Cowie's Printer's Pocket-Book and Manual

Front matter

COWIE'S

PRINTERS' POCKET-BOOK AND M A N U A L.

Fourth Edition

Situation and Arrangement of a Printing Office

COWIE'S

PRINTERS' POCKET-BOOK.

SITUATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF A PRINTING OFFICE.

It is desirable that every department of a printing office should be on one floor, but indispensable that the press-room be separate from the composing-room.

If it is necessary to have many floors, the presses should be on the basement, and the composing-rooms above.

The sink or wetting-room ought to be close to the press-room; there should be cisterns to collect the rain water, as it is much better for wetting paper than river water, which is commonly murky, or the hard and fetid water of wells and pumps; though the last is well enough, and perhaps better for rinsing the forms.

In arranging the presses it is requisite to economise space, and yet have as much light as can be obtained; they ought to be placed in a line, and, without inconveniencing the men, occupy the least possible room. Each press should have a window sufficiently large to cast the light direct upon the whole, viz., the tympan, the form, the paper, and the ink-table.

The floor of the press-room ought to be boarded, and not bricked or tiled, because the wear of bricks produces a subtile dust, which mixes with the ink and sticks to the paper, and soils every part of the machinery.

If the press-room be used as a drying-room, the polling ought to be raised sufficiently high to prevent the sheets from obstructing the light, and the wind of the frisket from blowing them down.

The hanging-up, gathering, folding, &c. are generally carried on in upper rooms.

All the frames should be numbered and placed in rows: each ought to be in a good light, coming from the west, thus avoiding the sunbeams, and securing the last of the evening light.

The imposing-stones cannot have too much light; there ought to be room enough to go freely round them, and to lift off a large form without interruption from the adjacent frames. In winter the composing-room should be well lighted and comfortably warmed.

There should always be a press kept exclusively to pull proofs: it is generally placed in the composing-room.

As to the readers, they ought to be in a quiet place, far from noise and every thing likely to distract their attention, in a room well lighted; in short, in a library, if that be possible. They ought to be furnished with all such books as they may stand in need of for reference and verification of quotations; and ought on no account to be troubled with intruders.

The overseer's room ought to be handy to the whole of the establishment, and in the centre of the building. The hands should, if possible, have a separate entrance to the premises.

Rules and Regulations to be observed in a Printing Office

RULES AND REGULATIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN A PRINTING OFFICE.

Compositors.

1. Compositors to receive their cases from the overseer, or other person appointed by him, free from all pie, or other heterogeneous matter, with clean quadrat and space boxes to both Roman and Italic, which they are to return to him in the same state, or forfeit six-pence for each pair of cases.

2. When a compositor receives letter, furniture, &c. from the overseer, he is to return what he does not use, in the same state he received it, the same day, under the forfeiture of threepence.

3. Compositors to impose their matter when desired by the employer or overseer, or forfeit twopence for every hour's delay. The same for proofs that are desired to be corrected, unless in either case it shall appear that all the stones were engaged.

4. When the compositor imposes from furniture in chase, he is directly to tie up the pages of loose matter, or forfeit one penny for every neglected page, besides being obliged to clear away the pie thereby occasioned.

5. Forms, immediately after they are imposed, to be carried to the proof press, and the proofs when pulled to be given to the reader, or carried into the reading closet, with, if a first proof, the copy, and, if a second, the foul proof under the forfeiture of one penny for every quarter of an hour's delay.

6. Every compositor who shall leave a foul stone, either of letter, furniture, &c. shall forfeit one penny for every such offence.

7. Should a compositor detain an imposing-stone longer than the nature of the business may require, he is to be fined twopence for every hour's unnecessary delay.

8. When any cases are taken out of the racks, the com is to return them into their proper place immediately after he has done with the same, under the forfeiture of one penny for each case.

9. No cases to be placed over others, or under the frames, under the penalty of one penny for each case.

10. Gallies with head lines, or other useful materials during the course of a piece of work, to be cleared the day after the work is all completely at press, or the compositor to forfeit threepence for each day's neglect.

11. When a work is completely finished, the compositor or compositors concerned shall, before he or they begin another work, unless prevented by the employer or overseer, clear away the forms, taking from them the head lines, white lines, leads, and reglets; which, with the furniture of each sheet, and the matter properly tied up for papering, are to be given to the overseer, or any person he may appoint.

12. Sweepings of frames to be cleared away before ten o'clock every morning, under the forfeiture of twopence for each neglect. Matter broken by accident to be cleared away on the same day under the like penalty.

