The 1995 CIA World Factbook (part 6 of 6)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 775,060; males fit for military service 629,385 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $216 million, 2.3% of GDP (1991 est.)
________________________________________________________________________
UZBEKISTAN
@Uzbekistan:Geography
Location: Central Asia, north of Afghanistan
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States
Area: total area: 447,400 sq km land area: 425,400 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries: total 6,221 km, Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km
Coastline: 0 km note: Uzbekistan borders the Aral Sea (420 km)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: none
Climate: mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
Terrain: mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya and Sirdaryo Rivers; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west
Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Land use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 47% forest and woodland: 0% other: 42%
Irrigated land: 41,550 sq km (1990)
Environment: current issues: drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salinization; soil contamination from agricultural chemicals, including DDT natural hazards: NA international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection
Note: landlocked
@Uzbekistan:People
Population: 23,089,261 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 40% (female 4,553,432; male 4,670,496) 15-64 years: 55% (female 6,400,578; male 6,384,862) 65 years and over: 5% (female 656,933; male 422,960) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.08% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 29.45 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.79 years male: 65.5 years female: 72.24 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.67 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Uzbek(s) adjective: Uzbek
Ethnic divisions: Uzbek 71.4%, Russian 8.3%, Tajik 4.7%, Kazakh 4.1%, Tatar 2.4%, Karakalpak 2.1%, other 7%
Religions: Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%
Languages: Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) total population: 97% male: 98% female: 96%
Labor force: 8.234 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%, other 35% (1992)
@Uzbekistan:Government
Names: conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan conventional short form: Uzbekistan local long form: Uzbekiston Respublikasi local short form: none former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph: UZ
Type: republic
Capital: Tashkent (Toshkent)
Administrative divisions: 12 wiloyatlar (singular - wiloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (respublikasi), and 1 city** (shahri); Andijon Wiloyati, Bukhoro Wiloyati, Jizzakh Wiloyati, Farghona Wiloyati, Qoraqalpoghiston* (Nukus), Qashqadaryo Wiloyati (Qarshi), Khorazm Wiloyati (Urganch), Namangan Wiloyati, Nawoiy Wiloyati, Samarqand Wiloyati, Sirdaryo Wiloyati (Guliston), Surkhondaryo Wiloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri**, Toshkent Wiloyati note: an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
Independence: 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September (1991)
Constitution: new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
Legal system: evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent judicial system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Islam KARIMOV (since NA March 1990); election last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2%; note - a 26 March 1995 referendum extended KARIMOV's term until 2000 (99.6% approval) head of government: Prime Minister Abdulhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992), First Deputy Prime Minister Ismail DJURABEKOV (since NA); Deputy Prime Ministers Viktor CHIZHEN, Bakhtiyar HAMIDOV, Kayim KHAKKULOV, Yuriy PAYGIN, Saidmukhtar SAIDKASYMOV, Utkur SULTANOV, Mirabror USMANOV, Murat SHARIFKHOJAYEV (since NA) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers; appointed by the president with approval of the Supreme Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme Council: elections last held 25 December 1994 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (250 total) People's Democratic Party 207, Fatherland Progress Party 12, other 31; note - final runoffs were held 22 January 1995; seating was as follows: People's Democratic Party 69, Fatherland Progress Party 14, Social Democratic Party 47, local government 120
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: People's Democratic Party (PDP; formerly Communist Party), Islam A. KARIMOV, chairman; Fatherland Progress Party (FPP), Anwar YULDASHEV, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Anvar JORABAYEV, chairman; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party (EDP), Muhammad SOLIKH, chairman (in exile); note - EDP was banned 9 December 1992
Other political or pressure groups: Birlik (Unity) People's Movement (BPM), Abdul Rakhim PULATOV, chairman (in exile); Islamic Rebirth Party (IRP), Abdullah UTAYEV, chairman; Adolat-94 (formed by former Vice President Shukhrat MIRSAIDOV and Ibragim BURIEV note: PULATOV (BPM) is in exile in the West; UTAYEV (IRP) is either in prison or in exile
Member of: AsDB, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NACC, NAM, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Fatikh TESHABAYEV chancery: (temporary) Suites 619 and 623, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 638-4266, 4267 FAX: [1] (202) 638-4268 consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Henry L. CLARKE embassy: 82 Chilanzarskaya, Tashkent mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [7] (3712) 77-14-07, 77-10-81 FAX: [7] (3712) 77-69-53
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant
@Uzbekistan:Economy
Overview: Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 10% consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. It is one of the poorest states of the former USSR with 60% of its population living in overpopulated rural communities. Nevertheless, Uzbekistan is the world's third largest cotton exporter, a major producer of gold and natural gas, and a regionally significant producer of chemicals and machinery. Since independence, the government has sought to prop up the Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on prices and production. Such policies have buffered the economy from the sharp declines in output and high inflation experienced by many other former Soviet republics. They had become increasingly unsustainable, however, as inflation moves along at 14% per month and as Russia has forced the Uzbek government to introduce its own currency. Faced with mounting economic problems, the government has begun to move on a reform agenda and cooperate with international financial institutions, announced an acceleration of privatization, and stepped up efforts to attract foreign investors. Nevertheless, the regime is likely to find it difficult to sustain its drive for economic reform.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $54.5 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)
National product real growth rate: -4% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $2,400 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% per month (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 0.3% includes only officially registered unemployed; large numbers of underemployed workers (December 1994)
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $943.7 million to outside the FSU countries (1994) commodities: cotton, gold, natural gas, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, textiles, food products partners: Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe, US
Imports: $1.15 billion from outside the FSU countries (1994) commodities: grain, machinery and parts, consumer durables, other foods partners: principally other FSU countries, Czech Republic
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate 1% (1994 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 11,690,000 kW production: 47.5 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,130 kWh (1994)
Industries: textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, natural gas
Agriculture: cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain, livestock
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication programs; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid: recipient: the IMF has established a Systemic Transformation Facility of $74 million and the World Bank has made a rehabilitation loan of $160 million with other project loans pending; estimated annual external financing requirements for 1995-96 of $600 million to $700 million
Currency: introduced provisional som-coupons 10 November 1993 which circulated parallel to the Russian rubles; became the sole legal currency 31 January 1994; was replaced in July 1994 by the som currency
Exchange rates: soms per US$1 - 25 (yearend 1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Uzbekistan:Transportation
Railroads: total: 3,460 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines broad gauge: 3,460 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)
Highways: total: 78,400 km paved and graveled: 67,000 km unpaved: earth 11,400 km (1990)
Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 810 km (1992)
Ports: Termiz
Airports: total: 261 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 6 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 14 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 8 with paved runways under 914 m: 5 with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 with unpaved runways under 914 m: 216
@Uzbekistan:Communications
Telephone system: 1,458,000 telephones; 63 telephones/1,000 persons (1995); poorly developed local: NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent intercity: NA international: linked by landline or microwave with CIS member states and by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch to other countries; new INTELSAT links to Tokyo and Ankara give Uzbekistan international access independent of Russian facilities; Orbita and INTELSAT earth stations
Radio: broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA radios: NA
Television: broadcast stations: NA televisions: NA
@Uzbekistan:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air and Air Defense, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,567,580; males fit for military service 4,537,455; males reach military age (18) annually 222,506 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
VANUATU
@Vanuatu:Geography
Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Australia
Map references: Oceania
Area: total area: 14,760 sq km land area: 14,760 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Connecticut note: includes more than 80 islands
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 2,528 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds
Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains
Natural resources: manganese, hardwood forests, fish
Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 2% forest and woodland: 1% other: 91%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment: current issues: a majority of the population does not have access to a potable and reliable supply of water natural hazards: tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism causes minor earthquakes international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea
@Vanuatu:People
Population: 173,648 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 41% (female 34,819; male 36,128) 15-64 years: 56% (female 47,320; male 50,456) 65 years and over: 3% (female 2,217; male 2,708) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.22% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 31.26 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 66.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 59.71 years male: 57.9 years female: 61.61 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.14 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural) adjective: Ni-Vanuatu
Ethnic divisions: indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese, Pacific Islanders
Religions: Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7%
Languages: English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979) total population: 53% male: 57% female: 48%
Labor force: NA by occupation: NA
@Vanuatu:Government
Names: conventional long form: Republic of Vanuatu conventional short form: Vanuatu former: New Hebrides
Digraph: NH
Type: republic
Capital: Port-Vila
Administrative divisions: 6 provinces; Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea, Torba
Independence: 30 July 1980 (from France and UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July (1980)
Constitution: 30 July 1980
Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French and British systems
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Jean Marie LEYE (since 2 March 1994) head of government: Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT Korman (since 16 December 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 December 1991) cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister, responsible to parliament
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament: elections last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held NA November 1995); note - after election, a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the National United Party to form a new government on 16 December 1991, but political party associations are fluid; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total) UMP 19, NUP 10, VP 10, MPP 4, TUP 1, Nagriamel 1, Friend 1 note: the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of custom and land
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Maxime CARLOT Korman; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party (NUP), Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NA; People's Democratic Party (PDP), Sethy REGENVANU note: the VP, MPP, TUP, and Nagriamel Party have formed a coalition called the United Front (UF) heading into the November 1995 elections
Member of: ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS (associate), IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, ITU, NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US: Vanuatu does not have a mission in the US
US diplomatic representation: the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow
@Vanuatu:Economy
Overview: The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which provides a living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other mainstays of the economy, with 43,000 visitors in 1992. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $200 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $1,200 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $90 million expenditures: $103 million, including capital expenditures of $45 million (1989 est.)
Exports: $14.9 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: copra, beef, cocoa, timber, coffee partners: Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, Belgium
Imports: $74 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: machines and vehicles, food and beverages, basic manufactures, raw materials and fuels, chemicals partners: Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8%
External debt: $40 million (yearend 1992)
Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1990); accounts for about 10% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 17,000 kW production: 30 million kWh consumption per capita: 181 kWh (1993)
Industries: food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning
Agriculture: export crops - coconuts, cocoa, coffee, fish; subsistence crops - taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, vegetables
Economic aid: recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $606 million
Currency: 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: vatu (VT) per US$1 - 112.42 (December 1994), 116.41 (1994), 121.58 (1993), 113.39 (1992), 111.68 (1991), 116.57 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Vanuatu:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 1,027 km paved: 240 km unpaved: 787 km
Ports: Forari, Port-Vila, Santo (Espiritu Santo)
Merchant marine: total: 116 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,874,698 GRT/2,758,783 DWT ships by type: bulk 52, cargo 18, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk 1, container 4, liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 5, refrigerated cargo 17, vehicle carrier 10 note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 21 countries among which are ships of the US 117, Japan 39, Netherlands 12, China 11, UAE 6, Greece 6, Canada 6, Hong Kong 4, Russia 2, Australia 2
Airports: total: 31 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 with paved runways under 914 m: 17 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 11
@Vanuatu:Communications
Telephone system: 3,000 telephones local: NA intercity: NA international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 radios: NA
Television: broadcast stations: 0 televisions: NA
@Vanuatu:Defense Forces
Branches: no regular military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF; includes the paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force or VMF)
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
VENEZUELA
@Venezuela:Geography
Location: Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana
Map references: South America
Area: total area: 912,050 sq km land area: 882,050 sq km comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of California
Land boundaries: total 4,993 km, Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km
Coastline: 2,800 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 15 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo River; maritime boundary dispute with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain: Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
Land use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 39% other: 37%
Irrigated land: 2,640 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment: current issues: sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast natural hazards: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping
Note: on major sea and air routes linking North and South America
@Venezuela:People
Population: 21,004,773 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 35% (female 3,650,705; male 3,795,032) 15-64 years: 60% (female 6,350,466; male 6,313,887) 65 years and over: 5% (female 486,020; male 408,663) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.1% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 25.11 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 4.57 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 26.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.31 years male: 70.48 years female: 76.29 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.97 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Venezuelan(s) adjective: Venezuelan
Ethnic divisions: mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Amerindian 2%
Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%
Languages: Spanish (official), native dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in the remote interior
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 90% male: 91% female: 89%
Labor force: 7.6 million by occupation: services 63%, industry 25%, agriculture 12% (1993)
@Venezuela:Government
Names: conventional long form: Republic of Venezuela conventional short form: Venezuela local long form: Republica de Venezuela local short form: Venezuela
Digraph: VE
Type: republic
Capital: Caracas
Administrative divisions: 21 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 territory* (territorio), 1 federal district** (distrito federal), and 1 federal dependency*** (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands
Independence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
Constitution: 23 January 1961
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state and head of government: President Rafael CALDERA Rodriguez (since 2 February 1994); election last held 5 December 1993 (next to be held NA December 1998); results - Rafael CALDERA (National Convergence) 30.45%, Claudio FERMIN (AD) 23.59%, Oswaldo ALVAREZ PAZ (COPEI) 22.72%, Andres VELASQUEZ (Causa R) 21.94%, other 1.3% cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) Senate (Senado): elections last held 5 December 1993 (next to be held NA December 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) AD 18, COPEI 15, Causa R 9, MAS 5, National Convergence 6; note - 3 former presidents (2 from AD, 1 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate seats Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): elections last held 5 December 1993 (next to be held NA December 1998); results - AD 27.9%, COPEI 26.9%, MAS 12.4%, National Convergence 12.9%, Causa R 19.9%; seats - (203 total) AD 55, COPEI 53, MAS 24, National Convergence 26, Causa R 40, other 5
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) Roberto YEPES, President
Political parties and leaders: National Convergence (Convergencia), Jose Miguel UZCATEGUI, president, Juan Jose CALDERA, national coordinator; Social Christian Party (COPEI), Luis HERRERA Campins, president, and Donald RAMIREZ, secretary general; Democratic Action (AD), Pedro PARIS Montesinos, president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero, secretary general; Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), Gustavo MARQUEZ, president, and Enrique OCHOA Antich, secretary general; Radical Cause (La Causa R), Pablo MEDINA, secretary general
Other political or pressure groups: FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers (CTV, labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action); VECINOS groups
Member of: AG, BCIE, CARICOM (observer), CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIH, UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Pedro Luis ECHEVERRIA chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 342-2214 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey DAVIDOW embassy: Avenida Francisco de Miranda and Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037 telephone: [58] (2) 285-2222, 3111 FAX: [58] (2) 285-0366
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band
@Venezuela:Economy
Overview: Despite efforts to broaden the base of the economy, petroleum continues to play a dominant role. In 1994, as GDP declined 3.3%, the oil sector - which accounts for 24% of the total - enjoyed a 6% expansion, provided 45% of the budget revenues, and generated 70% of the export earnings. President CALDERA, who assumed office in February 1994, has used an interventionist, reactive approach to managing the economy, instituting price and foreign exchange controls in mid-year to slow inflation and stop the loss of foreign exchange reserves. The government claims it will remove these controls once inflationary pressures abate, but the $8 billion bailout of the banking sector in 1994 has made it difficult for the government to make good on its promise. Economic controls, coupled with political uncertainty driven by recurrent coup rumors, continue to deter foreign and domestic investment; private forecasters see the recession persisting for a third year in 1995.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $178.3 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: -3.3% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $8,670 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 71% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 9% (1994 est.)
Budget: revenues: $10.3 billion expenditures: $14.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $103 million (1994 est.)
Exports: $15.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: petroleum 72%, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals, agricultural products, basic manufactures partners: US and Puerto Rico 55%, Japan, Netherlands, Italy
Imports: $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials partners: US 40%, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Canada
External debt: $40.1 billion (1994)
Industrial production: growth rate -1.4% (1993 est.); accounts for 41% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 18,740,000 kW production: 72 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,311 kWh (1993)
Industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food processing, textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly
Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP; products - corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fish; not self-sufficient in food other than meat
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, opium, and coca leaf for the international drug trade on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine and heroin transit the country from Colombia; important money-laundering hub
Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $10 million
Currency: 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates: bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 169.570 (January 1995), 148.503 (1994), 90.826 (1993), 68.38 (1992), 56.82 (1991), 46.90 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Venezuela:Transportation
Railroads: total: 542 km (363 km single track; 179 km privately owned) standard gauge: 542 km 1.435-m gauge
Highways: total: 81,000 km paved: 31,200 km unpaved: gravel 24,800 km; earth and unimproved earth 25,000 km
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels
Pipelines: crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km
Ports: Amuay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, La Salina, Maracaibo, Matanzas, Palua, Puerto Cabello, Puerto la Cruz, Puerto Ordaz, Puerto Sucre, Punta Cardon
Merchant marine: total: 39 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 686,811 GRT/1,110,829 DWT
ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 11, combination bulk 1, liquefied gas tanker 2, oil tanker 15, passenger-cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 4, short-sea passenger 1
Airports: total: 431 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 34 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 65 with paved runways under 914 m: 191 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 12 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 114
@Venezuela:Communications
Telephone system: 1,440,000 telephones; modern and expanding local: NA intercity: 3 domestic satellite earth stations international: 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 181, FM 0, shortwave 26 radios: NA
Television: broadcast stations: 59 televisions: NA
@Venezuela:Defense Forces
Branches: National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales or FAN) includes Ground Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas Navales or Armada), Air Force (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperation or Guardia Nacional)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,491,524; males fit for military service 3,981,190; males reach military age (18) annually 227,292 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.95 billion, 4% of GDP (1991)
________________________________________________________________________
VIETNAM
@Vietnam:Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, between China and Cambodia
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area: total area: 329,560 sq km land area: 325,360 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
Land boundaries: total 3,818 km, Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 1,555 km
Coastline: 3,444 km (excludes islands)
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan
Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest
Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits, forests
Land use: arable land: 22% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 40% other: 35%
Irrigated land: 18,300 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment: current issues: logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices are contributing to deforestation; soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threatening marine life populations; inadequate supplies of potable water because of groundwater contamination natural hazards: occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Nuclear Test Ban
@Vietnam:People
Population: 74,393,324 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 36% (female 13,225,916; male 13,918,321) 15-64 years: 59% (female 22,353,710; male 21,223,739) 65 years and over: 5% (female 2,236,453; male 1,435,185) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.71% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 26.25 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 7.6 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 44.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.72 years male: 63.66 years female: 67.91 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.21 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural) adjective: Vietnamese
Ethnic divisions: Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese 3%, Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham
Religions: Buddhist, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islam, Protestant
Languages: Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) total population: 88% male: 93% female: 83%
Labor force: 32.7 million by occupation: agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.)
@Vietnam:Government
Names: conventional long form: Socialist Republic of Vietnam conventional short form: Vietnam local long form: Cong Hoa Chu Nghia Viet Nam local short form: Viet Nam
Abbreviation: SRV
Digraph: VM
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Administrative divisions: 50 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thu do, singular and plural); An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Lac, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Bac, Ha Giang, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ho Chi Minh*, Hoa Binh, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Minh Hai, Nam Ha, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phu, Yen Bai
Independence: 2 September 1945 (from France)
National holiday: Independence Day, 2 September (1945)
Constitution: 15 April 1992
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Le Duc ANH (since 23 September 1992) head of government: Prime Minister Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991); First Deputy Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 10 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen KHANH (since NA February 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Tran Duc LUONG (since NA February 1987) cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on proposal of the prime minister and ratification of the Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi): elections last held 19 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1997); results - VCP is the only party; seats - (395 total) VCP or VCP-approved 395
Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court
Political parties and leaders: only party - Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), DO MUOI, general secretary
Member of: ACCT, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Liaison Officer Le Van BANG liaison office: address NA, Washington, DC mailing address: NA telephone: NA FAX: NA note: negotiations between representatives of the US and Vietnam concluded 28 January 1995 with the signing of an agreement to establish liaison offices in Hanoi and Washington
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Liaison Officer James HALL liaison office: address NA, Hanoi mailing address: NA telephone: NA FAX: NA note: negotiations between representatives of the US and Vietnam concluded 28 January 1995 with the signing of an agreement to establish liaison offices in Hanoi and Washington
Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center
@Vietnam:Economy
Overview: Vietnam has made significant progress in recent years moving away from the planned economic model toward a more effective market-based economic system. Most prices are now fully decontrolled, and the Vietnamese currency has been effectively devalued and floated at world market rates. In addition, the scope for private sector activity has been expanded, primarily through decollectivization of the agricultural sector and introduction of laws giving legal recognition to private business. Nearly three-quarters of export earnings are generated by only two commodities, rice and crude oil. Led by industry and construction, the economy did well in 1993 and 1994 with output rising 7% and 9% respectively. However, the industrial sector remains burdened by noncompetitive state-owned enterprises the government is unwilling or unable to privatize. Unemployment looms as a serious problem with roughly 20% of the work force without jobs and with population growth swelling the ranks of the labor force yearly.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $83.5 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 8.8% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,140 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.4% (1994)
Unemployment rate: 20% (1994 est.)
Budget: revenues: $3.6 billion expenditures: $4.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1994 est.)
Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: petroleum, rice, agricultural products, marine products, coffee partners: Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, France, South Korea
Imports: $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: petroleum products, machinery and equipment, steel products, fertilizer, raw cotton, grain partners: Singapore, Japan, South Korea, France, Hong Kong, Taiwan
External debt: $4 billion Western countries; $4.5 billion CEMA debts primarily to Russia;
Industrial production: growth rate 13% (1994 est.); accounts for 21% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 2,200,000 kW production: 9.7 billion kWh consumption per capita: 125 kWh (1993)
Industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil
Agriculture: accounts for 36% of GDP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up 50% of farm output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal products 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish catch of 943,100 metric tons (1989 est.); note - the third largest exporter of rice in the World, behind the US and Thailand
Illicit drugs: opium producer and increasingly important transit point for Southeast Asian heroin destined for the US and Europe; growing opium addiction; small-scale heroin producer
Economic aid: recipient: $2 billion in credits and grants pledged by international donors for 1995, Japan largest contributor with $650 million pledged for 1995
Currency: 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu
Exchange rates: new dong (D) per US$1 - 11,000 (October 1994), 10,800 (November 1993), 8,100 (July 1991), 7,280 (December 1990), 3,996 (March 1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Vietnam:Transportation
Railroads: total: 3,059 km (including 224 km not restored to service after war damage) standard gauge: 151 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 2,454 km 1.000-m gauge other gauge: 230 km NA-m dual gauge (three rails)
Highways: total: 85,000 km paved: 9,400 km unpaved: gravel, improved earth 48,700 km; unimproved earth 26,900 km
Inland waterways: 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8 meter draft
Pipelines: petroleum products 150 km
Ports: Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Hon Gai, Qui Nhon, Nha Trang
Merchant marine: total: 109 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 449,963 GRT/932,837 DWT ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 92, oil tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 3, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1
Airports: total: 48 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 8 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 13 with paved runways under 914 m: 7 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 with unpaved runways under 914 m: 5
@Vietnam:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones; 2 telephones/1,000 persons; the inadequacies of the obsolete switching equipment and cable system are a serious constraint on the business sector and on economic growth, and restrict access to the international links that Vietnam has established with most major countries; the telephone system is not generally available for private use local: NA intercity: NA international: 3 satellite earth stations
Radio: broadcast stations: AM NA, FM 228, shortwave 0 radios: 7 million (1991)
Television: broadcast stations: 36 (repeaters 77) televisions: 2.5 million (1991)
@Vietnam:Defense Forces
Branches: People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN; includes Ground forces, Navy (includes Naval Infantry), and Air Force
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 18,799,370; males fit for military service 11,913,116; males reach military age (17) annually 742,394 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $435 million, 2.5% of GDP (1994)
________________________________________________________________________
VIRGIN ISLANDS
(territory of the US)
@Virgin Islands:Geography
Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Puerto Rico
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area: total area: 352 sq km land area: 349 sq km comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 188 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November
Terrain: mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land
Natural resources: sun, sand, sea, surf
Land use: arable land: 15% permanent crops: 6% meadows and pastures: 26% forest and woodland: 6% other: 47%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment: current issues: lack of natural freshwater resources natural hazards: rarely affected by hurricanes; frequent and severe droughts, floods, and earthquakes international agreements: NA
Note: important location along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in the Caribbean
@Virgin Islands:People
Population: 97,229 (July 1995 est.) note: West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: -0.29% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 18.49 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -16.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 12.54 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.29 years male: 73.6 years female: 77.2 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.41 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Virgin Islander(s) adjective: Virgin Islander
Ethnic divisions: black 80%, white 15%, other 5%
Religions: Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7%
Languages: English (official), Spanish, Creole
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: 45,500 (1988) by occupation: tourism 70%
@Virgin Islands:Government
Names: conventional long form: Virgin Islands of the United States conventional short form: Virgin Islands
Digraph: VQ
Type: organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior
Capital: Charlotte Amalie
Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US)
National holiday: Transfer Day, 31 March (1917) (from Denmark to US)
Constitution: Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
Legal system: based on US
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; note - indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Executive branch: chief of state: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) head of government: Governor Dr. Roy L. SCHNEIDER (since 5 January 1995); Lieutenant Governor Kenneth E. MAPP (since 5 January 1995); election last held 22 November 1994 (next to be held NA November 1998); results - Dr. Roy L. SCHNEIDER (Independent) 54.7%, former Lieutenant Governor Derek HODGE 42.6%
Legislative branch: unicameral Senate: elections last held 8 November 1994 (next to be held 5 November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) Democrats 7, Independents 7, Republican 1 US House of Representatives: elections last held 8 November 1994 (next to be held 5 November 1996); results - Victor O. FRAZER (Independent) 54.5%, Eileen R. PETERSON (Democrat) 45.5%; seats - (1 total) Independent 1; note - the Virgin Islands elects one representative to the US House of Representatives
Judicial branch: US District Court: handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 years of age and over), and federal cases Territorial Court: handles civil matters up to $50,000, small claims, juvenile, domestic, misdemeanors, and traffic cases
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), Virdin C. BROWN; Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS
Member of: ECLAC (associate), IOC
Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US)
US diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
Flag: white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding an olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel
@Virgin Islands:Economy
Overview: Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists of textile, electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants. The agricultural sector is small, most food being imported. International business and financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. One of the world's largest petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.2 billion (1987 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $11,000 (1987)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: 3.7% (1992)
Budget: revenues: $364.4 million expenditures: $364.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
Exports: $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: refined petroleum products partners: US, Puerto Rico
Imports: $3.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials
partners: US, Puerto Rico
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate 12% (year NA); accounts for NA% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 320,000 kW production: 970 million kWh consumption per capita: 9,172 kWh (1993)
Industries: tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction, pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics
Agriculture: truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, Senepol cattle
Economic aid: recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $42 million
Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: US currency is used
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
@Virgin Islands:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 856 km paved: NA unpaved: NA
Ports: Charlotte Amalie, Christiansted, Cruz Bay, Port Alucroix
Merchant marine: none
Airports: total: 2 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 note: international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix
@Virgin Islands:Communications
Telephone system: 58,931 telephones; modern telephone system using fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and satellite facilities local: NA intercity: NA international: NA
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 8, shortwave 0 (1988) radios: 98,000
Television: broadcast stations: 4 (1988) televisions: 63,000
@Virgin Islands:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
________________________________________________________________________
WAKE ISLAND
(territory of the US)
@Wake Island:Geography
Location: Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to the Northern Mariana Islands
Map references: Oceania
Area: total area: 6.5 sq km land area: 6.5 sq km comparative area: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 19.3 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands
Climate: tropical
Terrain: atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less than 4 meters
Natural resources: none
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: occasional typhoons international agreements: NA
Note: strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; emergency landing location for transpacific flights
@Wake Island:People
Population: 302 (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA years
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman
@Wake Island:Government
Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Wake Island
Digraph: WQ
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Army and Strategic Defense Command since 1 October 1994
Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC
Independence: none (territory of the US)
Flag: the US flag is used
@Wake Island:Economy
Overview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.
Electricity: supplied by US military
@Wake Island:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Ports: none; two offshore anchorages for large ships
Merchant marine: none
Airports: total: 1 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
Note: formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used by US military, some commercial cargo planes, as well as the US Army Space and Strategic Defense Command for missile launches
@Wake Island:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones; satellite communications; 1 Autovon circuit off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS) local: NA intercity: NA international: NA note: Armed Forces Radio/Television Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 0, FM NA, shortwave NA radios: NA note: Armed Forces Radio/Television Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite
Television: broadcast stations: NA televisions: NA note: Armed Forces Radio/Television Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite
Note: formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used by US military, as well as the US Army Space and Strategic Defense Command for missile launches
@Wake Island:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
________________________________________________________________________
WALLIS AND FUTUNA
(overseas territory of France)
@Wallis And Futuna:Geography
Location: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Map references: Oceania
Area: total area: 274 sq km land area: 274 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC note: includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile Alofi, and 20 islets
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 129 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October)
Terrain: volcanic origin; low hills
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 20% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 75%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment: current issues: deforestation (only small portions of the original forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of wood as the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the forests, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to erosion; there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the lack of natural fresh water resources natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA
Note: both island groups have fringing reefs
@Wallis And Futuna:People
Population: 14,499 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 1.11% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 25.06 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 5.14 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -8.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 24.92 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.24 years male: 71.62 years female: 72.9 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.11 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders adjective: Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian
Religions: Roman Catholic
Languages: French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1969) total population: 50% male: 50% female: 51%
Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture, livestock, and fishing 80%, government 4% (est.)
@Wallis And Futuna:Government
Names: conventional long form: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands conventional short form: Wallis and Futuna local long form: Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna local short form: Wallis et Futuna
Digraph: WF
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Mata-Utu (on Ile Uvea)
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France)
Independence: none (overseas territory of France)
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Legal system: French legal system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) head of government: High Administrator Philippe LEGRIX (since NA); President of the Territorial Assembly Soane Mani UHILA (since NA March 1992) cabinet: Council of the Territory consists of 3 kings and 3 members appointed by the high administrator on advice of the Territorial Assembly note: there are three traditional kings with limited powers
Legislative branch: unicameral Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale): elections last held 15 March 1987 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total) RPR 7, UPL 5, UDF 4, UNF 4 French Senate: elections last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPR 1 French National Assembly: elections last held 21 and 28 March 1992 (next to be held by NA September 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MRG 1; note - Wallis and Futuna elect one deputy
Judicial branch: none; justice generally administered under French law by the chief administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des Radicaux de Gauche (MRG)
Member of: FZ, SPC
Diplomatic representation in US: none (overseas territory of France)
US diplomatic representation: none (overseas territory of France)
Flag: the flag of France is used
@Wallis And Futuna:Economy
Overview: The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and Futuna imports food - particularly sugar and beef - fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport equipment, but its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and handicrafts.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $28.7 million (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $2,000 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $2.7 million expenditures: $2.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1983 est.)
Exports: $6.6 million (f.o.b., 1986) commodities: copra, handicrafts partners: NA
Imports: $13.3 million (c.i.f., 1984) commodities: foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, fuel, clothing partners: France, Australia, New Zealand
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 1,200 kW production: 1 million kWh consumption per capita: 70 kWh (1990)
Industries: copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber
Agriculture: dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas, and herds of pigs and goats
Economic aid: recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $118 million
Currency: 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 96.25 (January 1995), 100.94 (1994), 102.96 (1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.0 (1990); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc
Fiscal year: NA
@Wallis And Futuna:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 120 km (Ile Uvea 100 km, Ile Futuna 20km) paved: 16 km (on Il Uvea) unpaved: 104 km (Ile Uvea 84 km, Ile Futuna 20 km)
Inland waterways: none
Ports: Leava, Mata-Utu
Merchant marine: total: 1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 26,000 GRT/40,000 DWT
Airports: total: 2 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1
@Wallis And Futuna:Communications
Telephone system: 225 telephones local: NA intercity: NA international: NA
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 radios: NA
Television: broadcast stations: 0 televisions: NA
@Wallis And Futuna:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
________________________________________________________________________
WEST BANK
Note--The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements ("the DOP"), signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, provides for a transitional period not exceeding five years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Under the DOP, final status negotiations are to begin no later than the beginning of the third year of the transitional period.
@West Bank:Geography
Location: Middle East, west of Jordan
Map references: Middle East
Area: total area: 5,860 sq km land area: 5,640 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Delaware note: includes West Bank, Latrun Salient, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus; East Jerusalem and Jerusalem No Man's Land are also included only as a means of depicting the entire area occupied by Israel in 1967
Land boundaries: total 404 km, Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with interim status subject to Israeli/Palestinian negotiations - final status to be determined
Climate: temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Terrain: mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: arable land: 27% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 32% forest and woodland: 1% other: 40%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA
Note: landlocked; highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers; there are 199 Jewish settlements and civilian land use sites in the West Bank and 25 in East Jerusalem (August 1994 est.)
@West Bank:People
Population: 1,319,991 (July 1995 est.) note: in addition, there are 122,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and 149,000 in East Jerusalem (August 1994 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 46% (female 293,269; male 308,775) 15-64 years: 51% (female 335,193; male 337,722) 65 years and over: 3% (female 25,759; male 19,273) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.5% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 39.83 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 4.84 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.42 years male: 69.91 years female: 73 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.34 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: NA adjective: NA
Ethnic divisions: Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Religions: Muslim 75% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 17%, Christian and other 8%
Languages: Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers), English (widely understood)
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NA by occupation: construction 28.2%, agriculture 21.8%, industry 14.5%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels 12.6%, other services 22.9% (1991) note: excluding Jewish settlers
@West Bank:Government
Note: Under the Israeli-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arragements ("the DOP"), Israel agreed to transfer certain powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, and subsequently to an elected Palestinian Council, as part of interim self-governing arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. A transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip and Jericho has taken place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area. A transfer of powers and responsibilities in certain spheres for the rest of the West Bank has taken place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 29 August 1994 Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities. The DOP provides that Israel will retain responsibility during the transitional period for external security and for internal security and public order of settlements and Israelis. Final status is to be determined through direct negotiations within five years.
Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: West Bank
Digraph: WE
@West Bank:Economy
Overview: Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli military administration and the effects of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah). Industries using advanced technology or requiring sizable investment have been discouraged by a lack of local capital and restrictive Israeli policies. Capital investment consists largely of residential housing, not productive assets that would enable local Palestinian firms to compete with Israeli industry. GDP has been substantially supplemented by remittances of workers employed in Israel and Persian Gulf states. Such transfers from the Gulf dropped after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. In the wake of the Persian Gulf crisis, many Palestinians have returned to the West Bank, increasing unemployment, and export revenues have dropped because of the decline of markets in Jordan and the Gulf states. Israeli measures to curtail the intifadah also have added to unemployment and lowered living standards. The area's economic situation has worsened since Israel's partial closure of the territories in 1993.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $2,800 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.8% (1993)
Unemployment rate: 35% (1994 est.)
Budget: revenues: $43.4 million expenditures: $43.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY89/90)
Exports: $217 million (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: olives, fruit, vegetables partners: Jordan, Israel
Imports: $867 million (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: food, consumer goods, construction materials partners: Jordan, Israel
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: NA kW production: NA kWh consumption per capita: NA kWh note: most electricity imported from Israel; East Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank; the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most Jewish residents and military facilities; at the same time, some Palestinian municipalities, such as Nabulus and Janin, generate their own electricity from small power plants
Industries: generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and industrial centers
Agriculture: olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef, and dairy products
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot; 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils
Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 3.0270 (December 1994), 3.0111 (1994), 2.8301 (1993), 2.4591 (1992), 2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990); Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6995 (January 1995), 0.6987 (1994), 0.6928 (1993), 0.6797 (1992), 0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year (since 1 January 1992)
@West Bank:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: NA paved: NA unpaved: NA note: small road network; Israelis have developed many highways to service Jewish settlements
Ports: none
Airports: total: 2 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 with paved runways under 914 m: 1
@West Bank:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones; note - 8% of Palestinian households have telephones (1992 est.) local: NA intercity: NA international: NA note: Israeli company BEZEK is responsible for communication services in the West Bank
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 radios: NA; note - 82% of Palestinian households have radios (1992 est.)
Television: broadcast stations: 0; note - 1 planned for Jericho televisions: NA; note - 54% of Palestinian households have televisions (1992 est.)
@West Bank:Defense Forces
Branches: NA
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
WESTERN SAHARA
@Western Sahara:Geography
Location: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco
Map references: Africa
Area: total area: 266,000 sq km land area: 266,000 sq km comparative area: slightly smaller than Colorado
Land boundaries: total 2,046 km, Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km
Coastline: 1,110 km
Maritime claims: contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue
International disputes: claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991
Climate: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew
Terrain: mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 19% forest and woodland: 0% other: 81%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment: current issues: sparse water and arable land natural hazards: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility international agreements: NA
@Western Sahara:People
Population: 217,211 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 2.48% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 46.9 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 18.52 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 148.95 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 46.31 years male: 45.34 years female: 47.59 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.91 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s) adjective: Sahrawian, Sahraouian
Ethnic divisions: Arab, Berber
Religions: Muslim
Languages: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: 12,000 by occupation: animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50%
@Western Sahara:Government
Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Western Sahara
Digraph: WI
Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September 1991
Capital: none
Administrative divisions: none (under de facto control of Morocco)
Executive branch: none
Member of: none
Diplomatic representation in US: none
US diplomatic representation: none
@Western Sahara:Economy
Overview: Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little rainfall, depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the population. Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government. Incomes and standards of living are substantially below the Moroccan level.
National product: GDP $NA
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.) commodities: phosphates 62% partners: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts
Imports: $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.) commodities: fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs partners: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 60,000 kW production: 79 million kWh consumption per capita: 339 kWh (1993)
Industries: phosphate mining, handicrafts
Agriculture: limited largely to subsistence agriculture and fishing; some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.892 (January 1995), 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990)
Fiscal year: NA
@Western Sahara:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 6,200 km unpaved: gravel 1,450 km; improved, unimproved earth, tracks 4,750 km
Ports: Ad Dakhla, Cabo Bojador, El Aaiun
Airports: total: 14 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 with paved runways under 914 m: 3 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7
@Western Sahara:Communications
Telephone system: 2,000 telephones; sparse and limited system local: NA intercity: NA international: tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, troposcatter, and 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations linked to Rabat, Morocco
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 radios: NA
Television: broadcast stations: 2 televisions: NA
@Western Sahara:Defense Forces
Branches: NA
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
WESTERN SAMOA
@Western Samoa:Geography
Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Map references: Oceania
Area: total area: 2,860 sq km land area: 2,850 sq km comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 403 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October)
Terrain: narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior
Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish
Land use: arable land: 19% permanent crops: 24% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 47% other: 10%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment: current issues: soil erosion natural hazards: occasional typhoons; active volcanism international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea
@Western Samoa:People
Population: 209,360 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 40% (female 41,503; male 42,844) 15-64 years: 56% (female 55,683; male 61,065) 65 years and over: 4% (female 4,323; male 3,942) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.37% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 31.74 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 5.88 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 35.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.38 years male: 65.99 years female: 70.88 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.04 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Western Samoan(s) adjective: Western Samoan
Ethnic divisions: Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%
Religions: Christian 99.7% (about one-half of population associated with the London Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist)
Languages: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971) total population: 97% male: 97% female: 97%
Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 60%
@Western Samoa:Government
Names: conventional long form: Independent State of Western Samoa conventional short form: Western Samoa
Digraph: WS
Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief
Capital: Apia
Administrative divisions: 11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano
Independence: 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand)
National holiday: National Day, 1 June (1962)
Constitution: 1 January 1962
Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963) head of government: Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988) cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the head of state with the prime minister's advice
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono): elections last held 5 April 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) HRPP 28, SNDP 18, independents 1 note: only matai (head of family) are able to run for the Legislative Assembly
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti Alesana, chairman; Samoan National Development Party (SNDP), TAPUA Tamasese Efi, chairman
Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Tuiloma Neroni SLADE chancery: 820 Second Avenue, Suite 800, New York, NY 10017 telephone: [1] (212) 599-6196, 6197 FAX: [1] (212) 599-0797
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa embassy: 5th floor, Beach Road, Apia mailing address: P.O. Box 3430, Apia telephone: [685] 21631 FAX: [685] 22030
Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation
@Western Samoa:Economy
Overview: Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports much greater than export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry. The economy continued to falter in 1994, as remittances and tourist earnings remained low. Production of taro, the primary food export crop, has dropped 97% since a fungal disease struck the crop in 1993. The rapid growth in 1994 of the giant African snail population in Western Samoa is also threatening the country's basic food crops, such as bananas and coconuts.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $400 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate: -4.3% (1992 est.)
National product per capita: $2,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $95.3 million expenditures: $76.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1994 est.)
Exports: $6.4 million (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: coconut oil and cream, taro, copra, cocoa partners: New Zealand 34%, American Samoa 21%, Germany 18%, Australia 11%
Imports: $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12% partners: New Zealand 37%, Australia 25%, Japan 11%, Fiji 9%
External debt: $141 million (June 1993)
Industrial production: growth rate -0.3% (1992 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 29,000 kW production: 50 million kWh consumption per capita: 200 kWh (1993)
Industries: timber, tourism, food processing, fishing
Agriculture: accounts for about 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams)
Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million
Currency: 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene
Exchange rates: tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2.4600 (January 1995), 2.5349 (1994), 2.5681 (1993), 2.4655 (1992), 2.3975 (1991), 2.3095 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Western Samoa:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 2,042 km paved: 375 km unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 1,667 km
Ports: Apia, Asau, Mulifanua, Salelologa
Merchant marine: total: 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT
Airports: total: 3 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 with paved runways under 914 m: 2
@Western Samoa:Communications
Telephone system: 7,500 telephones local: NA intercity: NA international: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 radios: 70,000
Television: broadcast stations: 0 televisions: NA
@Western Samoa:Defense Forces
Branches: no regular armed services; Western Samoa Police Force
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
WORLD
@World:Geography
Map references: World, Time Zones
Area: total area: 510.072 million sq km land area: 148.94 million sq km water area: 361.132 million sq km comparative area: land area about 16 times the size of the US note: 70.8% of the world is water, 29.2% is land
Land boundaries: the land boundaries in the world total 250,883.64 km (not counting shared boundaries twice)
Coastline: 356,000 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm claimed by most but can vary continental shelf: 200-m depth claimed by most or to depth of exploitation, others claim 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm claimed by most but can vary exclusive economic zone: 200 nm claimed by most but can vary territorial sea: 12 nm claimed by most but can vary note: boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm; 43 nations and other areas that are landlocked include Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Climate: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates
Terrain: highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters
Natural resources: the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and the former USSR) pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only beginning to address
Land use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 24% forest and woodland: 31% other: 34%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment: current issues: large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion natural hazards: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions) international agreements: 23 selected international environmental agreements included under the Environment entry for each country and in Appendix E: Selected International Environmental Agreements
@World:People
Population: 5,733,687,096 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 31.6% (female 882,809,689; male 928,121,801) 15-64 years: 62% (female 1,752,393,539; male 1,802,004,124) 65 years and over: 6.4% (female 209,437,234; male 158,246,581) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.5% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 64 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62 years male: 61 years female: 64 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Labor force: 2.24 billion (1992) by occupation: NA
@World:Government
Digraph: XX
Administrative divisions: 265 nations, dependent areas, other, and miscellaneous entries
Legal system: varies by individual country; 186 (note including Yugoslavia) are parties to the United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court)
@World:Economy
Overview: Led by recovery in Western Europe and strong performances by the US, Canada, and key Third World countries, real global output - gross world product (GWP) - rose 3% in 1994 compared with 2% in 1993. Results varied widely among regions and countries. Average growth of 3% in the GDP of industrialized countries (60% of GWP in 1994) and average growth of 6% in the GDP of less developed countries (34% of GWP) were partly offset by a further 11% drop in the GDP of the former USSR/Eastern Europe area (now only 6% of GWP). With the notable exception of Japan at 2.9%, unemployment was typically 5%-12% in the industrial world. The US accounted for 22% of GWP in 1994; Western Europe accounted for another 22%; and Japan accounted for 8%. These are the three "economic superpowers" which are presumably destined to compete for mastery in international markets on into the 21st century. As for the less developed countries, China, India, and the Four Dragons - South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore - once again posted records of 5% growth or better; however, many other countries, especially in Africa, continued to suffer from drought, rapid population growth, inflation, and civil strife. Central Europe made considerable progress in moving toward "market-friendly" economies, whereas the 15 ex-Soviet countries (with the notable exceptions of the three Baltic states) typically experienced further declines in output, sometimes as high as 30%. Externally, the nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology. Internally, the central government in a number of cases is losing control over resources as separatist regional movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, and in India. In Western Europe, governments face the difficult political problem of channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition of nearly 100 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own internal problems, the industrialized countries have inadequate resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from the economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. (For the specific economic problems of each country, see the individual country entries in this volume.)
National product: GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power parity - $30.7 trillion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 3.2% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $5,400 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): all countries: 25% developed countries: 5% developing countries: 50% (1994 est.) note: national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from stable prices to hyperinflation
Unemployment rate: 30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 5%-12% unemployment
Exports: $4 trillion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services partners: in value, about 75% of exports from the developed countries
Imports: $4.1 trillion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services partners: in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries
External debt: $1 trillion for less developed countries (1993 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1994 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 2,773,000,000 kW production: 11.601 trillion kWh consumption per capita: 1,937 kWh (1993)
Industries: industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces, and the technological gap between the industrial nations and the less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating already grim environmental problems
Agriculture: the production of major food crops has increased substantially in the last 20 years; the annual production of cereals, for instance, has risen by 50%, from about 1.2 billion metric tons to about 1.8 billion metric tons; production increases have resulted mainly from increased yields rather than increases in planted areas; while global production is sufficient for aggregate demand, about one-fifth of the world's population remains malnourished, primarily because local production cannot adequately provide for large and rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for food imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in recent years has intensified the consequences of overpopulation
Economic aid: $NA
@World:Transportation
Railroads: total: 1,201,337 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and 4,160 km in North America; note - fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique line broad gauge: 251,153 km standard gauge: 710,754 km narrow gauge: 239,430 km
Highways: total: NA paved: NA unpaved: NA
Ports: Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, Mina' al Ahmadi (Kuwait), New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama
Merchant marine: total: 25,364 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 435,458,296 GRT/697,171,651 DWT ships by type: barge carrier 39, bulk 5,202, cargo 8,121, chemical tanker 911, combination bulk 293, combination ore/oil 290, container 1,903, liquefied gas 675, livestock carrier 48, multifunction large-load carrier 53, oil tanker 4,332, passenger 287, passenger-cargo 114, railcar carrier 24, refrigerated cargo 1,023, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1,047, short-sea passenger 465, specialized tanker 77, vehicle carrier 460 (April 1995)
@World:Communications
Telephone system: local: NA intercity: NA international: NA
Radio: broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA radios: NA
Television: broadcast stations: NA televisions: NA
@World:Defense Forces
Branches: ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology
Defense expenditures: a further decline in 1994, by perhaps 5%-10%, to roughly three-quarters of a trillion dollars, or 2.5% of gross world product (1994 est.)
