The Fall of Maximilan's Empire

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THE FALL

OF

MAXIMILIAN'S EMPIRE

as seen from a united states gun-boat

BY

SEATON SCHROEDER LIEUTENANT U. S. N.

NEW YORK & LONDON

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1887

copyright by SEATON SCHROEDER 1887

Press of G. P. Putnam's Sons New York

Frontispiece

"I have gathered a posy of other men's flowers, and nothing but the thread that binds them is mine own."

A LETTER-BOOK and a log-book are the foundation upon which the fabric of this narrative rests. By reading between the lines, and with kind aid, in the way of correspondence and conversations, from some of the officers that were present, it has been possible to unfold the creditable drama of the "Tacony's" short cruise. Furthermore, a scrutiny of various executive documents, departmental files, and volumes of diplomatic correspondence, has elicited from those musty sources certain interesting matter, not presented in any history, connected with the closing scenes of Prince Maximilian's short reign In Mexico.

Table of Contents

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

Introductory and Retrospective

Chapter I

MAXIMILIAN'S EMPIRE.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY AND RETROSPECTIVE.

When, with the spring of the year 1865, the United States emerged from the winter of their domestic strife, the foreign Empire founded just beyond their southern border was apparently an accomplished fact. An Austrian held the sceptre of Montezuma, and forty thousand French bayonets bristled around his throne. It is possible that during the long civil war the mass of the American people had not fully realized the importance of that remarkable usurpation; but the eyes of their statesmen in the capital had been fixed with ceaseless watchfulness on the menace implied by the intervention of a European power in the affairs of that neighboring Republic.

For a number of years, in Mexico, revolution had succeeded revolution with such dazzling swift , that American interest in that country had become slight; but when that interest was quickened by transatlantic officiousness, there was aroused a latent feeling of sympathy, possibly the outcome of traditionary policy as much as from personal regard. As early as 1862 the complication of affairs had become a cause of serious concern to the American government, and, in the spring of that year, Mr. Corwin, United States Minister to Mexico, negotiated a treaty in which was stipulated a loan of eleven million dollars to that country, upon the security of her public lands. Looking upon it in the light of subsequent events, then impossible to foresee, it is evident that a ratification and carrying out of at least that clause in the treaty would have spared the world a sad spectacle of prolonged strife and bloodshed, and would have saved many an anxious hour in diplomatic circles. But the instrument was reported upon adversely by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and the fatal Jecker bonds, issued by Miramon, while temporarily invested with the executive power, still remained as a firebrand between Mexico and England, France, and Spain.

The panorama of events glided swiftly along:— the signing of the convention of London; the landing of the French, English, and Spanish expeditions; the preliminary convention of La Soledad; the withdrawal of the English and Spanish forces; the advance of the French on Puebla. Every step was closely watched by the far-seeing members of Mr. Lincoln's Cabinet, and the skillful diplomacy evoked was a faithful expression of the people's instinctive distrust of foreign complications and interventions, coupled with an hereditary, pronounced desire that the affairs of the western continent should be settled by the western continent. The tenor of Emperor Napoleon's confidential letter of instructions to General Forey did not become generally known until long after. Some significant passages in it would have perhaps opened wide the eyes of popular jealousy in the United States, and given a more determined coloring to what was dimly suspected. Among the paragraphs may be quoted the following:

"There will not be wanting some who will ask you why we have provided men and money to establish a regular government in Mexico. In the present state of civilization of the world the prosperity of America is not indifferent to Europe, for she it is who feeds our manufactures and keeps our commerce alive. It is to our interest that the Republic of the United States may be powerful and prosperous, but by no means that she should take all the Gulf of Mexico and hence command the West Indies as well as South America, and be the sole dispenser of the products of the New World. . . . Now, therefore, our military honor pledged, the exigencies of our politics and the interest of our industry and our commerce make it our duty to march on Mexico, to plant there boldly our standard, to establish there—a monarchy if it is not incompatible with the national sentiment of the country—but at all events a government which possesses some stability."

This was dated July 3, 1862.

