Italian Literature taken from The Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany October 1820 to June 1821

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Italian Literature By

Felicia Hemans

Taken from The Edinburgh Magazine And Literary Miscellany October 1820 to June 1821

Monti

The Edinburgh Magazine, October 1820, pages 298-301

ITALIAN LITERATURE.

MONTI.

(From Sismondi's Litterature du Midi.)

Vincenzio Monti, a native of Ferrara, is acknowledged, by the unanimous consent of the Italians, as the greatest of their living Poets. Irritable, impassioned, variable to excess, he is always actuated by the impulse of the moment. Whatever he feels is felt with the most enthusiastic vehemence. He sees the objects of his thoughts, they are present and clothed with life before him, and a flexible and harmonious language is always at his command, to paint them with the richest colouring. Persuaded that poetry is only another species of painting, he makes the art of the poet consist in rendering apparent to the eyes of all, the pictures created by his imagination for himself, and he permits not a verse to escape him which does not contain an image. Deeply impressed by the study of Dante, he has restored to the character of Italian poetry those severe and exalted beauties by which it was distinguished at its birth; and he proceeds from one picture to another with a grandeur and dignity peculiar to himself. It is extraordinary, that, with something so lofty in his manner and style of writ , the heart of so impassioned a character should not be regulated by principles of greater consistency. In many other poets this defect might pass unobserved; but circumstances have thrown the fullest light upon the versatility of Monti, and his glory, as a poet, is attached to works which display him in continual opposition to himself. Writing in the midst of the various Italian revolutions, he has constantly chosen political subjects for his compositions, and he has successively celebrated opposite parties, in proportion to their success. Let us suppose, in his justification, that he composes as an improvisatore, and that, his feelings, becoming highly excited by the given theme, he seizes the political ideas it suggests, however foreign they may be to his individual sentiments.* In these political poems, the object and purport of which are so different, the invention and manner are, perhaps, but too similar. The Basvigliana, or Poem on the Death of Basville, is the most celebrated; but, since its appearance, it has been discovered that Monti, who always imitated Dante, has now also very frequently imitated himself.

Hugh Basville was the French Envoy, who was put to death at Rome by the people, for attempting, at the beginning of the Revolution, to excite a sedition against the Pontifical government. Monti, who was then the poet of the Pope, as he has since been of the Republic, supposes, that, at the moment of Basville's death, he is saved, by a sudden repentance, from the condemnation which his philosophical principles had merited. But, as a punishment for his guilt, and a substitute for the pains of Purgatory, he is condemned, by Divine Justice, to traverse France, until the crimes of that country have received their due chastisement, and doomed to contemplate the misfortunes and reverses to which he has contributed, by assisting to extend the progress of the Revolution.

An angel of Heaven conducts Basville from province to province, that he may behold the desolation of his lovely country; he then conveys him to Paris, and makes him witness the sufferings and death of Louis XVI. and afterwards shows him the united armies prepared to burst upon France, and avenge the blood of her king. The poem concludes before the issue of the contest is known. It is divided into four cantos of three hundred lines each, and written in terza rima, like the poem of Dante. Not only many expressions, epithets, and lines, are borrowed from the Divine Comedy, but the invention itself is similar. An angel conducts Basville through the suffering world, and this faithful guide, who consoles and supports the spectator-hero of the poem, acts precisely the same part which is performed by Virgil in Dante. Basville himself thinks, feels, and suffers, exactly as Dante would have done. Monti has not preserved any traces of his revolutionary character; he describes him as feeling more pity than remorse, and he seems to forget, in thus identifying himself with his hero, that he has at first represented Basville, and perhaps without foundation, as an infidel, and a ferocious revolutionist. The Basvigliana is perhaps more remarkable than any other poem for the majesty of its verse, the sublimity of its expression, and the richness of its colouring. In the first Canto, the spirit of Basville thus takes leave of the body.