________________________________________________________________________
YEMEN
@Yemen:Geography
Location: Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia
Map references: Middle East
Area: total area: 527,970 sq km land area: 527,970 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)
Land boundaries: total 1,746 km, Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km
Coastline: 1,906 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm in the North; 24 nm in the South continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; a treaty with Oman defining the Yemeni-Omani boundary was ratified in December 1992
Climate: mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
Terrain: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west
Land use: arable land: 6% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 30% forest and woodland: 7% other: 57%
Irrigated land: 3,100 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment: current issues: very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification natural hazards: sandstorms and dust storms in summer international agreements: party to - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
Note: controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes
@Yemen:People
Population: 14,728,474 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 50% (female 3,551,953; male 3,776,358) 15-64 years: 48% (female 3,505,735; male 3,508,229) 65 years and over: 2% (female 216,210; male 169,989) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 4.02% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 44.85 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 8.01 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 3.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 58.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.51 years male: 61.57 years female: 63.5 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 7.15 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Yemeni(s) adjective: Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Arab; Afro-Arab concentrations in western coastal locations; South Asians in southern regions; small European communities in major metropolitan areas
Religions: Muslim including Sha'fi (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small numbers of Jewish, Christian, and Hindu
Languages: Arabic
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 38% male: 53% female: 26%
Labor force: no reliable estimates exist, most people are employed in agriculture and herding or as expatriate laborers; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than half of the labor force
@Yemen:Government
Names: conventional long form: Republic of Yemen conventional short form: Yemen local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah local short form: Al Yaman
Digraph: YM
Type: republic
Capital: Sanaa
Administrative divisions: 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, Adan, Al Bayda, Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramaut, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Marib, Sadah, Sana, Shabwah, Taizz note: there may be a new governorate for the capital city of Sanaa
Independence: 22 May 1990 Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen}; previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990)
Constitution: 16 May 1991
Legal system: based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local tribal customary law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen); Vice President Abd al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since NA October 1994) head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Aziz ABD AL-GHANI (since NA October 1994) cabinet: Council of Ministers
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives: elections last held 27 April 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (301 total) GPC 124, Islaah 61, YSP 55, others 13, independents 47, election nullified 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: over 40 political parties are active in Yemen, but only three project significant influence; since the May-July 1994 civil war, President SALIH's General People's Congress (GPC) and Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR's Yemeni Grouping for Reform, or Islaah, have joined to form a coalition government; the Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP), headed by Ali Salih UBAYD, has regrouped as a loyal opposition
Other political or pressure groups: NA
Member of: ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI chancery: Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 965-4760, 4761 FAX: [1] (202) 337-2017
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador David NEWTON embassy: Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa mailing address: P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa; Sanaa, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6330 telephone: [967] (1) 238843 through 238852 FAX: [967] (1) 251563
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band
@Yemen:Economy
Overview: Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen, the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily on Western-assisted development of the country's moderate oil resources. Former South Yemen's willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in Soviet economic support. The low level of domestic industry and agriculture has made northern Yemen dependent on imports for practically all of its essential needs. Once self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has become a major importer. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit, and vegetables - has been turned over to growing a shrub called qat, whose leaves are chewed for their stimulant effect by Yemenis and which has no significant export market. Economic growth in former South Yemen has been constrained by a lack of incentives, partly stemming from centralized control over production decisions, investment allocation, and import choices. Yemen's large trade deficits have been compensated for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad and by foreign aid. Since the Gulf crisis, remittances have dropped substantially. Growth in 1994-95 is constrained by low oil prices, rapid inflation, and political deadlock that are causing a lack of economic cooperation and leadership. However, a peace agreement with Saudi Arabia in February 1995 and the expectation of a rise in oil prices brighten Yemen's economic prospects.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $23.4 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: -1.4% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,955 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 145% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 30% (December 1994)
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $1.75 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables, dried and salted fish partners: Germany 28%, Japan 15%, UK 9%, Austria 7%, China 7% (1992)
Imports: $2.65 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour, other foodstuffs, cement, machinery, chemicals partners: US 16%, UK 7%, Japan 6%, France 6%, Italy 6% (1992)
External debt: $7 billion (1993)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%, accounts for 18% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 810,000 kW production: 1.8 billion kWh consumption per capita: 149 kWh (1993)
Industries: crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; small aluminum products factory; cement
Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GDP; products - grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, fish; not self-sufficient in grain
Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 billion
Currency: Yemeni rial (new currency); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; 1 South Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils note: following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, the North Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a new Yemeni rial
Exchange rates: Yemeni rials per US$1 - 12.0 (official); 90 (market rate, December 1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Yemen:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 51,390 km paved: 4,830 km unpaved: 46,560 km (1992 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km
Ports: Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla, Mocha, Nishtun
Merchant marine: total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,059 GRT/18,563 DWT ships by type: cargo 1, oil tanker 2
Airports: total: 46 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 with paved runways under 914 m: 4 with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 2 with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 12
@Yemen:Communications
Telephone system: 65,000 telephones; since unification in 1990, efforts are still being made to create a national domestic civil telecommunications network local: NA intercity: the network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, and troposcatter international: 3 INTELSAT (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik, and 2 ARABSAT earth stations; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 1, shortwave 0 radios: NA
Television: broadcast stations: 10 televisions: NA
@Yemen:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary (includes Police)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,135,649; males fit for military service 1,771,226; males reach military age (14) annually 181,057 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.65 billion, 7.1% of GDP (1993)
________________________________________________________________________
ZAIRE
@Zaire:Geography
Location: Central Africa, northeast of Angola
Map references: Africa
Area: total area: 2,345,410 sq km land area: 2,267,600 sq km comparative area: slightly more than one-quarter the size of US
Land boundaries: total 10,271 km, Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km
Coastline: 37 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: boundaries with neighbors territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made)
Climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October
Terrain: vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east
Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower potential
Land use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 78% other: 15%
Irrigated land: 100 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment: current issues: poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; deforestation; 1.2 million Rwandan refugees are responsible for significant deforestation, soil erosion, and wildlife poaching in eastern Zaire natural hazards: periodic droughts in south; volcanic activity international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Environmental Modification
Note: straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean; dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands
@Zaire:People
Population: 44,060,636 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 48% (female 10,522,368; male 10,527,451) 15-64 years: 50% (female 11,211,353; male 10,630,118) 65 years and over: 2% (female 647,307; male 522,039) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.18% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 48.33 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 16.57 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) note: in 1994, more than one million refugees fled into Zaire to escape the fighting between the Hutus and the Tutsis in Rwanda and Burundi; a small number of these are returning to their homes in 1995 despite fear of the ongoing violence; additionally, Zaire is host to 105,000 Angolan, more than 250,000 Burundian and 100,000 Sudanese refugees; repatriation of Angolan refugees was suspended in May 1994 because of the recurrence of fighting in Angola; if present peace accords hold, repatriation of Angolans may recommence
Infant mortality rate: 108.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 47.54 years male: 45.68 years female: 49.46 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Zairian(s) adjective: Zairian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population
Religions: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10%
Languages: French, Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 72% male: 84% female: 61%
Labor force: 15 million (25% of the labor force comprises wage earners) by occupation: agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12% (1985)
@Zaire:Government
Names: conventional long form: Republic of Zaire conventional short form: Zaire local long form: Republique du Zaire local short form: Zaire former: Belgian Congo Congo/Leopoldville Congo/Kinshasa
Digraph: CG
Type: republic with a strong presidential system
Capital: Kinshasa
Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu
Independence: 30 June 1960 (from Belgium)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965)
Constitution: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April 1990; new transitional constitution promulgated in April 1994
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch: chief of state: President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 November 1965) election last held 29 July 1984 (next to be held by 9 July 1995); results - President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition head of government: Prime Minister Leon KENGO wa Dondo (since 14 June 1994) cabinet: National Executive Council; appointed by mutual agreement of the president and the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral parliament: a single body consisting of the High Council of the Republic and the Parliament of the Transition with membership equally divided between presidential supporters and opponents
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders: sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC); Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI); Unified Lumumbast Party (PALU), Antoine GIZENGA; Union of Independent Democrats (UDI), Leon KENGO wa Dondo
Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador TATANENE Manata chancery: 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-7690, 7691
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires John M. YATES embassy: 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa mailing address: Unit 31550, Kinshasha; APO AE 09828 telephone: [243] (12) 21532, 21628 FAX: [243] (12) 21534 ext. 2308, 21535 ext. 2308; (88) 43805, 43467
Flag: light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Zaire:Economy
Overview: Zaire's economy has continued to disintegrate although Prime Minister KENGO has had some success in slowing the rate of economic decline. While meaningful economic figures are difficult to come by, Zaire's hyperinflation, chronic large government deficits, and plunging mineral production have made the country one of the world's poorest. Most formal transactions are conducted in hard currency as indigenous bank notes have lost almost all value, and a barter economy now flourishes in all but the largest cities. Most individuals and families hang on grimly through subsistence farming and petty trade. The government has not been able to meet its financial obligations to the International Monetary Fund or put in place the financial measures advocated by the IMF. Although short-term prospects for improvement are dim, improved political stability would boost Zaire's long-term potential to effectively exploit its vast wealth of mineral and agricultural resources.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $18.8 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $440 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40% per month (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $362 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: copper, coffee, diamonds, cobalt, crude oil partners: US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa
Imports: $356 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels partners: South Africa, US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK
External debt: $9.2 billion (May 1992 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate -20% (1993); accounts for 16% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 2,830,000 kW production: 6.2 billion kWh consumption per capita: 133 kWh (1993)
Industries: mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, cigarettes, processed foods and beverages), cement, diamonds
Agriculture: cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava, bananas, root crops, corn
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption
Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 million note: except for humanitarian aid to private organizations, no US assistance has been given to Zaire since 1992
Currency: 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta
Exchange rates: new zaires (Z) per US$1 - 3,275.71 (December 1994), 1,194.12 (1994), 2.51 (1993); zaire (Z) per US$1 - 645,549 (1992), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990) note: on 22 October 1993 the new zaire, equal to 3,000,000 old zaires, was introduced
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Zaire:Transportation
Railroads: total: 5,138 km; note - severely reduced trackage in use because of civil strife narrow gauge: 3,987 km 1.067-m gauge (858 km electrified); 125 km 1.000-m gauge; 1,026 km 0.600-m gauge
Highways: total: 146,500 km paved: 2,800 km unpaved: gravel, improved earth 46,200 km; unimproved earth 97,500 km
Inland waterways: 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes
Pipelines: petroleum products 390 km
Ports: Banana, Boma, Bukavu, Bumba, Goma, Kalemie, Kindu, Kinshasa, Kisangani, Matadi, Mbandaka
Merchant marine: none
Airports: total: 270 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2 with paved runways under 914 m: 97 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 22 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 127
@Zaire:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones local: NA intercity: NA barely adequate wire and microwave service in and between urban areas; 14 domestic earth stations international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 4, shortwave 0 radios: NA
Television: broadcast stations: 18 televisions: NA
@Zaire:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, paramilitary Civil Guard, Special Presidential Division
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 9,479,245; males fit for military service 4,828,367 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $46 million, 1.5% of GDP (1990)
________________________________________________________________________
ZAMBIA
@Zambia:Geography
Location: Southern Africa, east of Angola
Map references: Africa
Area: total area: 752,610 sq km land area: 740,720 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries: total 5,664 km, Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower potential
Land use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 47% forest and woodland: 27% other: 19%
Irrigated land: 320 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment: current issues: air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and refining region; poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros and elephant populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks natural hazards: tropical storms (November to April) international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Desertification
Note: landlocked
@Zambia:People
Population: 9,445,723 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 50% (female 2,331,820; male 2,363,319) 15-64 years: 48% (female 2,332,798; male 2,193,363) 65 years and over: 2% (female 112,484; male 111,939) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.7% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 45.47 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 18.42 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 86 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 42.88 years male: 42.74 years female: 43.03 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.62 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Zambian(s) adjective: Zambian
Ethnic divisions: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
Religions: Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1%
Languages: English (official) note: about 70 indigenous languages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 73% male: 81% female: 65%
Labor force: 3.4 million by occupation: agriculture 85%, mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%, transport and services 9%
@Zambia:Government
Names: conventional long form: Republic of Zambia conventional short form: Zambia former: Northern Rhodesia
Digraph: ZA
Type: republic
Capital: Lusaka
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western
Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)
Constitution: 2 August 1991
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state and head of government: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991); Vice President General Godfrey MIYANDA (since NA August 1994; he replaced Levy MWANAWASA who was elected 31 October 1991 and resigned in NA August 1994) election last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Frederick CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16% cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from members of the National Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly: elections last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25; note - the MMD's majority was weakened by the defection of 13 of its parliamentary members during 1993 and the defeat of its candidates in 4 of the resulting by-elections
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National Independence Party (UNIP), Kebby MUSOKATWANE; National Party (NP), Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA;
Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dunstan Weston KAMANA chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265-9717 through 9719 FAX: [1] (202) 332-0826
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Roland K. KUCHEL embassy: corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka telephone: [260] (1) 228595, 228601, 228602, 228603 FAX: [260] (1) 261538
Flag: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag
@Zambia:Economy
Overview: Prior to 1993 the economy had been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stemmed largely from a chronically depressed level of copper production and weak copper prices, generally ineffective economic policies, and high inflation. An annual population growth of 3% brought a decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the decade. However, economic reforms enacted since 1992 have helped reduce inflation, have begun to strengthen the social safety net, and have been accompanied by GDP growth at an estimated 6.8% in 1993 and 4% in 1994. The huge external debt remains a key problem.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $7.9 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 4% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $860 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 89% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $665 million expenditures: $767 million, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.)
Exports: $1.01 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco partners: EC countries, Japan, South Africa, US, India
Imports: $1.13 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.) commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures partners: EC countries, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US
External debt: $7.3 billion (1993)
Industrial production: growth rate -1% (1992); accounts for 42% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 2,440,000 kW production: 7.8 billion kWh consumption per capita: 650 kWh (1993)
Industries: copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer
Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple), sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; cattle, goats, beef, eggs
Illicit drugs: increasingly a regional transshipment center for methaqualone and heroin
Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 million
Currency: 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee
Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 672.8 (September 1994), 434.78 (1993), 156.25 (1992), 61.7284 (1991), 28.9855 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Zambia:Transportation
Railroads: total: 1,273 km narrow gauge: 1,273 km 1.067-m gauge (13 km double track) note: not a part of Zambia Railways is the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA), which operates 1,860 km of 1.067-m narrow gauge track between Dar es Salaam and New Kapiri M'poshi where it connects to the Zambia Railways system; 891 km of the TAZARA line transit Zambia
Highways: total: 36,370 km paved: 6,500 km unpaved: crushed stone, gravel, stabilized earth 7,000 km; improved, unimproved earth 22,870 km
Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika
Pipelines: crude oil 1,724 km
Ports: Mpulungu
Airports: total: 113 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4 with paved runways under 914 m: 39 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 57
@Zambia:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones; facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa local: NA intercity: high capacity micrwave radio relay connects most larger towns and cities international: 2 INTELSAT earth stations (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 11, FM 5, shortwave 0 radios: NA
Television: broadcast stations: 9 televisions: NA
@Zambia:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Police
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,953,967; males fit for military service 1,028,113 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $45 million, 1.4% of GDP (1994)
________________________________________________________________________
ZIMBABWE
@Zimbabwe:Geography
Location: Southern Africa, northeast of Botswana
Map references: Africa
Area: total area: 390,580 sq km land area: 386,670 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Montana
Land boundaries: total 3,066 km, Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement
Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east
Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals
Land use: arable land: 7.25% permanent crops: 0.25% (coffee is a permanent crop) meadows and pastures: 12.5% forest and woodland: 49% other: 31%
Irrigated land: 2,250 sq km (1993 est.)
Environment: current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching natural hazards: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Desertification
Note: landlocked
@Zimbabwe:People
Population: 11,139,961 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 47% (female 2,588,193; male 2,617,485) 15-64 years: 51% (female 2,915,697; male 2,723,511) 65 years and over: 2% (female 151,635; male 143,440) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.78% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 36.35 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 18.54 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) note: following the settlement of hostilities in Mozambique in 1992, refugees from the fighting there began to return to their homes; this process continues at a lesser rate in 1995; there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid employment
Infant mortality rate: 72.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 41.35 years male: 39.73 years female: 43.01 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.93 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Zimbabwean(s) adjective: Zimbabwean
Ethnic divisions: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), white 1%, mixed and Asian 1%
Religions: syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%
Languages: English (official), Shona, Sindebele
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 78% male: 84% female: 72%
Labor force: 3.1 million by occupation: agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, construction 10% (1987)
@Zimbabwe:Government
Names: conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe conventional short form: Zimbabwe former: Southern Rhodesia
Digraph: ZI
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Harare
Administrative divisions: 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands
Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)
Constitution: 21 December 1979
Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state and head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990); election last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president; responsible to Parliament
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament: elections last held 8-9 April 1995 (next to be held NA March 2000); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 118, ZANU-S 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel MAGOCHE; Forum Party of Zimbabwe, Enock DUMBUTSHENA; United Parties, Abel MUZOREWA
Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAMIR, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMUR, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Amos Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 332-7100 FAX: [1] (202) 483-9326
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Johnny CARSON embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare telephone: [263] (4) 794521 FAX: [263] (4) 796488
Flag: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle
@Zimbabwe:Economy
Overview: Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Severe drought caused GDP to drop 8% in 1992, with growth rebounding to 2% in 1993 and 3.5% in 1994. Despite the lingering effects of the drought on economic and social conditions, the government is continuing to push its IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program aimed at encouraging exports and foreign investment.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $17.4 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,580 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 22% (December 1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: at least 45% (1994 est.)
Budget: revenues: $1.7 billion expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $253 million (FY92/93)
Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: agricultural 35% (tobacco 30%, other 5%), manufactures 25%, gold 12%, ferrochrome 10%, textiles 8% (1992) partners: UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5% (1991)
Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 41%, other manufactures 23%, chemicals 16%, fuels 12% (1991) partners: South Africa 25%, UK 15%, Germany 9%, US 6%, Japan 5% (1991)
External debt: $3.5 billion (December 1992 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 2.3% (1992); accounts for 35% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 2,040,000 kW production: 9 billion kWh consumption per capita: 913 kWh (1993)
Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP; 40% of land area divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food
Economic aid: NA
Currency: 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 8.3752 (January 1995), 8.1500 (1994), 6.4725 (1993), 5.1046 (1992), 3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
@Zimbabwe:Transportation
Railroads: total: 2,745 km narrow gauge: 2,745 km 1.067-m gauge (355 km electrified; 42 km double track)
Highways: total: 85,237 km paved: 15,800 km unpaved: crushed stone, gravel, stabilized earth 39,090 km; improved earth 23,097 km; unimproved earth 7,250 km
Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication
Pipelines: petroleum products 212 km
Ports: Binga, Kariba
Airports: total: 471 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 13 with paved runways under 914 m: 222 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 223
@Zimbabwe:Communications
Telephone system: 247,000 telephones; system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance local: NA intercity: consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station
Radio: broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 18, shortwave 0 radios: NA
Television: broadcast stations: 8 televisions: NA
@Zimbabwe:Defense Forces
Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,435,931; males fit for military service 1,514,068 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $175 million, 3.1% of GDP (FY94/95)
________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX B
Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups
Note: Not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations.
