exposed to intense pressures from human activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry, extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries; uncertainties regarding federal and regional responsibilities (now resolved) have slowed progress in tackling environmental challenges

Belize deforestation; water pollution from sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff; solid and sewage waste disposal

Benin inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching threatens wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification

Bermuda asbestos disposal; water pollution; preservation of open space; sustainable development

Bhutan soil erosion; limited access to potable water

Bolivia the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation

Bosnia and Herzegovina air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife; deforestation

Botswana overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources

Bouvet Island NA

Brazil deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills

British Indian Ocean Territory NA

British Virgin Islands limited natural fresh water resources (except for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola, most of the islands' water supply comes from wells and rainwater catchments)

Brunei seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Bulgaria air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes

Burkina Faso recent droughts and desertification severely affecting agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy; overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation

Burma deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease

Burundi soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Cambodia illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing

Cameroon water-borne diseases are prevalent; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishing

Canada air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

Cape Verde soil erosion; demand for wood used as fuel has resulted in deforestation; desertification; environmental damage has threatened several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand extraction; overfishing

Cayman Islands no natural fresh water resources; drinking water supplies must be met by rainwater catchments

Central African Republic tap water is not potable; poaching has diminished the country's reputation as one of the last great wildlife refuges; desertification; deforestation

Chad inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification

Chile widespread deforestation and mining threaten natural resources; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage

China air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development; desertification; trade in endangered species

Christmas Island NA

Clipperton Island NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands fresh water resources are limited to rainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs

Colombia deforestation; soil and water quality damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions

Comoros soil degradation and erosion results from crop cultivation on slopes without proper terracing; deforestation

Congo, Democratic Republic of the poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; deforestation; refugees responsible for significant deforestation, soil erosion, and wildlife poaching; mining of minerals (coltan - a mineral used in creating capacitors, diamonds, and gold) causing environmental damage

Congo, Republic of the air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable; deforestation

Cook Islands NA

Coral Sea Islands no permanent fresh water resources

Costa Rica deforestation and land use change, largely a result of the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste management; air pollution

Cote d'Ivoire deforestation (most of the country's forests - once the largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged); water pollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents

Croatia air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acid rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial and domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife

Cuba air and water pollution; biodiversity loss; deforestation

Cyprus water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution from sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization

Czech Republic air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU code should improve domestic pollution

Denmark air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides

Dhekelia netting and trapping of small migrant songbirds in the spring and autumn

Djibouti inadequate supplies of potable water; limited arable land; desertification; endangered species

Dominica NA

Dominican Republic water shortages; soil eroding into the sea damages coral reefs; deforestation

East Timor widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to deforestation and soil erosion

Ecuador deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands

Egypt agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources

El Salvador deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes

Equatorial Guinea tap water is not potable; deforestation

Eritrea deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing; loss of infrastructure from civil warfare

Estonia air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations

Ethiopia deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management

Europa Island NA

European Union NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer were introduced to the islands in 2001 for commercial reasons; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the Chornobyl disaster

Faroe Islands NA

Fiji deforestation; soil erosion

Finland air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

France some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff

French Guiana NA

French Polynesia NA

French Southern and Antarctic Lands NA

Gabon deforestation; poaching

Gambia, The deforestation; desertification; water-borne diseases prevalent

Gaza Strip desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage treatment; water-borne disease; soil degradation; depletion and contamination of underground water resources

Georgia air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals

Germany emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive

Ghana recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water

Gibraltar limited natural freshwater resources: large concrete or natural rock water catchments collect rainwater (no longer used for drinking water) and adequate desalination plant

Glorioso Islands NA

Greece air pollution; water pollution

Greenland protection of the arctic environment; preservation of the Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting

Grenada NA

Guadeloupe NA

Guam extirpation of native bird population by the rapid proliferation of the brown tree snake, an exotic, invasive species

Guatemala deforestation in the Peten rainforest; soil erosion; water pollution

Guernsey NA

Guinea deforestation; inadequate supplies of potable water; desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing, overpopulation in forest region; poor mining practices have led to environmental damage

Guinea-Bissau deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing

Guyana water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial chemicals; deforestation

Haiti extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion; inadequate supplies of potable water

Heard Island and McDonald Islands NA

Holy See (Vatican City) NA

Honduras urban population expanding; deforestation results from logging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further land degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled development and improper land use practices such as farming of marginal lands; mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the country's largest source of fresh water), as well as several rivers and streams, with heavy metals

Hong Kong air and water pollution from rapid urbanization

Howland Island no natural fresh water resources

Hungary the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution with environmental requirements for EU accession will require large investments

Iceland water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate wastewater treatment

India deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources

Indian Ocean endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea

Indonesia deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Iran air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization

Iraq government water control projects have drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification

Ireland water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural runoff

Israel limited arable land and natural fresh water resources pose serious constraints; desertification; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides

Italy air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

Jamaica heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions

Jan Mayen NA

Japan air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these resources in Asia and elsewhere

Jarvis Island no natural fresh water resources

Jersey NA

Johnston Atoll no natural fresh water resources

Jordan limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Juan de Nova Island NA

Kazakhstan radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices

Kenya water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching

Kingman Reef none

Kiribati heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to heavy migration mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon latrines and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk

Korea, North water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water-borne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation

Korea, South air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing

Kuwait limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much of the water; air and water pollution; desertification

Kyrgyzstan water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices

Laos unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; most of the population does not have access to potable water

Latvia Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service industries after the country regained independence; the main environmental priorities are improvement of drinking water quality and sewage system, household and hazardous waste management, and reduction of air pollution; in 2001, Latvia closed the EU accession negotiation chapter on environment committing to full enforcement of EU environmental directives by 2010

Lebanon deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills

Lesotho population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion; desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and redirects water to South Africa

Liberia tropical rain forest deforestation; soil erosion; loss of biodiversity; pollution of coastal waters from oil residue and raw sewage

Libya desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities

Liechtenstein NA

Lithuania contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum products and chemicals at military bases

Luxembourg air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland

Macau NA

Macedonia air pollution from metallurgical plants

Madagascar soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to the island are endangered

Malawi deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations

Malaysia air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from Indonesian forest fires

Maldives depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching

Mali deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching

Malta very limited natural fresh water resources; increasing reliance on desalination

Man, Isle of waste disposal (both household and industrial); transboundary air pollution

Marshall Islands inadequate supplies of potable water; pollution of Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing vessels

Martinique NA

Mauritania overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated by drought are contributing to desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Senegal, which is the only perennial river; locust infestation

Mauritius water pollution, degradation of coral reefs

Mayotte NA

Mexico scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues

Micronesia, Federated States of overfishing, climate change, pollution

Midway Islands NA

Moldova heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods

Monaco NA

Mongolia limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment

Montserrat land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for cultivation

Morocco land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters

Mozambique a long civil war and recurrent drought in the hinterlands have resulted in increased migration of the population to urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences; desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters; elephant poaching for ivory is a problem

Namibia very limited natural fresh water resources; desertification; wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas

Nauru limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage tanks collect rainwater, but mostly dependent on a single, aging desalination plant; intensive phosphate mining during the past 90 years - mainly by a UK, Australia, and NZ consortium - has left the central 90% of Nauru a wasteland and threatens limited remaining land resources

Navassa Island NA

Nepal deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife conservation; vehicular emissions

Netherlands water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain

Netherlands Antilles NA

New Caledonia erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires

New Zealand deforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna hard-hit by species introduced from outside

Nicaragua deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

Niger overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction

Nigeria soil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil; has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land; rapid urbanization

Niue increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture

Norfolk Island NA

Northern Mariana Islands contamination of groundwater on Saipan may contribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection of endangered species conflicts with development

Norway water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions

Oman rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; very limited natural fresh water resources

Pacific Ocean endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea

Pakistan water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Palau inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal fishing practices, and overfishing

Palmyra Atoll NA

Panama water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources

Papua New Guinea rain forest subject to deforestation as a result of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from mining projects; severe drought

Paracel Islands NA

Paraguay deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste disposal present health risks for many urban residents; loss of wetlands

Peru deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Philippines uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps that are important fish breeding grounds

Pitcairn Islands deforestation (only a small portion of the original forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)

Poland situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-Communist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as industrial establishments bring their facilities up to European Union code, but at substantial cost to business and the government

Portugal soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Puerto Rico erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages

Qatar limited natural fresh water resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

Reunion NA

Romania soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Russia air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides

Rwanda deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Saint Helena NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis NA

Saint Lucia deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the northern region

Saint Pierre and Miquelon recent test drilling for oil in waters around Saint Pierre and Miquelon may bring future development that would impact the environment

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents; in some areas, pollution is severe enough to make swimming prohibitive

Samoa soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing

San Marino NA

Sao Tome and Principe deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion

Saudi Arabia desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills

Senegal wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing

Serbia and Montenegro pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

Seychelles water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater

Sierra Leone rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing

Singapore industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Slovakia air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human health risks; acid rain damaging forests

Slovenia Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain

Solomon Islands deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding coral reefs are dead or dying

Somalia famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

South Africa lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil erosion; desertification

