History of Oregon

Volume I 1834–1848

THE WORKS

OF

HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.

THE WORKS

of

HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.

VOLUME XXIX.

HISTORY OF OREGON. Vol. I. 1834–1848.

SAN FRANCISCO;

THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.

1886.

Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1886, by

HUBERT H. BANCROFT,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

All Rights Reserved.

PREFACE.

The more remote in Oregon affairs has been given in my History of the Northwest Coast, which is indeed a part of the History of Oregon, as elsewhere explained. The later volumes deal with events which occurred within the memory of men now living; they are wrought out from yet more original sources, a large proportion of the facts herein presented never having before appeared in print. Obviously it is more difficult to treat fully and fairly a comparatively modern epoch, from absolutely crude material, than an earlier one which has been worked over by scholars for centuries. Of the hundreds of personal narratives which have been placed before me by those who assisted in making the history, no two wholly agree; and yet to the careful student, with all the evidence before him, the truth is generally clear.

The leading features of this history are not found in bloody conquests inspired by the thirst for gain and glory united to the hope of winning heaven, but in the more gentle purpose of adding to the enjoyments of earth by commerce and agriculture, the fur company, the missionaries of different sects soon converted into rival traders, and the middle class from the United States, all contributing of their several characteristics to form a society at once individual and independent It is in the missionary rather than in the commercial or agricultural elements that I find that romance which underlies all human endeavor before it becomes of interest sufficient for permanent preservation in the memory of mankind. A mountain-walled plain, between the coast elevations and the northern stretch of the great Andean range, with a fertile soil, a genial climate, and picturesque scenery, through a peculiar sequence of events becomes the western Utopia of the American states, and kindles in the breasts of those who here lay the foundations of a commonwealth the fire of patriotism, forever sacred even when fed by fallacies. The silent conquest of this area by men and women from the border, intent on empire, is a turning-point in the destinies of the country; and it is to me no less a pleasure than a duty to recognize the heroic in this conquest, and to present one more example of the behavior of the Anglo-Saxon race under the influence of American institutions.

Nor did the people of the earlier west enter upon these achievements without a well-defined purpose. Proselyting alone was not the object; nor yet traffic, nor even broad lands. There was present, besides the desire to secure for themselves and their descendants some small portion of this earth, the determination to plant here those pure moralities and fair civilities which belong to the higher Christian civilization; and one glance at the present condition of the people is sufficient to assure us that they succeeded. Aside from the somewhat antiquated sentiments of eternal justice and the rights of man as apart from man's power to enforce his rights, the quick extermination of the aborigines may be regarded as a blessing both to the red race and to the white. The two seldom profitably intermix. And this happy consummation, the swift and sharpest means of sweeping from the earth every human encumbrance, the people of the United States have never been backward about. However merciless the conquerors, Spain's government, aided by the church, was ever tender of her native American subjects, and we see the result in Mexico and Central America. The British fur-traders would not permit the killing of their hunters, and we see the result in British Columbia. Avarice, war, injustice, and inhumanity are often the most important aids to civilization. In this respect, with noble intentions and devout aspirations far higher than ordinary, the settlers of Oregon but followed their destiny. They labored for the best, and quarrelled not with the inevitable.

It is proper to remember here that the United States first reached the Pacific in the latitudes of Oregon, thus completing the great zone of states from ocean to ocean; that the first proposals to build a line of military posts, a wagon-road, and a railway across the continent were made in connection with the occupation of the Columbia Valley; likewise in the first project to connect the eastern and western coasts by steamships Oregon was the objective point.

Through the generosity and frankness of the people of Oregon I am enabled to present this history in the fulness of its details, and I sincerely hope they have not found their confidence misplaced. It has been my earnest endeavor, here as everywhere, rightly to understand facts and properly to construe motives.

Of every one, however humble, who came early to Oregon, and of all those who early or late contributed their intelligence and energy toward establishing the commonwealth, so far as possible I have made mention; and I believe the time will come, if it be not here already, when to the descendants of these hardy empire-builders this enrolment will be recognized as equivalent to a patent of nobility.