A
ABEDA -- Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
ACC -- Arab Cooperation Council
ACCT -- Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation
ACP -- African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries
AfDB -- African Development Bank
AFESD -- Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
AG -- Andean Group
AL -- Arab League
ALADI -- Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
AMF -- Arab Monetary Fund
AMU -- Arab Maghreb Union
ANZUS -- Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty
APEC -- Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
AsDB -- Asian Development Bank
ASEAN -- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
B
BAD -- Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development Bank (AfDB)
BADEA -- Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
BCIE -- Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
BDEAC -- Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
Benelux -- Benelux Economic Union
BID -- Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
BIS -- Bank for International Settlements
BOAD -- Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African Development Bank (WADB)
BSEC -- Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone
C
C -- Commonwealth
CACM -- Central American Common Market
CAEU -- Council of Arab Economic Unity
CARICOM -- Caribbean Community and Common Market
CBSS -- Council of the Baltic Sea States
CCC -- Customs Cooperation Council
CDB -- Caribbean Development Bank
CE -- Council of Europe
CEAO -- Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West African Economic Community (CEAO)
CEEAC -- Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
CEI -- Central European Initiative
CEMA -- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991
CEPGL -- Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
CERN -- Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
CG -- Contadora Group
CIS -- Commonwealth of Independent States
CMEA -- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991
COCOM -- Coordinating Committee on Export Controls
Comecon -- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991
CP -- Colombo Plan
CSCE -- Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
D
DC -- developed country
E
EADB -- East African Development Bank
EBRD -- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EC -- European Community; see European Union (EU)
ECA -- Economic Commission for Africa
ECAFE -- Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
ECE -- Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA -- Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
ECLAC -- Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ECO -- Economic Cooperation Organization
ECOSOC -- Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS -- Economic Community of West African States
ECSC -- European Coal and Steel Community
ECWA -- Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
EEC -- European Economic Community
EFTA -- European Free Trade Association
EIB -- European Investment Bank
Entente -- Council of the Entente
ESA -- European Space Agency
ESCAP -- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
ESCWA -- Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
EU -- European Union
Euratom -- European Atomic Energy Community
F
FAO -- Food and Agriculture Organization
FLS -- Front Line States
FZ -- Franc Zone
G
G-2 -- Group of 2
G-3 -- Group of 3
G-5 -- Group of 5
G-6 -- Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six)
G-7 -- Group of 7
G-8 -- Group of 8
G-9 -- Group of 9
G-10 -- Group of 10
G-11 -- Group of 11
G-15 -- Group of 15
G-19 -- Group of 19
G-24 -- Group of 24
G-30 -- Group of 30
G-33 -- Group of 33
G-77 -- Group of 77
GATT -- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GCC -- Gulf Cooperation Council
H
Habitat -- Commission on Human Settlements
I
IADB -- Inter-American Development Bank
IAEA -- International Atomic Energy Agency
IBEC -- International Bank for Economic Cooperation
IBRD -- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICAO -- International Civil Aviation Organization
ICC -- International Chamber of Commerce
ICEM -- Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM)
ICFTU -- International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
ICJ -- International Court of Justice
ICM -- Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM)
ICRC -- International Committee of the Red Cross
ICRM -- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
IDA -- International Development Association
IDB -- Islamic Development Bank
IEA -- International Energy Agency
IFAD -- International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC -- International Finance Corporation
IFCTU -- International Federation of Christian Trade Unions
IFRCS -- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
IGADD -- Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development
IIB -- International Investment Bank
ILO -- International Labor Organization
IMCO -- Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see International Maritime Organization (IMO)
IMF -- International Monetary Fund
IMO -- International Maritime Organization
INMARSAT -- International Maritime Satellite Organization
INTELSAT -- International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
INTERPOL -- International Criminal Police Organization
IOC -- International Olympic Committee
IOM -- International Organization for Migration
ISO -- International Organization for Standardization
ITU -- International Telecommunication Union
L
LAES -- Latin American Economic System
LAIA -- Latin American Integration Association
LAS -- League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL)
LDC -- less developed country
LLDC -- least developed country
LORCS -- League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
M
MERCOSUR -- Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; see Southern Cone Common Market
MINURSO -- United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
MTCR -- Missile Technology Control Regime
N
NACC -- North Atlantic Cooperation Council
NAM -- Nonaligned Movement
NATO -- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NC -- Nordic Council
NEA -- Nuclear Energy Agency
NIB -- Nordic Investment Bank
NIC -- newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing economy (NIE)
NIE -- newly industrializing economy
NSG -- Nuclear Suppliers Group
O
OAPEC -- Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS -- Organization of American States
OAU -- Organization of African Unity
OECD -- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OECS -- Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
OIC -- Organization of the Islamic Conference
ONUMOZ -- see UNOMOZ
ONUSAL -- United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador
OPANAL -- Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean
OPEC -- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSCE -- Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe
P
PCA -- Permanent Court of Arbitration
PFP -- Partnership for Peace
R
RG -- Rio Group
S
SAARC -- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SACU -- Southern African Customs Union
SADC -- Southern African Development Community
SADCC -- Southern African Development Coordination Conference
SELA -- Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic System (LAES)
SPARTECA -- South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement
SPC -- South Pacific Commission
SPF -- South Pacific Forum
U
UDEAC -- Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
UN -- United Nations
UNAVEM II -- United Nations Angola Verification Mission
UNAMIR -- United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
UNCTAD -- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDOF -- United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
UNDP -- United Nations Development Program
UNEP -- United Nations Environment Program
UNESCO -- United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNFICYP -- United Nations Force in Cyprus
UNFPA -- United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
UNHCR -- United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF -- United Nations Children's Fund
UNIDO -- United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNIFIL -- United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNIKOM -- United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission
UNITAR -- United Nations Institute for Training and Research
UNMIH -- United Nations Mission in Haiti
UNMOGIP -- United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
UNOMIG -- United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia
UNOMIL -- United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia
UNOMOZ -- United Nations Operation in Mozambique
UNOMUR -- United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (ONUMOZ)
UNOSOM -- United Nations Operation in Somalia
UNPROFOR -- United Nations Protection Force
UNRISD -- United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
UNRWA -- United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
UNTAC -- United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
UNTSO -- United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
UNU -- United Nations University
UPU -- Universal Postal Union
USSR/EE -- USSR/Eastern Europe
W
WADB -- West African Development Bank
WCL -- World Confederation of Labor
WEU -- Western European Union
WFC -- World Food Council
WFP -- World Food Program
WFTU -- World Federation of Trade Unions
WHO -- World Health Organization
WIPO -- World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO -- World Meteorological Organization
WP -- Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance)
WTO -- see WToO
WToO -- World Tourism Organization
WTrO -- World Trade Organization (will be added in The World Factbook 1996)
Z
ZC -- Zangger Committee
________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX C
International Organizations and Groups
Note: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to participate solely on the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia in the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and their subsidiary bodies and in various United Nations specialized agencies. The United Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY to remain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues to fly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number of other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to the membership of the former Yugoslavia. The World Factbook therefore continues to list Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seat remains or where no action has yet been taken.
advanced developing countries
another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs)
African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)
address -- Avenue Georges Henri 451, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
telephone -- [32] (2) 733 96 00
FAX -- [32] (2) 735 55 73
established -- 1 April 1976
aim -- to manage their preferential economic and aid relationship with the EU
members -- (70) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
African Development Bank (AfDB)
note -- also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
address -- 01 BP 1387, Abidjan 01, Cote dIvoire
telephone -- [225] 20 44 44
FAX -- [225] 21 77 53, 20 49 01, 20 49 09
established -- 4 August 1963
aim -- to promote economic and social development
regional members -- (51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
nonregional members -- (26) Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia
Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)
see -- Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
note -- acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique
address -- 13 quai Andre-Citroen, F-75015 Paris, France
telephone -- [33] (1) 44 37 33 00
FAX -- [33] (1) 45 79 14 98
established -- 21 March 1970
aim -- to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-speaking countries
members -- (37) Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire
associate members -- (5) Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia
participating governments -- (2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada)
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the
Caribbean (OPANAL)
note -- acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)
address -- Temistocles 78, Col Polanco, CP 011560, Mexico City 5 DF, Mexico
telephone -- [52] (5) 280 4923, 280 5064
FAX -- [52] (5) 280 2965
established -- 14 February 1967
aim -- to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons
members -- (28) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
Andean Group (AG)
address -- c\o JUNAC, Paseo de la Republica 3895, Casilla 18-1177, Lima 27, Peru
telephone -- [51] (14) 414212
FAX -- [51] (14) 420911
established -- 26 May 1969
effective -- 16 October 1969
aim -- to promote harmonious development through economic integration
members -- (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
associate member -- (1) Panama
observers -- (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
note -- also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)
address -- Sayed Abdel Rahman El Mahdi Avenue, P.O. Box 2640, Khartoum, Sudan
telephone -- [249] (11) 73646, 73498, 73709
FAX -- [249] (11) 70600
established -- 18 February 1974
effective -- 16 September 1974
aim -- to promote economic development
members -- (17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note - these are all the members of the Arab League except for Comoros, Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen
Arab Cooperation Council (ACC)
established -- 16 February 1989
aim -- to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading to an Arab Common Market
members -- (4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
address -- P.O. Box 21923, Safat 13080, Kuwait
telephone -- [965] 2451580, 2451588
FAX -- [965] 2416758
established -- 16 May 1968
aim -- to promote economic and social development
members -- (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Arab League (AL)
note -- also known as League of Arab States (LAS)
address -- Midan Attahrir, Tahrir Square, P.O. Box 11642, Cairo, Egypt
telephone -- [20] (2) 750 511
FAX -- [20] (2) 740 331
established -- 22 March 1945
aim -- to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation
members -- (21 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
address -- 27 avenue Okba Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
established -- 17 February 1989
aim -- to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of northern Africa
members -- (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia
Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
address -- P.O. Box 2818, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
telephone -- [971] (2) 215000
FAX -- [971] (2) 326454
established -- 27 April 1976
effective -- 2 February 1977
aim -- to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetary and economic affairs
members -- (19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
address -- Ministry of Trade and Industry, Public Relations, 8 Shenton Way No 48-01, Treasury Building, Singapore, Singapore
established -- 7 November 1989
aim -- to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin
members -- (18) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, NZ, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, US
observers -- (3) Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference, South Pacific Forum
Asian Development Bank (AsDB)
address -- 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong, METRO Manila, Philippines
telephone -- [63] (2) 711 3851
FAX -- [63] (2) 741 7961, 631 6816
established -- 19 December 1966
aim -- to promote regional economic cooperation
regional members -- (40) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa
nonregional members -- (16) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)
see -- Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
address -- Jalan Sisingamangaraja 70A, Kebayoran Baru, P.O. Box 2072, Jakarta 12110, Indonesia
telephone -- [62] (21) 71 22 72, 71 19 88
FAX -- [62] (21) 739 82 34
established -- 9 August 1967
aim -- to encourage regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia
members -- (6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
observers -- (3) Laos, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam
Australia Group
established -- 1984
aim -- to consult on and coordinate export controls related to chemical and biological weapons
members -- (28) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
observer -- (1) Singapore
Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
address -- c/o Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Bag 8, Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
telephone -- [61] (62) 61 91 11
FAX -- [61] (62) 61 21 51
established -- 1 September 1951
effective -- 29 April 1952
aim -- to implement a trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986
members -- (3) Australia, NZ, US
Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE)
see -- Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)
see -- Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
address -- Centralbahnplatz 2, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (61) 280 80 80
FAX -- [41] (61) 280 91 00
established -- 20 January 1930
effective -- 17 March 1930
aim -- to promote cooperation among central banks in international financial settlements
members -- (33) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia
Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
see -- African Development Bank (AfDB)
Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)
see -- Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC)
see -- Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)
see -- West African Development Bank (WADB)
Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)
note -- acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg
address -- Rue de la Regence 39, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
telephone -- [32] (2) 519 38 11
FAX -- [32] (2) 513 42 06
established -- 3 February 1958
effective -- 1 November 1960
aim -- to develop closer economic cooperation and integration
members -- (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands
Big Seven
note -- membership is the same as the Group of 7
established -- NA 1975
aim -- to discuss and coordinate major economic policies
members -- (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus the US
Big Six
note -- not to be confused with the Group of 6
established -- NA 1967
aim -- to foster economic cooperation
members -- (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC)
established -- 25 June 1992
aim -- to enhance regional stability through economic cooperation
members -- (11) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine
observer -- (1) Poland
Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
address -- CARICOM, P.O. Box 10827, Bank of Guyana Building, 3rd floor, Avenue of the Republic, Georgetown, Guyana
telephone -- [592] (2) 69281 through 69289
FAX -- [592] (2) 66091, 67816, 57341
established -- 4 July 1973
effective -- 1 August 1973
aim -- to promote economic integration and development, especially among the less developed countries
members -- (14) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago
associate members -- (2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
observers -- (9) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Venezuela
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
address -- P.O. Box 408, Wildey, St. Michael, Barbados
telephone -- [1] (809) 431 1600
FAX -- [1] (809) 426 7269
established -- 18 October 1969
effective -- 26 January 1970
aim -- to promote economic development and cooperation
regional members -- (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela
nonregional members -- (5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK
Cartagena Group
see -- Group of 11
Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
note -- acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale
address -- BP 969, Bangui, Central African Republic
telephone -- [236] 61 09 22, 61 45 77
FAX -- [236] 61 21 35
established -- 8 December 1964
effective -- 1 January 1966
aim -- to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Market
members -- (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
note -- acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale
address -- BDEAC, Place du Gouvernement, BP 1177, Brazzaville, Congo
telephone -- [242] 83 01 26, 83 01 49, 81 02 12, 81 02 21
FAX -- [242] 83 02 66
established -- 3 December 1975
aim -- to provide loans for economic development
members -- (9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
note -- acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico
address -- Apartado Postal 772, Tegucigalpa DC, Honduras
telephone -- [504] 372230 through 372239, 371184 through 371188
FAX -- [504] 370793
established -- 13 December 1960
aim -- to promote economic integration and development
members -- (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
nonregional members -- (4) Argentina, Mexico, Taiwan, Venezuela
Central American Common Market (CACM)
address -- 4A Avda 10-25, Zona 14, Apdo Postal 1237, 01901 Guatemala City, Guatemala
telephone -- [502] (2) 682151
FAX -- [502] (2) 681071
established -- 13 December 1960
effective -- 3 June 1961
aim -- to promote establishment of a Central American Common Market
members -- (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
Central European Initiative (CEI)
note -- evolved from the Hexagonal Group
address -- Chairman of the National Coordinators, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Bem rakpart 47, Budapest II, Hungary
established -- 27 July 1991
aim -- to form an economic and political cooperation group for the region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas
members -- (10) Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia
associate members -- (4) Bulgaria, Belarus, Romania, Ukraine
centrally planned economies
a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as the Second World or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia
Colombo Plan (CP)
address -- Colombo Plan Bureau, P.O. Box 596, 12 Melbourne Avenue, Colombo 4, Sri Lanka
telephone -- [94] (1) 581813, 581853, 581754
FAX -- [94] (1) 580721
established -- 1 July 1951
aim -- to promote economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific
members -- (24) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, US
Commission for Social Development
note -- formerly Social Commission
address -- c/o ECOSOC/DPCSD, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 2320
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 5935
established -- 21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966
aim -- to deal, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with social development programs of UN
members -- (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
established -- 6 February 1992
aim -- to provide guidance, as part of the Economic and Social Council, on crime prevention and criminal justice
members -- (40) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Commission on Human Rights
address -- c/o United Nationas Office, Centre for Human Rights, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 917 12 34, 907 12 34
FAX -- [41] (22) 733 32 46
established -- 18 February 1946
aim -- to assist, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with human rights programs of UN
members -- (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Commission on Human Settlements (Habitat)
address -- c/o HABITAT, P.O. Box 30030, Nairobi, Kenya
telephone -- [254] (2) 621234
FAX -- [254] (2) 226473, 226479
established -- 12 October 1978
aim -- to assist, as part of the Economic and Social Council, in solving human settlement problems of UN
members -- (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
address -- c/o International Drug Control Programme, Treaty Implementation and Legal Affairs Division, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
telephone -- [43] (1) 211 310
FAX -- [43] (1) 230 7002
established -- 16 February 1946
aim -- Economic and Social Council organization dealing with illicit drugs programs of UN
members -- (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with emphasis on producing and processing countries
Commission on Science and Technology for Development
established -- 30 April 1992
aim -- to promote international cooperation, as part of the Economic and Social Council, in the field of science and technology
members -- (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Commission on the Status of Women
address -- c/o Economic and Social Council, Affairs Division, Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development, Room S-2963, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
established -- 21 June 1946
aim -- to deal, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with women's rights goals of UN
members -- (45) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Commission on Sustainable Development
established -- 12 February 1993
aim -- to monitor, as part of the Economic and Social Council, implementation of agreements reached at the UN Conference on Environment and Development
members -- (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Commonwealth (C)
address -- c/o Commonwealth Secretariat, Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London SW1Y5HX, UK
telephone -- [44] (71) 839 3411
FAX -- [44] (71) 930 0827
established -- 31 December 1931
aim -- to foster multinational cooperation and assistance, as a voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire
members -- (49) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
special members -- (2) Nauru, Tuvalu
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
address -- Kirov Street 17, 220000 Minsk, Belarus
telephone -- [7] (172) 293434, 293517
FAX -- [7] (172) 261894, 261944
established -- 8 December 1991
effective -- 21 December 1991
aim -- to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR
members -- (12) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO)
see -- West African Economic Community (CEAO)
Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC)
see -- Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL)
see -- Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
Communist countries
traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; most of the original and the successor states are no longer Communist; see centrally planned economies
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
see -- Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN)
see -- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
Contadora Group (CG)
was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America; has evolved into the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
see -- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM)
established in 1949 to control the export of strategic products and technical data from member countries to proscribed destinations; members were Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US; was abolished 31 March 1994; COCOM members are working on a new organization with expanded membership which focuses on nonproliferation export controls as opposed to East-West control of advanced technology
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA)
note -- also known as CMEA or Comecon established 25 January 1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and was abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate)
Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
address -- BP 925100, Amman, Jordan
telephone -- [962] (6) 66 43 26, 66 43 27, 66 43 28
FAX -- [962] (6) 66 33 43
established -- 3 June 1957
effective -- 30 May 1964
aim -- to promote economic integration among Arab nations
members -- (11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Council of Europe (CE)
address -- Palais de lEurope, F-67075 Strasbourg CEDEX, France
telephone -- [33] 88 41 20 00
FAX -- [33] 88 41 27 81, 88 41 27 82
established -- 5 May 1949
effective -- 3 August 1949
aim -- to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe
members -- (32) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK
guests -- (9) Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Latvia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine
observer -- (1) Israel
Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)
established -- 5 March 1992
aim -- to promote cooperation among the Baltic Sea states in the areas of aid to new democratic institutions, economic development, humanitarian aid, energy and the environment, cultural programs and education, and transportation and communication
members -- (10) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden
Council of the Entente (Entente)
address -- BP 3734, Abidjan 01, Cote dIvoire
telephone -- [225] 33 10 01, 33 28 35
FAX -- [225] 33 11 49
established -- 29 May 1959
aim -- to promote economic, social, and political coordination
members -- (5) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Togo
Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)
address -- Rue de lIndustrie 26-38, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium
telephone -- [32] (2) 508 42 11
FAX -- [32] (2) 508 42 40
established -- 15 December 1950
aim -- to promote international cooperation in customs matters
members -- (136) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
developed countries (DCs)
the top group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per capita GDP in excess of $10,000 although four OECD countries and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPEC countries have figures of more than $10,000; the 35 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
developing countries
an imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing economies;
see -- less developed countries (LDCs)
East African Development Bank (EADB)
address -- 4 Nile Avenue, P.O. Box 7128, Kampala, Uganda
telephone -- [256] (41) 230021, 230825
FAX -- [256] (41) 259763
established -- 6 June 1967
effective -- 1 December 1967
aim -- to promote economic development
members -- (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
address -- United Nations Building, Rajadamnern Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand
telephone -- [66] (2) 2829161 through 2829200, 2829381 through 2829389
FAX -- [66] (2) 2811743
established -- 28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)
aim -- to carryout the commitment of the Economic and Social Council of the UN to promote economic development
members -- (49) Afghanistan, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa
associate members -- (10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
address -- (temporary) P.O. Box 927115, Amman, Jordan
telephone -- [962] (6) 694351
FAX -- [962] (6) 694981, 694982
established -- 9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)
aim -- to promote economic development as a regional commission for the UN's Economic and Social Council
members -- (12 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
address -- United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718
established -- 26 June 1945
effective -- 24 October 1945
aim -- to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; includes five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) and 10 functional commissions (see Commission for Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Population Commission, Statistical Commission, Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Commission on Sustainable Development, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, and Commission on Transnational Corporations)
members -- (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
address -- P.O. Box 3001-3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
telephone -- [251] (1) 51 72 00
FAX -- [251] (1) 51 44 16
established -- 29 April 1958
aim -- to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and Social Council
members -- (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate members -- (2) France, UK
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)
see -- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
address -- Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 917 1234, 907 2893
FAX -- [41] (22) 917 0036
established -- 28 March 1947
aim -- to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and Social Council
members -- (54) Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia
Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)
see -- Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
address -- Edificio Naciones Unidas, Avenida Dag Hammarskjold, Casilla 179 D, Santiago, Chile
telephone -- [56] (2) 2102000 FAX [56] (2) 2080252, 2081946
established -- 25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)
aim -- to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and Social Council
members -- (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
associate members -- (6) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)
see -- Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
note -- acronym from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale
address -- CEEAC, BP 2112, Libreville, Gabon
telephone -- [241] 73 35 47, 73 35 48, 73 36 77
established -- 18 October 1983
aim -- to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a Central African Common Market
members -- (10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire
observer -- (1) Angola
Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
note -- acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs
address -- B.O. Box 58, Gisenyi, Rwanda
telephone -- [250] 40228
FAX -- [250] 40785
established -- 26 September 1976
aim -- to promote regional economic cooperation and integration
members -- (3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
address -- 6 King George V Road, PMB 12745, Lagos, Nigeria
telephone -- [234] (1) 636839, 636841, 636064, 630398
FAX -- [234] (1) 636822
established -- 28 May 1975
aim -- to promote regional economic cooperation
members -- (16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
address -- 5 Hejab Avenue, Bd Keshavarz, P.O. Box 14155-6176, Teheran, Iran Islamic Republic
telephone -- [98] (21) 658614, 656152, 658045
FAX -- [98] (21) 658046
established -- NA 1985
aim -- to promote regional cooperation in trade, transportation, communications, tourism, cultural affairs, and economic development
members -- (10) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
associate member -- (1) "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
address -- One Exchange Square, London EC2A 2EH, UK
telephone -- [44] (71) 338 6000
FAX -- [44] (71) 338 6100
established -- 15 April 1991
aim -- to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned economies in Europe (Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies by committing 60% of its loans to privatization
members -- (59) Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, European Union (EU), European Investment Bank (EIB), Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan; note - includes all 25 members of the OECD; also includes the EU as a single entity
European Community (or European Communities, EC)
was established 8 April 1965 to integrate the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market), and to establish a completely integrated common market and an eventual federation of Europe; merged into the European Union (EU) on 7 February 1992; member states at the time of merger were Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
address -- 9-11 rue de Varembe, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 749 11 11
FAX -- [41] (22) 733 92 91
established -- 4 January 1960
effective -- 3 May 1960
aim -- to promote expansion of free trade
members -- (7) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland
European Investment Bank (EIB)
address -- Bd Konrad Adenauer 100, L-2950 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
telephone -- [352] 43791
FAX -- [352] 437704
established -- 25 March 1957
effective -- 1 January 1958
aim -- to promote economic development of the EU
members -- (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
note -- acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire
address -- CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 767 61 11
FAX -- [41] (22) 767 65 55
established -- 1 July 1953
effective -- 29 September 1954
aim -- to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only
members -- (19) Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
observers -- (6) EC, Israel, Russia, Turkey, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Yugoslavia
European Space Agency (ESA)
address -- 8-10 rue Mario Nikis, F-75738 Paris CEDEX 15, France
telephone -- [33] (1) 42 73 76 54
FAX -- [33] (1) 42 73 75 60
established -- 31 July 1973
effective -- 1 May 1975
aim -- to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and technology
members -- (13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
associate member -- (1) Finland
cooperating state -- (1) Canada
European Union (EU)
note -- evolved from the European Community (EC)
address -- c/o European Commission, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium
telephone -- [32] (2) 299 11 11 FAX [32] (2) 295 01 38 through 295 01 40
established -- 7 February 1992
effective -- 1 November 1993
aim -- to coordinate policy among the 15 members in three fields: economics, building on the European Economic Community's (EEC) efforts to establish a common market and eventually a common currency; defense, within the concept of a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP); and justice and home affairs, including immigration, drugs, terrorism, and improved living and working conditions
members -- (15) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK
First World
another term for countries with advanced, industrialized economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries (DCs)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
address -- Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italy
telephone -- [39] (6) 52251 FAX [39] (6) 5225 3152, 5225 5155, 578 2610
established -- 16 October 1945
aim -- to raise living standards and increase availability of agricultural products, as a UN specialized agency