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands NA

Southern Ocean increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole in recent years, reducing marine primary productivity (phytoplankton) by as much as 15% and damaging the DNA of some fish; illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in recent years, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, which is likely to affect the sustainability of the stock; large amount of incidental mortality of seabirds resulting from long-line fishing for toothfish note: the now-protected fur seal population is making a strong comeback after severe overexploitation in the 18th and 19th centuries

Spain pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification

Spratly Islands NA

Sri Lanka deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo

Sudan inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought

Suriname deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of inland waterways by small-scale mining activities

Svalbard NA

Swaziland limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations being depleted because of excessive hunting; overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion

Sweden acid rain damage to soils and lakes; pollution of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

Switzerland air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air burning; acid rain; water pollution from increased use of agricultural fertilizers; loss of biodiversity

Syria deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water

Taiwan air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal

Tajikistan inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides

Tanzania soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory

Thailand air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting

Togo deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas

Tokelau very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand

Tonga deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations

Trinidad and Tobago water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches; deforestation; soil erosion

Tromelin Island NA

Tunisia toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Turkey water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic

Turkmenistan contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification

Turks and Caicos Islands limited natural fresh water resources, private cisterns collect rainwater

Tuvalu since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's underground water table; in 2000, the government appealed to Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels should make evacuation necessary

Uganda draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; poaching is widespread

Ukraine inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant

United Arab Emirates lack of natural freshwater resources compensated by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution from oil spills

United Kingdom continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target and move towards a domestic goal of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the government aims to reduce the amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste, increasing to 33% by 2015; between 1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling increased from 8.8% to 10.3%

United States air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; limited natural fresh water resources in much of the western part of the country require careful management; desertification

Uruguay water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

Uzbekistan shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT

Vanuatu a majority of the population does not have access to a potable and reliable supply of water; deforestation

Venezuela sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations

Vietnam logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Islands lack of natural freshwater resources

Wake Island NA

Wallis and Futuna deforestation (only small portions of the original forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of wood as the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the forests, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to erosion; there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the lack of natural fresh water resources

West Bank adequacy of fresh water supply; sewage treatment

Western Sahara sparse water and lack of arable land

World large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion

Yemen very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Zambia air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds; poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks

Zimbabwe deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

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@2033 Environment - international agreements

Afghanistan party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping signed, but not ratified: Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Albania party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Algeria party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Andorra party to: Hazardous Wastes signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Angola party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Antigua and Barbuda party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Argentina party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Armenia party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Australia party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Austria party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Azerbaijan party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahamas, The party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahrain party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bangladesh party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Barbados party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Belarus party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Belgium party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Belize party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Benin party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bhutan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Bolivia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Bosnia and Herzegovina party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Botswana party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brazil party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brunei party to: Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bulgaria party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Burkina Faso party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Burma party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Burundi party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cambodia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cameroon party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Canada party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Cape Verde party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Central African Republic party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Chad party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Chile party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

China party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Colombia party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Comoros party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Congo, Democratic Republic of the party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Congo, Republic of the party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cook Islands party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Costa Rica party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Cote d'Ivoire party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Croatia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Cuba party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Cyprus party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Czech Republic party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Denmark party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Djibouti party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominica party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominican Republic party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

East Timor NA

Ecuador party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Egypt party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

El Salvador party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Equatorial Guinea party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Eritrea party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Estonia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Ethiopia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

European Union Hazardous Wastes, Biodiversity, Air Pollution, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Tropical Timber 82, Tropical Timber 94, Ozone Layer Protection, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Law of the Sea, Desertification, Climate Change; has signed, but not yet ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Fiji party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Finland party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

France party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Gabon party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Gambia, The party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Georgia party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Germany party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Ghana party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Greece party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Grenada party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guatemala party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea-Bissau party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guyana party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Haiti party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes

Holy See (Vatican City) party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification

Honduras party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Hong Kong party to: Marine Dumping (associate member)

Hungary party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Iceland party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Transboundary Air Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation

India party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Indonesia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Iran party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Iraq party to: Law of the Sea signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ireland party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation

Israel party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Italy party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Jamaica party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Japan party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Jordan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kazakhstan party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Kenya party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kiribati party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Korea, North party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Korea, South party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kuwait party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Kyrgyzstan party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Laos party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Latvia party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Lebanon party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation

Lesotho party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Liberia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Libya party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Liechtenstein party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Lithuania party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Luxembourg party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Macedonia party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Madagascar party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Malawi party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malaysia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

Maldives party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mali party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Malta party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Marshall Islands party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritania party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritius party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mexico party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Micronesia, Federated States of party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Moldova party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Monaco party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mongolia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Morocco party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Mozambique party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Namibia party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nauru party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nepal party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Netherlands party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

New Zealand party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Marine Life Conservation

Nicaragua party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Niger party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Nigeria party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Niue party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Norway party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Oman party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Pakistan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Palau party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Panama party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Papua New Guinea party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Paraguay party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Peru party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Philippines party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Poland party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Portugal party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification

Qatar party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Romania party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Russia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Rwanda party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Saint Kitts and Nevis party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Lucia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Samoa party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

San Marino party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Sao Tome and Principe party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saudi Arabia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Senegal party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

Serbia and Montenegro party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Seychelles party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sierra Leone party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Singapore party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovakia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Slovenia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Solomon Islands party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Somalia party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

South Africa party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Southern Ocean the Southern Ocean is subject to all international agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (regulates fishing) note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north

Spain party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Sri Lanka party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sudan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Suriname party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Swaziland party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Sweden party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Switzerland party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Syria party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Taiwan party to: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's international status signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's international status

Tajikistan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tanzania party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Thailand party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Togo party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tonga party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Trinidad and Tobago party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tunisia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Turkey party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Turkmenistan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tuvalu party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Uganda party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ukraine party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

United Arab Emirates party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

United Kingdom party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

United States party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes

Uruguay party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Uzbekistan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Vanuatu party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Venezuela party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

Vietnam party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Western Sahara party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Yemen party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Zambia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Zimbabwe party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2034 Military expenditures - percent of GDP (%)

Afghanistan 1% (2003)

Albania 1.49% (FY02)

Algeria 3.5% (2003)

Angola 1.9% (2003)

Antigua and Barbuda NA

Argentina 1.3% (FY00)

Armenia 6.5% (FY01)

Australia 2.8% (2003)

Austria 0.85% (June 2004)

Azerbaijan 2.6% (FY99)

Bahamas, The NA

Bahrain 7.5% (2003)

Bangladesh 1.2% (2003)

Barbados NA

Belarus 1.4% (FY02)

Belgium 1.3% (2003)

Belize 2% (2003)

Benin 2.7% (2003)

Bermuda 0.11% (FY00/01)

Bhutan 1.9% (2003)

Bolivia 1.6% (2003)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.5% (FY02)

Botswana 3.6% (2003)

Brazil 2.1% (2003)

Brunei 5.9% (2003)

Bulgaria 2.6% (2003)

Burkina Faso 1.6% (2003)

Burma 2.1% (FY97)

Burundi 6% (2003)

Cambodia 3% (FY01 est.)

Cameroon 1.4% (2003)

Canada 1.1% (2003)

Cape Verde 1.5% (2003)

Central African Republic 1.1% (2003)

Chad 2.1% (2003)

Chile 4% (2003)

China 3.5-5.0% (FY03 est.)

Colombia 3.4% (FY01)

Comoros 3% (2003)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1.4% (2003)

Congo, Republic of the 2.8% (2003)

Costa Rica 0.4% (2003)

Cote d'Ivoire 1.2% (2003)

Croatia 2.39% (2002 est.)

Cuba 1.8% (2003)

Cyprus 3.8% (FY02)

Czech Republic 2.1% (FY01)

Denmark 1.6% (2003)

Djibouti 4.4% (2003)

Dominica NA

Dominican Republic 1.1% (1998)

East Timor NA

Ecuador 2.4% (2003)

Egypt 3.6% (2003)

El Salvador 1.1% (2003)

Equatorial Guinea 2.5% (2003)

Eritrea 11.8% (2003)

Estonia 2% (2002 est.)

Ethiopia 5.2% (2003)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA

Faroe Islands NA

Fiji 2.2% (FY02)

Finland 2% (FY98/99)

France 2.6% (2003)

French Guiana NA

Gabon 2% (2003)

Gambia, The 0.3% (2003)

Gaza Strip NA

Georgia 0.59% (FY00)

Germany 1.5% (2003)

Ghana 0.6% (2003)

Greece 4.3% (2003)

Grenada NA

Guatemala 0.8% (2003)

Guinea 1.7% (2003)

Guinea-Bissau 2.8% (2003)

Guyana 0.8% (2003)

Haiti 0.9% (2003)

Honduras 1.5% (2003)

Hong Kong NA (FY02)

Hungary 1.75% (2002 est.)

India 2.4% (2003)

Indonesia 1.3% (FY98)

Iran 3.3% (2003 est.)

Iraq NA

Ireland 0.9% (FY00/01)

Israel 8.7% (FY02)

Italy 1.9% (2003)

Jamaica 0.4% (2003)

Japan 1% (2003)

Jordan 20.2% (2003)

Kazakhstan 0.9% (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Kenya 1.8% (2003)

Kiribati NA

Korea, North 22.9% (2003)

Korea, South 2.7% (FY03)

Kuwait 5.8% (2003)

Kyrgyzstan 1.4% (FY01)

Laos 0.5% (2003)

Latvia 1.2% (FY01)

Lebanon 4.8% (FY99)

Lesotho 2.6% (2003)

Liberia 1.3% (2003)

Libya 3.9% (FY99)

Lithuania 1.9% (FY01)

Luxembourg 0.9% (2003)

Macedonia 6% (FY01/02 est.)