A righteous determination to err on the side of strict neutrality, if at all, was prominent in the considerations that induced Mr. Lincoln to avoid taking part in the speculative debates bearing on the situation; and he must have been rudely startled by the propositions made on July 10, 1863, by the Assembly of Notables in the city of Mexico, summoned by General Almonte's triple-headed regency. It was with a painful sentiment, unfavorable to a good understanding between France and the United States, that the people of the latter country heard of the adoption of a decision previously arrived at in Paris. The propositions submitted to that Assembly were these:

First. The Mexican nation adopts a monarchical, temperate, and hereditary form of government, under a Catholic Prince.

Second. The sovereign shall take the title of Emperor of Mexico.

Third. The imperial crown of Mexico shall be offered to his Imperial and Royal Highness the Prince Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria, for him and his descendants.

"Fourth. In case, from circumstances which cannot be foreseen, the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian should not take possession of the throne which is offered to him, the Mexican nation shall place it under the consideration of His Majesty Napoleon III., Emperor of the French, that he may indicate another Catholic Prince to whom the crown shall be offered."

These propositions were accepted and published in the form of a decree.

The nobleness of the ambitious young Archduke, in refusing to accept the proffered crown unless the votes of the entire country should ratify the wishes of the capital city, was only clouded by his lamentable blindness to the mockery of a plebiscite taken in a country whose patriot army had been almost destroyed, and which was overrun by the amalgamated forces of the regency and of France.

Referring to this proposed election, M. Drouyn de l'Huys, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, intimated to the United States Minister in Paris that "an early acknowledgment of the proposed Empire by the United States would be convenient to France, by relieving her, sooner than might be possible under other circumstances, from her troublesome complications in Mexico." To this Mr. Seward's reply, to Mr. Dayton, was:..."Happily, the French government has not been left uninformed that, in the opinion of the United States, the permanent establishment of a foreign and monarchical government in Mexico will be found neither easy nor desirable. You will inform Mr. Drouyn de l'Huys that this opinion remains unchanged. . . . It is proper also that Mr. Drouyn de l'Huys should be informed that the United States continue to regard Mexico as the theatre of a war which has not yet ended in the subversion of the government long existing there, with which the United States remain in the relation of peace and sincere friendship; and that for this reason the United States are not now at liberty to consider the question of recognizing a government which, in the further chances of war, may come into its place."

Nor were the halls of Congress silent. Various joint resolutions introduced at different times in both branches of the national legislature showed that, amid all our domestic troubles, a restless eye was kept on those engrossing outside matters; and, while not one of those resolutions acquired the character of a legislative act, through failure to receive the concurrence of the other house, they were accepted as truly interpreting the unanimous sentiment of the people of the United States. "Do you bring us peace or bring us war?" were the first words addressed to Mr. Dayton, as he entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris one day in April, 1864. The question referred to the passage, by the House of Representatives, of a resolution condemning the invasion of Mexico and the establishment of Maximilian upon the throne.

Vain protests. They indicated a current, but one powerless just then to stem the counter torrent of aggression. As had been pointed out by Mr. Sumner, in combating Mr. McDougal's fiery resolution in the Senate, we were not in a position to invite war with a foreign power; and a keen appreciation of that fact was in itself ample explanation for the invasion of the New World by the Old.

The doomed Prince, accompanied by his faithful, loving consort, left the fair palace of Miramar, and landed in Mexico greeted by ovations as brilliant as those that had characterized their departure from Austria. The clerical party and the authorities of the Intervention had reached the summit of their desires, and festivities and decorations were lavished with a free hand. Even a large part of the Indian population hailed their new emperor with manifestations of joy, for the legend of Quetzalcoatl still lived in their traditions, and they saw in him the fair white man who was to come from over the eastern sea to raise them from their oppressed condition. Under the leadership of the indomitable Benito Juarez, however, Mexico did not respond as Prince Maximilian had been led to believe it would. The patriot forces, dispersed, atomized, but not crushed, displayed powers of self-sacrifice and determination of purpose undreamed of by Napoleon. By force of arms alone, and foreign arms at that, could the Empire be upheld; and when, contrary to the expectations of many European powers, the United States brought their civil war to a successful close, it was shrewdly foreseen by many that the days were numbered of that ephemeral Empire designed by Napoleon to be the "most brilliant page in the history of his reign." The President and the Cabinet could then certainly feel less restraint in voicing the American sentiment in that and all kindred matters; and Mr. Johnson's first annual message to Congress, containing a clear and firm, though moderately expressed, declaration of the will of the government to maintain its traditional policy—in other words to sustain the Monroe doctrine,—was telegraphed to every part of Europe, and due significance was attached to every word therein expressed.