The history of Oregon has been to me a most interesting study, and of her present proud position and her brilliant future her sons cannot entertain too high an opinion.

CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.

OREGON IN 1834.

PAGE.

CHAPTER II.

LIFE AT FORT VANCOUVER.

1825-1846.

CHAPTER III.

SETTLEMENT OF OREGON.

1832-1834.

CHAPTER IV.

METHODIST OCCUPATION.

1834–1838.

CHAPTER V.

COMING OF THE PRESBYTERIANS.

1834–1836.

CHAPTER VI.

THE WILLAMETTE CATTLE COMPANY.

1836–1837.

CHAPTER VII.

COLONIZATION.

1837–1840.

CHAPTER VIII.

CLOSE OF THE METHODIST REGIME.

1840-1841.

CHAPTER IX.

PROGRESS OF EVENTS.

1839-1841.

CHAPTER X.

THE SUB-INDIAN AGENT'S COMPANY.

1842-1845.

CHAPTER XI.

WHITE'S ADMINISTRATION OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

1842-1845.

CHAPTER XII.

ORGANIZATION OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT.

1843.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE CATHOLIC MISSIONS—MORE OF THE PRESBYTERIANS.

1838-1847

CHAPTER XIV.

OREGON BEFORE CONGRESS.

1820-1846.

CHAPTER XV.

THE IMMIGRATION OF 1843.

CHAPTER XVI.

LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS.

1844.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844.

CHAPTER XVIII.

AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS

1845.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845.

CHAPTER XX.

OPENING OF THE SOUTHERN OREGON ROUTE—IMMIGRATION OF 1846.

CHAPTER XXI.

THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON.

1846.

CHAPTER XXII.

POLITICS AND PROGRESS.

1846-1847.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE WHITMAN MASSACRE.

1847.

CHAPTER XXIV.

RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES.

1847

CHAPTER XXV.

THE CAYUSE WAR.

1848.

CHAPTER XXVI.

OREGON'S ENVOYS—ERECTION OF A TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT.

1848.

AUTHORITIES QUOTED

IN THE

HISTORY OF OREGON.

Abbott (H. L.), in Pac. R. R. Reports, vi. Abbott (John S. C.), Life of General Ulysses S. Grant. Boston, etc., 1868. Abernethy (Anne), The Mission Family. MS. Absaraka, Home of the Crows. Philadelphia, 1868. Agric. College, Corvallis (Or.), Report, 1878. Portland. Agric. Soc., State Proceedings, 1868. Salem. Adams (W. L.), Lecture on Oregon and the Pacific Coast. Boston, 1869; Oregon as it is. Portland, 1873; Rambling Notes of Olden Times. In Portland West Shore, Aug. 1875. Albany, Journal, Linn County Advertiser, Oregon Democrat, Oregon Granger, Register. Albany (Or.), Oregon Cultivator; State Rights Democrat; American Antiquarian Jour. Cleveland and Chicago, 1878 et seq. Album Mexicano. Mexico, 1849 et seq. Allan, Reminiscences. MS. Allan (Alexander), Cariboo and the Mines of British Columbia. MS. Allen (William), Speech in U. S. Sen., Feb. 10 and 11, 1846, on our relations with England, n.pl., n.d. Almanacs. American, Boston, 1830; Benton County, 1874; McCormick's Portland, 1862 et seq.; National, Philadelphia, 1863 et seq.; Tribune, New York, 1838 et seq. Alsea River Improvements, Memorial of Oregon Legislature, Sept. 1876. [44th Cong., 2d Sess., H. Misc. Doc. 18.] Washington, 1876. American Citizen (The). San Francisco, 1874 et seq. American and Foreign Christian Union. New York, 1850 et seq. American Geographical and Statistical Society. New York, 1850 et seq. American Home Missionary Society, Reports. New York, 1826 et seq. American Missionary. New York, 1850 et seq. American Missions, History of. Worcester, 1840. American Quarterly Register and Magazine. Philadelphia, 1848 et seq. American Quarterly Review. Philadelphia, 1827 et seq. American State Papers. Boston, 1817-19. 12 vols.; Washington, 1832-4; 1858-61. folio. 39 vols. American Society for Encouraging the Settlement of Oregon Territory. A General Circular to all persons. Charleston, 1831. Anderson (Alexander Caulfield), Northwest Coast History. MS. Anderson (J. Patton), Speech on the Indian War in Washington and Oregon, Aug. 6, 1856. n.pl., n.d. Anderson (Wm.), Deposition before Joint Commission, 1865. Annals of Congress. [1st to 18th Congress.] Washington, 1834-56. 42 vols.