Madagascar 1.2% (2003)

Malawi 0.7% (2003)

Malaysia 2.03% (FY00)

Maldives 8.6% (2003)

Mali 1.3% (2003)

Malta 0.7% (2003)

Marshall Islands NA

Mauritania 3.7% (2003)

Mauritius 0.2% (2003)

Mexico 0.9% (2003)

Moldova 0.4% (FY02)

Mongolia 2.2% (FY02)

Morocco 4.8% (2003)

Mozambique 2.2% (2003)

Namibia 2.5% (2003)

Nauru NA

Nepal 1.6% (2003)

Netherlands 1.6% (2003)

New Caledonia NA

New Zealand 1% (FY02)

Nicaragua 1.2% (2003)

Niger 1.1% (2003)

Nigeria 0.9% (2003)

Norway 1.9% (2003)

Oman 11.4% (2003)

Pakistan 3.9% (FY02/03)

Palau NA

Panama 1.2% (2003)

Papua New Guinea 1.4% (FY02)

Paraguay 0.9% (2003)

Peru 1.3% (2003)

Philippines 1.5% (FY98)

Poland 1.71% (2002)

Portugal 2.3% (2003)

Qatar 10% (FY00)

Romania 2.47% (2002)

Russia NA

Rwanda 2.9% (2003)

Saint Kitts and Nevis NA

Saint Lucia NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines NA

Samoa NA

San Marino NA

Sao Tome and Principe 0.8% (2003)

Saudi Arabia 10% (2002)

Senegal 1.5% (2003)

Serbia and Montenegro NA

Seychelles 1.8% (2003)

Sierra Leone 1.5% (2003)

Singapore 4.9% (FY01)

Slovakia 1.89% (2002)

Slovenia 1.7% (FY00)

Solomon Islands NA

Somalia 0.9% (2003)

South Africa 1.7% (2003)

Spain 1.2% (2003)

Sri Lanka 3.2% (2003)

Sudan 2.5% (1999)

Suriname 0.7% (2003)

Swaziland 1.8% (2003)

Sweden 2.1% (FY01)

Switzerland 1% (FY01)

Syria 5.9% (FY00)

Taiwan 2.7% (2003)

Tajikistan 3.9% (FY01)

Tanzania 0.2% (2003)

Thailand 1.8% (2003)

Togo 1.9% (2003)

Tonga NA

Trinidad and Tobago 0.6% (2003)

Tunisia 1.5% (FY99)

Turkey 5.3% (2003)

Turkmenistan 3.4% (FY99)

Tuvalu NA

Uganda 2.1% (2003)

Ukraine 1.4% (FY02)

United Arab Emirates 3.1% (FY00)

United Kingdom 2.4% (2003)

United States 3.3% (FY03 est.) (February 2004)

Uruguay 2% (2003)

Uzbekistan 2% (FY97)

Vanuatu NA

Venezuela 1.3% (2003)

Vietnam 2.5% (FY98)

West Bank NA

Western Sahara NA

World roughly 2% of gross world product (1999 est.)

Yemen 7.9% (2003)

Zambia 0.9% (2003)

Zimbabwe 1.7% (2003)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2038 Electricity - production (kWh)

Afghanistan 334.8 million kWh (2001)

Albania 5.289 billion kWh (2001)

Algeria 24.69 billion kWh (2001)

American Samoa 130 million kWh (2001)

Andorra NA kWh

Angola 1.45 billion kWh (2001)

Anguilla NA

Antigua and Barbuda 105.3 million kWh (2001)

Argentina 97.17 billion kWh (2001)

Armenia 6.479 billion kWh (2001)

Aruba 531.9 million kWh (2001)

Australia 198.2 billion kWh (2001)

Austria 58.75 billion kWh (2001)

Azerbaijan 18.23 billion kWh (2001)

Bahamas, The 1.56 billion kWh (2001)

Bahrain 6.257 billion kWh (2001)

Bangladesh 15.33 billion kWh (2001)

Barbados 780 million kWh (2001)

Belarus 24.4 billion kWh (2001)

Belgium 74.28 billion kWh (2001)

Belize 199.5 million kWh (2001)

Benin 274.3 million kWh (2001)

Bermuda 643.7 million kWh (2001)

Bhutan 1.896 billion kWh (2001)

Bolivia 3.901 billion kWh (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.979 billion kWh (2001)

Botswana 409.8 million kWh (2001)

Brazil 321.2 billion kWh (2001)

British Indian Ocean Territory NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by the US military

British Virgin Islands 38.1 million kWh (2001)

Brunei 2.497 billion kWh (2001)

Bulgaria 41.38 billion kWh (2001)

Burkina Faso 279.2 million kWh (2001)

Burma 6.139 billion kWh (2001)

Burundi 155.4 million kWh (2001)

Cambodia 119 million kWh (2001)

Cameroon 3.613 billion kWh (2001)

Canada 566.3 billion kWh (2001)

Cape Verde 42.03 million kWh (2001)

Cayman Islands 381.9 million kWh (2001)

Central African Republic 106 million kWh (2001)

Chad 94.04 million kWh (2001)

Chile 41.66 billion kWh (2001)

China 1.42 trillion kWh (2001)

Christmas Island NA kWh

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA kWh

Colombia 42.99 billion kWh (2001)

Comoros 21.27 million kWh (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 5.243 billion kWh (2001)

Congo, Republic of the 358.1 million kWh (2001)

Cook Islands 27.43 million kWh (2001)

Costa Rica 6.839 billion kWh (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire 4.605 billion kWh (2001)

Croatia 12.12 billion kWh (2001)

Cuba 14.38 billion kWh (2001)

Cyprus 3.401 billion kWh; north Cyprus: NA kWh (2001)

Czech Republic 70.04 billion kWh (2001)

Denmark 35.47 billion kWh (2001)

Djibouti 180 million kWh (2001)

Dominica 72.41 million kWh (2001)

Dominican Republic 9.186 billion kWh (2001)

East Timor NA kWh (2001)

Ecuador 75.23 billion kWh (2001)

Egypt 75.23 billion kWh (2001)

El Salvador 3.729 billion kWh (2001)

Equatorial Guinea 23.56 million kWh (2001)

Eritrea 220.5 million kWh (2001)

Estonia 7.937 billion kWh (2001)

Ethiopia 1.713 billion kWh (2001)

European Union 2.822 trillion kWh (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 16.33 million kWh (2001)

Faroe Islands 160.4 million kWh (2001)

Fiji 520.1 million kWh (2001)

Finland 71.2 billion kWh (2001)

France 520.1 billion kWh (2001)

French Guiana 455 million kWh (2001)

French Polynesia 428.3 million kWh (2001)

Gabon 798.4 million kWh (2001)

Gambia, The 85.33 million kWh (2001)

Gaza Strip NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia 7.27 billion kWh (2001)

Germany 544.8 billion kWh (2001)

Ghana 8.801 billion kWh (2001)

Gibraltar 100 million kWh (2001)

Greece 49.79 billion kWh (2001)

Greenland 245 million kWh (2001)

Grenada 138 million kWh (2001)

Guadeloupe 1.155 billion kWh (2001)

Guam 830 million kWh (2001)

Guatemala 6.237 billion kWh (2001)

Guernsey NA kWh

Guinea 790.6 million kWh (2001)

Guinea-Bissau 55 million kWh (2001)

Guyana 852 million kWh (2001)

Haiti 580 million kWh (2001)

Holy See (Vatican City) NA kWh

Honduras 3.778 billion kWh (2001)

Hong Kong 30.48 billion kWh (2001)

Hungary 34.39 billion kWh (2001)

Iceland 7.894 billion kWh (2001)

India 533.3 billion kWh (2001)

Indonesia 95.78 billion kWh (2001)

Iran 124.6 billion kWh (2001)

Iraq 36.01 billion kWh (2001)

Ireland 23.53 billion kWh (2001)

Israel 42.24 billion kWh (2001)

Italy 258.8 billion kWh (2001)

Jamaica 6.272 billion kWh (2001)

Japan 1.037 trillion kWh (2001)

Jordan 7.091 billion kWh (2001)

Kazakhstan 52.43 billion kWh (2001)

Kenya 4.033 billion kWh (2001)

Kiribati 7 million kWh (2001)

Korea, North 30.01 billion kWh (2001)

Korea, South 290.7 billion kWh (2001)

Kuwait 31.49 billion kWh (2001)

Kyrgyzstan 13.45 billion kWh (2001)

Laos 1.317 billion kWh (2001)

Latvia 4.365 billion kWh (2001)

Lebanon 6.728 billion kWh (2001)

Lesotho 0 kWh NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2001)

Liberia 468.8 million kWh (2001)

Libya 20.18 billion kWh (2001)

Lithuania 14.62 billion kWh (2001)

Luxembourg 457 million kWh (2001)

Macau 1.611 billion kWh (2002)

Macedonia 6.465 billion kWh (2001)

Madagascar 830.2 million kWh (2001)

Malawi 769.2 million kWh (2001)

Malaysia 75.33 billion kWh (2002)

Maldives 117 million kWh (2001)

Mali 480.2 million kWh (2001)

