The World Factbook (1982)

Front matter

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Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes

Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes:

Dates of Information:

Population figures are projected estimates for 1 July 1982; the average annual growth rates listed are projected estimates for the period mid-1981 to mid-1982,

Military manpower estimates are as of 1 January 1982, except the numbers of males reaching military age, which are projected averages for the five-year period 1982-86.

In addition, although research for this edition was generally completed in January 1982, major political developments through 25 April 1982 have been included.

Fiscal Year: The abbreviation FY stands for fiscal year; all years are calendar years unless otherwise indicated.

GDP and GNP: GDP is the total market value of all goods and services produced within the domestic borders of a country over a particular time period, normally a year. GNP equals GDP plus the income accruing to domestic residents arising from investment abroad less income earned in the domestic market accruing to foreigners abroad.

Imports, Exports, and Aid: Standard abbreviations used in individual entries throughout this factbook are c.i.f (cost, insurance, and freight), f.o.b. (free on board), ODA (official development assistance), and OOF (other official flows).

Land Utilization: Most of the land utilization percentages are rough estimates. Figures for "arable" land in some cases reflect the area under cultivation rather than the total cultivable area.

Maritime Zones: Fishing and economic zones claimed by coastal states are included only when they differ from territorial sea limits. Maritime claims do not necessarily represent the position of the United States Government.

Money: All money figures are in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise indicated.

Oil Terms: Barrel (bbl) and barrels per day (b/d) are used to express volume of crude oil and refined products; a barrel equals 42.00 gallons, 158.99 liters, 5.61 cubic feet, or 0.16 cubic meters.

Some of the countries and governments included in this publication are not fully independent, and others are not officially recognized by the United States Government.

United Nations (UN): Structure and Associated Agencies

UNITED NATIONS (UN): STRUCTURE AND RELATED AGENCIES

Principal Organs:

SC | Security Council

GA | General Assembly

ECOSOC | | Economic and Social Council

TC | Trusteeship Council

ICJ | International Court of Justice

. . . | Secretariat

Operating Bodies:

UNCTAD | UN Conference on Trade and Development

TDB | Trade and Development Board

UNDP | UN Development Program

UNICEF | UN Children's Fund

UNIDO | UN Industrial Development Organization

Regional Economic Commissions:

ECA | Economic Commission for Africa

ECE | Economic Commission for Europe

ECLA | Economic Commission for Latin America

ECWA | Economic Commission for Western Asia

ESCAP | Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Intergovernmental Agencies Related to the UN:

FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization

GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

IBRD | International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)

ICAO | International Civil Aviation Organization

IDA | International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)

IFAD | International Fund for Agricultural Development

IFC | International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)

ILO | International Labor Organization

IMCO | Inter -Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization

IMF (FUND) | International Monetary Fund

ITU | International Telecommunication Union

UNESCO | UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

UPU | Universal Postal Union

WFC | World Food Council

WHO | World Health Organization

WIPO | World Intellectual Property Organization

WMO | World Meteorological Organization

Autonomous Organization Under the UN:

IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency

Abbreviations for Other Important International Organizations

ABBREVIATIONS FOR OTHER IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

AAPSO | Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization

ADB | Asian Development Bank

AFDB | African Development Bank

AIOEC | Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries

ANZUS | ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand, and the United States

APC | African Peanut (Groundnut) Council

ASEAN | Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASPAC | Asian and Pacific Council

ASSIMER | International Mercury Producers Association

BENELUX | Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union

BLEU | Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union

CACM | Central American Common Market

CARICOM | Caribbean Common Market

CARIFTA | Caribbean Free Trade Association

CCC | Customs Cooperation Council

CEAO | West African Economic Community

CEMA | Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

CENTO | Central Treaty Organization

CIPEC | Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries

. . . | Columbo Plan

. . . | Council of Europe

DAC | Development Assistance Committee (OECD)

|EAMA | African States associated with the EEC

|EC | European Communities (EEC, ECSC, EURATOM)

ECOWAS | Economic Community of West African States

ECSC | European Cool and Steel Community

EEC | European Economic Community (Common Market)