Much has been said and written of the stormy period of Mr. Johnson's administration, but it must be considered that his hand was most firm and most wise in the guidance of the republic through this most dangerous crisis, and that, with the help of his matchless Secretary of State, he steered the country through dangers that darkly clouded the horizon of its future. The establishment of a European monarchy in Mexico, supported by a European army, could not have failed to be a perpetual menace to the peace of the North American continent, and would have compelled, in the United States, a continued armament and state of military preparation most distasteful to a nation specially averse to war and devoted to the peaceful development of the western hemisphere. The one great fundamental idea, underlying all diplomatic expressions, had been well given in a letter from Mr. Seward to Mr. Dayton in April, 1864. "I remain now firm as heretofore in the opinion that the destinies of the American continent are not to be permanently controlled by any political arrangement that can be made in the capitals of Europe."

In the autumn of 1865 the Emperor of France was led to suggest a willingness to retire from Mexico, but that it would be inconvenient to do so without first receiving from the United States an assurance of a friendly or a tolerant disposition to the power which had assumed to itself an imperial form in the capital city. But the only answer that could be made to this overture was that, while friendship with France had always been deemed important and peculiarly agreeable by the Ameri people, the condition suggested by the emperor seemed quite impracticable.

It is not necessary to quote farther from the correspondence between Washington and Paris. One resolute step taken by Mr. Johnson solved this Gordian riddle, the keen edge of the sword not coming in actual contact with the knot, but severing it none the less effectually. The mission of General Schofield as a special personal envoy to the Emperor Napoleon was an event the importance of which can scarcely be overestimated. The selection of that tried soldier to bear to Europe the unvarnished statement that the United States desired that French troops should leave Mexico, was an expression of the high confidence reposed in his firmness and tact. The mission was confidential in its character, and when the time shall have come when its records may properly be made public, a most interesting chapter will undoubtedly be added to the diplomatic history of our country. Suffice it to say that, as an immediate result, a promise was given that the evacuation should take place forthwith, and that promise was on the eve of fulfilment at the time of the opening of this little history.

At daylight of the 20th of February, 1867, the U.S.S. "Tacony," Commander F. A. Roe, passed out to sea between the capes of Virginia, Her destination was the waters of Mexico; her mission, "to protect American interests." This term, often used by those who comprehend the necessity of a great country having an adequate naval force to represent it abroad, may at times include a wider range of duty than is apt to be thought. As distances have come to be shortened by the railway and the steamer, and annihilated by the telegraph, it has seemed as though authority and discretion could be more and more centralized, and that an officer would but need to watch events carefully and keep his ship in good fighting trim. A commander's first duty is indeed to keep his ship in good condition for effective service; and it is the duty and the ambition of his officers to do their important share in bringing about that result; without it the assertion of a principle would lack force. But far more weighty and responsible work may fall to the lot of a small vessel, perchance isolated in every way from the lawgivers of the home country. The amount of power displayed by a double-ender, for instance, is not great, per se; an ignorant rabble, a body of bitterly prejudiced partisans, a band of irresponsible soldiery, may not comprehend, or may despise, the power merely represented by that vessel. With him who shows the flag of his country abroad and watches over her interests, it lies, under such circumstances, to display certain qualities besides pluck and technical professional acumen. Upon him rests, first of all, the onus of a correct interpretation of his orders in their widest bearing; and then must he, by tact and forbearance, associated with a bold front, do his utmost to execute the duty with which he is charged.