13. A compositor mixing any two separate founts, without an express order from the overseer, to be fined one shilling.

14. When a compositor carries his form down for press, he is not to put two forms together without a partition between, on forfeiture of twopence; and in case, through neglect of such partition, a form should be battered, the compositor guilty of such neglect shall forfeit sixpence.

15. The saw, saw-block, bowl, sponge, letter-brush, shears, bellows, &c. to be returned to their respective places as soon as done with, under a forfeiture of one penny.

16. Any person taking a candlestick, bodkin, snuffers, composing-stick, &c. not his own, without permission of the owner, shall be fined threepence.

17. Any person misplacing cases in the rack, or taking an upper without the lower case, (vice versá,) shall be fined twopence.

18. That pie of any sort, on boards, windows, frames, &c. shall be cleared after five minutes' notice, under the penalty of sixpence.

19. That any person detected taking sorts from the frames or cases of another, without leave, be fined one shilling. Should any person be detected in hoarding useful sorts, not wanting or likely to want them, he shall be fined sixpence.

20. Any person in the house, (except the master or overseer,) who shall call off the errand boy while he is sweeping his rooms, to be fined threepence.

21. That the master, or overseer, forfeit one shilling, and compositor sixpence, for every candle left without proper charge:—The boundaries of the office to be considered the open air.

22. Jobs to be cleared away immediately after notice being given by the overseer, under the penalty of twopence for every hour's delay.

23. All fines to be paid on Monday, before 12 o'clock, under the penalty of sixpence. The overseer to make application for the fines before that time, or be fined six-pence.

24. These regulations, in cases of extreme hurry of business, may be suspended, by permission from the master, or overseer; but, when that has ceased, to be immediately resumed under the same forfeitures.

Pressmen.

1. All proofs to be pulled within five minutes after notice, or the pressmen who are in proofs to fine one penny for each form.

2. Immediately after pulling a proof, the pressmen to rub over the forms and chases with a lie-brush, and place them against the compositor's frame to whom they belong, where they are to leave the proof, or forfeit one penny for every neglect.

3. As soon as a form is wrought off, the pressman to carry it to the lie-trough, and there completely rub it over with lie, rinse it with water, and then carry it to the wrought off place, or to the end of the compositor's frame it belongs to. Threepence for each neglected form.

4. Leaving the lie-jar uncovered, a fine of one penny.

Compositors' Scale of Prices

COMPOSITORS' SCALE OF PRICES.

Agreed upon at a General Meeting of Master Printers, at Stationers' Hall, April 15, 1810.

Art. 1. All works in the English language, common matter, with space lines, including English and Brevier, to be cast up at 5¾d. per 1000; if in Minion, 6d.; in Nonpareil, 6¾d. Without space lines, including English and Brevier, 6d. per 1000; in Minion, 6¼d.; in Nonpareil, 7d.; in Pearl, with or without space lines, 8d.; heads and directions, or signature lines, included. A thick space to be considered as an en in the width, and an en to be reckoned an em in the length of the page; and where the number of letters amounts to 500—1000 to be charged; if under 500, not to be reckoned; and if the calculation at per thousand shall not amount to an odd threepence, the odd pence to be suppressed in the price of the work; but where it amounts to or exceeds threepence, there shall be sixpence charged. Em and en quadrats, or whatever is used at the beginning or end of lines, to be reckoned as an em in the width.

2. Works printed in Great Primer to be cast up as English; and all works in larger type than Great Primer, as half English and half Great Primer.

3. All works in foreign languages, though common type, with space lines, including English and Brevier, to be cast up at 6¼d. per 1000; if in Minion, 6¾d.; Nonpareil, 7½d. space lines, including English and Brevier, 6½d..; Minion, 7d.; Nonpareil, 7¾d.; and Pearl, with or without space lines, 8¾d.

4. English Dictionaries of every size, with space lines, including English and Brevier, to be paid 6¼d.; without space lines, 6½d. [In this article are not included Gazetteers, Geographical Dictionaries, Dictionaries of Arts and Sciences, and works of a similar description, except those attended with extra trouble beyond usual descriptive matter.] Dictionaries of two or more languages, of every size, with space lines, including English and Brevier, to be paid 6½d.; without space lines, 6¾d.; if smaller type than Brevier, to take the proportionate advance specified in Article 1.

5. English Grammars, Spelling Books, and works of those descriptions, in Brevier or larger type, with space lines, to be paid 6d. per 1000; without space lines, 6¼d.: if in two languages, or foreign language, with space lines, 6¼d.; without space lines, 6½d.