members -- (170) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate member -- (1) Puerto Rico
Former USSR
/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE) the middle group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic transition and may well be grouped differently in the near future; this group of 27 countries consists of Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Four Dragons
the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that have experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as the Four Tigers; this group includes Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan
Four Tigers
another term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons
Franc Zone (FZ)
address -- Direction Generale des Service Etrangers (Service de la Zone Franc), Banque de France, 39 rue Crois-des-Petits-Champs, BP 140-01, Paris Cedex 01, France
telephone -- [33] (1) 42 92 31 26
FAX -- [33] (1) 42 92 39 88
established -- 20 December 1945
aim -- to form a monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked to the French franc
members -- (15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo; note - France includes metropolitan France, the four overseas departments of France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion), the two territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna)
Front Line States (FLS)
established to achieve black majority rule in South Africa; members included Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
note -- was subsumed by the World Trade Organization (WTrO) on 1 January 1995
address -- rue de Lausanne 154, CH-1211 Geneva 21, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 739 51 11
FAX -- [41] (22) 731 42 06
established -- 30 October 1947
effective -- 1 January 1948
aim -- to promote the expansion of international trade on a nondiscriminatory basis
members -- (123) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Group of 2 (G-2)
established -- informal term that came into use about 1986
aim -- to facilitate bilateral economic cooperation between the two most powerful economic giants
members -- (2) Japan, US
Group of 3 (G-3)
established -- NA October 1990
aim -- mechanism for policy coordination
members -- (3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela
Group of 5 (G-5)
established -- 22 September 1985
aim -- to coordinate the economic policies of the five major non-Communist economic powers
members -- (5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US
Group of 6 (G-6)
note -- also known as Groupe des Six Sur le Desarmement not to be confused with the Big Six
established -- 22 May 1984
aim -- to achieve nuclear disarmament
members -- (6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania
Group of 7 (G-7)
note -- membership is the same as the Big Seven
established -- 22 September 1985
aim -- to facilitate economic cooperation among the seven major non- Communist economic powers
members -- (7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus Canada and Italy
Group of 8 (G-8)
established -- NA October 1975
aim -- to facilitate economic cooperation among the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977
members -- (8) Australia, Canada, EU (as one member), Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, US
Group of 9 (G-9)
established -- NA
aim -- to discuss matters of mutual interest on an informal basis
members -- (9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia
Group of 10 (G-10)
note -- also known as the Paris Club; includes the wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money to be loaned and act as the informal steering committee; name persists in spite of the addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984
address -- c/o IMF Office in Europe, 64-66 ave dIena, F-75116 Paris, France
telephone -- [33] (1) 40 69 30 80
FAX -- [33] (1) 47 23 40 89
established -- NA October 1962
aim -- to coordinate credit policy
members -- (11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
nonstate participants -- (4) BIS, EU, IMF, OECD
Group of 11 (G-11)
note -- also known as the Cartagena Group
established -- 22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia
aim -- to provide a forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America
members -- (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
Group of 15 (G-15)
note -- byproduct of the Non-Aligned Movement
address -- Technical Support Facility, Ch du Champ dAncier 17, Case postale 326, CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 798 42 10
FAX -- [41] (22) 798 38 49
established -- September 1989
aim -- to promote economic cooperation among developing nations; to act as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement
members -- (15) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe
Group of 19 (G-19)
established -- NA October 1975
aim -- to represent the interests of the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977
members -- (19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia
Group of 24 (G-24)
address -- c/o European Commission, DGI, G-24 Coordination Unit, Rue de la Science 29, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium
telephone -- [32] (2) 299 22 44
FAX -- [32] (2) 299 06 02
established -- NA January 1972
aim -- to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America within the IMF
members -- (24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire
Group of 30 (G-30)
address -- 1990 M Street NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC 20036, USA
telephone -- [1] (202) 331 2472
established -- NA 1979
aim -- to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic problems
members -- (30) informal group of 30 leading international bankers, economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized by Johannes Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF)
Group of 33 (G-33)
established -- NA 1987
aim -- to promote solutions to international economic problems
members -- (33) leading economists from 13 countries
Group of 77 (G-77)
established -- NA October 1967
aim -- to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; name persists in spite of increased membership
members -- (127 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
note -- also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
address -- P.O. Box 7431, Riyadh 11462 Saudi Arabia
telephone -- [966] (1) 4827777
FAX -- [966] (1) 4829089
established -- 25 May 1981
aim -- to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, political, and military affairs
members -- (6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
Habitat
see -- Commission on Human Settlements
Hexagonal Group
see -- Central European Initiative (CEI)
high-income countries
another term for the industrialized countries with high per capita GDPs;
see -- developed countries (DCs)
industrial countries
another term for the developed countries; see developed countries (DCs)
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
note -- also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)
address -- 1300 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 10577, USA
telephone -- [1] (202) 632 1000
FAX -- [1] (202) 789 2835
established -- 8 April 1959
effective -- 30 December 1959
aim -- to promote economic and social development in Latin America
members -- (46) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD)
address -- BP 2653, Djibouti, Djibouti
telephone -- [253] 354050, 352880
FAX -- [253] 356994
established -- 15-16 January 1986
aim -- to promote cooperation on drought-related matters
members -- (7) Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
address -- Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
telephone -- [43] (1) 2360 2045 FAX [43] (1) 234564
established -- 26 October 1956
effective -- 29 July 1957
aim -- to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy
members -- (121) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC)
was established on 22 October 1963 to promote economic cooperation and development; members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now it is a Russian bank with a new charter
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
note -- also known as the World Bank
address -- 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA
telephone -- [1] (202) 477 1234
FAX -- [1] (202) 477 6391
established -- 22 July 1944
effective -- 27 December 1945
aim -- to provide economic development loans; a UN specialized agency
members -- (178) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
address -- 38 Cours Albert 1st, F-75008 Paris, France
telephone -- [33] (1) 49 53 28 75
FAX -- [33] (1) 49 53 29 42
established -- NA 1919
aim -- to promote free trade and private enterprise and to represent business interests at national and international levels
members -- (59 national councils) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
address -- 1000 Sherbrooke Street West, Suite 327, Montreal PQ H3A 2R2, Canada
telephone -- [1] (514) 285 8219
FAX -- [1] (514) 288 4772
established -- 7 December 1944
effective -- 4 April 1947
aim -- to promote international cooperation in civil aviation; a UN specialized agency
members -- (183) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
address -- ICRC, 19 av de la Paix, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 734 60 01
FAX -- [41] (22) 733 82 80
established -- NA 1863
aim -- to provide humanitarian aid in wartime
members -- (25 individuals) all Swiss nationals
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)
address -- International Trade Union House, Bd Emile Jacqmain 155, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium
telephone -- [32] (2) 224 02 11
FAX -- [32] (2) 218 84 15, 219 75 03
established -- NA December 1949
aim -- to promote the trade union movement
members -- (164 national organizations in the following 118 areas) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Basque Country, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Curacao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco, Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
note -- also known as the World Court
address -- Peace Palace, NL-2517 KJ The Hague, Netherlands
telephone -- [31] (70) 302 23 23
FAX -- [31] (70) 364 99 28
established -- 26 June 1945
effective -- 24 October 1945
aim -- primary judicial organ of the UN
members -- (15 judges) elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council to represent all principal legal systems
International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
address -- BP 6041, F-69411 Lyon CEDEX 06, France
telephone -- [33] 71 44 70 00
FAX -- [33] 72 44 71 63
established -- 13 June 1956
aim -- to promote international cooperation among police authorities in fighting crime
members -- (176) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
subbureaus -- (13) American Samoa, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, Montserrat, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos Islands
International Development Association (IDA)
address -- 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA
telephone -- [1] (202) 477 12 34
established -- 26 January 1960
effective -- 24 September 1960
aim -- UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that provides economic loans for low income countries
members -- (157)
Part I -- (24 more economically advanced countries) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, UAE, UK, US
Part II -- (133 less developed nations) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Energy Agency (IEA)
address -- 2 rue Andre Pascal, F-75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France
telephone -- [33] (1) 45 24 82 00
FAX -- [33] (1) 45 24 99 88
established -- 15 November 1974
aim -- to promote cooperation on energy matters, especially emergency oil sharing and relations between oil consumers and oil producers; established by the OECD
members -- (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
note -- formerly known as League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS)
established -- 5 May 1919
aim -- to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime
members -- (151) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate members -- (13) Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Comoros, Cyprus, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kiribati, Namibia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Seychelles, Suriname, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
address -- 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA
telephone -- [1] (202) 477 1234
FAX -- [1] (202) 477 6391
established -- 25 May 1955
effective -- 20 July 1956
aim -- to support private enterprise in international economic development; a UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate
members -- (161) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
address -- Via del Serafico 107, I-00142 Rome, Italy
telephone -- [39] (6) 54591
FAX -- [39] (6) 5043463
established -- NA November 1974
aim -- to promote agricultural development; a UN specialized agency
members -- (157)
Category I -- (21 industrialized aid contributors) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
Category II -- (12 petroleum-exporting aid contributors) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela
Category III -- (124 aid recipients) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Investment Bank (IIB)
established on 7 July 1970; to promote economic development; members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now it is a Russian bank with a new charter
International Labor Organization (ILO)
address -- International Labor Office, 4 route des Morillons, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 799 61 11
FAX -- [41] (22) 798 86 85
established -- 11 April 1919 (affiliated with the UN 14 December 1946)
aim -- UN specialized agency concerned with world labor issues
members -- (171) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
note -- name changed from Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982
address -- 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UK
telephone -- [44] (71) 735 7611
FAX -- [44] (71) 587 3210
established -- 17 March 1958
aim -- to deal with international maritime affairs; a UN specialized agency
members -- (149) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire
associate members -- (2) Hong Kong, Macau
International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT)
address -- 99 City Road, London EC1Y 1AX, UK
telephone -- [44] (71) 728 1000
FAX -- [44] (71) 728 1044
established -- 3 September 1976
effective -- 26 July 1979
aim -- to provide worldwide communications for maritime shipping and other applications
members -- (75) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Yugoslavia
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
address -- 700 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20431, USA
telephone -- [1] (202) 623 7000
FAX -- [1] (202) 623 4661, 623 7491, 623 4662
established -- 22 July 1944
effective -- 27 December 1945
aim -- to promote world monetary stability and economic development; a UN specialized agency
members -- (179) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
note -- there are 194 National Olympic Committees of which 185 are recognized by the International Olympic Committee
address -- Chateau de Vidy, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (21) 621 61 11
FAX -- [41] (21) 621 62 16
established -- 23 June 1894
aim -- to promote the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic games: 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20 July-4 August); 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan (date NA); 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia (date NA)
National Olympic Committees -- (193 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazahkstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization ----- International Organization for Migration (IOM)
note -- established as Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) on 15 November 1952; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in November 1980; current name adopted 14 November 1989
address -- 17 route des Morillons, CP 71, CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 717 91 11
FAX -- [41] (22) 798 61 50
established -- 5 December 1951
aim -- to facilitate orderly international emigration and immigration
members -- (52) Albania, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Uganda, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia
observers -- (44) Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Czech Republic, Federation of Ethnic Communities' Council of Australia Inc., Georgia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Holy See, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan International Friendship and Welfare Foundation, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, NZ, Niwano Peace Foundation, Partnership with the Children of the Third World, Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relief/Episcopal Church, Refugee Council of Australia, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
address -- CP 56, 1 rue de Varembe, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 749 01 11
FAX -- [41] (22) 733 34 30
established -- NA February 1947
aim -- to promote the development of international standards
members -- (76 national standards organizations) Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe
correspondent members -- (19) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Estonia, Hong Kong, Jordan, Kuwait, Lithuania, Malawi, Malta, Mauritius, Nepal, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Qatar, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE
subscriber members -- (4) Antigua and Barbuda, Burundi, Grenada, Saint Lucia
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)
address -- CICR, 19 Av de la Paix, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 734 60 01
FAX -- [41] (22) 733 20 57
established -- NA 1928
aim -- to promote worldwide humanitarian aid through the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS; formerly League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies or LORCS) in peacetime
National Societies -- (161 countries) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAR, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
address -- Place des Nations, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 730 51 11
FAX -- [41] (22) 733 72 56
established -- 9 December 1932
effective -- 1 January 1934
affiliated with the UN -- 15 November 1947
aim -- to deal with world telecommunications issues; UN specialized agency
members -- (184) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT)
address -- INTELSAT, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008-3098, USA
telephone -- [1] (202) 944 6800
FAX -- [1] (202) 944 7860
established -- 20 August 1971
effective -- 12 February 1973
aim -- to develop and operate a global commercial telecommunications satellite system
members -- (134) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
nonsignatory users -- (50) Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Belarus, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Kiribati, North Korea, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Moldova, Mongolia, Nauru, Niue, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Tajikistan, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Ukraine, Vanuatu, Western Samoa
Islamic Development Bank (IDB)
address -- P.O. Box 5925, Jeddah 21432, Saudi Arabia
telephone -- [966] (2) 6361400
FAX -- [966] (2) 6366871
established -- 15 December 1973
aim -- to promote Islamic economic aid and social development
members -- (48 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Latin American Economic System (LAES)
note -- also known as Sistema Economico Latinoamericana (SELA)
address -- SELA, Avda Francisco de Miranda, Torre Europa, piso 4, Chacaito, Apartado de Correos 17035, Caracas 1010-A, Venezuela
telephone -- [58] (2) 905 5111
FAX -- [58] (2) 951 6953, 951 7246
established -- 17 October 1975
aim -- to promote economic and social development through regional cooperation
members -- (27) Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
note -- also known as Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)
address -- Calle Cebollati 1461, Casilla de Correo 577, 11000 Montevideo, Uruguay
telephone -- [598] (2) 40 11 21, 49 59 15
FAX -- [598] (2) 49 06 49
established -- 12 August 1980
effective -- 18 March 1981
aim -- to promote freer regional trade
members -- (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
observers -- (16) Commission of the European Communities, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Inter-American Development Bank, Italy, Nicaragua, Organization of American States, Panama, Portugal, Spain, United Nations Development Program, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
League of Arab States (LAS)
see -- Arab League (AL)
League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS)
see -- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
least developed countries (LLDCs)
that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) initially identified by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant economic growth, per capita GDPs normally less than $1,000, and low literacy rates; also known as the undeveloped countries. The 42 LLDCs are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen
less developed countries (LDCs)
the bottom group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); mainly countries and dependent areas with low levels of output, living standards, and technology; per capita GDPs are generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,500; however, the group also includes a number of countries with high per capita incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth; includes the advanced developing countries, developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World, underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries; the 172 LDCs are: Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Palau, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
low-income countries
another term for those less developed countries with below-average per capita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs)
London Suppliers Group
see -- Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (MERCOSUR)
see -- Southern Cone Common Market
middle-income countries
another term for those less developed countries with above-average per capita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs)
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
established -- April 1987
aim -- to arrest missile proliferation by controlling the export of key missile technologies and equipment
members -- (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
Near Abroad
the 14 non-Russian successor states of the USSR, in which 25 million ethnic Russians live and in which Moscow has expressed a strong national security interest
newly industrializing countries (NICs)
former term for the newly industrializing economies; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs)
newly industrializing economies (NIEs)
that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that has experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their economies; formerly known as the newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanced developing countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan), and Brazil
Nonaligned Movement (NAM)
address -- c/o Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jalan Taman Pejambon 6, Jakarta PUSAT, Indonesia
established -- 1-6 September 1961
aim -- to establish political and military cooperation apart from the traditional East or West blocs
members -- (110 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization
observers -- (19) Afro-Asian Solidarity Organization, Antigua and Barbuda, Arab League, Armenia, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, El Salvador, Kanaka Socialist National Liberation Front (New Caledonia), Mexico, Mongolia, Organization of African Unity, Organization of the Islamic Conference, Papua New Guinea, Socialist Party of Puerto Rico, UN, Uruguay
guests -- (21) Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
Nordic Council (NC)
address -- Tyrgatan 7, Box 19506, S-104 32 Stockholm, Sweden
telephone -- [46] (8) 453 47 00
FAX -- [46] (8) 411 75 36
established -- 16 March 1952
effective -- 12 February 1953
aim -- to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental cooperation
members -- (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland (including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden
observers -- the Sami (Lapp) local parliaments of Finland, Norway, and Sweden
Nordic Investment Bank (NIB)
address -- Fabiansgatan 34, PB 249 SF-00171 Helsinki, Finland
telephone -- [358] (0) 18001
FAX -- [358] (0) 1800309
established -- 4 December 1975
effective -- 1 June 1976
aim -- to promote economic cooperation and development
members -- (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland (including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden
North
a popular term for the rich industrialized countries generally located in the northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the counterpart of the South; see developed countries (DCs)
North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC)
note -- an extension of NATO
address -- c/o NATO, B-1110 Brussels, Belgium
telephone -- [32] (2) 728 41 11
FAX -- [32] (2) 728 45 79
established -- 8 November 1991
effective -- 20 December 1991
aim -- to discuss cooperation on mutual political and security issues
members -- (38) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan
observer -- (1) Finland
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
address -- B-110 Brussels, Belgium
telephone -- [32] (2) 728 41 11
FAX -- [32] (2) 728 45 79
established -- 17 September 1949
aim -- to promote mutual defense and cooperation
members -- (16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
address -- Le Seine St. Germain, 12 bd des Iles, F-92130 Issy-les- Moulineaux, France
telephone -- [33] (1) 45 24 10 10
FAX -- [33] (1) 45 24 11 10
established -- NA 1958
aim -- to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy; associated with OECD
members -- (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
note -- also known as the London Suppliers Group
address -- c/o IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
telephone -- [43] (1) 2360 2045
FAX -- [43] (1) 234564
established -- 1974
aim -- to establish guidelines for exports of technical information, processing equipment for uranium enrichment and nuclear materials to countries of proliferation concern and regions of conflict and instability
members -- (28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
observers -- (2) Argentina, European Commission
Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)
see -- Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
address -- 2 rue Andre Pascal, F-75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France
telephone -- [33] (1) 45 24 82 00
FAX -- [33] (1) 45 24 85 00, 45 24 81 76
established -- 14 December 1960
effective -- 30 September 1961
aim -- to promote economic cooperation and development
members -- (25) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
special member -- (1) EU
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
address -- P. O. Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
telephone -- [251] (1) 517700
FAX -- [251] (1) 512622
established -- 25 May 1963
aim -- to promote unity and cooperation among African states
members -- (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Organization of American States (OAS)
address -- corner of 17th Street and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA
telephone -- [1] (202) 458 3000 FAX [1] (202) 458 3967
established -- 30 April 1948
effective -- 13 December 1951
aim -- to promote regional peace and security as well as economic and social development
members -- (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba (excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
observers -- (31) Algeria, Angola, Austria, Belgium, Central American Parliament, Commission of the European Communities, Cyprus, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
address -- POB 20501, Safat 13066, Kuwait
telephone -- [965] 5340713
FAX -- [965] 5340694
established -- 9 January 1968
aim -- to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry
members -- (10) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
address -- P.O. Box 179, The Morne, Castries, St. Lucia
telephone -- [1] (809) 452 2537
FAX -- [1] (809) 453 1628
established -- 18 June 1981
effective -- 4 July 1981
aim -- to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation
members -- (7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
associate member -- (1) British Virgin Islands
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
address -- Obere Donaustrasse 93, A-1020 Vienna, Austria
telephone -- [43] (1) 21 11 20
FAX -- [43] (1) 26 43 20
established -- 14 September 1960
aim -- to coordinate petroleum policies
members -- (12) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
address -- Kilo 6, Mecca Road, P.O. Box 178, Jeddah 21411, Saudi Arabia
telephone -- [966] (2) 680-0800
FAX -- [966] (2) 687-3568
established -- 22-25 September 1969
aim -- to promote Islamic solidarity in economic, social, cultural, and political affairs
members -- (48 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
observers -- (3) Kazakhstan, Mozambique, "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"
Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
note -- formerly the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
address -- Thunovska 12, Mala Strana, 110 00 Prague 1, Czech Republic
telephone -- [422] (2) 24311069
FAX -- [422] (2) 24310629
established -- 1 January 1995
aim -- to discuss issues of mutual concern and to review implementation of the Helsinki Agreement
members -- (53) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia (suspended)
observer -- (1) The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Paris Club
see -- Group of 10
Partnership for Peace (PFP)
established -- 10-11 January 1994
aim -- to expand and intensify political and military cooperation throughout Europe, increase stability, diminish threats to peace, and build relationships by promoting the spirit of practical cooperation and commitment to democratic principles that underpin NATO; program under the auspices of NATO
members -- (24) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
address -- Peace Palace, Carnegieplein 2, NL-2517 KJ The Hague, Netherlands
telephone -- [31] (70) 346 96 80
FAX -- [31] (70) 356 13 38
established -- 29 July 1899
aim -- to facilitate the settlement of international disputes
members -- (80) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zaire, Zimbabwe
Population Commission
address -- c/o ECOSOC, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 754 1234
established -- 3 October 1946
aim -- to deal with population matters of importance to the UN, as part of Economic and Social Council organization
members -- (27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Rio Group (RG)
note -- formerly known as Grupo de los Ocho, established in December 1986
established -- NA 1988
aim -- to consult on regional Latin American issues
members -- (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; note - Panama was expelled in 1988
Second World
another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states of the USSR and Eastern Europe, with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see centrally planned economies
Social Commission
see -- Commission for Social Development
socialist countries
in general, countries in which the government owns and plans the use of the major factors of production; note - the term is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist countries
South
a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized countries generally located south of the developed countries; the counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
address -- P.O. Box 4222, Kathmandu, Nepal
telephone -- [977] (1) 221785, 221787, 221794
FAX -- [977] (1) 227033
established -- 8 December 1985
aim -- to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation
members -- (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
South Pacific Commission (SPC)
address -- Anse Vata, BP D5 Noumea CEDEX, New Caledonia
telephone -- [687] 26 20 00 FAX [687] 26 38 18
established -- 6 February 1947
effective -- 29 July 1948
aim -- to promote regional cooperation in economic and social matters
members -- (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa
South Pacific Forum (SPF)
address -- c/o forum Secretariat, Ratu Sukuna Road GPO Box 856, Suva, Fiji
telephone -- [679] 312 600, 303 106
FAX -- [679] 302 204
established -- 5 August 1971
aim -- to promote regional cooperation in political matters
members -- (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa
observer -- (1) Palau
South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA)
address -- (see South Pacific Forum)
established -- NA 1981
aim -- to redress unequal trade relationship of Australia and New Zealand with small island economies in Pacific region
members -- (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa
Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
address -- Director General, Trade and Industry, Private Bag X84, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
established -- 11 December 1969
aim -- to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters
members -- (9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
note -- evolved from the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)
address -- Private Bag 008, Gaborone, Botswana
telephone -- [267] (31) 51863, 51864, 51865
FAX -- [267] (31) 372848
established -- 17 August 1992
aim -- to promote regional economic development and integration
members -- (11) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR)
address -- c/o Cancilleria de la Republica de Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
established -- 26 March 1991
aim -- to increase regional economic cooperation
members -- (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
Statistical Commission
address -- c/o ECOSOC, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718
established -- 21 June 1946
aim -- to deal with development and standardization of national statistics of interest to the UN, as part of the Economic and Social Council organization
members -- (24) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Third World
another term for the less developed countries; the term is fading from use;
see -- less developed countries (LDCs)
underdeveloped countries
refers to those less developed countries with the potential for above- average economic growth; see less developed countries (LDCs)
undeveloped countries
refers to those extremely poor less developed countries (LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least developed countries (LLDCs)
Union Douaniere et Economique de l
'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC)
see -- Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
United Nations (UN)
address -- United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718
established -- 26 June 1945
effective -- 24 October 1945
aim -- to maintain international peace and security and to promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems
members -- (184 excluding Yugoslavia) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - all UN members are represented in the General Assembly
observers -- (2 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Holy See, Switzerland, Palestine Liberation Organization
United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM II)
note -- successor to original UNAVEM
address -- c/o United Nations, UNAVEM II, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718
established -- 20 December 1988
aim -- to verify the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (16) Argentina, Brazil, Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Jordan, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, Zimbabwe
United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR)
established -- 5 October 1993
aim -- to monitor ceasefire agreement, to support and provide safe conditions for displaced persons; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (17) Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, Congo, Egypt, Fiji, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Togo, Tunisia, Uruguay, Zimbabwe
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
note -- acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN International Children's Emergency Fund
address -- UNICEF House, Three United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 326 7000
established -- 11 December 1946
aim -- to help establish child health and welfare services
members -- (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
address -- Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 917 12 34, 907 12 34
FAX -- [41] (22) 907 00 57
established -- 30 December 1964
aim -- to promote international trade
members -- (187) all UN members plus Holy See, Switzerland, Tonga
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
address -- One United National Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 906 5788, 906 500 FAX [1] (212) 906 5365
established -- 22 November 1965
aim -- to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and social development
members -- (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
address -- c/o UNDOF, P.O. Box 5368, Damascus, Syrian AR
established -- 31 May 1974
aim -- to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli ceasefire; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (4) Austria, Canada, Finland, Poland
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
address -- 7 place de Fontenoy, F-75700 Paris, France
telephone -- [33] (1) 45 68 10 00
FAX -- [33] (1) 45 67 16 90
established -- 16 November 1945
effective -- 4 November 1946
aim -- to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture
members -- (182) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate members -- (3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Netherlands Antilles