Sleep, O belov'd companion of my woes, Rest thou in deep and undisturb'd repose, Till, at the last great day, from slumber's bed, Heaven's trumpet-summons shall awake the dead! Be the earth light upon thee! mild the shower, And soft the breeze's wing, till that dread hour, Nor let the wanderer, passing o'er thee, breathe Words of keen insult to the dust beneath. Sleep thou in peace! beyond the funeral pyre, There live no flames of vengeance or of ire,

And 'midst high hearts I leave thee, on a shore Where mercy's home hath been from days of yore.

Thus to its earthly form the spirit cried, Then turn'd to follow its celestial guide, But with a downcast mien, a pensive sigh, A lingering step, and oft reverted eye, As when a child's reluctant feet obey Its mother's voice, and slowly leave its play.

Night o'er the earth her dewy veil had cast, When from th' eternal city's towers they pass'd, And, rising in their flight, on that proud dome, Whose walls enshrine the guardian saint of Rome, Lo! where a cherub-form sublimely tower'd, But dreadful in his glory! sternly lower'd Wrath in his kingly aspect: One he seem'd Of the bright seven, whose dazzling splendour beam'd On high amidst the burning lamps of heaven, Seen in the dread, o'erwhelming visions given To the rapt seer of Patmos. Wheels of fire Seem'd his fierce eyes, all kindling in their ire, And his loose tresses, floating as he stood, A comet's glare, presaging woe and blood.

He waved his sword; its red, terrific light, With fearful radiance tinged the clouds of night, While his left hand sustain'd a shield, so vast, Far o'er the Vatican beneath was cast Its broad, protecting shadow. As the plume Of the strong eagle spreads in sheltering gloom O'er its young brood, as yet untaught to soar; And while, all trembling at the whirlwind's roar, Each humbler bird shrinks cowering in its nest, Beneath that wing of power, and ample breast, They sleep unheeding; while the storm on high Breaks not their calm and proud security.

In the second canto, Basville enters Paris with his angelic guide, at the moment preceding the execution of Louis XVI.

The air was heavy, and the brooding skies Look'd fraught with omens, as to harmonize With his pale aspect. Through the forest round Not a leaf whisper’d, and the only sound

That broke the stillness was a streamlet's moan Murmuring amidst the rocks with plaintive tone, As if a storm within the woodland bowers, Were gathering. On they mov'd, and lo! the towers Of a far city! nearer now they drew, And all reveal'd, expanding on their view, The Babylon, the scene of crimes and woes Paris, the guilty, the devoted, rose.

* * * * * *

In the dark mantle of a cloud array'd, Viewless and hush'd, the angel and the shade Enter'd that evil city. Onward passed The heavenly being first, with brow o'ercast And troubled mien, while in his glorious eyes Tears had obscur'd the splendour of the skies. Palo with dismay, the trembling spirit saw That alter'd aspect, and, in breathless awe, Mark'd the strange silence round. The deep-ton'd swell Of life's full tide was hush'd; the sacred bell, The clamorous anvil, mute; all sounds were fled Of labour or of mirth, and in their stead Terror and stillness, boding signs of woe, Inquiring glances, rumours whisper'd low, Questions half-utter'd, jealous looks, that keep A fearful watch around; and sadness deep That weighs upon the heart; and voices, heard At intervals, in many a broken word; Voices of mothers, trembling as they press'd Th' unconscious infant closer to their breast; Voices of wives, with fond imploring cries, And the wild eloquence of tears and sighs, On their own thresholds striving to detain Their fierce impatient lords; but weak and vain Affection's gentle bonds, in that dread hour Of fate and fury, Love hath lost his power! For evil spirits are abroad! the air Breathes of their influence; druid phantoms there Fir'd by that thirst for victims, which of old Raged in their bosoms fierce and uncontroll'd, Rush, in ferocious transport, to survey The deepest crime that e'er hath dimm'd the day. Blood, human blood, hath stain'd their vests and hair, On the winds tossing, with a sanguine glare,