Anthony (E. M.), Siskiyou County Reminiscences. MS. Anthropographic Chart of State Officers, etc., of Cal. Sacramento, 1869. Antioch (Cal), Ledger. Applegate (Jesse), Correspondence with Mrs Victor. MS. Applegate (Jesse), A Day with the Cow Column in 1843. In Overland Monthly, i. 127. Applegate (Jesse), Marginal Notes in Gray's History of Oregon. MS. Applegate (Jesse), Views of Oregon History. MS. Applegate (Lindsey), Laying out the old immigrant road into Southern Oregon, 1846. In Portland West Shore. Applegate (O. C.), History of the Modoc War. MS. Armstrong (A. N.), Oregon. Chicago, 1857. Arricivita (J. D.), Crónica Seráfica y Apostólic. Mexico, 1792. folio. Ashland, Tidings. Ashley (C.), Speech in U.S. Sen., April 3, 1846, on Oregon Question. Washington, 1846. Astoria, Astorian; Marine Gazette. Astoria, Oregon's Seaport. Astoria, 1875. Athey (James), Workshops at Oregon City. MS. Atkinson (G. H.), Address before N.Y. Chamber of Commerce Dec. 3, 1868. New York, 1868; Address before Oregon Historical Soc. Feb. 22, 1876. n.pl., n.d.; Correspondence in Home Missionary; Northwest Coast. Portland, 1878; Reminiscences of Rev. E. Walker. Portland, n.d.; Sketch, n.pl., n.d. Atkinson (Geo. H.), Amer. Colonist in Oregon, n. imp. Atlantic Monthly. Boston, 1858 et seq. Austin (Nev.), Reese River Reveille, April 6, 1867.