6. Small-sized Folios, Quartos, Octavos, and works done in Great Primer or larger type, (English language,) which do not come to seven shillings when cast up at the usual rate, to be paid as follows: English, and larger type, not less than 7s.; Pica, 8s. 6d.: English 12mo. to be paid not less than 10s. 6d.; and Pica not less than 11s. 6d. per sheet.

7. Reviews, Magazines, and works of a similar description, consisting of various sized letter, if cast up to the different bodies, to be paid 2s. 6d. per sheet extra.

8. Pamphlets of five sheets and under, and parts of works done in different houses, amounting to not more than five sheets, to be paid 1s. per sheet extra; but, as it frequently occurs that works exceeding a pamphlet are often nearly made up without a return of letter, all such works shall be considered as pamphlets, and paid for as such.

9. Works done in Sixteens, Eighteens, Twenty-fours, or Thirty-twos, on Small Pica and upwards, to be paid 1s. 6d. per sheet extra. If on Long Primer, or smaller type, 1s. per sheet extra. Forty-eights to be paid 2s. per sheet extra, and Sixty-fours 2s. 6d. per sheet extra.

10. Works requiring an alteration or alterations of margin, to be paid, for each alteration, 1s. per sheet to the Pressmen, if altered by them, and 6d. to the Compositor, as a compensation for making up the furniture; if altered by the Compositor, then he is to be paid 1s. for the alteration, and the Pressmen 6d. for the delay.

This article to be determined on solely at the option of the employer.

11. Bottom Notes consisting of twenty lines (or two notes, though not amounting to twenty lines) and not exceeding four pages, in every ten sheets, in quarto or octavo:—one page (or two notes, though not amounting to one page) and not exceeding six pages, in twelves:—two pages (or two notes, though not amounting to two pages) and not exceeding eight, in eighteens or above, to be paid 1s. per sheet; but under the above proportion no charge to be made. Bottom Notes, consisting of ten lines (or two notes, though not amounting to ten lines) in a pamphlet of five sheets or under, and not exceeding two pages, to be paid 1s. per sheet extra. Quotations, Mottos, Contents to Chapters, &c., in smaller type than the body, to be considered as notes.—[Where the notes shall be in Nonpareil or Pearl, in twelves, the number of pages to be restricted to four; in eighteens to five pages.]

This article is intended only to fix what constitutes the charge of 1s. per sheet for Bottom Notes: all works requiring a higher charge than 1s. for Bottom Notes are to be paid for according to their value.

12. Side Notes to Folios and Quartos not exceeding a broad quotation, if only chap. or date, and not exceeding three explanatory lines on an average in each page, to be paid 1s. per sheet; in Octavo, if only chap. or date, and not exceeding three explanatory lines on an average in each page, 1s. 6d. per sheet. Cut-in Notes, in smaller type than the body, to be paid for in a similar manner.

Side and Bottom Notes to many, particularly historical and law works, if attended with more than ordinary trouble, to be settled between the employer and journeyman.

13. Greek, Hebrew, Saxon, &c., or any of the dead characters, if one word and not exceeding three lines in any one sheet, to be paid for that sheet 1s. extra; all above to be paid according to their value.

14. Greek with space lines, and without accents, to be paid 8½d. per 1000; if with separate accents, 10d.; without space lines, and without accents, 8¾d.; with accents, 10¼d.: the asper not to be considered an accent. [If Dictionary matter, to take one halfpenny advance.]

15. Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, &c., to be paid double; Hebrew with points to be cast up as half body and half points doubled.

16. Music to be paid double the body of the sonnet type.

17. Index matter, though but one measure, to be paid 2s. per sheet extra.

18. Booksellers' Catalogues (in whatever language) to be cast up at 7d. per 1000, not including the numbering.

19. Night work to commence and be paid for, from ten o'clock till twelve, 1s.; all after to be paid 3d. per hour extra till six.—Morning work, commencing at four o'clock, to be paid 1s. extra.—Sunday work, if not exceeding six hours, to be paid for 1s.; if for a longer time, 2d. an hour.

20. Jobs of one sheet or under (except Auctioneers' Catalogues and Particulars) to be cast up at 7d. per 1000; if done in smaller type than Brevier, to take the proportionate advance specified in Article 1.; if in foreign language, of one sheet or under, (except Auctioneers' Catalogues,) to be cast up at 8d. per 1000; if done in smaller type than Brevier, to take the proportionate advance specified in Art. 1.