Malta 1.768 billion kWh (2001)

Martinique 1.151 billion kWh (2001)

Mauritania 157.4 million kWh (2001)

Mauritius 1.311 billion kWh (2001)

Mayotte NA kWh

Mexico 198.6 billion kWh (2001)

Micronesia, Federated States of NA kWh

Moldova 3.394 billion kWh (2001)

Mongolia 2.225 billion kWh (2001)

Montserrat 2.5 million kWh (2001)

Morocco 13.35 billion kWh (2001)

Mozambique 7.193 billion kWh (2001)

Namibia 26.95 million kWh (2001)

Nauru 30 million kWh (2001)

Nepal 1.755 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands 88.32 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands Antilles 1.061 billion kWh (2001)

New Caledonia 1.613 billion kWh (2001)

New Zealand 37.51 billion kWh (2001)

Nicaragua 2.549 billion kWh (2001)

Niger 242 million kWh (2001)

Nigeria 15.67 billion kWh (2001)

Niue 3 million kWh (2001)

Norfolk Island NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands NA kWh

Norway 120.1 billion kWh (2001)

Oman 9.274 billion kWh (2001)

Pakistan 66.96 billion kWh (2001)

Panama 4.039 billion kWh (2001)

Papua New Guinea 1.496 billion kWh (2001)

Paraguay 44.89 billion kWh (2001)

Peru 20.59 billion kWh (2001)

Philippines 45.21 billion kWh (2001)

Pitcairn Islands NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by a small diesel-powered generator

Poland 135 billion kWh (2001)

Portugal 44.32 billion kWh (2001)

Puerto Rico 20.9 billion kWh (2001)

Qatar 9.264 billion kWh (2001)

Reunion 1.08 billion kWh (2001)

Romania 50.86 billion kWh (2001)

Russia 915 billion kWh (2003)

Rwanda 96.78 million kWh (2001)

Saint Helena 5 million kWh (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 100.3 million kWh (2001)

Saint Lucia 120.2 million kWh (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 42.03 million kWh (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 92.48 million kWh (2001)

Samoa 105.1 million kWh (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe 17 million kWh (2001)

Saudi Arabia 122.4 billion kWh (2001)

Senegal 1.518 billion kWh (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro 31.71 billion kWh (2001)

Seychelles 160 million kWh (2001)

Sierra Leone 250.1 million kWh (2001)

Singapore 30.48 billion kWh (2001)

Slovakia 30.29 billion kWh (2001)

Slovenia 13.69 billion kWh (2001)

Solomon Islands 32 million kWh (2001)

Somalia 245.1 million kWh (2001)

South Africa 195.6 billion kWh (2001)

Spain 222.5 billion kWh (2001)

Sri Lanka 6.36 billion kWh (2001)

Sudan 2.389 billion kWh (2001)

Suriname 1.959 billion kWh (2001)

Svalbard NA kWh

Swaziland 348.3 million kWh (2001)

Sweden 152.9 billion kWh (2001)

Switzerland 68.68 billion kWh (2001)

Syria 23.26 billion kWh (2001)

Taiwan 151.1 billion kWh (2001)

Tajikistan 14.18 billion kWh (2001)

Tanzania 2.906 billion kWh (2001)

Thailand 97.6 billion kWh (2001)

Togo 101.6 million kWh (2001)

Tokelau NA kWh

Tonga 27.27 million kWh (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago 5.315 billion kWh (2001)

Tunisia 10.48 billion kWh (2001)

Turkey 116.6 billion kWh (2001)

Turkmenistan 10.18 billion kWh (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands 5 million kWh (2001)

Uganda 1.928 billion kWh (2001)

Ukraine 164.7 billion kWh (2001)

United Arab Emirates 37.74 billion kWh (2001)

United Kingdom 360.9 billion kWh (2001)

United States 3.719 trillion kWh (2001)

Uruguay 7.963 billion kWh (2001)

Uzbekistan 44.49 billion kWh (2001)

Vanuatu 43.46 million kWh (2001)

Venezuela 87.6 billion kWh (2001)

Vietnam 29.8 billion kWh (2001)

Virgin Islands 1.03 billion kWh (2001)

Wake Island NA

Wallis and Futuna NA kWh

West Bank NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel; East Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank; the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most Jewish residents and military facilities; some Palestinian municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their own electricity from small power plants

Western Sahara 90 million kWh (2001)

World 14.93 trillion kWh (2001 est.)

Yemen 3.01 billion kWh (2001)

Zambia 7.751 billion kWh (2001)

Zimbabwe 6.735 billion kWh (2001)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2042 Electricity - consumption (kWh)

Afghanistan 511.4 million kWh (2001)

Albania 5.898 billion kWh (2001)

Algeria 22.9 billion kWh (2001)

American Samoa 120.9 million kWh (2001)

Andorra NA kWh

Angola 1.348 billion kWh (2001)

Anguilla 42.6 million kWh

Antigua and Barbuda 97.89 million kWh (2001)

Argentina 92.12 billion kWh (2001)

Armenia 5.784 billion kWh (2001)

Aruba 494.7 million kWh (2001)

Australia 184.4 billion kWh (2001)

Austria 54.85 billion kWh (2001)

Azerbaijan 16.65 billion kWh (2001)

Bahamas, The 1.451 billion kWh (2001)

Bahrain 5.819 billion kWh (2001)

Bangladesh 14.25 billion kWh (2001)

Barbados 725.4 million kWh (2001)

Belarus 26.69 billion kWh (2001)

Belgium 78.18 billion kWh (2001)

Belize 185.5 million kWh (2001)

Benin 631.1 million kWh (2001)

Bermuda 598.6 million kWh (2001)

Bhutan 379.5 million kWh (2001)

Bolivia 3.634 billion kWh (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.116 billion kWh (2001)

Botswana 1.564 billion kWh (2001)

Brazil 335.9 billion kWh (2001)

British Indian Ocean Territory NA kWh

British Virgin Islands 35.43 million kWh (2001)

Brunei 2.322 billion kWh (2001)

Bulgaria 32.52 billion kWh (2001)

Burkina Faso 259.6 million kWh (2001)

Burma 5.709 billion kWh (2001)

Burundi 177.5 million kWh (2001)

Cambodia 110.6 million kWh (2001)

Cameroon 3.36 billion kWh (2001)

Canada 504.4 billion kWh (2001)

Cape Verde 39.08 million kWh (2001)

Cayman Islands 355.2 million kWh (2001)

Central African Republic 98.63 million kWh (2001)

Chad 87.46 million kWh (2001)

Chile 40.13 billion kWh (2001)

China 1.312 trillion kWh (2001)

Christmas Island NA kWh

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA kWh

Colombia 39.81 billion kWh (2001)

Comoros 19.78 million kWh (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 3.839 billion kWh (2001)

Congo, Republic of the 633 million kWh (2001)

Cook Islands 25.51 million kWh (2001)

Costa Rica 6.109 billion kWh (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire 2.983 billion kWh (2001)

Croatia 14.27 billion kWh (2001)

Cuba 13.38 billion kWh (2001)

Cyprus Republic of Cyprus: 3.163 billion kWh; north Cyprus: NA kWh (2001)

Czech Republic 55.6 billion kWh (2001)

Denmark 32.41 billion kWh (2001)

Djibouti 167.4 million kWh (2001)

Dominica 67.35 million kWh (2001)

Dominican Republic 8.543 billion kWh (2001)

East Timor NA kWh (2001)

Ecuador 69.96 billion kWh (2001)

Egypt 69.96 billion kWh (2001)

El Salvador 3.777 billion kWh (2001)

Equatorial Guinea 21.91 million kWh (2001)

Eritrea 205.1 million kWh (2001)

Estonia 6.192 billion kWh (2001)

Ethiopia 1.594 billion kWh (2001)

European Union 2.635 trillion kWh (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 15.19 million kWh (2001)

Faroe Islands 149.1 million kWh (2001)

Fiji 483.7 million kWh (2001)

Finland 76.18 billion kWh (2001)

France 415.3 billion kWh (2001)

French Guiana 423.2 million kWh (2001)

French Polynesia 398.3 million kWh (2001)

Gabon 742.5 million kWh (2001)

Gambia, The 79.36 million kWh (2001)

Gaza Strip NA kWh

Georgia 7.611 billion kWh (2001)

Germany 506.8 billion kWh (2001)

Ghana 8.835 billion kWh (2001)

Gibraltar 93 million kWh (2001)

Greece 48.8 billion kWh (2001)

Greenland 227.9 million kWh (2001)

Grenada 128.3 million kWh (2001)

Guadeloupe 1.074 billion kWh (2001)

Guam 771.9 million kWh (2001)

Guatemala 5.559 billion kWh (2001)

Guernsey NA kWh

Guinea 735.2 million kWh (2001)

Guinea-Bissau 51.15 million kWh (2001)

Guyana 792.4 million kWh (2001)

Haiti 539.4 million kWh (2001)

Holy See (Vatican City) NA kWh

Honduras 3.822 billion kWh (2001)

Hong Kong 37.12 billion kWh (2001)

Hungary 35.15 billion kWh (2001)

Iceland 7.341 billion kWh (2001)

India 497.2 billion kWh (2001)

Indonesia 89.08 billion kWh (2001)

Iran 115.9 billion kWh (2001)

Iraq 33.49 billion kWh (2001)

Ireland 21.63 billion kWh (2001)

Israel 37.82 billion kWh (2001)