The "Tacony" was a wooden double-ender of 934 tons, a sister ship to the much-abused "Tallapoosa," which vessel, somewhat altered afterwards, has of late years been so familiar to the casual reader of the American newspapers. The double-enders were a type of vessel, the conception of which was due to the exigencies of the civil war; of light draft in proportion to their displacement, they could carry heavy batteries and large crews in shallow water. Being designed for river work, and not for the high seas, it is not to be wondered at if these vessels were regarded with distrust when detailed for the latter service. Being side-wheelers, with the machinery high above water, their efficiency in a strictly naval fight was limited; and their manœuvring qualities, or rather the lack of them, became a by-word in the navy.

The "Tacony's" battery consisted of two sixty-pounder rifles in pivot, and four eight-inch smoothbores in broadside, besides four small howitzers; and she had a complement of 144 officers and men.

Such was the little vessel that was destined to take a not unimportant part in the events connected with the re-occupation of a part of Mexico by the Liberal or patriot forces.

Chapter II

CHAPTER II.

At daylight of the 28th of March the "Tacony" appeared off the city of Vera Cruz, and quite a fleet was sighted moored under Sacrificios Islands. This anchorage, four miles southeastward of the harbor, is usually chosen by foreign men-of-war for sanitary reasons, although in those days, when steam launches were almost unknown, except to a few especially favored vessels, the long pull (or sail) to town was a serious matter.

Among the vessels present was the U.S.S. "Tahoma," Lieutenant-Commander Gherardi, who, on making out the distinguishing signal of the approaching steamer, came out to meet his countryman, and thus make a tangible offer of services, pilot knowledge, advice, etc. Commander Roe quickly decided to follow the custom, at least for the present, and the "Tacony" was soon snugly moored in nine and one fourth fathoms of water, a short distance inshore of Sacrificios Island. Good ground tackle is a necessity in this roadstead, as northers are frequent, and there is no shelter except from the immediate islands.

The "Tahoma" had been there for some time, and the United States consul had not failed to express his appreciation of her services and of the beneficial restraining effect of the presence of an American gun-boat on the motley crowd that made and exercised the laws for that isolated community. Being now relieved, Captain Gherardi went to sea, as soon as he had put his successor au courant of affairs international, national, and municipal.

The other vessels lying at Sacrificios proved to be all men-of-war, flying English, French, Spanish, and Austrian colors. The usual civilities were soon exchanged, offers of assistance being sent immediately by the commanding officers, and promptly returned in person by Captain Roe. The Austrian was a single, and consequently noticeable, exception; but as his vessel was lying the other side of the reefs, well out, separated from the others, it was taken for granted that that distance and isolation had something to do with the apparent discourtesy.

The English vessel was the "Jason," a fine sloop-of-war, commanded by Captain C. Murray Aynesley, who proved to be a pleasant companion as well as efficient officer. Like many other members of that service, he had commanded a blockade runner during our civil war, and he thought at first that that might prove something of a bar to friendly relations with the American officers. On alluding to it, however, before many days passed, his mind

was quickly put to rest on that score, it being simply pointed out to him that in such matters the two services differed, as, in the United States Navy, leave of absence would not be given to officers to carry on such operations against a nation with which their country was on friendly terms.

Capitaine de frégate Léopold Eberhard Ludovic de Pritzbuer, of the French corvette "Phlégéton," was a man of more sedentary habits than is usually found among seamen, and had the great resource of familiarity with many languages to help while away with books the tedious hours of his long stay in uninteresting ports. It was no rare matter, in an unexpected visit, to find him revelling in the beauties of Homer's imperishable works. Being the representative of the European empire that had intervened in the affairs of a Republic in the western continent, and caused the ambitious Maximilian to embark on his fatal enterprise, he was perhaps not apt to feel any excess of friendliness towards the vessel bearing a flag the flaunting of which in the face of his emperor had led so directly to the withdrawal of the French troops. Be that as it may, he showed the proverbial politeness of his gallant race, and Captain Roe had occasion to make special mention of his courtesy, in his report to Commodore Winslow, commanding the Gulf squadron.