EFTA | European Free Trade Association

EIB | European Investment Bank

ELDO | European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization

EMA | European Monetary Agreement

|ENTENTE | |Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger, Upper Volta, and Togo

ESRO | European Space Research Organization

EURATOM | European Atomic Energy Community

G-77 | Group of 77

GCC | Gulf Cooperation Council

IADB | Inter-American Defense Board

IATP | International Association of Tungsten Producers

IBA | International Bauxite Association

IBEC | International Bank for Economic Cooperation

ICAC | International Cotton Advisory Committee

ICCAT | International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas

ICCO | International Cocoa Organization

ICEM | Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration

ICES | International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration

ICO | International Coffee Organization

IDB | Inter -American Development Bank

IEA | International Energy Agency {associated with OECD)

IHO | International Hydrographic Organization

. . . | International Lead and Zinc Study Group

IIB | International Investment Bank

INRO | International Natural Rubber Organization

INTELSAT | International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

IOOC | International Olive Oil Council

IPU | Inter - Parliamentary Union

IRC | International Red Cross

ISCON | Islamic Conference

ISO | International Sugar Organization

ITC | International Tin Council

IWC | International Whaling Commission

IWC | International Wheat Council

LAFTA | Latin American Free Trade Association

LICROSS | League of Red Cross Societies

NAM | Nan-Aligned Movement

NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization

OAPEC | Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

OAS | Organization of American States

OAU | Organization of African Unity

OCAM | Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization

ODECA | Organization of Central American States

OECD | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

SELA | Latin American Economic System

SPC | South Pacific Commission

UDEAC | Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa

UEAC | Union of Central African States

UPEB | Union of Banana Exporting Countries

WEU | Western European Union

WFTU | World Federation of Trade Unions

WPC | World Peace Council

WSG | International Wool Study Group

WTO | World Tourism Organization

Conversion Factors

Conversion Factors

| | | | |

|To Convert From | |To | |Multiply By

|Acres | |Hectares | |0.4046856

|Acres | |Kilometers, square | |0.004046856

|Acres | |Meters, square | |4046.856

|Centimeters | |Meters | |0.01

|Centimeters, square | |Meters, square | |0.0001

|Degrees, Fahrenheit | |Degrees, Celsius | |subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9