Scattering red showers around them! flaming brands And serpent-scourges in their restless hands Are wildly shaken; others lift on high The steel, th' envenom'd bowl; and hurrying by, With touch of fire, contagious fury dart Through human veins, fast kindling to the heart. Then comes the rush of crowds! restrain'd no more, Fast from each home the frenzied inmates pour; From every heart, affrighted mercy flies, While her soft voice amidst the tumult dies. Then the earth trembles, as from street to street The tramp of steeds, the press of hastening feet, The roll of wheels, all mingling in the breeze, Come deepening onward, as the swell of seas, Heard at the dead of midnight; or the moan Of distant tempests, or the hollow tone Of the far thunder!—then what feelings press'd, O wretched Basville! on thy guilty breast! What pangs were thine, thus fated to behold Death's awful banner to the winds unfold! To see the axe, the scaffold, rais'd on high, The dark impatience of the murderer's eye, Eager for crime! and He, the great, the good, Thy martyr king, by men athirst for blood, Dragg'd to a felon's death! Yet still his mien, 'Midst that wild throng, is loftily serene, And his step falters not—O hearts unmov’d! Where have you borne your monarch?—He who lov'd, Lov'd you so well!—Behold! the sun grows pale, Shrouding his glory in a tearful veil, The misty air is silent, as in dread, And the dim sky with shadowy gloom o'erspread, While saints and martyrs, spirits of the blest, Look down, all weeping, from their bowers of rest.

* * * * * *

In that dread moment, to the fatal pile, The regal victim came; and rais'd, the while, His patient glance, with such an aspect high, So firm, so calm, in holy majesty, That e'en th' assassins' hearts a moment shook, Before the grandeur of that kingly look, And a strange thrill of pity, half renew'd, Ran through the bosoms of the multitude.

* * * * * *

Like him, who, breathing mercy to the last, Pray'd till the bitterness of death was past: E'en for his murderers pray'd, in that dark hour, When his soul yielded to affliction's power, And the winds bore his dying cry abroad, "Hast thou forsaken me, my God, my God?" E'en thus the monarch stood; his pray'r arose, Thus calling down forgiveness on his foes, "To Thee my spirit I commend," he cried, "And my lost people, Father! be their guide!"

* * * * * *

But the sharp steel descends; the blow is given, And answer'd by a thunder-peal from Heaven, Earth, stain'd with blood, convulsive terror owns, And her kings tremble on their distant thrones.

(To be continued.)

The Alceste of Alfieri

The Edinburgh Magazine, December 1820, pages 512-516

ITALIAN LITERATURE.

No. II.—The Alcestis of Alfieri.

The Alcestis of Alfieri is said to have been the last tragedy he composed, and is distinguished to a remarkable degree by that tenderness, of which his former works present so few examples. It would appear as if the pure and exalted affection by which the impetuosity of his fiery spirit was ameliorated during the latter years of his life had impressed its whole character on this work, as a record of that domestic happiness in whose bosom his heart at length found a resting-place. Most of his earlier writings bear witness to that "fever at the core," that burning impatience of restraint, and those incessant and untameable aspirations after a wider sphere of action, by which his youth was consumed; but the poetry of Alcestis must find its echo in every heart which has known the power of domestic ties, or felt the bitterness of their dissolution. The interest of the piece, however, though entirely domestic, is not for a moment allowed to languish, nor does the conjugal affection, which forms the main-spring of the action, ever degenerate into the pastoral insipidity of Metastasio. The character of Alcestis herself, with all its lofty fortitude, heroic affection, and subdued anguish, powerfully recalls to our imagination the calm and tempered majesty distinguishing the masterpieces of Greek sculpture, in which the expression of mental or bodily suffering is never allowed to transgress the limits of beauty and sublimity. The union of dignity and affliction impressing more than earthly grandeur on the countenance of Niobe, would be, perhaps, the best illustration of this analogy.

The following scene, in which Alcestis announces to Pheres, the father of Admetus, the terms upon which the oracle of Delphos has declared that his son may be restored, has seldom been surpassed by the author, even in his most celebrated productions. It is, however, to be feared that little of its beauty can be transfused into translation, as the severity of a style so completely devoid of imagery must render it dependent for many incommunicable attractions upon the melody of the original language.