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Beeson (John), A Plea for the Indians. New York 1858. Belcher (Edward), Narrative of a Voyage round the World in 1836-42. London, 1843. 2 vols. Bell (J. F.), Speech in U.S.H. of Rep., Feb. 4, 1846, on the Oregon Question. Washington, 1846. Bell (William A.), Settlement of Seattle. MS. Benicia (Cal.), Chronicle, Tribune. Bennett (Emerson), Prairie Flower. Cincinnati (O.), n.d. Bennett (Winston), Biographical Sketches. In S. José Pioneer, May 26, June 2, 1877. Bentley (Wm. R.), Pleasure Paths in the Pac. Northwest. San Francisco, 1882. Benton Co. (Or.), Almanac, 1874. Benton (Thomas H), Abridgment of Debates in Congress, 1759-1856. New York 1857-63. 16 vols; Speech in U.S. Sen., May 22, 25, 28, 1846, on the Oregon Question. Washington, 1846; Thirty Years' View. New York, 1854. 2 vols. Berrian (Hobart), A Plain View of the Oregon Title. Washington, 1846. Biggs (Cal.), Butte Co. Register. Bigland (John), A Geographical and Historical View of the World. London, 1810. 5 vols. Blagdon (Francis William), The Modern Geographer. London, n.d. 5 vols. Blake (W. P.), Production of the Precious Metals. New York and London, 1869. Blanchet (F. N.), Catholic Missionaries of Oregon. MS. Blanchet (F. N.), Catholic Missionaries of Oregon, MS.; in Portland (Or.) Oregonian, Sept. 1, 1863; Pastoral Letter, 1870. Blanchet (F. N.), Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church in Oregon. Portland, 1878. Bluxome (Isaac), Vigilance Committee, by 33, Secretary. MS. Boise City (Idaho), Capital Chronicle, Democrat, Herald, News, Statesman. Bourbourg (Brasseur de), Popul Vuh, etc. Paris, 1861. Bowles (Samuel), Pacific Railroad. Boston, 1869. Boller (Henry A.), Among the Indians. Philadelphia, 1868. Bonnycastle (J. C.), Report on Indian Affairs. [33d Cong., 2d Sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 16.] Washington, 1855. Boston (Mass.), Herald, Missionary Herald. Bowles (Samuel), Across the Continent. Springfield, 1866; Our New West. Hartford, etc., 1869. Boyle (W. H.), Personal Observations on the Conduct of the Modoc War. MS. Brackett (Albert G.), History of the U.S. Cavalry. New York, 1865. Branson (B. B.), Settlement of Sheridan. MS. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Popul Vuh. Le Livre Sacré. Paris, 1861. Breckenridge (John C.), and Joseph Lane. Biographical Sketches. Washington, 1860. Breeding (W. P.), Reminiscences of the Cayuse War. MS. Breese (S.), Speech in U.S. Senate, March 2, 1846. Brensletter, Discovery of the Boisé Basin. MS. Briggs (Albert), Settlement of Port Townsend. MS. Bristol (Sherlock), Idaho Nomenclature. MS. Bristow (E. L.), Rencounters with Indians, Highwaymen, etc. MS. British Columbia Sketches. MS. British Quarterly Review, lxxvii. Brockett (L. P.), Our Western Empire. Philadelphia, etc., 1881. Brooklyn (N. Y.), Catholic Review. Brouillet (J. B. A. ), Authentic Account of the Murder of Dr Whitman. Portland, 1869. Brown (B.), in Umatilla (Or.) Columbia Press, July 27, 1867. Brown (J. Henry), Autobiography. MS. Brown (J. Henry), Oregon Miscellanies. MS. and Scraps.

Brown (J. H.), in Ashland (Or.) Tidings, Oct. 19, Nov. 2, 1877, in Trans. Or. Pioneer Association, 1877. Brown (J. Henry), Settlement of Willamette Valley. MS. Brown (O.), in H. Com. Report, 308, 28th cong. 1st sess. Browne (J. Ross), Lower California, see Taylor; Report upon the Mineral Resources of the States and Territories West of the Rocky Mountains. Washington, 1867; Washington, 1868; San Francisco, 1868. Browne (J. Ross), Resources of the Pacific Slope. San Francisco, 1869. Buchanan (Jas.), Letter on Oregon Question, Aug. 30, 1845. Buck (W. W.), Enterprises. Oregon City. MS. Bulfinch (Thomas), Oregon and El Dorado. Boston, 1866. Bunker (Wm. M.), In the Lava Beds. In Californian, Feb. 1880. 161. Burbank (A. R.), Statement. MS. Burnett (Peter H.), Letter of July 25, 1844, in Niles' Register, lxvii. Burnett (Peter H.), Letter on Affairs in Oregon. In Niles' Register lxviii. 393; Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer. New York, 1880. Burnett (Peter H.), Recollections of the Past. MS. 2 vols. Burton (Richard F.), City of the Saints. London, 1861; N.Y., 1862. Butler (——), Life and Times. MS.