|Feet | |Centimeters | |30.48

|Feet | |Meters | |0.3048

|Feet | |Kilometers | |0.0003048

|Feet, cubic | |Liters | |28.316847

|Feet, cubic | |Meters, cubic | |0.028316847

|Feet, square | |Centimeters, square | |929.0304

|Feet, square | |Meters, square | |0.09290304

|Gallons, US liquid | |Liters | |3.785412

|Gallons, US liquid | |Meters, cubic | |0.003785412

|Grams | |Ounces, troy | |0.032151

|Grams | |Pounds, troy | |0.002679

|Hectares | |Kilometers, square | |0.01

|Hectares | |Meters, square | |0.0001

|Inches | |Centimeters | |2.54

|Inches | |Meters | |0.0254

|Inches, cubic | |Milliliters | |16.387064

|Inches, cubic | |Liters | |0.016387064

|Inches, cubic | |Meters, cubic | |0.000016387064

|Inches, square | |Centimeters, square | |6.4516

|Inches, square | |Meters, square | |0.00064516

|Kilograms | |Ounces, troy | |32.15075

|Kilograms | |Pounds, troy | |2.679229

|Kilograms | |Tons, metric | |0.001

|Kilometers, square | |Hectares | |100

|Liters | |Milliliters | |1000

|Liters | |Meters, cubic | |0.001

|Meters | |Millimeters | |1000

|Meters | |Centimeters | |100

|Meters | |Kilometers | |0.001

|Meters, cubic | |Liters | |1000

|Meters, cubic | |Tons, register | |0.353147

|Miles, nautical | |Kilometers | |1.852

|Miles, statute | |Centimeters | |160934.4

|Miles, statute | |Meters | |1609.344

|Miles, statute | |Kilometers | |1.609344

|Miles, square | |Hectares | |258.9998

|Miles, square | |Kilometers, square | |2.589998

|Ounces, avoirdupois | |Grams | |28.349523

|Ounces, avoirdupois | |Kilograms | |0.028349523

|Ounces, troy | |Pounds, troy | |0.083333

|Ounces, troy | |Grams | |31.10348

|Pints, liquid | |Milliliters | |473.176473

|Pints, liquid | |Liters | |0.473176473

|Pounds, avoirdupois | |Grams | |453.59237

|Pounds, avoirdupois | |Kilograms | |0.45359237

|Pounds, avoirdupois | |Quintals | |0.00453592

|Pounds, avoirdupois | |Tons, metric | |0.000453592

|Pounds, troy | |Ounces, troy | |12

|Pounds, troy | |Grams | |373.241722

|Quarts, dry | |Liters | |1.101221

|Quarts, dry | |Dekaliters | |0.1101221

|Quarts, liquid | |Milliliters | |946.352946

|Quarts, liquid | |Liters | |0.946352946

|Quintals | |Tons, metric | |0.1

|Tons, long | |Kilograms | |0.047

|Tons, long | |Tons, metric | |0.016047

|Tons, metric | |Quintals | |10

|Ton-miles, long | |Ton-kilometers, metric | |1.635169

|Ton-miles, short | |Ton-kilometers, metric | |1.459972

|Tons, register | |Meters, cubic | |2.831685

|Tons, short | |Kilograms | |907.185

|Tons, short | |Tons, metric | |0.907185

|Yards | |Centimeters | |91.44

|Yards | |Meters | |0.9144

|Yards, cubic | |Liters | |764.5549

|Yards, cubic | |Meters, cubic | |0.7645549

|Yards, square | |Meters, square | |0.836127

Afghanistan

AFGHANISTAN

(See reference map VIII)

LAND

647,500 km²; 22% arable (12% cultivated, 10% pasture), 75% desert, waste, or urban, 3% forested

Land boundaries: 5,510 km

PEOPLE

Population: 15,328,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4%; this estimate includes an adjustment for net emigration to Pakistan during recent years, but it does not take into account other demographic consequences of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan

Nationality: noun—Afghan(s); adjective—Afghan

Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtuns, 25% Tajiks, 9% Uzbeks, 9% Hazaras; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baluchi, and others

Religion: 87% Sunni Muslim, 12% Shia Muslim, 1% other

Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 10% thirty minor languages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much bilingualism

Literacy: 10%

Labor force: 4.98 million (1980 est.); 67.8% agriculture and animal husbandry, 10.2% industry, 6.3% construction, 5.0% commerce, 7.7% services and other

Organized labor: government-controlled unions are being established

GOVERNMENT

Official name: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

Type: Communist regime backed by multidivisional Soviet force

Capital: Kābul

Political subdivisions: 29 provinces with centrally appointed governors

Legal system: not established; legal education at University of Kābul; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Branches: Revolutionary Council acts as legislature and final court of appeal; President of Council acts as chief of state; Cabinet and judiciary responsible to Council; Presidium chosen by Council has full authority when Council not in session; Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) supposed to convene eventually and approve permanent constitution

Government leaders: President of the Revolutionary Council and head of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan Babrak KARMAL; Prime Minister Soltan Ali KESHTMAND

Suffrage: universal from age 18

Political parties and leaders: The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) is the sole legal political party

Communists: the PDPA reportedly claims 50,000 members; the Parcham faction of the PDPA was installed on 27 December 1979; members of the deposed Khalqi faction continue to hold some important posts; the Sholaye-Jaweid is a much smaller pro-Beijing group

Other political or pressure groups: the military and other branches of internal security are being rebuilt by the Soviets; insurgency continues throughout the country; widespread opposition on religious grounds and anti-Soviet sentiment

Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG; suspended from ISCON in January 1980

ECONOMY

GNP: $2.8 billion (FY79), $225 per capita; real growth rate 2.5% (1975-79)

Agriculture: subsistence farming and animal husbandry; main crops—wheat, cotton, fruits

Major industries: carpets and textiles

Electric power: 360,000 kW capacity (1980); 756 million kWh produced (1980), 50 kWh per capita

Exports: $670.2 million (f.o.b., 1980); mostly fruits and nuts, natural gas, and carpets

Imports: $438.4 million (commercial, c.i.f., 1980); mostly food supplies and petroleum products

Major trade partners: exports—mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc countries; imports—mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc countries

Budget: current expenditure Afl6.7 billion, capital expenditure Afl1.7 billion for FY79 (est.)