Italy 289.1 billion kWh (2001)

Jamaica 5.833 billion kWh (2001)

Japan 964.2 billion kWh (2001)

Jordan 6.86 billion kWh (2001)

Kazakhstan 48.36 billion kWh (2001)

Kenya 3.981 billion kWh (2001)

Kiribati 6.51 million kWh (2001)

Korea, North 27.91 billion kWh (2001)

Korea, South 270.3 billion kWh (2001)

Kuwait 29.29 billion kWh (2001)

Kyrgyzstan 10.46 billion kWh (2001)

Laos 824.7 million kWh (2001)

Latvia 6.046 billion kWh (2001)

Lebanon 7.44 billion kWh (2001)

Lesotho 40 million kWh (2001)

Liberia 435.9 million kWh (2001)

Libya 18.77 billion kWh (2001)

Lithuania 8.683 billion kWh (2001)

Luxembourg 6.07 billion kWh (2001)

Macau 1.688 billion kWh (2002)

Macedonia 6.112 billion kWh (2001)

Madagascar 772.1 million kWh (2001)

Malawi 715.3 million kWh (2001)

Malaysia 68.4 billion kWh (2002)

Maldives 108.8 million kWh (2001)

Mali 446.6 million kWh (2001)

Malta 1.644 billion kWh (2001)

Martinique 1.07 billion kWh (2001)

Mauritania 146.3 million kWh (2001)

Mauritius 1.219 billion kWh (2001)

Mayotte NA kWh

Mexico 186.7 billion kWh (2001)

Micronesia, Federated States of NA kWh

Moldova 3.216 billion kWh (2001)

Monaco NA kWh

Mongolia 2.194 billion kWh (2001)

Montserrat 2.325 million kWh (2001)

Morocco 14.61 billion kWh (2001)

Mozambique 1.39 billion kWh (2001)

Namibia 603.1 million kWh (2001)

Nauru 27.9 million kWh (2001)

Nepal 1.764 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands 99.42 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands Antilles 986.8 million kWh (2001)

New Caledonia 1.5 billion kWh (2001)

New Zealand 34.88 billion kWh (2001)

Nicaragua 2.388 billion kWh (2001)

Niger 325.1 million kWh (2001)

Nigeria 14.55 billion kWh (2001)

Niue 2.79 million kWh (2001)

Norfolk Island NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands NA kWh

Norway 115.3 billion kWh (2001)

Oman 8.625 billion kWh (2001)

Pakistan 62.27 billion kWh (2001)

Panama 3.681 billion kWh (2001)

Papua New Guinea 1.391 billion kWh (2001)

Paraguay 2.637 billion kWh (2001)

Peru 19.15 billion kWh (2001)

Philippines 42.04 billion kWh (2001)

Pitcairn Islands NA kWh

Poland 118.8 billion kWh (2001)

Portugal 41.48 billion kWh (2001)

Puerto Rico 19.44 billion kWh (2001)

Qatar 8.616 billion kWh (2001)

Reunion 1.005 billion kWh (2001)

Romania 46.1 billion kWh (2001)

Russia 773 billion kWh (2001)

Rwanda 140 million kWh (2001)

Saint Helena 4.65 million kWh (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 93.26 million kWh (2001)

Saint Lucia 111.8 million kWh (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 39.08 million kWh (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 86 million kWh (2001)

Samoa 97.74 million kWh (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe 15.81 million kWh (2001)

Saudi Arabia 113.8 billion kWh (2001)

Senegal 1.412 billion kWh (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro 32.37 billion kWh (2001)

Seychelles 148.8 million kWh (2001)

Sierra Leone 232.6 million kWh (2001)

Singapore 28.35 billion kWh (2001)

Slovakia 24.41 billion kWh (2001)

Slovenia 13.83 billion kWh (2001)

Solomon Islands 29.76 million kWh (2001)

Somalia 227.9 million kWh (2001)

South Africa 181.2 billion kWh (2001)

Spain 210.4 billion kWh (2001)

Sri Lanka 5.915 billion kWh (2001)

Sudan 2.222 billion kWh (2001)

Suriname 1.822 billion kWh (2001)

Svalbard NA kWh

Swaziland 962.9 million kWh (2001)

Sweden 134.9 billion kWh (2001)

Switzerland 53.43 billion kWh (2001)

Syria 21.63 billion kWh (2001)

Taiwan 140.5 billion kWh (2001)

Tajikistan 14.52 billion kWh (2001)

Tanzania 2.752 billion kWh (2001)

Thailand 90.91 billion kWh (2001)

Togo 614.5 million kWh (2001)

Tokelau NA kWh

Tonga 25.36 million kWh (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago 4.943 billion kWh (2001)

Tunisia 9.748 billion kWh (2001)

Turkey 112.6 billion kWh (2001)

Turkmenistan 8.509 billion kWh (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands 4.65 million kWh (2001)

Uganda 1.62 billion kWh (2001)

Ukraine 152.4 billion kWh (2001)

United Arab Emirates 35.1 billion kWh (2001)

United Kingdom 346.1 billion kWh (2001)

United States 3.602 trillion kWh (2001)

Uruguay 6.152 billion kWh (2001)

Uzbekistan 47.07 billion kWh (2001)

Vanuatu 40.42 million kWh (2001)

Venezuela 81.47 billion kWh (2001)

Vietnam 27.71 billion kWh (2001)

Virgin Islands 957.9 million kWh (2001)

Wallis and Futuna NA kWh

West Bank NA kWh

Western Sahara 83.7 million kWh (2001)

World 13.94 trillion kWh (2001 est.)

Yemen 2.8 billion kWh (2001)

Zambia 5.458 billion kWh (2001)

Zimbabwe 9.813 billion kWh (2001)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2043 Electricity - imports (kWh)

Afghanistan 200 million kWh (2001)

Albania 1.2 billion kWh (2001)

Algeria 275 million kWh (2001)

American Samoa 0 kWh (2001)

Andorra NA kWh; note - most electricity supplied by Spain and France; Andorra generates a small amount of hydropower

Angola 0 kWh (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda 0 kWh (2001)

Argentina 7.417 billion kWh (2001)

Armenia 463 million kWh; note - imports an unknown quantity from Iran (2001)

Aruba 0 kWh (2001)

Australia 0 kWh (2001)

Austria 14.47 billion kWh (2001)

Azerbaijan 400 million kWh (2001)

Bahamas, The 0 kWh (2001)

Bahrain 0 kWh (2001)

Bangladesh 0 kWh (2001)

Barbados 0 kWh (2001)

Belarus 4.3 billion kWh (2001)

Belgium 15.82 billion kWh (2001)

Belize 0 kWh (2001)

Benin 376 million kWh (2001)

Bermuda 0 kWh (2001)

Bhutan 16 million kWh (2001)

Bolivia 9 million kWh (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.405 billion kWh (2001)

Botswana 1.183 billion kWh (2001)

Brazil 37.19 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2001)

British Virgin Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Brunei 0 kWh (2001)

Bulgaria 830 million kWh (2001)

Burkina Faso 0 kWh (2001)

Burma 0 kWh (2001)

Burundi 33 million kWh; note - supplied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001)

Cambodia 0 kWh (2001)

Cameroon 0 kWh (2001)

Canada 16.11 billion kWh (2001)

Cape Verde 0 kWh (2001)

Cayman Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Central African Republic 0 kWh (2001)

Chad 0 kWh (2001)

Chile 1.386 billion kWh (2001)

China 1.8 billion kWh (2001)

Colombia 40 million kWh (2001)

Comoros 0 kWh (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 60 million kWh (2001)

Congo, Republic of the 300 million kWh (2001)

Cook Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Costa Rica 128 million kWh (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire 0 kWh (2001)

Croatia 3.386 billion kWh (2001)

Cuba 0 kWh (2001)

Cyprus 0 kWh (2001)

Czech Republic 9.38 billion kWh (2001)

Denmark 8.199 billion kWh (2001)

Djibouti 0 kWh (2001)

Dominica 0 kWh (2001)

Dominican Republic 0 kWh (2001)

East Timor 0 kWh (2001)

Ecuador 0 kWh (2001)

Egypt 0 kWh (2001)

El Salvador 353 million kWh (2001)

Equatorial Guinea 0 kWh (2001)

Eritrea 0 kWh NA kWh (2001)

Estonia 0 kWh (2001)

Ethiopia 0 kWh (2001)

European Union 245.7 billion kWh (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 0 kWh (2001)

Faroe Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Fiji 0 kWh (2001)

Finland 11.77 billion kWh (2001)

France 4.2 billion kWh (2001)

French Guiana 0 kWh (2001)

French Polynesia 0 kWh (2001)

Gabon 0 kWh (2001)

Gambia, The 0 kWh (2001)

Gaza Strip NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel (2001)

Georgia 850 million kWh (2001)

Germany 44 billion kWh (2001)

Ghana 950 million kWh (2001)

Gibraltar 0 kWh (2001)

Greece 3.562 billion kWh (2001)

Greenland 0 kWh (2001)

Grenada 0 kWh (2001)

Guadeloupe 0 kWh (2001)

Guam 0 kWh (2001)

Guatemala 95 million kWh (2001)

Guernsey 0 kWh (2002)

Guinea 0 kWh (2001)

Guinea-Bissau 0 kWh (2001)

Guyana 0 kWh (2001)

Haiti 0 kWh (2001)

Holy See (Vatican City) NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy

Honduras 308 million kWh (2001)