21. Where two pages only are imposed, either opposite to or at the back of each other, they shall be paid for as two pages; but if with an indorse, or any other kind of matter constituting a third, then to be paid as a sheet if in Folio; a half-sheet if in Quarto, and so on.

22. Broadsides, such as Leases, Deeds, and Charter-parties, above the dimensions of crown, whether table or common matter, to be paid the double of common matter; on crown and under, to be paid one and one half common matter.—The indorse to be paid one fourth of the inside page, as common matter.

23. All Corrections to be paid 6d. per hour.

24. The Imprint to be considered as two lines in the square of the page.

25. Different volumes of the same work to be paid for distinctly, according to their value.

At a Meeting of Master Printers, held January 2, 1816, the following modifications were agreed to.

IN THE COMPOSITORS' SCALE.

All reprinted works to be paid three farthings per 1000 less than the Scale of 1810. All manuscript or original works shall continue to be paid for as at present.

IN THE PRESSMEN'S SCALE.

Every token above the first four tokens to be paid one halfpenny per hour less than the Scale of 1810.

Resolutions respecting Periodical publications

Resolutions agreed to by the Delegates assembled to consider the state of Periodical Publications.

1. Publications, and parts of publications, when pulled in galleys or slips, to be made up at the expense of the employer.

2. That all publications containing two bodies (not being notes) be cast up to the respective founts, and charged the 2s. 6d. allowed by the Seventh Article of the Compositors' Scale.

3. All publications which appear weekly, or at shorter periods, whether stamped or unstamped, which contain general news, such as parliamentary reports, reports of police or law courts, foreign or provincial intelligence, reports of daily occurrences, or notices of bankrupts, to be paid according to the existing Scale for Newspapers; but all those which contain only reviews of books, notices of dramatic or musical performances, articles on the fine arts, accounts of the meetings and proceedings of religious, literary, or scientific societies, and advertisements, to be paid the same as monthly or quarterly publications.

4. That no companionship allow its work to be made up by an individual on the establishment, or in any other way effect a compromise with the employer, contrary to the usage of the Trade.

A Table shewing the price of any number of letters, from 16,000 to 101,000, at 5d. per thousand

A Table shewing the price of any number of letters, from 16,000 to 101,000, at 5d. per thousand.

Abstract of Compositors' Scale

abstract of the compositors' scale.

COMMON | FOREIGN | DICTIONARIES | GRAMMARS, ETC. | GREEK

|English. | |2 Lang. or Foreign. | |English. | |2 Lang. or Foreign. | |Without Accents. | |With Accents.

| | | | | | | | |d. | |d. | |d. | |d. | |d. | |d. | |d. | |d.

|English to Brevier | leaded solid | | | | 5¾ 6 | | 6¼ 6½ | |6¼ 6½ | | 6½ 6¾ | | 6 6¼ | | 6¼ 6½ | | 8½ 8¾ | | 10 10¼

|Minion | leaded solid | | | | 6 6¼ | | 6¾ 7 | |6¾ 7 | | 7 7¼ | | | | | | | |

|Nonpareil | | | |leaded solid | | | | 6¾ 7 | | 7½ 7¾ | | 7½ 7¾ | | 7¾ 8 | | | | | | | |

|Pearl | leaded or solid | | | |8 | | 8¾ | |8¾ | |9 | | | | | | | |

Notes constituting the Charge of One Shilling ⅌ Sheet.—See Article 11.

Quarto and Octavo—20 Lines, or 2 Notes, though not amounting to 20 Lines—and not exceeding 4 Pages in 10 Sheets.

Twelves—1 Page, or 2 Notes, though not amounting to 1 Page—and not exceeding 6 Pages in 10 Sheets.

Eighteens or above—2 Pages, or 2 Notes, though not amounting to 2 Pages—and not exceeding 8 Pages in 10 Sheets.

Pamphlets—10 Lines, or 2 Notes, though not amounting to 10 Lines—and not exceeding 2 Pages in 5 Sheets.

Table shewing the price of any number of letters, from 1,000 upwards, at the prices specified in Scale

A TABLE

Shewing the price of any number of letters, from one thousand upwards, at the prices specified in the Scale for the different Works stated in the head of each column, from English to Brevier, inclusive.

English common matter | Foreign, common mat. Grammar in two languages, or Foreign; and English Dictionaries | Dictionaries in two languages or Foreign.