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
address -- One United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 906 5000
FAX -- [1] (212) 826 2057
established -- 15 December 1972
aim -- to promote international cooperation on all environmental matters
members -- (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879
established -- 4 March 1964
aim -- to serve as a peacekeeping force between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (8) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, UK
United Nations General Assembly
address -- see United Nations
established -- 26 June 1945
effective -- 24 October 1945
aim -- to function as the primary deliberative organ of the UN
members -- (185) all UN members are represented in the General Assembly
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
address -- Vienna International Center, P.O. Box 300, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
telephone -- [43] (1) 211 310
FAX -- [43] (1) 23 21 56
established -- 17 November 1966
effective -- 1 January 1967
aim -- UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development especially among the members
members -- (166) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)
established -- 11 December 1963
aim -- to help the UN become more effective through training and research members (Board of Trustees) - (24) Argentina, Belgium, Canada, China, Cote d'Ivoire, France, Germany, India, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Libya, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, UK, US, Yugoslavia
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879
established -- 19 March 1978
aim -- to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces, restore peace, and reestablish Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (9) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Norway, Poland
United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM)
address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Mission, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA telephone [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879
established -- 9 April 1991
aim -- to observe and monitor the demilitarized zone established between Iraq and Kuwait; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (33) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Denmark, Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)
address -- c/o OUSGSPA, Room 3853, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 4457
FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718
established -- 13 August 1948
aim -- to observe the 1949 India-Pakistan ceasefire; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Uruguay
United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH)
established -- 23 September 1993
aim -- to assist in implementing the agreement to transfer power back into the civilian government; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (14) Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Canada, France, Indonesia, Madagascar, Russia, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, US, Venezuela
United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL)
established -- 22 September 1993
aim -- to assist in the implementation of the peace agreement; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (13) Austria, Bangladesh, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea- Bissau, India, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Slovakia, Uruguay
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879
established -- 29 April 1991
aim -- to supervise the referendum in Western Sahara; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (27) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Honduras, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, US, Venezuela
United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL)
address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879
established -- 20 May 1991
aim -- to verify ceasefire arrangements and to monitor the maintenance of public order pending the organization of a new National Civil Police; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (14) Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Guyana, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, Venezuela
United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879
established -- 1993 for a period of six months
aim -- to verify compliance with the cease-fire agreement reached 27 July 1993 and investigate reports of violations of that agreement; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (7) Bangladesh, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland
United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR)
address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879
established -- 1993 for six months
aim -- to monitor the Uganda/Rwanda border to verify that no military assistance reaches Rwanda across the border; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (8) Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Hungary, Netherlands, Senegal, Slovakia, Zimbabwe
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
address -- Case postale 2500, Depot, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 739 81 11
FAX -- [41] (22) 731 95 46
established -- 3 December 1949
effective -- 1 January 1951
aim -- to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find permanent solutions to refugee problems
members -- (47) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire
United Nations Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ)
note -- supposed to shut down 31 January 1995
address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879
established -- 16 December 1992
aim -- to supervise the ceasefire; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (27) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, US, Uruguay, Zambia
United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II)
note -- UN peacekeepers left Somalia on 1 March 1995; some UN personnel remain in Somalia engaged in humanitarian work
address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879
established -- 24 April 1992
aim -- to facilitate an immediate cessation of hostilities, to maintain a ceasefire in order to promote a political settlement, and to provide urgent humanitarian assistance; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (14) Australia, Bangladesh, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, India, Ireland, Malaysia, Nepal, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Zimbabwe
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
note -- acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for Population Activities
address -- 220 E. 42nd Street, 19th Floor, Room DN-1901, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 297 5000
FAX -- [1] (212) 557 6416
established -- NA July 1967
aim -- to assist both developed and developing countries to deal with their population problems
members -- (52) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
address -- c/o UN Peace Keeping Mission, Office for Special Political Affairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 963 4879
established -- 28 February 1992
aim -- to create conditions for peace and security required for the negotiation of an overall settlement of the "Yugoslav" crisis; established by the UN Security Council
members -- (35) Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US, Venezuela
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near
East (UNRWA)
address -- Vienna International Center, P. O. Box 700, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
telephone -- [43] (1) 211 31, ext. 4530
FAX -- [43] (1) 230 7487
established -- 8 December 1949
aim -- to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees
members -- (10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, UK, US
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD)
established -- 1 July 1964
aim -- to conduct research into the problems of economic development during different phases of economic growth
members -- no country members, but a Board of Directors consisting of a chairman appointed by the UN secretary general and 10 individual members
United Nations Secretariat
address -- see United Nations
established -- 26 June 1945
effective -- 24 October 1945
aim -- to serve as the primary administrative organ of the UN; a Secretary General is appointed for a five-year term by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council
members -- the UN secretary general and staff
United Nations Security Council
address -- c/o United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA
telephone -- [1] (212) 963 1234
FAX -- [1] (212) 758 2718
established -- 26 June 1945
effective -- 24 October 1945
aim -- to maintain international peace and security
permanent members -- (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US
nonpermanent members -- (10) elected for two-year terms by the UN General Assembly; Argentina (1994-95), Brazil (1993-94), Czech Republic (1994-95), Djibouti (1993-94), NZ (1993-94), Nigeria (1994-95), Oman (1994-95), Pakistan (1993-94), Rwanda (1994-95), Spain (1993-94)
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)
established by the UN Security Council on 28 February 1992 to contribute to the restoration and maintenance of peace and to the holding of free elections; disbanded sometime after the UN-supervised election in May 1993; members were Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, Fiji, France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Tunisia, UK, US, Uruguay
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
address -- Government House, P.O. Box 490, Jerusalem, Israel
telephone -- [972] (2) 734 223
established -- NA May 1948
aim -- to supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan; initially established by the UN Security Council
members -- (19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, US
United Nations Trusteeship Council
established on 26 June 1945, effective on 24 October 1945, to supervise the administration of the 11 UN trust territories; members were China, France, Russia, UK, US; its mandate ended on 1 October 1994 when the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) became the Republic of Palau, a self-governing territory in free association with the US
United Nations University (UNU)
established -- 6 December 1973
aim -- to conduct research in development, welfare, and human survival and to train scholars
members (associated institutes) -- (32) Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, India, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
address -- Bureau International de lUPU, Weltpoststrasse 4, CH-3000 Berne 15, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (31) 350 31 11
FAX -- [41] (31) 350 31 10
established -- 9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November 1947
effective -- 1 July 1948
aim -- to promote international postal cooperation; a UN specialized agency
members -- (189) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Overseas Territories of the UK, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------ Warsaw Pact (WP) established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states at the time of dissolution were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR; earlier members included East Germany and Albania
West African Development Bank (WADB)
note -- also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)
address -- BOAD, BP 1172, 68 av de la liberation, Lome, Togo
telephone -- [228] 21 59 06, 21 42 44, 21 01 13
FAX -- [228] 21 52 67, 21 72 69
established -- 14 November 1973
aim -- to promote regional economic development and integration
members -- (7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo
West African Economic Community (CEAO)
note -- acronym from Communaute Economique de lAfrique de lOuest established on 3 June 1972 to promote regional economic development; its members were Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal; it was disbanded in 1994
Western European Union (WEU)
address -- Rue de la Regence 4, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
telephone -- [32] (2) 500 44 11
FAX -- [32] (2) 511 35 19
established -- 23 October 1954
effective -- 6 May 1955
aim -- to provide mutual defense and to move toward political unification
members -- (10) Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
associate members -- (3) Iceland, Norway, Turkey
associate partners -- (9) Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia
observers -- (2) Denmark, Ireland
World Bank
see -- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
World Bank Group
includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), and International Finance Corporation (IFC)
World Confederation of Labor (WCL)
address -- Rue de Treves 33, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium
telephone -- [32] (2) 230 62 95
FAX -- [32] (2) 230 87 22
established -- 19 June 1920 as the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968
aim -- to promote the trade union movement
members -- (99 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
World Court
see -- International Court of Justice (ICJ)
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
address -- Branicka 112, Branik, CS-14700 Prague 4, Czech Republic
telephone -- [42] (2) 46 21 40
FAX -- [42] (2) 46 13 78
established -- 3 October 1945
aim -- to promote the trade union movement
members -- (116) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nepal, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zimbabwe
World Food Council (WFC)
address -- c/o FAO, Via Terme di Caracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italy
telephone -- [39] (6) 522821
FAX -- [39] (6) 574 5091
established -- 17 December 1974
aim -- to study world food problems and to recommend solutions; ECOSOC organization
members -- (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
World Food Program (WFP)
address -- Via Cristoforo Colombo 426, I-00145 Rome, Italy
telephone -- [39] (6) 522821
FAX -- [39] (6) 5123700, 5133537, 52282840
established -- 24 November 1961
aim -- to provide food aid in support of economic development or disaster relief; an ECOSOC organization
members -- (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
World Health Organization (WHO)
address -- CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 791 21 11, 791 32 23
FAX -- [41] (22) 791 07 46
established -- 22 July 1946
effective -- 7 April 1948
aim -- UN specialized agency concerned with health matters
members -- (189) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niue, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate members -- (2) Puerto Rico, Tokelau
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
address -- 34 chemin des Colombettes, Case Postale 18, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 730 9111
FAX -- [41] (22) 733 5428
established -- 14 July 1967
effective -- 26 April 1970
aim -- to furnish protection for literary, artistic, and scientific works; a UN specialized agency
members -- (147) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
address -- Case Postale 2300, 41 Av Giuseppe-Motta, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland
telephone -- [41] (22) 730 81 11
FAX -- [41] (22) 734 23 26
established -- 11 October 1947
effective -- 4 April 1951
aim -- to sponsor meteorological cooperation; a specialized UN agency
members -- (175) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Caribbean Territories, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
World Tourism Organization (WTO or WToO)
address -- Calle Capitan Haya 41, 28020 Madrid, Spain
telephone -- [34] (1) 571 06 28
FAX -- [34] (1) 571 37 33
established -- 2 January 1975
aim -- to promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic development, international understanding, and peace
members -- (121) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate members -- (4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico
observer -- (1) Holy See
World Trade Organization (WTrO)
will be added in The World Factbook 1996
Zangger Committee (ZC)
established -- early 1970s
aim -- to establish guidelines for the export control provisions of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
members -- (29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX D
Abbreviations for Selected International Environmental Agreements
A
Air Pollution -- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30%
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol -- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
B
Biodiversity -- Convention on Biological Diversity
C
Climate Change -- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
D
Desertification -- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
E
Endangered Species -- Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
Environmental Modification -- Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
H
Hazardous Wastes -- Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
L
Law of the Sea -- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
M
Marine Dumping -- Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter; note - also known as the London Convention
Marine Life Conservation -- Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
N
Nuclear Test Ban -- Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
O
Ozone Layer Protection -- Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
S
Ship Pollution -- Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)
T
Tropical Timber 83 -- International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
Tropical Timber 94 -- International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
W
Wetlands -- Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat; note - also known as Ramsar
Whaling -- International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
Note: Not all of the selected international environmental agreements have abbreviations.
________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX E
Selected International Environmental Agreements
Air Pollution
see -- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides
see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85
see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30%
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94
see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
see -- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
see -- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
Antarctic Treaty
opened for signature -- 1 December 1959
entered into force -- 23 June 1961
objective -- to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes, such as, for international cooperation in scientific research, and that it does not become the scene or object of international discord
parties -- (42) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
note -- abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes
opened for signature -- 22 March 1989
entered into force -- 5 May 1992
objective -- to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate
parties -- (81) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Comoros, Cote dIvoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Zaire, Zambia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (9) Afghanistan, Bolivia, Colombia, Germany, Guatemala, Haiti, Thailand, United States, Venezuela
Biodiversity
see -- Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on Biological Diversity
note -- abbreviated as Biodiversity
opened for signature -- 5 June 1992
entered into force -- 29 December 1993
objective -- to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity
parties -- (111) Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote dIvoire, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (64) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Bhutan, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo, Croatia, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Gabon, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Kuwait, Latvia, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Poland, Qatar, Russia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United States, Yemen, former Yugoslavia
Climate Change
see -- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
note -- abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation
opened for signature -- 29 April 1958
entered into force -- 20 March 1966
objective -- to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited
parties -- (37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina, Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, former Yugoslavia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (21) Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (Canada signed on behalf of Taiwan), Tunisia, Uruguay
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution
opened for signature -- 13 November 1979
entered into force -- 16 March 1983
objective -- to protect the human environment against air pollution and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range transboundary air pollution
parties -- (39) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, former Yugoslavia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (2) Holy See, San Marino
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
note -- abbreviated as Endangered Species
opened for signature -- 3 March 1973
entered into force -- 1 July 1975
objective -- to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation by means of a system of import/export permits
parties -- (130) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote dIvoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (5) Cambodia, Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho, Vietnam
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention)
note -- abbreviated as Marine Dumping
opened for signature -- 29 December 1972
entered into force -- 30 August 1975
objective -- to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention
parties -- (76) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vanuatu, former Yugoslavia, Zaire
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
note -- abbreviated as Environmental Modification
opened for signature -- 10 December 1976
entered into force -- 5 October 1978
objective -- to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations
parties -- (63) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (17) Bolivia, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda, Zaire
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
note -- abbreviated as Wetlands
opened for signature -- 2 February 1971
entered into force -- 21 December 1975
objective -- to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value
parties -- (83) Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinadad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia, Zambia
Desertification
see -- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
Endangered Species
see -- Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
Environmental Modification
see -- Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
Hazardous Wastes
see -- Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
note -- abbreviated as Whaling
opened for signature -- 2 December 1946
entered into force -- 10 November 1948
objective -- to protect all species of whales from overfishing; to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented by whale stocks
parties -- (39) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominica, Finland, France, Germany, Grenada, India, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands (Netherlands also extended the convention to Netherlands Antilles), New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles (withdrawing effective 30 June 1995), Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (1) Austria
former parties -- (10) Belize, Canada, Ecuador, Egypt, Iceland, Jamaica, Mauritius, Panama, Philippines, Uruguay
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
note -- abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83
opened for signature -- 18 November 1983
entered into force -- 1 April 1985; this agreement will expire when the International Tropical Timber Ageement, 1994 goes into force
objective -- to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources
parties -- (52) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote dIvoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Zaire
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
note -- abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94
opened for signature -- 26 January 1994, but not yet in force
objective -- to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical timber originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary to reach this objective
parties -- (3) Fiji, Japan, Liberia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (11) Cameroon, Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Gabon, Indonesia, Norway, Panama, Peru, Togo, United States
Law of the Sea
see -- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
Marine Dumping
see -- Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention)
Marine Life Conservation
see -- Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
note -- abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection
opened for signature -- 16 September 1987
entered into force -- 1 January 1989
objective -- to protect the ozone layer by controling emissions of substances that deplete it
parties -- (148) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal (Portugal has also extended the protocol to Macau), Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (1) Morocco
Nuclear Test Ban
see -- Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
Ozone Layer Protection
see -- Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)
note -- abbreviated as Ship Pollution
opened for signature -- 17 February 1978
entered into force -- 2 October 1983
objective -- to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances
parties -- (91) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
note -- abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
opened for signature -- 4 October 1991, but not yet in force
objective -- to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems
parties -- (14) Argentina, Australia, Chile, China, Ecuador, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (27) Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes
note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides
opened for signature -- 31 October 1988
entered into force -- 14 February 1991
objective -- to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen oxides and their transboundary fluxes
parties -- (25) Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (3) Belgium, Greece, Poland
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes
note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
opened for signature -- 18 November 1991, but not yet in force
objective -- to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects
parties -- (11) Austria, Finland, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (12) Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, European Union, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Ukraine, United States
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 94
opened for signature -- 14 June 1994, but not yet in force
objective -- to provide for a further reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes
parties -- (0)
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (28) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30%
note -- abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 85
opened for signature -- 8 July 1985
entered into force -- 2 September 1987
objective -- to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes by 1993
parties -- (21) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine
Ship Pollution
see -- Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
note -- abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban
opened for signature -- 5 August 1963
entered into force -- 10 October 1963
objective -- to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament under strict international control in accordance with the objectives of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminate incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons, including nuclear weapons
parties -- (125) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Western Samoa, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (11) Algeria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali, Paraguay, Portugal, Somalia, Vietnam
Tropical Timber 83
see -- International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
Tropical Timber 94
see -- International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
note -- abbreviated as Law of the Sea
opened for signature -- 10 December 1982
entered into force -- 16 November 1994
objective -- to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans; to include rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment
parties -- (72) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, Fiji, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Paraguay, Philippines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (91) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cook Islands, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Western Samoa
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
note -- abbreviated as Desertification
opened for signature -- 14 October 1994, but not yet in force
objective -- to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements
parties -- (1) Mexico
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (104) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote dIvoire, Croatia, Cuba, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, European Union, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - some late changes not included under country entries
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
note -- abbreviated as Climate Change
opened for signature -- 9 May 1992
entered into force -- 21 March 1994
objective -- to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system
parties -- (119) Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote dIvoire, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvulu, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified -- (54) Afghanistan, Angola, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Madagascar, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Panama, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Ukraine, Yemen, former Yugoslavia
Wetlands
see -- Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
Whaling
see -- International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX F:
Weights and Measures
Mathematical Notation
Exponents immediately follow the ^ symbol throughout this appendix.
Mathematical Power Name
10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion
10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion
10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion
10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion
10^6 or 1,000,000 one million
10^3 or 1,000 one thousand
10^2 or 100 one hundred
10^1 or 10 ten
10^0 or 1 one
10-^1 or 0.1 one-tenth
10-^2 or 0.01 one-hundredth
10-^3 or 0.001 one-thousandth
10-^6 or 0.000 001 one-millionth
10-^9 or 0.000 000 001 one-billionth
10-^12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one-trillionth
10-^15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one-quadrillionth
10-^18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 00 one-quintillionth
Metric Interrelationships
Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals 9.26 kilometers).
Prefix Symbol Length, weight, or capacity Area Volume
exa E 10^18 10^36 10^54
peta P 10^15 10^30 10^45
tera T 10^12 10^24 10^36
giga G 10^9 10^18 10^27
mega M 10^6 10^12 10^18
hectokilo hk 10^5 10^10 10^15
myria ma 10^4 10^8 10^12
kilo k 10^3 10^6 10^9
hecto h 10^2 10^4 10^6
basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter^2 1 meter^3 1 gram, 1 liter
deci d 10-^1 10-^2 10-^3
centi c 10-^2 10-^4 10-^6
milli m 10-^3 10-^6 10-^9
decimilli dm 10-^4 10-^8 10-^12
centimilli cm 10-^5 10-^10 10-^15
micro u 10-^6 10-^12 10-^18
nano n 10-^9 10-^18 10-^27
pico p 10-^12 10-^24 10-^36
femto f 10-^15 10-^30 10-^45
atto a 10-^18 10-^36 10-^54
Equivalents
Units Metric Equivalent US Equivalent
acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2
acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^2
acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles^2, kilometers^2 statute
are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2
barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons
(proof spirits, US) 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons
(beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons
bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks
cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms
chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet
cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3
cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US)
degrees, Celsius (water boils at 100 multiply by 1.8 and add 32 degrees C, freezes at to obtain degrees F 0 degrees C)
degrees, Fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide water boils at 212 degrees by 1.8 to obtain F, freezes at 32 degrees F) degrees C
dram, avdp. 1.771 845 2 grams 0.0625 5 ounces, avdp.
dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy
dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid
fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet
foot 30.48 centimeters 12 inches
foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards
foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, statute
foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2
foot^2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2
foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons
foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3
furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards
gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid
gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid
grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, avdp.
gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, avdp.
hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches
hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres
hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avdp.
hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avdp.
inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet
inch^2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2
inch^3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3
inch^3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry
inch^3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid
kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, avdp.
kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, statute
kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres
kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2, statute
knot (1 nautical 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour mi/hr)
league, nautical 5.556 kilometers 3 miles, nautical
league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute
link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches
liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3
liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry
liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid
meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards
meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2
meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3
micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches
mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch
mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, statute
mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute
mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs
mile^2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section
mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 0.755 miles^2, nautical kilometers^2
minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid or one-sixtieth of a dram
ounce, avdp. 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains
ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid
ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains
pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches
peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry
pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains
pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry
pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid
point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches
pound, avdp 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avdp
pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy
quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry
quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid
quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp.
rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards
scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains
section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile^2, statute or 640 acres
span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches
stere 1 meter^3 1.307 95 yards^3
tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons
teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons
ton, long or 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avdp. deadweight
ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, avdp.
ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy
ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3
ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avdp.
township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute
yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet
yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2
yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3
yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons
________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX G:
Estimates of Gross Domestic Product on an Exchange Rate Basis
These estimates of gross domestic product on an exchange rate basis are based on official data from national statistical offices.