Calhoun (John C.), Speech in U. S. Sen., Jan. 24, 1843, on the Oregon Bill. Wash., 1843; Speech in U.S. Sen. March 16, 1846, on Abrogation of Convention of Joint Occupancy. Wash., 1846. California Jour. Assembly, 1857; Military Affairs, Scraps. Californian (The). San Francisco, 1880 et seq. Camp (David W.), American Year-Book. Hartford, 1869. Campbell (Alexander), Speech, July 30, 1863. Sacramento. Campbell (J. F.), My Circular Notes. London, 1876. 2 vols. Camp-fire Orations. MS. Canyon City (Or.), News. Cardwell (J. A.), Emigrant Company. MS. Carr (Ezra S.), Patrons of Husbandry. San Francisco, etc., 1875. Carson City (Nev.), Appeal; State Register. Carver (J.), Travels through the Interior Parts of North America. London, 1778. Catholic Almanac, in DeSmet's Missions. Gand (Belgium), 1848. Chadwick (George F.), Public Records at Salem. MS. Chadwick (S. F.), Message to Or. Legislative Assembly, 1878. Chalmers (J. W.), Speech in U.S. Senate, March 24, 1846. Charles (Wm.), Deposition before Joint Commission, 1865. Chicago (Ill.), Tribune. Chicago Land-Owner, in Portland Oregonian, April 24, 1875. Choris (L.), Voyage Pittoresque autour du Monde. Paris, 1822. Folio. Cincinnati Gazette, in Portland Oregonian, March 2, 1867. Clackamas County (Or.), Resources, 1876. Clarke (H. S.), Speech in House of Rep., Feb. 6, 1846. Clarke (Mrs H. T.), Emigrant Trail. MS. Clarke (S. A.), in Californian, July 1880; in Willamette Farmer, Aug. 31, 1877. Clarke (Samuel A.), Klamath Land. In Overland, xi. 548; Oregon Twenty-five Years Ago. In Overland, x. 410. Clarke (H. F.), and G. Wright, Letters and Military Correspondence. [34th Cong., 3d Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 1.] Washington, 1857. Clayton (J. M.), Speech in U.S. Senate, Feb. 12, 1846. Clyman (Jas.), Note-Book. MS. Cocke (Wm. M. ), Speech in House of Rep., Jan. 15, 1846. Codman (John), The Round Trip. New York, 1879. Coghanour (David), Boisee Basin. MS. Coke (Henry J.), A Ride over the Rocky Mountains to Oregon and California. London, 1862. Columbia, Department of, General Orders. 1865, et seq.; Military Reports, 1867 et seq.

Compton (P. N.), Forts and Fort Life. MS. Congregational Association of Oregon, Minutes of Annual Meetings, Salem, 1870 et seq. Congressional Debates. [18th to 25th Congress.] Wash., 1824 et seq. 14 vols. Congressional Globe. Washington, 1836 et seq. 4to. Cooper (J. G.), and G. Suckley, The Natural History of Washington Territory. New York, 1859. 4to. Coos Bay, Settlement and Early Settlers. Marshfield, 1879. Corvallis, Benton Democrat; Courant; Gazette; Oregon Union; Willamette Valley Mercury. Courterey (H. C.), British Columbia Mines. MS. Cox (Ross), Adventures on the Columbia River. London, 1831. 2 vols. New York, 1832. Cox (Thomas), Biography. MS. Cram (T. J.), Topographical Memoir on the Department of the Pacific. [35th Cong., 2d Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 114.] Washington, 1859. Crate (Wm. F.), Deposition before Joint Commission, 1865. Crawford (Medorem), Journal of the Expedition Organized for the Protection of Emigrants to Oregon, Jan. 9, 1863. [37th Cong., 3d Sess., Sen. Ex. Doc.17.] Crawford (Medorem), Missionaries and their Work. MS. Crawford (P. W.), Overland to Oregon. MS.; Id., pt. ii. MS. Crescent City (Cal.), Courier. Crittenden (John J.), Speech on Oregon Question in U. S. Senate, April 16, 1846. Cross (Osborne), Report on March to Oregon City. [31st Cong., 3d Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 1.] Curry (Geo. B.), in Adjt.-Gen'l Oregon Report, 1866. Curry (George B.), Sketches of Life on the Plains. MS. Curry (George L.), Biography. MS.