Monetary conversion rate: 44.85 Afghanis=US$1 (official, end 1980)

Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge, government-owned spur of Soviet line

Highways: 21,000 km total (1981); 3,000 km paved, 2,100 km gravel, 8,900 km improved earth, and 7,000 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways: total navigability 1,070 km; steamers up to about 500 metric tons use sections of Amu Darya

Ports: 3 minor river ports; largest Sher Khan

Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft

Airfields: 37 total, 36 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television introduced in 1980; telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations, 1 TV station, 1 earth satellite station

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, about 3,602,000; 1,998,000 fit for military service; about 146,000 reach military age (22) annually

Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost exclusively the USSR

Military budget: estimated expenditures for fiscal year ending 31 March 1979, about $63.8 million; approximately 12% of central government budget

Albania

ALBANIA

(See reference map V)

LAND

28,749 km²; 19% arable, 24% other agricultural, 43% forested, 14% other

Land boundaries: 716 km

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 nm

Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island)

PEOPLE

Population: 2,792,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%

Nationality: noun—Albanian(s); adjective—Albanian

Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian, remaining 4% are Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgarians

Religion: 70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Catholic; observances prohibited; Albania claims to be the world's first atheist state

Language: Albanian, Greek

Literacy: about 70%; no reliable current statistics available, but probably greatly improved

Labor force: 911,000 (1969); 60.5% agriculture, 17.9% industry, 21.6% other nonagricultural

GOVERNMENT

Official name: People's Socialist Republic of Albania

Type: Communist state

Capital: Tiranë

Political subdivisions: 27 rethet (districts), including capital

Legal system: based on constitution adopted in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts only in the Presidium of the People's Assembly, which is not a true court; legal education at State University of Tiranë; has not accepted compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 November

Branches: People's Assembly, Council of Ministers, judiciary

Government leaders: Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier), Adil CARCANI; Chairman, Presidium of the People's Assembly, Haxhi LLESHI (chief of state)

Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18

Elections: national elections theoretically held every four years; last elections 6 November 1978; 99.99% of electorate voted

Political parties and leaders: Albanian Workers Party only; First Secretary, Enver Hoxha

Communists: 101,500 party members (November 1976)

Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO; has not participated in CEMA since rift with USSR in 1961; officially withdrew from Warsaw Pact 13 September 1968

ECONOMY

GNP: $1.2 billion in 1972 (at 1970 prices), $520 per capita

Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops—corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, cotton; food shortages—wheat; caloric intake, 2,503 calories per day per capita (1972/74)

Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, and extractive industries

Shortages: spare parts, machinery and eauipment, wheat

Electric power: 1,390,000 kW capacity (1981); 4.350 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,575 kWh per capita

Exports: $150.5 million (1978 est.); 1964 trade—55% minerals, metals, fuels; 23% foodstuffs (including cigarettes); 17% agricultural materials (except foods); 5% consumer goods

Imports: $173.4 million (1978); 1964 trade—50% machinery, equipment, and spare parts; 16% minerals, metals, fuels, construction materials; 16% foodstuffs; 7% consumer goods; 7% fertilizers, other chemicals, rubber; 4% agricultural materials (except foodstuffs)

Monetary conversion rate: 4.14 leks=US$l (1980)

Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year 1 July-30 June

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 277 km standard gauge (1.435 m), single track, government owned (1975)

Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km paved, 1,609 km crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093 km improved or unimproved earth (1975)

Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1979)

Freight carried: rail—2.8 million metric tons, 180 million metric ton/km (1971); highways—39 million metric tons, 900 million metric ton/km (1971)

Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1979)

Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined products, 65 km; natural gas, 64 km

Civil air: no civil airline

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 721,000; 597,000 fit for military service; 31,000 reach military age (19) annually

Ships: 4 submarine, 2 mine warfare ships, 54 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 6 mine warfare craft, 2 under-way replenishment ships, 1 other auxiliary

Military budget announced: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 940 million leks; 11.5% of total budget

Algeria

ALGERIA

(See reference map VII)

LAND

2,460,500 km2; 3% cultivated, 16% pasture and meadows, 1% forested, 80% desert, waste, or urban

Land boundaries: 6,260 km

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm

Coastline: 1,183 km

PEOPLE

Population: 20,030,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1%

Nationality: noun—Algerian(s); adjective—Algerian

Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berbers, less than 1% Europeans

Religion: 99% Muslim; 1% Christian and Hebrew

Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects

Literacy: 25% (5% Arabic, 9% French, 11% both)

Labor force: 4.0 million; 19% agriculture, 17% industry, 64% other (military, police, civil service, transportation workers, teachers, merchants, construction workers); at least 19% of urban labor unemployed

Organized labor: 25% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is the only labor organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation Front

GOVERNMENT

Official name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria

Type: republic

Capital: Algiers

Political subdivisions: 31 Wilayas (departments or provinces)

Legal system: based on French and Islamic law, with socialist principles; new constitution adopted by referendum November 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court divided into four chambers; legal education at Universities of Algiers, Oran, and Constantine; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: 1 November

Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislature; judiciary

Government leader: President, Col. Chadli BENDJEDID, elected 7 February 1979 as successor to deceased President Boumediene

Suffrage: universal over age 19

Elections (latest): presidential 7 February 1979; departmental assemblies 2 June 1974; local assemblies 30 March 1975; legislative elections held 25 February 1977

Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Front (FLN), Secretary General Chadli Bendjedid

Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party illegal (banned 1962)

Member of: AFDB, AlOEC, Arab League, ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

ECONOMY

GDP: $41.0 billion (1981 est.), $1,720 per capita; 6.2% real growth in 1981

Agriculture: main crops—wheat, barley, grapes, citrus fruits

Major industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical, electrical, and automotive plants under construction

Electric power: 1,780,000 kW capacity (1980); 6,400 million kWh produced (1980), 336 kWh per capita

Exports: $14.0 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); major items—petroleum and gas 98.0%; US 52.0%, France 23.0%

Imports: $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); major items—capital goods 32.0%, semifinished goods 25.0%, foodstuffs 19.0%; France 23.0%, US 7.4%

Major trade partners: US, West Germany, France, Italy

Monetary conversion rate: 1 Algerian dinar (DA)=US$0.23

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 3,950 km total; 2,690 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,140 km 1.055-meter gauge, 120 km meter gauge (1.000 m); 302 km electrified; 193 km double track

Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km concrete or bituminous, 33,340 km gravel, crushed stone, unimproved earth Ports: 9 major, 8 minor Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined products, 298 km; natural gas, 2,398 km

Civil air: 35 major transport aircraft, including 4 leased in

Airfields: 185 total, 172 usable; 52 with permanent-surface runways; 27 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 85 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,159,000; 2,568,000 fit for military service; 218,000 reach military age (19) annually

Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1,779 million; 11% of central government budget

Andorra

ANDORRA

(See reference map V)

LAND

466 km2

Land boundaries: 105 km

PEOPLE

Population: 36,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.1%

Nationality: noun—Andorran(s); adjective—Andorran

Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61% Spanish, 30% Andorrans, 6% French, 3% other

Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic

Language: Catalan; many also speak some French and Castilian

Labor force: unorganized; largely shepherds and farmers

GOVERNMENT

Official name: Principality of Andorra

Type: unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of President of France and Spanish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials called verguers