Country Million US$ Year
Afghanistan --- ---
Albania --- ---
Algeria 46,823 1993
American Samoa --- ---
Andorra --- ---
Angola --- ---
Anguilla --- ---
Antigua and Barbuda 374 1992
Argentina --- ---
Armenia --- ---
Aruba --- ---
Australia 284,293 1993
Austria 181,367 1993
Azerbaijan --- ---
The Bahamas --- ---
Bahrain 3,903 1990
Bangladesh 23,957 1993
Barbados 1,574 1992
Belarus --- ---
Belgium 207,500 1993
Belize 524 1993
Benin 1,898 1991
Bermuda --- ---
Bhutan 245 1992
Bolivia 6,058 1991
Bosnia and Herzegovina --- ---
Botswana 3,702 1992
Brazil --- ---
British Virgin Islands --- ---
Brunei --- ---
Bulgaria --- ---
Burkina --- ---
Burma 55,073 1993
Burundi 923 1993
Cambodia --- ---
Cameroon 10,918 1992
Canada 551,645 1993
Cape Verde 286 1988
Cayman Islands --- ---
Central African Republic 1,339 1992
Chad 1,383 1992
Chile 43,684 1993
China 544,603 1993
Christmas Island --- ---
Cocos (Keeling) Islands --- ---
Colombia --- ---
Comoros 43,546 1992
Congo --- ---
Cook Island --- ---
Costa Rica 6,722 1992
Cote d'Ivoire 10,492 1992
Croatia --- ---
Cuba --- ---
Cyprus 6,700 1992
Czech Republic 31,664 1993
Denmark 135,998 1993
Djibouti 494 1990
Dominica 189 1992
Dominican Republic 8,796 1992
Ecuador 14,304 1993
Egypt 41,855 1992
El Salvador 7,625 1993
Equatorial Guinea 181 1992
Eritrea --- ---
Estonia --- ---
Ethiopia 3,362 1993
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) --- ---
Faroe Islands --- ---
Fiji 1,490 1991
Finland 83,795 1993
France 1,252,560 1993
French Guiana --- ---
French Polynesia --- ---
Gabon 5,913 1992
The Gambia 332 1992
Gaza Strip --- ---
Georgia --- ---
Germany 1,880,000 1993
Ghana 6,884 1992
Gibraltar --- ---
Greece 73,100 1993
Greenland --- ---
Grenada 214 1992
Guadeloupe --- ---
Guam --- ---
Guatemala 11,279 1993
Guernsey --- ---
Guinea --- ---
Guinea-Bissau 221 1992
Guyana 447 1993
Haiti 2,502 1990
Honduras 3,343 1993
Hong Kong --- ---
Hungary 36,113 1993
Iceland 6,076 1993
India 272,231 1992
Indonesia 142,794 1993
Iran 1,013,890 1992
Iraq --- ---
Ireland 47,678 1993
Israel 65,043 1993
Italy 999,700 1993
Jamaica 3,839 1993
Japan 4,215,546 1993
Jersey --- ---
Jordan 5,190 1993
Kazakhstan --- ---
Kenya 5,569 1993
Kiribati --- ---
Korea, North --- ---
Korea, South --- ---
Kuwait 22,416 1993
Kyrgyzstan --- ---
Laos --- ---
Latvia --- ---
Lebanon --- ---
Lesotho 710 1992
Liberia 1,183 1989
Libya 21,864 1986
Liechtenstein --- ---
Lithuania --- ---
Luxembourg 10,600 1993
Macau --- ---
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of --- ---
Madagascar 3,371 1993
Malawi 2,017 1993
Malaysia 64,434 1993
Maldives --- ---
Mali 2,451 1991
Malta 2,743 1992
Man, Isle of --- ---
Marshall Islands --- ---
Martinique --- ---
Mauritania 1,136 1993
Mauritius 3,112 1993
Mayotte --- ---
Mexico 286,631 1991
Micronesia, Federated States of --- ---
Moldova --- ---
Monaco --- ---
Mongolia 1,111 1992
Montserrat --- ---
Morocco 28,762 1992
Mozambique 1,410 1993
Namibia 2,508 1993
Nauru --- ---
Nepal 3,387 1993
Netherlands 308,995 1993
Netherlands Antilles --- ---
New Caledonia --- ---
New Zealand 43,698 1993
Nicaragua 2,214 1990
Niger 2,506 1990
Nigeria 37,250 1993
Niue --- ---
Norfolk Island --- ---
Northern Mariana Islands --- ---
Norway 103,418 1993
Oman 11,489 1992
Pakistan 48,363 1993
Palau --- ---
Panama 6,565 1993
Papua New Guinea 4,292 1992
Paraguay 6,446 1992
Peru 39,760 1989
Philippines 54,068 1992
Pitcairn Islands --- ---
Poland 85,898 1993
Portugal 75,100 1993
Puerto Rico --- ---
Qatar 7,473 1992
Reunion --- ---
Romania 24,781 1993
Russia --- ---
Rwanda 1,630 1992
Saint Helena --- ---
Saint Kitts and Nevis 158 1990
Saint Lucia 393 1992
Saint Pierre and Miquelon --- ---
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 192 1992
San Marino --- ---
Sao Tome and Principe --- ---
Saudi Arabia 121,530 1992
Senegal 4,627 1989
Serbia and Montenegro --- ---
Seychelles 434 1992
Sierra Leone --- ---
Singapore 55,086 1993
Slovakia --- ---
Slovenia --- ---
Solomon Islands --- ---
Somalia --- ---
South Africa 117,442 1993
Spain 478,391 1993
Sri Lanka 10,274 1993
Sudan 27,697 1991
Suriname 1,872 1991
Svalbard --- ---
Swaziland 874 1991
Sweden 186,224 1993
Switzerland 232,133 1993
Syria 33,050 1992
Tajikistan --- ---
Tanzania 2,086 1993
Thailand 110,429 1992
Togo 1,237 1987
Tokelau --- ---
Tonga 145 1993
Trinidad and Tobago 4,538 1993
Tunisia 14,634 1993
Turkey 138,400 1993
Turkmenistan --- ---
Turks and Caicos Islands --- ---
Tuvalu --- ---
Uganda 5,608 1988
Ukraine --- ---
United Arab Emirates 34,977 1992
United Kingdom 944,902 1993
United States 6,738,400 1994
Uruguay 13,144 1993
Uzbekistan --- ---
Vanuatu 153 1990
Venezuela 59,183 1993
Vietnam --- ---
Virgin Islands --- ---
Wallis and Futuna --- ---
West Bank --- ---
Western Sahara --- ---
Western Samoa --- ---
World --- ---
Yemen --- ---
Zaire 9,078 1991
Zambia 3,302 1992
Zimbabwe 6,189 1990
Taiwan --- ---
________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX H
Cross-Reference List of Geographic Items
This list indicates where various geographic items - including the location of all United States Foreign Service Posts, alternate names of countries, former names, and political or geographical portions of larger entities - can be found in The World Factbook. Spellings are normally, but not always, those approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in parentheses; additional information is included in brackets.
Name -- Entry in The World Factbook
A
Abidjan [US Embassy] -- Cote d'Ivoire
Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] -- United Arab Emirates
Abuja [US Embassy Branch Office] -- Nigeria
Acapulco [US Consular Agency] -- Mexico
Accra [US Embassy] -- Ghana
Adamstown -- Pitcairn Islands
Adana [US Consulate] -- Turkey
Addis Ababa [US Embassy] -- Ethiopia
Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) -- Antarctica [claimed by France]
Aden -- Yemen
Aden, Gulf of -- Indian Ocean
Admiralty Islands -- Papua New Guinea
Adriatic Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Aegean Islands -- Greece
Aegean Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Afars and Issas, French Territory -- Djibouti of the (F.T.A.I.)
Agalega Islands -- Mauritius
Agana -- Guam
Aland Islands -- Finland
Alaska -- United States
Alaska, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean
Aldabra Islands -- Seychelles
Alderney -- Guernsey
Aleutian Islands -- United States
Alexander Island -- Antarctica
Alexandria -- Egypt
Algiers [US Embassy] -- Algeria
Alhucemas, Penon de -- Spain
Alma-Ata (see Almaty) -- Kazakhstan
Almaty (Alma-Ata) [US Embassy] -- Kazakhstan
Alofi -- Niue
Alphonse Island -- Seychelles
Amami Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Amindivi Islands -- India
Amirante Isles -- Seychelles
Amman [US Embassy] -- Jordan
Amsterdam [US Consulate General] -- Netherlands
Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) -- French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Amundsen Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Amur -- China; Russia
Andaman Islands -- India
Andaman Sea -- Indian Ocean
Andorra la Vella -- Andorra
Anegada Passage -- Atlantic Ocean
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan -- Sudan
Anjouan -- Comoros
Ankara [US Embassy] -- Turkey
Annobon -- Equatorial Guinea
Antananarivo [US Embassy] -- Madagascar
Antipodes Islands -- New Zealand
Antwerp [European Logistical -- Belgium Support Office]
Aozou Strip -- Chad
Apia [US Embassy] -- Western Samoa
Aqaba, Gulf of -- Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea -- Indian Ocean
Arafura Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Argun -- China; Russia
Ascension Island -- Saint Helena
Ashgabat [US Embassy] -- Turkmenistan
Ashkhabad (see Ashgabat) -- Turkmenistan
Asmara [US Embassy] -- Eritrea
Asmera (see Asmara) -- Eritrea
Assumption Island -- Seychelles
Asuncion [US Embassy] -- Paraguay
Asuncion Island -- Northern Mariana Islands
Atacama -- Chile
Athens [US Embassy] -- Greece
Attu -- United States
Auckland [US Consulate General] -- New Zealand
Auckland Islands -- New Zealand
Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) -- French Polynesia
Avarua -- Cook Islands
Axel Heiberg Island -- Canada
Azores -- Portugal
Azov, Sea of -- Atlantic Ocean
B
Bab el Mandeb -- Indian Ocean
Babuyan Channel -- Pacific Ocean
Babuyan Islands -- Philippines
Baffin Bay -- Arctic Ocean
Baffin Island -- Canada
Baghdad [US Embassy temporarily -- Iraq suspended; US Interests Section located in Poland's embassy in Baghdad]
Baki (Baku) -- Azerbaijan
Baku [US Embassy] -- Azerbaijan
Baky (Baku) -- Azerbaijan
Balabac Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Balearic Islands -- Spain
Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) -- Atlantic Ocean
Bali Sea -- Indian Ocean
Balintang Channel -- Pacific Ocean
Balintang Islands -- Philippines
Balleny Islands -- Antarctica
Balochistan -- Pakistan
Baltic Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Bamako [US Embassy] -- Mali
Banaba (Ocean Island) -- Kiribati
Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] -- Brunei
Banda Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Bangkok [US Embassy] -- Thailand
Bangui [US Embassy] -- Central African Republic
Banjul [US Embassy] -- Gambia, The
Banks Island -- Canada
Banks Islands (Iles Banks) -- Vanuatu
Barcelona [US Consulate General] -- Spain
Barents Sea -- Arctic Ocean
Barranquilla [US Consulate] -- Colombia
Bashi Channel -- Pacific Ocean
Basilan Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Bass Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Basse-Terre -- Guadeloupe
Basseterre -- Saint Kitts and Nevis
Basutoland -- Lesotho
Batan Islands -- Philippines
Bavaria (Bayern) -- Germany
Beagle Channel -- Atlantic Ocean
Bear Island (Bjornoya) -- Svalbard
Beaufort Sea -- Arctic Ocean
Bechuanaland -- Botswana
Beijing [US Embassy] -- China
Beirut [US Embassy] -- Lebanon
Belau -- Palau
Belem [US Consular Agency] -- Brazil
Belep Islands (Iles Belep) -- New Caledonia
Belfast [US Consulate General] -- United Kingdom
Belgian Congo -- Zaire
Belgrade [US Embassy; US does not -- Serbia and Montenegro maintain full diplomatic relations with Serbia and Montenegro]
Belize City [US Embassy] -- Belize
Belle Isle, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean
Bellingshausen Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Belmopan -- Belize
Belorussia -- Belarus
Bengal, Bay of -- Indian Ocean
Bering Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Bering Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Berkner Island -- Antarctica
Berlin [US Branch Office] -- Germany
Berlin, East -- Germany
Berlin, West -- Germany
Bern [US Embassy] -- Switzerland
Bessarabia -- Romania; Moldova
Bijagos, Arquipelago dos -- Guinea-Bissau
Bikini Atoll -- Marshall Islands
Bilbao [US Consulate] -- Spain
Bioko -- Equatorial Guinea
Biscay, Bay of -- Atlantic Ocean
Bishkek [US Embassy] -- Kyrgyzstan
Bishop Rock -- United Kingdom
Bismarck Archipelago -- Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Bissau [US Embassy] -- Guinea-Bissau
Bjornoya (Bear Island) -- Svalbard
Black Rock -- Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Black Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Bloemfontein -- South Africa
Boa Vista -- Cape Verde
Bogota [US Embassy] -- Colombia
Bombay [US Consulate General] -- India
Bonaire -- Netherlands Antilles
Bonifacio, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean
Bonin Islands -- Japan
Bonn [US Embassy] -- Germany
Bophuthatswana -- South Africa
Bora-Bora -- French Polynesia
Bordeaux [US Consulate General] -- France
Borneo -- Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
Bornholm -- Denmark
Bosporus -- Atlantic Ocean
Bothnia, Gulf of -- Atlantic Ocean
Bougainville Island -- Papua New Guinea
Bougainville Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Bounty Islands -- New Zealand
Brasilia [US Embassy] -- Brazil
Bratislava [US Embassy] -- Slovakia
Brazzaville [US Embassy] -- Congo
Bridgetown [US Embassy] -- Barbados
Brisbane [US Consulate] -- Australia
British East Africa -- Kenya
British Guiana -- Guyana
British Honduras -- Belize
British Solomon Islands -- Solomon Islands
British Somaliland -- Somalia
Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission -- Belgium to European Union (USEU), US Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (USNATO)]
Bucharest [US Embassy] -- Romania
Budapest [US Embassy] -- Hungary
Buenos Aires [US Embassy] -- Argentina
Bujumbura [US Embassy] -- Burundi
Burnt Pine -- Norfolk Island
Byelorussia -- Belarus
C
Cabinda -- Angola
Cabot Strait -- Atlantic Ocean
Caicos Islands -- Turks and Caicos Islands
Cairo [US Embassy] -- Egypt
Calcutta [US Consulate General] -- India
Calgary [US Consulate General] -- Canada
California, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean
Campbell Island -- New Zealand
Canal Zone -- Panama
Canary Islands -- Spain
Canberra [US Embassy] -- Australia
Canton (Guangzhou) -- China
Canton Island (Kanton Island) -- Kiribati
Cape Town [US Consulate General] -- South Africa
Caracas [US Embassy] -- Venezuela
Cargados Carajos Shoals -- Mauritius
Caroline Islands -- Micronesia, Federated States of;
-- Palau
Caribbean Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Carpentaria, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean
Casablanca [US Consulate General] -- Morocco
Castries -- Saint Lucia
Cato Island -- Australia
Cayenne -- French Guiana
Cebu [US Consulate] -- Philippines
Celebes -- Indonesia
Celebes Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Celtic Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Central African Empire -- Central African Republic
Ceuta -- Spain
Ceylon -- Sri Lanka
Chafarinas, Islas -- Spain
Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) -- British Indian Ocean Territory
Channel Islands -- Guernsey; Jersey
Charlotte Amalie -- Virgin Islands
Chatham Islands -- New Zealand
Cheju-do -- Korea, South
Cheju Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Chengdu [US Consulate General] -- China
Chesterfield Islands -- New Caledonia (Iles Chesterfield)
Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] -- Thailand
Chihli, Gulf of (see Bo Hai) -- Pacific Ocean
China, People's Republic of -- China
China, Republic of -- Taiwan
Chisinau [US Embassy] -- Moldova
Choiseul -- Solomon Islands
Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] -- Australia
Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] -- Kiribati (Kiritimati)
Chukchi Sea -- Arctic Ocean
Ciskei -- South Africa
Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate General] -- Mexico
Cluj-Napoca [US Branch Office] -- Romania
Coco, Isla del -- Costa Rica
Cocos Islands -- Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombo [US Embassy] -- Sri Lanka
Colon, Archipielago de -- Ecuador (Galapagos Islands)
Commander Islands -- Russia (Komandorskiye Ostrova)
Conakry [US Embassy] -- Guinea
Congo (Brazzaville) -- Congo
Congo (Kinshasa) -- Zaire
Congo (Leopoldville) -- Zaire
Con Son Islands -- Vietnam
Cook Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Copenhagen [US Embassy] -- Denmark
Coral Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) -- Nicaragua
Corsica -- France
Cosmoledo Group -- Seychelles
Cotonou [US Embassy] -- Benin
Crete -- Greece
Crooked Island Passage -- Atlantic Ocean
Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) -- French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Curacao [US Consulate General] -- Netherlands Antilles
Czechoslovakia -- Czech Republic; Slovakia
D
Dahomey -- Benin
Daito Islands -- Japan
Dakar [US Embassy] -- Senegal
Daman (Damao) -- India
Damascus [US Embassy] -- Syria
Danger Atoll -- Cook Islands
Danish Straits -- Atlantic Ocean
Danzig (Gdansk) -- Poland
Dao Bach Long Vi -- Vietnam
Dardanelles -- Atlantic Ocean
Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] -- Tanzania
Davis Strait -- Atlantic Ocean
Deception Island -- Antarctica
Denmark Strait -- Atlantic Ocean
D'Entrecasteaux Islands -- Papua New Guinea
Devon Island -- Canada
Dhahran [US Consulate General] -- Saudi Arabia
Dhaka [US Embassy] -- Bangladesh
Diego Garcia -- British Indian Ocean Territory
Diego Ramirez -- Chile
Diomede Islands -- Russia [Big Diomede]; United States
-- [Little Diomede]
Diu -- India
Djibouti [US Embassy] -- Djibouti
Dodecanese -- Greece
Dodoma -- Tanzania
Doha [US Embassy] -- Qatar
Douala -- Cameroon
Douglas -- Man, Isle of
Dover, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean
Drake Passage -- Atlantic Ocean
Dubai (see Dubayy) -- United Arab Emirates
Dubayy [US Consulate General] -- United Arab Emirates
Dublin [US Embassy] -- Ireland
Durban [US Consulate General] -- South Africa
Dushanbe [US Embassy] -- Tajikistan
Dutch East Indies -- Indonesia
Dutch Guiana -- Suriname
E
East China Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) -- Chile
Eastern Channel (East Korea Strait -- Pacific Ocean or Tsushima Strait)
East Germany (German Democratic -- Germany Republic)
East Korea Strait (Eastern Channel -- Pacific Ocean or Tsushima Strait)
East Pakistan -- Bangladesh
East Siberian Sea -- Arctic Ocean
East Timor (Portuguese Timor) -- Indonesia
Edinburgh [US Consulate General] -- United Kingdom
Elba -- Italy
Ellef Ringnes Island -- Canada
Ellesmere Island -- Canada
Ellice Islands -- Tuvalu
Elobey, Islas de -- Equatorial Guinea
Enderbury Island -- Kiribati
Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) -- Marshall Islands
England -- United Kingdom
English Channel -- Atlantic Ocean
Eniwetok Atoll -- Marshall Islands
Epirus, Northern -- Albania; Greece
Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela] -- Guyana
Etorofu -- Russia [de facto]
F
Farquhar Group -- Seychelles
Fernando de Noronha -- Brazil
Fernando Po (Bioko) -- Equatorial Guinea
Finland, Gulf of -- Atlantic Ocean
Florence [US Consulate General] -- Italy
Florida, Straits of -- Atlantic Ocean
Formosa -- Taiwan
Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) -- Pacific Ocean
Fortaleza [US Consular Agency] -- Brazil
Fort-de-France -- Martinique
Frankfurt am Main [US -- Germany Consulate General]
Franz Josef Land -- Russia
Freetown [US Embassy] -- Sierra Leone
French Cameroon -- Cameroon
French Indochina -- Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
French Guinea -- Guinea
French Sudan -- Mali
French Territory of the Afars -- Djibouti and Issas (F.T.A.I.)