Hong Kong 10.36 billion kWh (2001)

Hungary 10.43 billion kWh (2001)

Iceland 0 kWh (2001)

India 1.54 billion kWh (2001)

Indonesia 0 kWh (2001)

Iran 0 kWh (2001)

Iraq 0 kWh (2001)

Ireland 38 million kWh (2001)

Israel 0 kWh (2001)

Italy 48.93 billion kWh (2001)

Jamaica 0 kWh (2001)

Japan 0 kWh (2001)

Jersey NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by France

Jordan 267 million kWh (2001)

Kazakhstan 3.2 billion kWh (2001)

Kenya 230 million kWh (2001)

Kiribati 0 kWh (2001)

Korea, North 0 kWh (2001)

Korea, South 0 kWh (2001)

Kuwait 0 kWh (2001)

Kyrgyzstan 200 million kWh (2001)

Laos 0 kWh (2001)

Latvia 2.69 billion kWh (2001)

Lebanon 1.183 billion kWh (2001)

Lesotho 40 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2001)

Liberia 0 kWh (2001)

Libya 0 kWh (2001)

Lithuania 1.389 billion kWh (2001)

Luxembourg 6.389 billion kWh (2001)

Macau 193 million kWh (2002)

Macedonia 100 million kWh (2001)

Madagascar 0 kWh (2001)

Malawi 0 kWh (2001)

Malaysia 0 kWh (2002)

Maldives 0 kWh (2001)

Mali 0 kWh (2001)

Malta 0 kWh (2001)

Martinique 0 kWh (2001)

Mauritania 0 kWh (2001)

Mauritius 0 kWh (2001)

Mexico 2.068 billion kWh (2001)

Moldova 60 million kWh (2001)

Monaco NA kWh note: electricity supplied by France

Mongolia 196 million kWh (2001)

Montserrat 0 kWh (2001)

Morocco 2.2 billion kWh (2001)

Mozambique 500 million kWh (2001)

Namibia 578 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2001)

Nauru 0 kWh (2001)

Nepal 227 million kWh (2001)

Netherlands 21.49 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands Antilles 0 kWh (2001)

New Caledonia 0 kWh (2001)

New Zealand 0 kWh (2001)

Nicaragua 17 million kWh (2001)

Niger 100 million kWh (2001)

Nigeria 0 kWh (2001)

Niue 0 kWh (2001)

Northern Mariana Islands 0 kWh

Norway 10.76 billion kWh (2001)

Oman 0 kWh (2001)

Pakistan 0 kWh (2001)

Panama 43 million kWh (2001)

Papua New Guinea 0 kWh (2001)

Paraguay 0 kWh (2001)

Peru 0 kWh (2001)

Philippines 0 kWh (2001)

Poland 4.306 billion kWh (2001)

Portugal 3.743 billion kWh (2001)

Puerto Rico 0 kWh (2001)

Qatar 0 kWh (2001)

Reunion 0 kWh (2001)

Romania 400 million kWh (2001)

Russia 7 billion kWh (2001)

Rwanda 50 million kWh (2001)

Saint Helena 0 kWh (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 kWh (2001)

Saint Lucia 0 kWh (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0 kWh (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 kWh (2001)

Samoa 0 kWh (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe 0 kWh (2001)

Saudi Arabia 0 kWh (2001)

Senegal 0 kWh (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro 3.33 billion kWh (2001)

Seychelles 0 kWh (2001)

Sierra Leone 0 kWh (2001)

Singapore 0 kWh (2001)

Slovakia 1.381 billion kWh (2001)

Slovenia 4.1 billion kWh (2001)

Solomon Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Somalia 0 kWh (2001)

South Africa 6.2 billion kWh (2001)

Spain 7.588 billion kWh (2001)

Sri Lanka 0 kWh (2001)

Sudan 0 kWh (2001)

Suriname 0 kWh (2001)

Swaziland 639 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2001)

Sweden 11.14 billion kWh (2001)

Switzerland 24.1 billion kWh (2001)

Syria 0 kWh (2001)

Taiwan 0 kWh (2001)

Tajikistan 5.242 billion kWh (2001)

Tanzania 50 million kWh (2001)

Thailand 350 million kWh (2001)

Togo 520 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2001)

Tonga 0 kWh (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago 0 kWh (2001)

Tunisia 1 million kWh (2001)

Turkey 4.579 billion kWh (2001)

Turkmenistan 20 million kWh (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Uganda 1 million kWh (2001)

Ukraine 0 kWh (2001)

United Arab Emirates 0 kWh (2001)

United Kingdom 10.66 billion kWh (2001)

United States 38.48 billion kWh (2001)

Uruguay 123 million kWh (2001)

Uzbekistan 9.7 billion kWh (2001)

Vanuatu 0 kWh (2001)

Venezuela 0 kWh (2001)

Vietnam 0 kWh (2001)

Virgin Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Wallis and Futuna 0 kWh (2002)

West Bank NA kWh

Western Sahara 0 kWh (2001)

Yemen 0 kWh (2001)

Zambia 0 kWh (2001)

Zimbabwe 3.55 billion kWh (2001)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2044 Electricity - exports (kWh)

Afghanistan 0 kWh (2001)

Albania 221 million kWh (2001)

Algeria 340 million kWh (2001)

American Samoa 0 kWh (2001)

Andorra 0 kWh (2002)

Angola 0 kWh (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda 0 kWh (2001)

Argentina 5.662 billion kWh (2001)

Armenia 704 million kWh; note - exports an unknown quantity to Georgia; includes exports to Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan (2001)

Aruba 0 kWh (2001)

Australia 0 kWh (2001)

Austria 14.25 billion kWh (2001)

Azerbaijan 700 million kWh (2001)

Bahamas, The 0 kWh (2001)

Bahrain 0 kWh (2001)

Bangladesh 0 kWh (2001)

Barbados 0 kWh (2001)

Belarus 300 million kWh (2001)

Belgium 6.712 billion kWh (2001)

Belize 0 kWh (2001)

Benin 0 kWh (2001)

Bermuda 0 kWh (2001)

Bhutan 1.4 billion kWh (2001)

Bolivia 3 million kWh (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.569 billion kWh (2001)

Botswana 0 kWh (2001)

Brazil 0 kWh (2001)

British Virgin Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Brunei 0 kWh (2001)

Bulgaria 6.79 billion kWh (2001)

Burkina Faso 0 kWh (2001)

Burma 0 kWh (2001)

Burundi 0 kWh (2001)

Cambodia 0 kWh (2001)

Cameroon 0 kWh (2001)

Canada 38.4 billion kWh (2001)

Cape Verde 0 kWh (2001)

Cayman Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Central African Republic 0 kWh (2001)

Chad 0 kWh (2001)

Chile 0 kWh (2001)

China 10.3 billion kWh (2001)

Colombia 210 million kWh (2001)

Comoros 0 kWh (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1.097 billion kWh (2001)

Congo, Republic of the 0 kWh (2001)

Cook Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Costa Rica 379 million kWh (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire 1.3 billion kWh (2001)

Croatia 386 million kWh (2001)

Cuba 0 kWh (2001)

Cyprus 0 kWh (2001)

Czech Republic 18.92 billion kWh (2001)

Denmark 8.775 billion kWh (2001)

Djibouti 0 kWh (2001)

Dominica 0 kWh (2001)

Dominican Republic 0 kWh (2001)

East Timor 0 kWh (2001)

Ecuador 0 kWh (2001)

Egypt 0 kWh (2001)

El Salvador 44 million kWh (2001)

Equatorial Guinea 0 kWh (2001)

Eritrea 0 kWh NA kWh (2001)

Estonia 1.19 billion kWh (2001)

Ethiopia 0 kWh (2001)

European Union 234.8 billion kWh (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 0 kWh (2001)

Faroe Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Fiji 0 kWh (2001)

Finland 1.81 billion kWh (2001)

France 72.6 billion kWh (2001)

French Guiana 0 kWh (2001)

French Polynesia 0 kWh (2001)

Gabon 0 kWh (2001)

Gambia, The 0 kWh (2001)

Gaza Strip 0 kWh (2001)

Georgia 0 kWh (2001)

Germany 43.9 billion kWh (2001)

Ghana 300 million kWh (2001)

Gibraltar 0 kWh (2001)

Greece 1.062 billion kWh (2001)

Greenland 0 kWh (2001)

Grenada 0 kWh (2001)

Guadeloupe 0 kWh (2001)

Guam 0 kWh (2001)

Guatemala 336 million kWh (2001)

Guernsey 0 kWh (2002)

Guinea 0 kWh (2001)

Guinea-Bissau 0 kWh (2001)

Guyana 0 kWh (2001)

Haiti 0 kWh (2001)

Holy See (Vatican City) 0 kWh

Honduras 0 kWh (2001)

Hong Kong 1.581 billion kWh (2001)

Hungary 7.261 billion kWh (2001)

Iceland 0 kWh (2001)

India 321 million kWh (2001)

Indonesia 0 kWh (2001)

Iran 0 kWh (2001)

Iraq 0 kWh (2001)

Ireland 285 million kWh (2001)

Israel 1.457 billion kWh (2001)

Italy 556 million kWh (2001)

Jamaica 0 kWh (2001)

Japan 0 kWh (2001)

Jordan 2 million kWh (2001)

Kazakhstan 3.6 billion kWh (2001)

Kenya 0 kWh (2001)

Kiribati 0 kWh (2001)