Act I.—Scene 2.

Alcestis, Pheres.

Alc. Weep thou no more—O monarch! dry thy tears, For know, he shall not die; not now shall Fate Bereave thee of thy son.

Phe. What mean thy words? Hath then Apollo—is there then a hope?

Alc. Yes! hope for thee—hope, by the voice announced From the prophetic cave. Nor would I yield To other lips the tidings, meet alone For thee to hear from mine.

Phe. But say! oh! say, Shall then my son be spared?

Alc. He shall, to thee. Thus hath Apollo said—Alcestis thus Confirms the oracle—be thou secure.

Phe. O sounds of joy! He lives!

Alc. But not for this, Think not that e'en for this the stranger Joy Shall yet revisit these devoted walls.

Phe. Can there be grief when from his bed of death Admetus rises? What deep mystery lurks Within thy words? What mean'st thou? Gracious Heaven! Thou, whose deep love is all his own, who hear'st The tidings of his safety, and dost bear Transport and life in that glad oracle To his despairing sire; thy cheek is ting'd With death, and on thy pure ingenuous brow To the brief lightning of a sudden joy Shades dark as night succeed, and thou art wrapt In troubled silence—speak! oh! speak!

Alc. The gods Themselves have limitations to their power Impassable, eternal—and their will Resists not the tremendous laws of fate: Nor small the boon they grant thee in the life Of thy restored Admetus.

Phe. In thy looks There is expression, more than in thy words, Which thrills my shuddering heart. Declare, what terms Can render fatal to thyself and us, The rescued life of him thy soul adores?

Alc. O father! could my silence aught avail To keep that fearful secret from thine ear, Still should it rest unheard, till all fulfill'd Were the dread sacrifice. But vain the wish; And since too soon, too well it must be known, Hear it from me.

Phe. Through my curdling veins Runs a cold, death-like horror; and I feel I am not all a father. In my heart Strive many deep affections. Thee I love, O fair and high-soul'd consort of my son! More than a daughter; and thine infant race, The cherish'd hope and glory of my age; And, unimpair'd by time, within my breast, High, holy, and unalterable love, For her, the partner of my cares and joys, Dwells pure and perfect yet. Bethink thee, then, In what suspense, what agony of fear, I wait thy words; for well, too well, I see Thy lips are fraught with fatal auguries, To some one of my race.

Alc. Death hath his rights, Of which not e'en the great Supernal Powers

May hope to rob him. By his ruthless hand, Already seized, the noble victim lay, The heir of empire, in his glowing prime And noon-day, struck:—Admetus, the re-ver'd, The bless'd, the lov'd, by all who own'd his sway, By his illustrious parents, by the realms Surrounding his,—and oh! what need to add, How much by his Alcestis?—Such was he, Already in th' unsparing grasp of death, Withering, a certain prey.—Apollo thence Hath snatch'd him, and another in his stead, Though not an equal,—(who can equal him?) Must fall a voluntary sacrifice. Another, of his lineage, or to him By closest bonds united, must descend To the dark realm of Orcus in his place, Who thus alone is saved.

Phe. What do I hear? Woe to us, woe!—what victim?—who shall be Accepted in his stead?

Alc. The dread exchange E'en now, O father! hath been made; the prey Is ready, nor is wholly worthless him For whom 'tis freely offered. Nor wilt thou, O mighty goddess of th' infernal shades! Whose image sanctifies this threshold floor, Disdain the victim.

Phe. All prepar'd the prey! And to our blood allied! O heaven!—and yet Thou bad'st me weep no more!

Alc. Yes! thus I said, And thus again I say, thou shalt not weep Thy son's, nor I deplore my husband's doom. Let him be saved, and other sounds of woe Less deep, less mournful far, shall here be heard, Than those his death had caus'd.—With some few tears, But brief, and mingled with a gleam of joy, E'en while the involuntary tribute lasts, The victim shall be honour'd, who resign'd Life for Admetus—Would'st thou know the prey, The vow'd, the willing, the devoted one, Offer'd and hallow'd to th' infernal gods, Father! 'tis I.