Dalles, Itemizer; Inland Empire; Liberal Republican; Mountaineer; Oregon Republican; Polk County Signal; Polk County Times; State Journal; Tribune. Dalles Mission Case, Argument of James K. Kelly in behalf of Appellees. n.pl., n.d. Daly (Charles P.), Annual Address, Jan. 13, 1873. In American Geographical Society. 1873. Damon (S. C.), in Or. Spectator, n. d. Dana (C. W.), The Great West. Boston, 1861. Darwin (Charles), Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology, etc. London, 1845; New York, 1846. 2 vols. London, 1852. Das Oregon Gebiet. n. pl. Davidson (George), Coast Pilot of California, Oregon, etc. Washington, 1869; Directory for the Pacific Coast. Washington, 1868. Davis (Jefferson C.), Annual Report 1873. n.pl., 1873. Davis (W. H.), Glimpses of the Past in California. MS. Dayton (W. T.), News. Deady (Matthew P.), Address to Graduating Class of University of Oregon. Portland, 1878; other addresses; Portland on Willamette. In Overland, i. 37; Portland—What Sort of a Port it is. In S.F. Bulletin, July 6, 1864; numerous other articles; Report of Cases determined in the Circuit and District Courts of the U.S. of Oregon, etc. S.F., 1872; Scrap Book. Deady (Matthew P.), Oregon History and Progress. MS. Deans (James), Vancouver Island. MS. De Bow (J. D. B ), Encyclopedia of the Trade and Commerce of the U.S. London, 1854. 2 vols. De Smet (P. J.), Letters and Sketches. Philadelphia, 1843; Missions de l'Oregon. Gand., n.d.; Oregon Missions. New York, 1847; Voyages aux Montagnes Rocheuses. Lille, 1859; Western Missions and Missionaries. New York, 1863. Dickinson (D. S.), Life, Letters, etc. New York, 1867, 2 vols.

Dickinson (O.), Letter in Amer. Home Missionary, xxvii. 187. Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon. Victoria (B.C.), 1873. Dimsdale (Thomas J.), The Vigilantes of Montana. Virginia City, 1866. Directories, East of Cascade Mountains, Owen; Oregon Business; Portland, McCormick; Puget Sound, Murphy and Harnel; Salem, Brown. Disturnell (J.), Influences of Climate in North and South America. New York, 1867. Dix (John A.), Speech in U.S. Senate, June 26, 1848. Dodge (G. M.), Surveys for U. P. Railway. Washington (D.C.), 1870. Douglas (Jas.), Journal. MS.; Private Papers, 2d ser. MS. Dowell (B. F.), Brief in the Case of Bandy and Dooly vs. Langell and Chigage. Fairfield, 1861; Letters of a Packer. Scraps; Memorandum Book in the Canvas. Scraps; Petition asking pay for Oregon Volunteers, n.pl., n.d.; Railroad Reports. Scraps; Scrap Books. 2 vols. Dowell (B. F.), Biographies. MS. and Scraps Dowell (B. F.), Communication on Oregon Indian Wars. MS. Dowell (B. F.j, First Marriage in Jacksonville. MS. Dowell (B. F.), Narrative. MS. Dowell (B. F.), Oregon Indian War. MS. 7 vols. Dowell (B. F.), and Addison C. Gibbs, Brief and Argument of. Jacksonville, 1877. Drew (C. S.), Communication on Indian War in Oregon. [36th Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. Misc. Doc. 59.] Washington, 1860; Owyhee Reconnoissance, Jacksonville, 1865. Dryer (T. J.), Location Law. Portland. Dufur (A. J.), Statistics of the State of Oregon. Salem, 1869; in Roseburg Ensign, July 17, 31, 1869. Duncan (L. J. C.), Southern Oregon. MS. Dunlop (James), Digest of the General Laws of the U.S. Philadelphia, 1856 Dunn (John), History of the Oregon Territory. London 1844; The Oregon Territory and the British N. American Fur Trade. Philadelphia, 1845. Dunraven (Earl of), The Great Divide. New York, 1876. Dwinelle (John W.), Address before Pioneers, 1866. San Francisco, 1866. Dyar (L. S.), Statement. In Applegate, Hist. Modoc War, MS.

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