Korea, North 0 kWh (2001)

Korea, South 0 kWh (2001)

Kuwait 0 kWh (2001)

Kyrgyzstan 2.25 billion kWh (2001)

Laos 400 million kWh (2001)

Latvia 703 million kWh (2001)

Lebanon 0 kWh (2001)

Lesotho 0 kWh (2001)

Liberia 0 kWh (2001)

Libya 0 kWh (2001)

Lithuania 6.3 billion kWh (2001)

Luxembourg 744 million kWh (2001)

Macau 1 million kWh (2001)

Macedonia 0 kWh (2001)

Madagascar 0 kWh (2001)

Malawi 0 kWh (2001)

Malaysia 0 kWh (2002)

Maldives 0 kWh (2001)

Mali 0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2001)

Malta 0 kWh (2001)

Martinique 0 kWh (2001)

Mauritania 0 kWh (2001)

Mauritius 0 kWh (2001)

Mexico 77 million kWh (2001)

Moldova 0 kWh (2001)

Mongolia 25 million kWh (2001)

Montserrat 0 kWh (2001)

Morocco 0 kWh (2001)

Mozambique 5.8 billion kWh (2001)

Namibia 0 kWh (2001)

Nauru 0 kWh (2001)

Nepal 95 million kWh (2001)

Netherlands 4.209 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands Antilles 0 kWh (2001)

New Caledonia 0 kWh (2001)

New Zealand 0 kWh (2001)

Nicaragua 0 kWh (2001)

Niger 0 kWh (2001)

Nigeria 20 million kWh (2001)

Niue 0 kWh (2001)

Northern Mariana Islands 0 kWh

Norway 7.162 billion kWh (2001)

Oman 0 kWh (2001)

Pakistan 0 kWh (2001)

Panama 118 million kWh (2001)

Papua New Guinea 0 kWh (2001)

Paraguay 39.11 billion kWh (2001)

Peru 0 kWh (2001)

Philippines 0 kWh (2001)

Poland 11.04 billion kWh (2001)

Portugal 3.479 billion kWh (2001)

Puerto Rico 0 kWh (2001)

Qatar 0 kWh (2001)

Reunion 0 kWh (2001)

Romania 1.6 billion kWh (2001)

Russia 21.16 billion kWh (2001)

Rwanda 0 kWh (2001)

Saint Helena 0 kWh (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 kWh (2001)

Saint Lucia 0 kWh (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0 kWh (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 kWh (2001)

Samoa 0 kWh (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe 0 kWh (2001)

Saudi Arabia 0 kWh (2001)

Senegal 0 kWh (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro 446 million kWh (2001)

Seychelles 0 kWh (2001)

Sierra Leone 0 kWh (2001)

Singapore 0 kWh (2001)

Slovakia 5.141 billion kWh (2001)

Slovenia 3 billion kWh (2001)

Solomon Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Somalia 0 kWh (2001)

South Africa 6.91 billion kWh (2001)

Spain 4.138 billion kWh (2001)

Sri Lanka 0 kWh (2001)

Sudan 0 kWh (2001)

Suriname 0 kWh (2001)

Swaziland 0 kWh (2001)

Sweden 18.45 billion kWh (2001)

Switzerland 34.54 billion kWh (2001)

Syria 0 kWh (2001)

Taiwan 0 kWh (2001)

Tajikistan 3.909 billion kWh (2001)

Tanzania 0 kWh (2001)

Thailand 200 million kWh (2001)

Togo 0 kWh (2001)

Tonga 0 kWh (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago 0 kWh (2001)

Tunisia 0 kWh (2001)

Turkey 433 million kWh (2001)

Turkmenistan 980 million kWh (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Uganda 174 million kWh (2001)

Ukraine 800 million kWh (2001)

United Arab Emirates 0 kWh (2001)

United Kingdom 264 million kWh (2001)

United States 18.17 billion kWh (2001)

Uruguay 1.377 billion kWh (2001)

Uzbekistan 3.998 billion kWh (2001)

Vanuatu 0 kWh (2001)

Venezuela 0 kWh (2001)

Vietnam 0 kWh (2001)

Virgin Islands 0 kWh (2001)

Wallis and Futuna 0 kWh (2002)

Western Sahara 0 kWh (2001)

Yemen 0 kWh (2001)

Zambia 1.75 billion kWh (2001)

Zimbabwe 0 kWh (2001)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2045

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2046 Population below poverty line (%)

Afghanistan 23% (2002)

Albania 30% (2001 est.)

Algeria 23% (1999 est.)

American Samoa NA

Andorra NA

Angola 70% (2003 est.)

Anguilla NA

Antigua and Barbuda NA

Argentina 51.7% (May 2003)

Armenia 50% (2002 est.)

Aruba NA

Australia NA

Austria 3.9% (1999)

Azerbaijan 49% (2002 est.)

Bahamas, The NA

Bahrain NA

Bangladesh 35.6% (FY95/96 est.)

Barbados NA

Belarus 22% (1995 est.)

Belgium 4% (1989 est.)

Belize 33% (1999 est.)

Benin 37% (2001 est.)

Bermuda 19% (2000)

Bhutan NA

Bolivia 70% (1999 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina NA (2004 est.)

Botswana 47% (2002 est.)

Brazil 22% (1998 est.)

British Virgin Islands NA

Brunei NA (1992 est.)

Bulgaria 13.4% (2002 est.)

Burkina Faso 45% (2003 est.)

Burma 25% (2000 est.)

Burundi 68% (2002 est.)

Cambodia 36% (1997 est.)

Cameroon 48% (2000 est.)

Canada NA

Cape Verde 30% (2000)

Cayman Islands NA (2002 est.)

Central African Republic NA (1993)

Chad 80% (2001 est.)

Chile 20.6% (2000 est.)

China 10% (2001 est.)

Christmas Island NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA

Colombia 55% (2001)

Comoros 60% (2002 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the NA

Congo, Republic of the NA

Cook Islands NA

Costa Rica 20.6% (2002 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire 37% (1995)

Croatia NA

Cuba NA

Cyprus NA

Czech Republic NA

Denmark NA

Djibouti 50% (2001 est.)

Dominica 30% (2002 est.)

Dominican Republic 25%

East Timor 42% (2003 est.)

Ecuador 65% (2003 est.)

Egypt 16.7% (2000 est.)

El Salvador 48% (1999 est.)

Equatorial Guinea NA

Eritrea 53% (1993/94)

Estonia NA (2000)

Ethiopia 50% (2003 est.)

European Union NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA

Faroe Islands NA

Fiji 25.5% (1990-91)

Finland NA

France 6.5% (2000)

French Guiana NA

French Polynesia NA

Gabon NA

Gambia, The NA

Gaza Strip 60% (2003 est.)

Georgia 54% (2001 est.)

Germany NA

Ghana 31.4% (1992 est.)

Gibraltar NA

Greece NA

Greenland NA

Grenada 32% (2000)

Guadeloupe NA

Guam 23% (2001 est.)

Guatemala 75% (2002 est.)

Guernsey NA

Guinea 40% (2003 est.)

Guinea-Bissau NA

Guyana NA

Haiti 80% (2003 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City) NA

Honduras 53% (1993 est.)

Hong Kong NA

Hungary 8.6% (1993 est.)

Iceland NA

India 25% (2002 est.)

Indonesia 27% (1999)

Iran 40% (2002 est.)

Iraq NA

Ireland 10% (1997 est.)

Israel 18% (2001 est.)

Italy NA

Jamaica 19.7% (2002 est.)

Japan NA

Jersey NA

Jordan 30% (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan 26% (2001 est.)

Kenya 50% (2000 est.)

Kiribati NA

Korea, North NA

Korea, South 4% (2001 est.)

Kuwait NA

Kyrgyzstan 50% (2003 est.)

Laos 40% (2002 est.)

Latvia NA

Lebanon 28% (1999 est.)

Lesotho 49% (1999)

Liberia 80%

Libya NA

Liechtenstein NA

Lithuania NA

Luxembourg NA

Macau NA

Macedonia 30.2% (2002 est.)

Madagascar 71% (1999 est.)

Malawi 55% (2003 est.)

Malaysia 8% (1998 est.)

Maldives NA

Mali 64% average; 30% of the total population living in urban areas; 70% of the total population living in rural areas) (2001 est.)

Malta NA

Man, Isle of NA

Marshall Islands NA

Martinique NA

Mauritania 50% (2001 est.)

Mauritius 10% (2001 est.)

Mayotte NA

Mexico 40% (2003 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of 26.7%

Moldova 80% (2001 est.)

Monaco NA

Mongolia 33% (2003 est.)

Montserrat NA

Morocco 19% (1999 est.)

Mozambique 70% (2001 est.)

Namibia 50% (2002 est.)

Nauru NA

Nepal 42% (1995-96)

Netherlands NA

Netherlands Antilles NA

New Caledonia NA

New Zealand NA

Nicaragua 50% (2001 est.)

Niger 63% (1993 est.)

Nigeria 60% (2000 est.)

Niue NA

Norfolk Island NA

Northern Mariana Islands NA

Norway NA

Oman NA

Pakistan 35% (2001 est.)

Palau NA

Panama 37% (1999 est.)

Papua New Guinea 37% (2002 est.)

Paraguay 36% (2001 est.)

Peru 54% (2003 est.)

Philippines 40% (2001 est.)

Pitcairn Islands NA

Poland 18.4% (2000 est.)