Phe. What hast thou done? O heaven! What hast thou done?—And think'st thou he is sav'd By such a compact?—Think'st thou he can live Bereft of thee?—Of thee, his light of life, His very soul!—Of thee, belov'd far more

Than his lov'd parents—than his children more— More than himself!—Oh! no, it shall not be! Thou perish, O Alcestis! in the flower Of thy young beauty!—perish, and destroy Not him, not him alone, but us, but all, Who as a child adore thee! Desolate Would be the throne, the kingdom, reft of thee. And think'st thou not of those, whose tender years Demand thy care?—thy children! think of them! O thou, the source of each domestic joy, Thou, in whose life alone Admetus lives, His glory, his delight, thou shalt not die, While I can die for thee!—Me, me alone, The oracle demands—a wither'd stem, Whose task, whose duty, is, for him to die. My race is run—the fulness of my years, The faded hopes of age, and all the love Which hath its dwelling in a father's heart. And the fond pity, half with wonder blent, Inspired by thee, whose youth with heavenly gifts So richly is endowed; all, all unite To grave in adamant the just decree. That I must die. But thou, I bid thee live! Pheres commands thee, O Alcestis! live! Ne'er, ne'er shall woman's youthful love surpass An aged sire's devotedness.

Alc. I know Thy lofty soul, thy fond paternal love; Pheres, I know them well, and not in vain Strove to anticipate their high resolves. But if in silence I have heard thy words, Now calmly list to mine, and thou shalt own They may not be withstood.

Phe. What can'st thou say Which I should hear? I go, resolved to save Him who with thee would perish;—to the shrine E'en now I fly.

Alc. Stay, stay thee! 'tis too late. Already hath consenting Proserpine, From the remote abysses of her realms, Heard and accepted the terrific vow Which binds me, with indissoluble ties, To death. And I am firm, and well I know None can deprive me of the awful right That vow hath won. * * * * Alc. Yes! thou may'st weep my fate, Mourn for me, father! but thou can'st not blame My lofty purpose. Oh! the more endear'd My life by every tie, the more I feel Death's bitterness, the more my sacrifice

Is worthy of Admetus. I descend To the dim shadowy regions of the dead A guest more honour'd. * * * * Alc. In thy presence here Again I utter the tremendous vow, Now more than half fulfilled. I feel, I know Its dread effects. Through all my burning veins Th' insatiate fever revels. Doubt is o'er. The Monarch of the Dead hath heard—he calls, He summons me away—and thou art sav'd, O my Admetus!

In the opening of the third act, Alcestis enters, with her son Eumeles, and her daughter, to complete the sacrifice by dying at the feet of Proserpine's statue. The following scene ensues between her and Admetus.

Alc. Here, O my faithful handmaids! at the feet Of Proserpine's dread image spread my couch, For I myself e'en now must offer here The victim she requires. And you, meanwhile, My children! seek your sire. Behold him there, Sad, silent, and alone. But through his veins Health's genial current flows once more, as free As in his brightest days: and he shall live, Shall live for you. Go, hang upon his neck, And with your innocent encircling arms Twine round him fondly.

Eum. Can it be indeed, Father, lov'd father! that we see thee thus Restored? What joy is ours!

Adm. There is no joy! Speak not of joy! away, away! my grief Is wild and desperate; cling to me no more! I know not of affection, and I feel No more a father.

Eum. Oh! what words are these? Are we no more thy children? Are we not Thine own? Sweet sister! twine around his neck More close; he must return the fond embrace.

Adm. O children! O my children! to my soul Your innocent words and kisses are as darts, That pierce it to the quick. I can no more Sustain the bitter conflict. Every sound Of your soft accents but too well recals The voice which was the music of my life. Alcestis! my Alcestis!—was she not Of all her sex the flower? Was woman e'er

Ador'd like her before? Yet this is she, The cold of heart, th' ungrateful, who hath left Her husband and her infants! This is she, O my deserted children! who at once Bereaves you of your parents.