Capital: Andorra

Political subdivisions: 7 districts

Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted 1866 serves as constitution; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Branches: legislature (General Council) consisting of 28 members with one-half elected every two years for four-year term; executive—syndic (manager) and a deputy subsyndic chosen by General Council for three-year terms; judiciary chosen by coprinces who appoint two civil judges, a judge of appeals, and two Batles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan, France, or to the Ecclesiastical Court of the Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain Suffrage: males of 21 or over who are third generation Andorrans vote for General Council members; same right granted to women in April 1970

Elections: half of General Council chosen every two years, last election December 1979 Political parties and leaders: political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political parties but only partisans for particular independent candidates for the General Council, on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first formal political party—Andorran Democratic Association—formed in November 1976; as of March 1980, newly formed Partit Democrata Andorra, which had applied for legal status, must await final approval of a new law covering associations

Communists: negligible

Member of: UNESCO

ECONOMY

Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some vegetables (less than 4% of land is arable)

Major industries: tourism, sheep, timber, tobacco, and smuggling

Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1981); 100 million kWh produced (1981), 3,450 kWh per capita; power is mainly exported to Spain and France

Major trade partners: Spain, France

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: none

Highways: about 96 km

Civil air: no major transport aircraft

Airfields: none

Telecommunications: international landline circuits to Spain and France; 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; about 11,720 telephones (39.0 per 100 popl.)

DEFENSE FORCES

Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and France are responsible for protection as needed

Angola

ANGOLA

(See reference map VII)

LAND

1,245,790 km2 ; 1% cultivated, 44% forested, 22% meadows and pastures, 33% other (including fallow)

Land boundaries: 5,070 km

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20 nm (fishing 200 nm)

Coastline: 1,600 km

PEOPLE

Population: 7,000,000, including Cabinda (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5%; Cabinda, 117,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.3%

Nationality: noun—Angolan(s); adjective—Angolan

Ethnic divisions: 93% African, 5% European, 1% mestizo

Religion: about 84% animist, 12% Roman Catholic, 4% Protestant

Language: Portuguese (official); many native dialects

Literacy: 10-15%

Labor force: 2.6 million economically active (1964); 531,000 wage workers (1967)

Organized labor: approx. 65,000 (1967)

GOVERNMENT

Official name: People's Republic of Angola

Type: republic; achieved independence from Portugal in November 1975; constitution promulgated 1975; government formed after civil war which ended in early 1976

Capital: Luanda

Political subdivisions: 17 provinces including the coastal exclave of Cabinda

Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; being modified along "socialist" model

National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November

Branches: the official party is the supreme political institution

Government leader: José Eduardo DOS SANTOS, President

Suffrage: to be determined

Elections: none held to date

Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led by dos Santos, only legal party; National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), defeated in civil war, carrying out insurgencies

Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WMO

ECONOMY

GDP: $3.9 billion (1980 est.), $591 per capita, 0.0% real growth (1980)

Agriculture: cash crops—coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food crops—cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas, and other local foodstuffs; largely self-sufficient in food

Fishing: catch 106,073 metric tons (1979)

Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds), fish processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar processing, textiles, cement, food processing plants, building construction

Electric power: 600,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.4 billion kWh produced (1980), 206 kWh per capita

Exports: est. $1,900 million (f.o.b., 1980); oil, coffee, diamonds, sisal, fish and fish products, iron ore, timber, corn, and cotton; exports down sharply 1975-77

Imports: est. $1,350 million (f.o.b., 1980); capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), wines, bulk iron and ironwork, steel and metals, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; military deliveries partially offset drop in imports in 1975-77

Major trade partners: Cuba, USSR, Portugal, and US

Budget: (1975) balanced at about $740 million by former Portuguese administration; budget not yet published by new government

Monetary conversion rate: 27.6 kwanza=US$1 as of September 1981

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge

Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 28,723 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth

Inland waterways: 1,165 km navigable

Ports: 3 major (Luanda, Lobito, Mocamedes), 5 minor

Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km

Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft

Airfields: 389 total, 367 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,660 m, 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 100 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: fair system of wire and radio relay; troposcatter/radio-relay system under construction; HF used extensively for military/Cuban links; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 29,100 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl); 15 AM and 5 FM stations; 1 TV station

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,536,000; 773,000 fit for military service; 62,000 reach military age (20) annually