Portugal NA

Puerto Rico NA

Qatar NA

Reunion NA

Romania 44.5% (2000)

Russia 25% (January 2003 est.)

Rwanda 60% (2001 est.)

Saint Helena NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis NA

Saint Lucia NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines NA

Samoa NA

San Marino NA

Sao Tome and Principe 54% NA (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia NA

Senegal 54% (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro 30% (1999 est.)

Seychelles NA

Sierra Leone 68% (1989 est.)

Singapore NA

Slovakia NA

Slovenia NA

Solomon Islands NA

Somalia NA

South Africa 50% (2000 est.)

Spain NA

Sri Lanka 22% (1997 est.)

Sudan NA (2004 est.)

Suriname 70% (2002 est.)

Svalbard NA

Swaziland 40% (1995)

Sweden NA

Switzerland NA

Syria 20% (2003 est.)

Taiwan 1% (2000 est.)

Tajikistan 60% (2003 est.)

Tanzania 36% (2002 est.)

Thailand 10.4% (2002 est.)

Togo 32% (1989 est.)

Tokelau NA

Tonga NA

Trinidad and Tobago 21% (1992 est.)

Tunisia 7.6% (2001 est.)

Turkey 18% (2001)

Turkmenistan 34.4% (2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands NA

Tuvalu NA

Uganda 35% (2001 est.)

Ukraine 29% (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates NA

United Kingdom 17% (2002 est.)

United States 12% (2003 est.)

Uruguay 23.7% (2002)

Uzbekistan NA (2004 est.)

Vanuatu NA

Venezuela 47% (1998 est.)

Vietnam 37% (1998 est.)

Virgin Islands NA

Wallis and Futuna NA

West Bank 60% (2003 est.)

Western Sahara NA

Yemen 15.7% (2001)

Zambia 86% (1993)

Zimbabwe 70% (2002 est.)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2047 Household income or consumption by percentage share (%)

Afghanistan lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Albania lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Algeria lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 26.8% (1995)

American Samoa lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Andorra lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Angola lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Anguilla lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Antigua and Barbuda lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Argentina lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Armenia lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 46.2% (1999)

Aruba lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Australia lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 25.4% (1994)

Austria lowest 10%: 2.5% highest 10%: 22.5% (1995)

Azerbaijan lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 27.8% (1995)

Bahamas, The lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Bahrain lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Bangladesh lowest 10%: 3.9% highest 10%: 28.6% (1995-96 est.)

Barbados lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Belarus lowest 10%: 5.1% highest 10%: 20% (1998)

Belgium lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 23% (1996)

Belize lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Benin lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Bermuda lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Bhutan lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Bolivia lowest 10%: 1.3% highest 10%: 32% (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Botswana lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Brazil lowest 10%: 0.7% highest 10%: 48% (1998)

British Virgin Islands lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Brunei lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Bulgaria lowest 10%: 4.5% highest 10%: 22.8% (1997)

Burkina Faso lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 46.8% (1994)

Burma lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Burundi lowest 10%: 1.8% highest 10%: 32.9% (1998)

Cambodia lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 33.8% (1997)

Cameroon lowest 10%: 1.9% highest 10%: 36.6% (1996)

Canada lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 23.8% (1994)

Cape Verde lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Cayman Islands lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Central African Republic lowest 10%: 0.7% highest 10%: 47.7% (1993)

Chad lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Chile lowest 10%: 3.7% highest 10%: 41% (2000)

China lowest 10%: 2.4% highest 10%: 30.4% (1998)

Christmas Island lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Colombia lowest 10%: 1% highest 10%: 44% (1999)

Comoros lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Congo, Republic of the lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Cook Islands lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Costa Rica lowest 10%: 1.1% highest 10%: 36.8% (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 28.8% (1995)

Croatia lowest 10%: 3.7% highest 10%: 23.3% (1998)

Cuba lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Cyprus lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Czech Republic lowest 10%: 4.3% highest 10%: 22.4% (1996)

Denmark lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 24% (2000 est.)

Djibouti lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Dominica lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Dominican Republic lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 37.9% (1998)

East Timor lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Ecuador lowest 10%: 2.2% highest 10%: 33.8% (1995)

Egypt lowest 10%: 3.7% highest 10%: 29.5% (1999)

El Salvador lowest 10%: 1.4% highest 10%: 39.3% (2001)

Equatorial Guinea lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Eritrea lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Estonia lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 29.8% (1998)

Ethiopia lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 33.7% (1995)

European Union lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 25.2% (1995 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Faroe Islands lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Fiji lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Finland lowest 10%: 4.2% highest 10%: 21.6% (1991)

France lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 25.1% (1995)

French Guiana lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

French Polynesia lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Gabon lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Gambia, The lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Gaza Strip lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Georgia lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 27.9% (1996)

Germany lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 25.1% (1997)

Ghana lowest 10%: 2.2% highest 10%: 30.1% (1999)

Gibraltar lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Greece lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 25.3% (1993 est.)

Greenland lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Grenada lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Guadeloupe lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Guam lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Guatemala lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 46% (1998)

Guernsey lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Guinea lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 32% (1994)

Guinea-Bissau lowest 10%: 0.5% highest 10%: 42.4% (1991)

Guyana lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Haiti lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Holy See (Vatican City) lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Honduras lowest 10%: 0.6% highest 10%: 42.7% (1998)

Hong Kong lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Hungary lowest 10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 20.5% (1998)

Iceland lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

India lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 33.5% (1997)

Indonesia lowest 10%: 4% highest 10%: 26.7% (1999)

Iran lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Iraq lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Ireland lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 27.3% (1997)

Israel lowest 10%: 2.4% highest 10%: 28.3% (1997)

Italy lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 26.6% (2000)

Jamaica lowest 10%: 2.7% highest 10%: 30.3% (2000)

Japan lowest 10%: 4.8% highest 10%: 21.7% (1993)

Jersey lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Jordan lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 29.8% (1997)

Kazakhstan lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 27.3% (2001)

Kenya lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 37.2% (2000)

Kiribati lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Korea, North lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Korea, South lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 22.5% (1999 est.)

Kuwait lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Kyrgyzstan lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 27.7% (1999)

Laos lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 30.6% (1997)

Latvia lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 25.9% (1998)

Lebanon lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Lesotho lowest 10%: 0.9% highest 10%: 43.4%

Liberia lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Libya lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Liechtenstein lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Lithuania lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 25.6% (1996)

Luxembourg lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Macau lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Macedonia lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Madagascar lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 29% (1999)

Malawi lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Malaysia lowest 10%: 1.4% highest 10%: 39.2% (2003 est.)

Maldives lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Mali lowest 10%: 1.8% highest 10%: 40.4% (1994)

Malta lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Man, Isle of lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Marshall Islands lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Martinique lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Mauritania lowest 10%: 2.5% highest 10%: 30.2% (2000)

Mauritius lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Mayotte lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Mexico lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 35.6% (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Moldova lowest 10%: 2.2% highest 10%: 30.7% (1997)

Monaco lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Mongolia lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 37% (1995)

Montserrat lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Morocco lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 30.9% (1998-99)

Mozambique lowest 10%: 2.5% highest 10%: 31.7% (1997)

Namibia lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Nauru lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Nepal lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 29.8% (1995-96)

Netherlands lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 25.1% (1994)

Netherlands Antilles lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

New Caledonia lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

New Zealand lowest 10%: 0.3% highest 10%: 29.8% (1991 est.)

Nicaragua lowest 10%: 0.7% highest 10%: 48.8% (1998)

Niger lowest 10%: 0.8% highest 10%: 35.4% (1995)

Nigeria lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 40.8% (1996-97)

Niue lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Norfolk Island lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Northern Mariana Islands lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Norway lowest 10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 21.8% (1995)

Oman lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Pakistan lowest 10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 27.6% (FY96/97)

Palau lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Panama lowest 10%: 1.2% highest 10%: 35.7% (1997)

Papua New Guinea lowest 10%: 1.7% highest 10%: 40.5% (1996)

Paraguay lowest 10%: 0.5% highest 10%: 43.8% (1998)

Peru lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 35.4% (1996)

Philippines lowest 10%: 1.7% highest 10%: 38.4% (2000)

Pitcairn Islands lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Poland lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 24.7% (1998)

Portugal lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.)

Puerto Rico lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Qatar lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Reunion lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Romania lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 25% (1998)

Russia lowest 10%: 5.9% highest 10%: 47% (2001)

Rwanda lowest 10%: 4.2% highest 10%: 24.2% (1985)

Saint Helena lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Saint Lucia lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Samoa lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

San Marino lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Sao Tome and Principe lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Saudi Arabia lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Senegal lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 33.5% (1995)

Serbia and Montenegro lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Seychelles lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Sierra Leone lowest 10%: 0.5% highest 10%: 43.6% (1989)

Singapore lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Slovakia lowest 10%: 5.1% highest 10%: 18.2% (1992)

Slovenia lowest 10%: 3.9% highest 10%: 23% (1998)

Solomon Islands lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Somalia lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

South Africa lowest 10%: 1.1% highest 10%: 45.9% (1994)

Spain lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 25.2% (1990)

Sri Lanka lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 28% (1995)

Sudan lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Suriname lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Svalbard lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

Swaziland lowest 10%: 1% highest 10%: 50.2% (1995)

Sweden lowest 10%: 3.7% highest 10%: 20.1% (1992)

Switzerland lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 25.2% (1992)