Alc. Woe is me! I hear the bitter and reproachful cries Of my despairing lord. With life's last powers, Oh! let me strive to soothe him still. Approach, My handmaids, raise me, and support my steps To the distracted mourner. Bear me hence, That he may hear and see me.

Adm. Is it thou? And do I see thee still? and com'st thou thus To comfort me, Alcestis? Must I hear Thy dying accents thus? Alas! return To thy sad couch, return! 'tis meet for me There by thy side for ever to remain.

Alc. For me thy care is vain. Though meet for thee——

Adm. O voice! O looks of death! are these, are these Thus darkly shrouded with mortality The eyes that were the sunbeams and the life Of my fond soul? Alas! how faint a ray Falls from their faded orbs, so brilliant once, Upon my drooping brow! How heavily With what a weight of death thy languid voice Sinks on my heart! too faithful far, too fond, Alcestis! thou art dying—and for me! * * * * * Alcestis! and thy feeble hand supports With its last power, supports my sinking head, E'en now, while death is on thee! Oh! the touch Rekindles tenfold frenzy in my heart, I rush, I fly impetuous to the shrine, The image of yon ruthless Deity, Impatient for her prey. Before thy death, There, there, I too, self-sacrificed, will fall. * * * * * Vain is each obstacle.—In vain the gods Themselves would check my fury—I am lord Of my own days—and thus I swear—

Alc. Yes! swear Admetus! for thy children to sustain The load of life. All other impious vows, Which thou, a rebel to the sovereign will Of those who rule on high, might'st dare to form Within thy breast; thy lip, by them enchained, Would vainly seek to utter.—See'st thou not, It is from them the inspiration flows, Which in my language breathes? They lend me power,

They bid me through thy strengthened soul transfuse High courage, noble constancy. Submit, Bow down to them thy spirit. Be thou calm, Be near me. Aid me. In the dread extreme To which I now approach, from whom but thee Should comfort be derived? Afflict me not, In such an hour, with anguish worse than death. O faithful and belov'd! support me still! * * * * * *

The chorusses with which this tragedy is interspersed are distinguished for their melody and classic beauty. The following translation will give our readers a faint idea of the one by which the third act is concluded.

Alc. My children! all is finished. Now farewell! To thy fond care, O Pheres! I commit My widow'd Lord, forsake him not.

Eum. Alas! Sweet mother! wilt thou leave us? from thy side Are we for ever parted?

Phe. Tears forbid All utterance of our woes. Bereft of sense, More lifeless than the dying victim, see The desolate Admetus. Farther yet, Still farther let us bear him from the sight Of his Alcestis.

Alc. O my handmaids! still Lend me your pious aid, and thus compose With sacred modesty, these torpid limbs When death's last pang is o'er.

Chorus. Alas! how weak Her struggling voice! that last keen pang is near.

Peace, mourners, peace! Be hush'd, be silent, in this hour of dread! Our cries would but increase The sufferer's pangs; let tears unheard be shed, Cease, voice of weeping, cease!

Sustain, O friend! Upon thy faithful breast, The head that sinks, with mortal pain opprest! And thou, assistance lend To close the languid eye, Still beautiful, in life's last agony.

Alas! how long a strife! What anguish struggles in the parting breath, Ere yet immortal life Be won by death! Death! death! thy work complete! Let thy sad hour be fleet, Speed, in thy mercy, the releasing sigh! No more keen pangs impart To her, the high in heart, Th' ador'd Alcestis, worthy ne'er to die.

Chorus of Admetus.

'Tis not enough, oh! no! To hide the scene of anguish from his eyes; Still must our silent band Around him watchful stand, And on the mourner ceaseless care bestow, That his ear catch not griefs funereal cries.

Yet, yet hope is not dead. All is not lost below, While yet the gods have pity on our woe. Oft when all joy is fled, Heaven lends support to those Who on its care in pious hope repose. Then to the blessed skies Let our submissive prayers in chorus rise.