The officer in charge of the Spanish corvette "Uloa" was an enigma, principally so from the remarkable fact he could apparently speak no known language. Born and educated in one of the rural provinces of Spain, he had never learned to talk except in the dialect of that province, and persons visiting him, fairly conversant with the Spanish tongue, could still not communicate with him. This of itself was enough to paralyze any attempt at friendly social intercourse, although he seemed a pleasant man, well aware of his peculiar position, but evidently more amused than mortified by it.

Captain Count Gustave Knight Von Gröller of the Austrian frigate and imperial yacht "Elizabeth" had not proved very sociable toward the other commanding officers, and was said to invoke the aid of cards quite extensively in passing away the time. When Roe would remark to the English or French captain that the usual ceremony of sending a boarding officer had been omitted by him, the answer was to the effect that Gröller certainly meant nothing by it, that he had perhaps been having a run of bad luck, and, as likely as not, might poke on board in person before very long, instead of first sending an aide. And that is just what occurred. About a week after the "Tacony's" arrival, the "Elizabeth's" gig was reported coming alongside with a pennant in the bows, and a tall man, taller than Roe, glittering in the full-dress uniform of a captain in the Austrian Navy, appeared at the top of the gangway. Standing there a moment, towering above every thing, he glanced up and down the deck of the craft so novel to him, then bowed to Captain Roe, and said: "I am the Austrian." The bow was returned with precisely the same degree of politeness, and the answer made: "I am the American." In a short time he was chatting away most pleasantly in the cabin, having perfect command of the English language.

The "Elizabeth" had been sent to Vera Cruz for the express purpose of conveying Maximilian back to Europe, it having been accepted as a matter of course that General Castelnau's mission would be successful, and that the young monarch would be induced to give up the miserable struggle when deprived of the support of French arms. Such seems indeed to have been his intention; with a few intimate friends he had reached Orizaba on his way to the port, but he was destined to go no farther, and the immediate cause was the conduct toward him of the French commander-in-chief. When Marshal Bazaine received the order from the French emperor to withdraw his army from Mexico, it is easy for one familiar with his character and reputed ambitions to conceive the anger and bitterness that filled his heart. Entering the army as a private soldier, he had worked his way up to the highest rank, and his bâton bore the inscription: "Simple soldat en 1831. Maréhal de France en 1864." The command of the army of the Intervention in Mexico was one of great trust and authority. At such a distance from France, unusual power and large discretion were necessarily given to an officer commanding the armies and executing the purpose of the French emperor in the New World, As slowly, but apparently surely, he tightened his grasp on Mexico, driving to remote fastnesses the patriots who refused to sell their birthright, the Marshal's proud and haughty nature asserted itself strongly. There was neither cause for restraint nor reason for modest bearing. The very fates seemed to conspire to make of the promoted soldier a military autocrat moving on the full floods tide of success, and the whispered suspicions of his ambition to possibly succeed or replace in person the Prince whom it was his duty to establish and support on the Mexican throne, were perhaps not ill founded. In the minds of many the matrimonial alliance that he contracted in that country pointed likewise to such a denouement. Hence it may be discerned that when the word came to evacuate the land he had so proudly occupied, it became a revelation to him that his career of military glory and power was swiftly drawing to an end. At first he cursed the fickleness and senselessness of the Mexican people who so stubbornly resisted the foreign arms whose aid their Notables had invoked, making the cost of the Intervention, in money and blood, greater than France could apparently afford to bear. But afterwards Prince Maximilian, to whose service were pledged his devotion and support, became the object of his bitter reproaches. He was evidently far from divining how directly the change in the French emperor's course was due to the decided action of the President of the United States. His ignorance of the true state of affairs was betrayed in a verbal message with which he charged General Magruder, of the late Confederate service, as that gentleman was about to leave Mexico for the United States. On learning that he expected to see Mr. Johnson, the Marshal said to him: "If you do, deliver this verbal message for me:

"The moral influence wielded by the government of the United States has destroyed this Empire. Upon it therefore rests the obligation to see that some government be established and sustained here that shall secure the protection of life and property and the tranquillity of this people. This, in my opinion, can only be accomplished by furnishing physical aid. The interests of foreigners in this country cannot be left without some protection. Of non-combatants engaged in peaceful pursuits, the larger proportion of whom are French subjects, there are at least thirty thousand; there should be an armed force properly distributed in the country, temporarily at least, to assist the government that may be established in preserving order and enforcing its decrees. Ten or fifteen thousand United States troops properly distributed in the northern states and a similar number of French troops in the southern states, co-operating with each other, could accomplish this."

General Magruder did not reach the United States as soon as he had expected, but while delayed in Havana was presented to Mr. Campbell, recently appointed Minister to the Mexican Republic, and then on his way to Vera Cruz, in the frigate "Susquehanna," accompanied by General Sherman. To him he repeated the message, and Mr. Campbell forwarded it in a despatch to Washington, where it probably provoked a smile among the statesmen who had exacted from all European powers "a policy of non-intervention, of which the United States would themselves be the guardians in future."

Day by day Marshal Bazaine's intercourse with Maximilian became more and more one of quarrel, if quarrel it could be called; his temper burst all bounds and he accused the Prince of being the cause of the degradation of the French army and the humiliation of himself and his officers before the European world. Finally, in an outburst of passion, he said to him that he was no emperor but only a puppet set up by Napoleon and the army of France, and that as a "puppet emperor" he had caused the disgrace of his supporters. The calm, well-bred Prince replied that then and there such scenes must find an end; he had been called by the Notables to be their Emperor, and he then decided to cast his lot with theirs, to govern the country with their aid, or fall with them.

Such was the immediate cause of Prince Maximilian's desperate resolve, as described by the consuls in Vera Cruz, and other persons who seemed in a position to know the circumstances. In the interests of exactness it may be stated that other accounts differ somewhat in the details. A person in Vera Cruz, in a letter to Mr. Romero, the Minister of Juarez in Washington, by whom he was considered as trustworthy, stated that the departure of Maximilian, planned without the knowledge of General Bazaine, was frustrated by an indiscretion on the part of the commander of the Austrian vessel waiting for him at Vera Cruz. The Prince had sent a despatch (at midnight of October 30, 1866) to this officer, telling him to be ready to sail by five on the following afternoon, at which time he would be there ready to embark. At early daylight the Austrian captain went to the French commander, M. Peyron, told him in confidence of the message he had received, and took his leave with the usual courteous request for commands for Trieste. M. Peyron immediately tele the fact to Bazaine, who forthwith cut off all telegraphic communication from the public, ordered the baggage to be stopped, and then, addressing Maximilian himself, informed him that he was aware of his plans of flight, and that he would not be allowed to depart without previously abdicating in form.

Again, Mr. Chynoweth states that it was the Imperial Commissary in Vera Cruz who, hearing of the arrival of the baggage, informed General Bazaine, then in the city of Mexico, of so significant a fact, and that the latter telegraphed to the officer in command at Orizaba to arrest the Emperor.

It was certainly desirable from the French standpoint that the abdication should precede the evacuation, as it could then be made to appear that, Maximilian having renounced his enterprise, there was no longer need of a French army to support him on his throne, and it could return to Europe with untarnished laurels; whereas, if the forces were to withdraw first, there would be no disguising the humiliating fact that from one cause or another the whole venture had proved a diplomatic and military failure, and that Maximilian's subsequent sure abdication, ejection, or capture would be the natural result of the inability of Napoleon to fulfil his promises. The Prince's baggage did reach Vera Cruz; Lieutenant H———, of the Austrian Army, who was in command at Paso del Macho, the terminus of the railway from that port, has personally assured the author, that some 200 colis were forwarded under his special charge, and, with the exception of one particular lot that caught fire and was destroyed, all reached their destination. Furthermore, whether or not an order was received at Vera Cruz to stop this baggage, it nevertheless found its way finally on board the "Elizabeth," where it was seen by some of the officers of the "Tacony."