French Togo -- Togo
Friendly Islands -- Tonga
Frunze (Bishkek) -- Kyrgyzstan
Fukuoka [US Consulate] -- Japan
Funafuti -- Tuvalu
Fundy, Bay of -- Atlantic Ocean
Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) -- Wallis and Futuna
G
Gaborone [US Embassy] -- Botswana
Galapagos Islands (Archipielago -- Ecuador de Colon)
Galleons Passage -- Atlantic Ocean
Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) -- French Polynesia
Gaspar Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Geneva [Branch Office of the -- Switzerland US Embassy, US Mission to European Office of the UN and Other International Organizations]
Genoa -- Italy
George Town [US Consular Agency] -- Cayman Islands
Georgetown [US Embassy] -- Guyana
German Democratic Republic -- Germany (East Germany)
Gibraltar -- Gibraltar
Gibraltar, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean
Gilbert Islands -- Kiribati
Goa -- India
Gold Coast -- Ghana
Golan Heights -- Syria
Good Hope, Cape of -- South Africa
Goteborg -- Sweden
Gotland -- Sweden
Gough Island -- Saint Helena
Grand Banks -- Atlantic Ocean
Grand Cayman -- Cayman Islands
Grand Turk -- Turks and Caicos Islands
Great Australian Bight -- Indian Ocean
Great Belt (Store Baelt) -- Atlantic Ocean
Great Britain -- United Kingdom
Great Channel -- Indian Ocean
Greater Sunda Islands -- Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
Green Islands -- Papua New Guinea
Greenland Sea -- Arctic Ocean
Grenadines, Northern -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenadines, Southern -- Grenada
Grytviken -- Georgia
Guadalajara [US Consulate General] -- Mexico
Guadalcanal -- Solomon Islands
Guadalupe, Isla de -- Mexico
Guangzhou [US Consulate General] -- China
Guantanamo Bay [US Naval Base] -- Cuba
Guatemala [US Embassy] -- Guatemala
Gubal, Strait of -- Indian Ocean
Guinea, Gulf of -- Atlantic Ocean
Guayaquil [US Consulate General] -- Ecuador
H
Ha'apai Group -- Tonga
Habomai Islands -- Russia [de facto]
Hague, The [US Embassy] -- Netherlands
Hainan Dao -- China
Halifax [US Consulate General] -- Canada
Halmahera -- Indonesia
Hamburg [US Consulate General] -- Germany
Hamilton [US Consulate General] -- Bermuda
Hanoi [US Liaison Office] -- Vietnam
Harare [US Embassy] -- Zimbabwe
Hatay -- Turkey
Havana [US post not maintained; -- Cuba representation by US Interests Section (USINT) of the Swiss Embassy]
Hawaii -- United States
Heard Island -- Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Helsinki [US Embassy] -- Finland
Hermosillo [US Consulate] -- Mexico
Hispaniola -- Dominican Republic; Haiti
Hokkaido -- Japan
Hong Kong [US Consulate General] -- Hong Kong
Honiara -- Solomon Islands
Honshu -- Japan
Hormuz, Strait of -- Indian Ocean
Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) -- Chile
Horne, Iles de -- Wallis and Futuna
Horn of Africa -- Ethiopia; Somalia
Hudson Bay -- Arctic Ocean
Hudson Strait -- Arctic Ocean
I
Inaccessible Island -- Saint Helena
Indochina -- Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) -- China
Ionian Islands -- Greece
Ionian Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Irian Jaya -- Indonesia
Irish Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Islamabad [US Embassy] -- Pakistan
Islas Malvinas -- Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Istanbul [US Consulate General] -- Turkey
Italian Somaliland -- Somalia
Ivory Coast -- Cote d'Ivoire
Iwo Jima -- Japan
J
Jakarta [US Embassy] -- Indonesia
Jamestown -- Saint Helena
Japan, Sea of -- Pacific Ocean
Java -- Indonesia
Java Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Jeddah (see Jiddah) -- Saudi Arabia
Jerusalem [US Consulate General] -- Israel; West Bank
Jiddah [US Consulate General] -- Saudi Arabia
Johannesburg [US Consulate General] -- South Africa
Juan de Fuca, Strait of -- Pacific Ocean
Juan Fernandez, Isla de -- Chile
Juventud, Isla de la (Isle of Youth) -- Cuba
K
Kabul [US Embassy now closed] -- Afghanistan
Kaduna [US Consulate General] -- Nigeria
Kalimantan -- Indonesia
Kamchatka Peninsula -- Russia (Poluostrov Kamchatka)
Kampala [US Embassy] -- Uganda
Kampuchea -- Cambodia
Kanton Island -- Kiribati Karachi [US Consulate General]
-- Pakistan
Kara Sea -- Arctic Ocean
Karimata Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Kathmandu [US Embassy] -- Nepal
Kattegat -- Atlantic Ocean
Kauai Channel -- Pacific Ocean
Keeling Islands -- Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Kerguelen, Iles -- French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Kermadec Islands -- New Zealand
Khabarovsk -- Russia
Khartoum [US Embassy] -- Sudan
Khmer Republic -- Cambodia
Khuriya Muriya Islands (Kuria -- Oman Muria Islands)
Khyber Pass -- Pakistan
Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) -- Atlantic Ocean
Kiev [US Embassy] -- Ukraine
Kigali [US Embassy] -- Rwanda
Kingston [US Embassy] -- Jamaica
Kingston -- Norfolk Island
Kingstown -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Kinshasa [US Embassy] -- Zaire
Kirghiziya -- Kyrgyzstan
Kiritimati (Christmas Island) -- Kiribati
Kishinev (Chisinau) -- Moldova
Kithira Strait -- Atlantic Ocean
Kodiak Island -- United States
Kola Peninsula (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) -- Russia
Kolonia [US Embassy] -- Micronesia, Federated States of
Korea Bay -- Pacific Ocean
Korea, Democratic People's -- Korea, North Republic of
Korea, Republic of -- Korea, South
Korea Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Koror [US Liaison Office] -- Palau
Kosovo -- Serbia and Montenegro
Kowloon -- Hong Kong
Krakow [US Consulate General] -- Poland
Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy] -- Malaysia
Kunashiri (Kunashir) -- Russia [de facto]
Kuril Islands -- Russia [de facto]
Kuwait [US Embassy] -- Kuwait
Kwajalein Atoll -- Marshall Islands
Kyushu -- Japan
Kyyiv (Kiev) -- Ukraine
L
Labrador -- Canada
Laccadive Islands -- India
Laccadive Sea -- Indian Ocean
Lagos [US Embassy] -- Nigeria
Lahore [US Consulate General] -- Pakistan
Lakshadweep -- India
La Paz [US Embassy] -- Bolivia
La Perouse Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Laptev Sea -- Arctic Ocean
Las Palmas -- Spain
Lau Group -- Fiji
Lefkosa (Nicosia) -- Cyprus
Leipzig [US Consulate General] -- Germany
Leningrad (see Saint Petersburg) -- Russia
Lesser Sunda Islands -- Indonesia
Leyte -- Philippines
Liancourt Rocks [claimed by Japan] -- Korea, South
Libreville [US Embassy] -- Gabon
Ligurian Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Lilongwe [US Embassy] -- Malawi
Lima [US Embassy] -- Peru
Lincoln Sea -- Arctic Ocean
Line Islands -- Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll
Lisbon [US Embassy] -- Portugal
Ljubljana [US Embassy] -- Slovenia
Lobamba -- Swaziland
Lombok Strait -- Indian Ocean
Lome [US Embassy] -- Togo
London [US Embassy] -- United Kingdom
Longyearbyen -- Svalbard
Lord Howe Island -- Australia
Louisiade Archipelago -- Papua New Guinea
Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute) -- New Caledonia
Luanda [US Embassy] -- Angola
Lubumbashi -- Zaire
Lusaka [US Embassy] -- Zambia
Luxembourg [US Embassy] -- Luxembourg
Luzon -- Philippines
Luzon Strait -- Pacific Ocean
M
Macao -- Macau
Macau -- Macau
Macedonia -- Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav
-- Republic of
Macquarie Island -- Australia
Madeira Islands -- Portugal
Madras [US Consulate General] -- India
Madrid [US Embassy] -- Spain
Magellan, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean
Maghreb -- Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, -- Tunisia
Mahe Island -- Seychelles
Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) -- Nicaragua
Majorca (Mallorca) -- Spain
Majuro [US Embassy] -- Marshall Islands
Makassar Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Malabo [US Embassy] -- Equatorial Guinea
Malacca, Strait of -- Indian Ocean
Malagasy Republic -- Madagascar
Male [US Consular Agency] -- Maldives
Mallorca (Majorca) -- Spain
Malpelo, Isla de -- Colombia
Malta Channel -- Atlantic Ocean
Malvinas, Islas -- Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Mamoutzou -- Mayotte
Managua [US Embassy] -- Nicaragua
Manama [US Embassy] -- Bahrain
Manaus [US Consular Agency] -- Brazil
Manchukuo -- China
Manchuria -- China
Manila [US Embassy] -- Philippines
Manipa Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Mannar, Gulf of -- Indian Ocean
Manua Islands -- American Samoa
Maputo [US Embassy] -- Mozambique
Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) -- Japan
Mariana Islands -- Guam; Northern Mariana Islands
Marion Island -- South Africa
Marmara, Sea of -- Atlantic Ocean
Marquesas Islands (Iles Marquises) -- French Polynesia
Marseille [US Consulate General] -- France
Martin Vaz, Ilhas -- Brazil
Mas a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe -- Chile Island)
Mascarene Islands -- Mauritius; Reunion
Maseru [US Embassy] -- Lesotho
Matamoros [US Consulate] -- Mexico
Mata-Utu -- Wallis and Futuna
Mazatlan -- Mexico
Mbabane [US Embassy] -- Swaziland
McDonald Islands -- Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Medan [US Consulate General] -- Indonesia
Mediterranean Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Melbourne [US Consulate General] -- Australia
Melilla -- Spain
Merida [US Consulate] -- Mexico
Messina, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean
Mexico [US Embassy] -- Mexico
Mexico, Gulf of -- Atlantic Ocean
Milan [US Consulate General] -- Italy
Minami-tori-shima -- Japan
Mindanao -- Philippines
Mindoro Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Minicoy Island -- India
Minsk [US Embassy] -- Belarus
Mogadishu -- Somalia
Moldavia -- Moldova
Mombasa -- Kenya
Mona Passage -- Atlantic Ocean
Monaco -- Monaco
Monrovia [US Embassy] -- Liberia
Montenegro -- Serbia and Montenegro
Monterrey [US Consulate General] -- Mexico
Montevideo [US Embassy] -- Uruguay
Montreal [US Consulate General, US -- Canada Mission to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)]
Moravian Gate -- Czech Republic
Moroni -- Comoros
Mortlock Islands -- Micronesia, Federated States of
Moscow [US Embassy] -- Russia
Mozambique Channel -- Indian Ocean
Munich [US Consulate General] -- Germany
Musandam Peninsula -- Oman; United Arab Emirates
Muscat [US Embassy] -- Oman
Muscat and Oman -- Oman
Myanma, Myanmar -- Burma
N
Nagoya [US Consulate] -- Japan
Naha [US Consulate General] -- Japan
Nairobi [US Embassy] -- Kenya
Nampo-shoto -- Japan
Naples [US Consulate General] -- Italy
Nassau [US Embassy] -- Bahamas, The
Natuna Besar Islands -- Indonesia
N'Djamena [US Embassy] -- Chad
Netherlands East Indies -- Indonesia
Netherlands Guiana -- Suriname
Nevis -- Saint Kitts and Nevis
New Delhi [US Embassy] -- India
Newfoundland -- Canada
New Guinea -- Indonesia; Papua New Guinea
New Hebrides -- Vanuatu
New Siberian Islands -- Russia
New Territories -- Hong Kong
New York, New York [US Mission to -- United States the United Nations (USUN)]
Niamey [US Embassy] -- Niger
Nicobar Islands -- India
Nicosia [US Embassy] -- Cyprus
Nightingale Island -- Saint Helena
North Atlantic Ocean -- Atlantic Ocean
North Channel -- Atlantic Ocean
Northeast Providence Channel -- Atlantic Ocean
Northern Epirus -- Albania; Greece
Northern Grenadines -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Northern Ireland -- United Kingdom
Northern Rhodesia -- Zambia
North Island -- New Zealand
North Korea -- Korea, North
North Pacific Ocean -- Pacific Ocean
North Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
North Vietnam -- Vietnam
Northwest Passages -- Arctic Ocean
North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) -- Yemen
Norwegian Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Nouakchott [US Embassy] -- Mauritania
Noumea -- New Caledonia
Novaya Zemlya -- Russia
Nuku'alofa -- Tonga
Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate] -- Mexico
Nuuk (Godthab) -- Greenland
Nyasaland -- Malawi
O
Oahu -- United States
Ocean Island (Banaba) -- Kiribati
Ocean Island (Kure Island) -- United States
Ogaden -- Ethiopia; Somalia
Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) -- British Indian Ocean Territory
Okhotsk, Sea of -- Pacific Ocean
Okinawa -- Japan
Oman, Gulf of -- Indian Ocean
Ombai Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Oran -- Algeria
Oranjestad -- Aruba
Oresund (The Sound) -- Atlantic Ocean
Orkney Islands -- United Kingdom
Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General] -- Japan
Oslo [US Embassy] -- Norway
Otranto, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean
Ottawa [US Embassy] -- Canada
Ouagadougou [US Embassy] -- Burkina
Outer Mongolia -- Mongolia
P
Pacific Islands, Trust Territory -- Palau of the
Pagan -- Northern Mariana Islands
Pago Pago -- American Samoa
Palawan -- Philippines
Palermo -- Italy
Palk Strait -- Indian Ocean
Pamirs -- China; Tajikistan
Panama [US Embassy] -- Panama
Panama Canal -- Panama
Panama, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean
Papeete -- French Polynesia
Paramaribo [US Embassy] -- Suriname
Parece Vela -- Japan
Paris [US Embassy, US Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), US Observer Mission at the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)] -- France
Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) -- Chile
Passion, Ile de la -- Clipperton Island
Pashtunistan -- Afghanistan; Pakistan
Peking (Beijing) -- China
Peleliu -- Palau
Pemba Island -- Tanzania
Pentland Firth -- Atlantic Ocean
Perim -- Yemen
Perouse Strait, La -- Pacific Ocean
Persian Gulf -- Indian Ocean
Perth [US Consulate General] -- Australia
Pescadores -- Taiwan
Peshawar [US Consulate] -- Pakistan
Peter I Island -- Antarctica
Philip Island -- Norfolk Island
Philippine Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Phnom Penh [US Embassy] -- Cambodia
Phoenix Islands -- Kiribati
Pines, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) -- Cuba
Pleasant Island -- Nauru
Plymouth -- Montserrat
Ponape (Pohnpei) -- Micronesia
Ponta Delgada [US Consulate] -- Portugal
Port-au-Prince [US Embassy] -- Haiti
Port Louis [US Embassy] -- Mauritius
Port Moresby [US Embassy] -- Papua New Guinea
Porto Alegre [US Consulate] -- Brazil
Port-of-Spain [US Embassy] -- Trinidad and Tobago
Porto-Novo -- Benin
Portuguese Guinea -- Guinea-Bissau
Portuguese Timor (East Timor) -- Indonesia
Port-Vila -- Vanuatu
Poznan [US Consulate General] -- Poland
Prague [US Embassy] -- Czech Republic
Praia [US Embassy] -- Cape Verde
Pretoria [US Embassy] -- South Africa
Pribilof Islands -- United States
Prince Edward Island -- Canada
Prince Edward Islands -- South Africa
Prince Patrick Island -- Canada
Principe -- Sao Tome and Principe
Pusan [US Consulate] -- Korea, South
P'yongyang -- Korea, North
Q
Quebec [US Consulate General] -- Canada
Queen Charlotte Islands -- Canada
Queen Elizabeth Islands -- Canada
Queen Maud Land [claimed by Norway] -- Antarctica
Quito [US Embassy] -- Ecuador
R
Rabat [US Embassy] -- Morocco
Ralik Chain -- Marshall Islands
Rangoon [US Embassy] -- Burma
Ratak Chain -- Marshall Islands
Recife [US Consulate] -- Brazil
Redonda -- Antigua and Barbuda
Red Sea -- Indian Ocean
Revillagigedo Island -- United States
Revillagigedo Islands -- Mexico
Reykjavik [US Embassy] -- Iceland
Rhodes -- Greece
Rhodesia -- Zimbabwe
Rhodesia, Northern -- Zambia
Rhodesia, Southern -- Zimbabwe
Riga [US Embassy] -- Latvia
Rio de Janeiro [US Consulate -- Brazil General]
Rio de Oro -- Western Sahara
Rio Muni -- Equatorial Guinea
Riyadh [US Embassy] -- Saudi Arabia
Road Town -- British Virgin Islands
Robinson Crusoe Island (Mas -- Chile a Tierra)
Rocas, Atol das -- Brazil
Rockall [disputed] -- United Kingdom
Rodrigues -- Mauritius
Rome [US Embassy, US Mission to the UN Agencies for Food and Agriculture (FODAG)] -- Italy
Roncador Cay -- Colombia
Roosevelt Island -- Antarctica
Roseau -- Dominica
Ross Dependency [claimed by -- Antarctica New Zealand]
Ross Island -- Antarctica
Ross Sea -- Antarctica
Rota -- Northern Mariana Islands
Rotuma -- Fiji
Ryukyu Islands -- Japan
S
Saba -- Netherlands Antilles
Sabah -- Malaysia
Sable Island -- Canada
Sahel -- Burkina, Cape Verde, Chad,
-- The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, -- Mauritania, Niger, Senegal
Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) -- Vietnam
Saint Brandon -- Mauritius
Saint Christopher and Nevis -- Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint-Denis -- Reunion
Saint George's [US Embassy] -- Grenada
Saint George's Channel -- Atlantic Ocean
Saint Helier -- Jersey
Saint John's -- Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Lawrence, Gulf of -- Atlantic Ocean
Saint Lawrence Island -- United States
Saint Lawrence Seaway -- Atlantic Ocean
Saint Martin -- Guadeloupe
Saint Martin (Sint Maarten) -- Netherlands Antilles
Saint Paul Island -- Canada
Saint Paul Island -- United States
Saint Paul Island (Ile Saint-Paul) -- French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks -- Brazil (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo)
Saint Peter Port -- Guernsey
Saint Petersburg [US Consulate -- Russia General]
Saint-Pierre -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Vincent Passage -- Atlantic Ocean
Saipan -- Northern Mariana Islands
Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) -- Russia
Sala y Gomez, Isla -- Chile
Salisbury (Harare) -- Zimbabwe
Salvador de Bahia [US Consular -- Brazil Agency]
Salzburg -- Austria
Sanaa [US Embassy] -- Yemen
San Ambrosio -- Chile
San Andres y Providencia, -- Colombia Archipielago
San Bernardino Strait -- Pacific Ocean
San Felix, Isla -- Chile
San Jose [US Embassy] -- Costa Rica
San Juan -- Puerto Rico
San Luis Potosi -- Mexico
San Marino -- San Marino
San Salvador [US Embassy] -- El Salvador
Santa Cruz -- Bolivia
Santa Cruz Islands -- Solomon Islands
Santiago [US Embassy] -- Chile
Santo Domingo [US Embassy] -- Dominican Republic
Sao Paulo [US Consulate General] -- Brazil
Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Penedos de -- Brazil
Sao Tome -- Sao Tome and Principe
Sapporo [US Consulate General] -- Japan
Sapudi Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Sarajevo [US Embassy] -- Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarawak -- Malaysia
Sardinia -- Italy
Sargasso Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Sark -- Guernsey
Scotia Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Scotland -- United Kingdom
Scott Island -- Antarctica
Senyavin Islands -- Micronesia, Federated States of
Seoul [US Embassy] -- Korea, South
Serbia -- Serbia and Montenegro
Serrana Bank -- Colombia
Serranilla Bank -- Colombia
Settlement, The -- Christmas Island
Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) -- Russia
Shag Island -- Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Shag Rocks -- Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Shanghai [US Consulate General] -- China
Shenyang [US Consulate General] -- China
Shetland Islands -- United Kingdom
Shikoku -- Japan
Shikotan (Shikotan-to) -- Japan
Siam -- Thailand
Sibutu Passage -- Pacific Ocean
Sicily -- Italy
Sicily, Strait of -- Atlantic Ocean
Sikkim -- India
Sinai -- Egypt
Singapore [US Embassy] -- Singapore
Singapore Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Sinkiang (Xinjiang) -- China
Sint Eustatius -- Netherlands Antilles
Sint Maarten (Saint Martin) -- Netherlands Antilles
Skagerrak -- Atlantic Ocean
Skopje [US Liaison Office] -- Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav -- Republic of
Society Islands (Iles de la Societe) -- French Polynesia
Socotra -- Yemen
Sofia [US Embassy] -- Bulgaria
Solomon Islands, northern -- Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands, southern -- Solomon Islands
Solomon Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Songkhla [US Consulate] -- Thailand
Sound, The (Oresund) -- Atlantic Ocean
South Atlantic Ocean -- Atlantic Ocean
South China Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Southern Grenadines -- Grenada
Southern Rhodesia -- Zimbabwe
South Georgia -- South Georgia and the South Sandwich -- Islands
South Island -- New Zealand
South Korea -- Korea, South
South Orkney Islands -- Antarctica
South Pacific Ocean -- Pacific Ocean
South Sandwich Islands -- South Georgia and the South Sandwich -- Islands
South Shetland Islands -- Antarctica
South Tyrol -- Italy
South Vietnam -- Vietnam
South-West Africa -- Namibia
South Yemen (People's Democratic -- Yemen Republic of Yemen)
Soviet Union [the former] -- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, -- Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, -- Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, -- Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, -- Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Spanish Guinea -- Equatorial Guinea
Spanish Sahara -- Western Sahara
Spitsbergen -- Svalbard
Stanley -- Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Stockholm [US Embassy] -- Sweden
Strasbourg [US Consulate General] -- France
Stuttgart [US Consulate General] -- Germany
Sucre -- Bolivia
Suez, Gulf of -- Indian Ocean
Sulu Archipelago -- Philippines
Sulu Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Sumatra -- Indonesia
Sumba -- Indonesia
Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) -- Indonesia; Malaysia
Sunda Strait -- Indian Ocean
Surabaya [US Consulate General] -- Indonesia
Surigao Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Surinam -- Suriname
Suva [US Embassy] -- Fiji
Swains Island -- American Samoa
Swan Islands -- Honduras
Sydney [US Consulate General] -- Australia
T
Tahiti -- French Polynesia
Taipei -- Taiwan
Taiwan Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Tallinn [US Embassy] -- Estonia
Tanganyika -- Tanzania
Tangier -- Morocco
Tarawa -- Kiribati
Tartar Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Tashkent [US Embassy] -- Uzbekistan
Tasmania -- Australia
Tasman Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Taymyra) -- Russia
T'bilisi [US Embassy] -- Georgia
Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] -- Honduras
Tehran [US post not maintained; -- Iran representation by Swiss Embassy]
Tel Aviv [US Embassy] -- Israel
Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) -- Antarctica [claimed by France]
Thailand, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean
Thessaloniki [US Consulate General] -- Greece
Thimphu -- Bhutan
Thurston Island -- Antarctica
Tibet (Xizang) -- China
Tibilisi (see T'bilisi) -- Georgia
Tierra del Fuego -- Argentina; Chile
Tijuana [US Consulate General] -- Mexico
Timor -- Indonesia
Timor Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Tinian -- Northern Mariana Islands
Tiran, Strait of -- Indian Ocean
Tirane [US Embassy] -- Albania
Tobago -- Trinidad and Tobago
Tokyo [US Embassy] -- Japan
Tonkin, Gulf of -- Pacific Ocean
Toronto [US Consulate General] -- Canada
Torres Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Torshavn -- Faroe Islands
Toshkent (Tashkent) -- Uzbekistan
Transjordan -- Jordan
Transkei -- South Africa
Transylvania -- Romania
Trindade, Ilha de -- Brazil
Tripoli [US post not maintained; -- Libya representation by Belgian Embassy]
Tristan da Cunha Group -- Saint Helena
Trobriand Islands -- Papua New Guinea
Trucial States -- United Arab Emirates
Truk Islands -- Micronesia
Tsugaru Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) -- French Polynesia
Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) -- French Polynesia
Tunis [US Embassy] -- Tunisia
Turin -- Italy
Turkish Straits -- Atlantic Ocean
Turkmeniya -- Turkmenistan
Turks Island Passage -- Atlantic Ocean
Tyrol, South -- Italy
Tyrrhenian Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
U
Udorn (Udon Thani) [US Consulate] -- Thailand
Ulaanbaatar [US Embassy] -- Mongolia
Ullung-do -- Korea, South
Unimak Pass [strait] -- Pacific Ocean
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, [the former USSR] -- Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
-- Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, -- Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, -- Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
United Arab Republic -- Egypt; Syria
Upper Volta -- Burkina
USSR [the former] -- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, -- Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, -- Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, -- Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, -- Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
V
Vaduz [US post not maintained; -- Liechtenstein representation from Zurich, Switzerland]
Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor) -- Afghanistan
Valletta [US Embassy] -- Malta
Valley, The -- Anguilla
Vancouver [US Consulate General] -- Canada
Vancouver Island -- Canada
Van Diemen Strait -- Pacific Ocean
Vatican City [US Embassy] -- Holy See
Velez de la Gomera, Penon de -- Spain
Venda -- South Africa
Verde Island Passage -- Pacific Ocean
Victoria -- Hong Kong
Victoria [US Embassy] -- Seychelles
Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission to -- Austria International Organizations in Vienna (UNVIE)]
Vientiane [US Embassy] -- Laos
Vilnius [US Embassy] -- Lithuania
Vladivostok [US Consulate General] -- Russia
Volcano Islands -- Japan
Vostok Island -- Kiribati
Vrangelya, Ostrov (Wrangel Island) -- Russia
W
Wakhan Corridor (now Vakhan) -- Afghanistan
Wales -- United Kingdom
Walvis Bay -- Namibia
Warsaw [US Embassy] -- Poland
Washington, DC [The Permanent Mission of the US to the Organization of American States (OAS)] -- United States
Weddell Sea -- Atlantic Ocean
Wellington [US Embassy] -- New Zealand
Western Channel (West Korea Strait) -- Pacific Ocean
West Germany (Federal Republic of -- Germany Germany)
West Island -- Cocos (Keeling)
-- Islands
West Korea Strait (Western Channel) -- Pacific Ocean
West Pakistan -- Pakistan
Wetar Strait -- Pacific Ocean
White Sea -- Arctic Ocean
Willemstad -- Netherlands Antilles
Windhoek [US Embassy] -- Namibia
Windward Passage -- Atlantic Ocean
Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) -- Russia [de facto]
Y
Yamoussoukro -- Cote d'Ivoire
Yangon (Rangoon) -- Burma
Yaounde [US Embassy] -- Cameroon
Yap Islands -- Micronesia
Yaren -- Nauru
Yekaterinburg [US Consulate General] -- Russia
Yellow Sea -- Pacific Ocean
Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic -- Yemen Republic of Yemen]
Yemen Arab Republic -- Yemen
Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Republic] -- Yemen
Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Republic] -- Yemen
Yemen, People's Democratic -- Yemen Republic of
Yemen, South [People's Democratic -- Yemen Republic of Yemen]
Yerevan [US Embassy] -- Armenia
Youth, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) Cuba
Yucatan Channel -- Atlantic Ocean
Yugoslavia [the former] -- Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; -- Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav
-- Republic of; Serbia and Montenegro; -- and Slovenia
Z
Zagreb [US Embassy] -- Croatia
Zanzibar -- Tanzania
Zurich [US Consulate General] -- Switzerland