Pray! bow the knee, and pray! What other task have mortals, born to tears, Whom fate controls, with adamantine sway? O ruler of the spheres! Jove! Jove! enthron'd immortally on high, Our supplication hear! Nor plunge in bitterest woes, Him, who nor footstep moves, nor lifts his eye, But as a child, which only knows Its father to revere.

Il Conte di Carmagnola, Alessandro Manzoni

The Edinburgh Magazine, February 1821, pages 122-132

ITALIAN LITERATURE.

No. III.

Il Conte di Carmagnola, a Tragedy, by Alessandro Manzoni.

Francesco Bussone, the son of a peasant in Carmagnola, from whence his nom de guerre was derived, was born in the year 1390. Whilst yet a boy, and employed in the care of flocks and herds, the lofty character of his countenance was observed by a soldier of fortune, who invited the youth to forsake his rustic occupations, and ac him to the busier scenes of the camp. His persuasions were successful, and Francesco entered with him into the service of Facino Cane, Lord of Alessandria. At the time when Facino died, leaving fourteen cities acquired by conquest, to Beatrice di Tenda, his wife, Francesco di Carmagnola was amongst the most distinguished of his captains. Beatrice afterwards marrying Philip Visconti, Duke of Milan, (who rewarded her by an ignominious death, for the regal dowry she had conferred upon him,) Carmagnola entered his army at the same time, and having, by his eminent services, firmly established the tottering power of that prince, received from him the title of Count, and was placed at the head of all his forces. The natural caprice and ingratitude of Philip's disposition, however, at length prevailed, and Carmagnola, disgusted with the evident proof of his wavering friendship, and doubtful faith, left his service and his territories, and after a variety of adventures, took refuge in Venice. Thither the treachery of the Duke pursued him, and emissaries were employed to procure his assassination. The plot, however, proved abortive, and Carmagnola was elected captain-general of the Venetian armies, during the league formed by that Republic against the Duke of Milan. The war was at first carried on with much spirit and success, and the battle of Maclodio, gained by Carmagnola, was one of the most important and decisive actions of those times. The night after the combat, the victorious soldiers gave liberty to almost all their prisoners. The Venetian envoys having made a complaint on this subject to the Count, he inquired what was become of the captives; and upon being informed that all, except four hundred, had been set free, he gave orders that the remaining ones also should be released immediately, according to the custom which prevailed amongst the armies of those days, the object of which was to prevent a speedy termination of the war. This proceeding of Carmagnola's occasioned much distrust and irritation in the minds of the Venetian rulers, and their displeasure was increased, when the armada of the Republic, commanded by Il Trevisani, was defeated upon the Po, without any attempt in its favour having been made by the Count. The failure of their attempt upon Cremona, was also imputed to him as a crime, and the Senate, resolving to free themselves from a powerful chief, now become an object of suspicion, after many deliberations on the best method of carrying their designs into effect, at length determined to invite him to Venice, under pretence of consulting him on their negotiations for peace. He obeyed their summons without hesitation or mistrust, and was everywhere received with extraordinary honours, during the course of his journey. On his arrival at Venice, and before he entered his own house, eight gentlemen were sent to meet him, by whom he was escorted to St Mark's Place. When he was introduced into the ducal palace, his attendants were dismissed, and informed that he would be in private with the Doge for a considerable time. He was arrested in the palace, then examined by the Secret Council, put to the torture, which a wound he had received in the service of the Republic rendered still more agonizing, and condemned to death. On the 5th May 1432, he was conducted to execution, with his mouth gagged, and beheaded between the two columns of St Mark's Place. With regard to the innocence or guilt of this distinguished character, there exists no authentic information. The author of the tragedy, which we are about to analyse, has chosen to represent him as entirely innocent, and probability at least is on this side. It is possible that the haughtiness of an aspiring warrior, accustomed to command, and impatient of control, might have been the principal cause of offence to the Venetians; or perhaps their jealousy was excited by his increasing power over the minds of an obedient army; and not considering it expedient to displace him, they resolved upon his destruction.