Thous. | Leaded. | Solid. | Leaded. | Solid. | Solid.

| | £ | |s. | |d. | £ | |s. | |d. | £ | |s. | |d. | £ | |s. | |d. | £ | |s. | |d.

|1 - - | 0 | 0 | |5¾ | 0 | 0 | |6 | 0 | 0 | |6½ | 0 | 0 | |6½ | 0 | 0 | |6¾

|2 - - | 0 | 0 | |11½ | 0 | 1 | |0 | 0 | 1 | |0½ | 0 | 1 | |1 | 0 | 1 | |6¾

|3 - - | 0 | 1 | |5¼ | 0 | 1 | |6 | 0 | 1 | |6¾ | 0 | 1 | |7½ | 0 | 1 | |8¼

|4 - - | 0 | 1 | |11 | 0 | 2 | |0 | 0 | 2 | |1 | 0 | 2 | |2 | 0 | 2 | |3

|5 - - | 0 | 2 | |4¾ | 0 | 2 | |6 | 0 | 2 | |7¼ | 0 | 2 | |8½ | 0 | 2 | |9¾

|6 - - | 0 | 2 | |10½ | 0 | 3 | |0 | 0 | 3 | |1½ | 0 | 3 | |3 | 0 | 3 | |4½

|7 - - | 0 | 3 | |4¼ | 0 | 3 | |6 | 0 | 3 | |7¾ | 0 | 3 | |9½ | 0 | 3 | |11¼

|8 - - | 0 | 3 | |10 | 0 | 4 | |0 | 0 | 4 | |2 | 0 | 4 | |4 | 0 | 4 | |6

|9 - - | 0 | 4 | |3¾ | 0 | 4 | |6 | 0 | 4 | |8¼ | 0 | 4 | |10½ | 0 | 5 | |0¾

|10 - - | 0 | 4 | |9½ | 0 | 5 | |0 | 0 | 5 | |2½ | 0 | 5 | |5 | 0 | 5 | |7½

|20 - - | 0 | 9 | |7 | 0 | 10 | |0 | 0 | 10 | |5 | 0 | 10 | |10 | 0 | 11 | |3

|30 - - | 0 | 14 | |4½ | 0 | 15 | |0 | 0 | 15 | |7½ | 0 | 16 | |3 | 0 | 16 | |10½

|40 - - | 0 | 19 | |2 | 1 | 0 | |0 | 1 | 0 | |10 | 1 | 1 | |8 | 1 | 2 | |6

|50 - - | 1 | 3 | |11½ | 1 | 5 | |0 | 1 | 6 | |0½ | 1 | 7 | |1 | 1 | 8 | |1½

|60 - - | 1 | 8 | |9 | 1 | 10 | |0 | 1 | 11 | |3 | 1 | 12 | |6 | 1 | 13 | |9

|70 - - | 1 | 13 | |6½ | 1 | 15 | |0 | 1 | 16 | |5½ | 1 | 17 | |11 | 1 | 19 | |4½

|80 - - | 1 | 18 | |4 | 2 | 0 | |0 | 2 | 1 | |8 | 2 | 3 | |4 | 2 | 5 | |0

|90 - - | 2 | 3 | |1½ | 2 | 5 | |0 | 2 | 6 | |10½ | 2 | 8 | |9 | 2 | 10 | |7½

|100 - - | 2 | 7 | |11 | 2 | 10 | |0 | 2 | 12 | |1 | 2 | 14 | |2 | 2 | 16 | |3

To find the price of a Work by the above Table, suppose a sheet of leaded common matter containing 75 thousand letters:—take from the first column 70 and 5, and the sums on a line with them in the second column, add them together, and you will have the price of that sheet by letters; if solid, seek the sums in the third column; if foreign, &c., in the fourth, and so on.

Table shewing the price of any number of letters, from 16,000 to 100,000, at 5¼d. 5½d. 5¾d. 6d. 6½d. 7d. 7½d. and 8d. per thousand

A TABLE

Showing the price of any number of letters, 16,000 to 100,000, at 5d. 5¼d. 5½d. 5¾d. 6d. 7d. 7½d. 8d. per thousand.

Abstract of the Newsmen's Scale

ABSTRACT OF THE NEWSMEN'S SCALE, Extracted from the "Report," read July 20th, 1820.

Per week. | |Per galley. | |Per hour.

Morning Paper | |£2 8s. 0d | |3s. 10d | |11½d.

|Evening Papers | |£2 3s. 6d | |3s. 7d | |10½d.

Assistants on other Journals are paid the same as Evening Papers; the Sunday Papers, having their gallies of various lengths, are paid at the rate of 8½d. per thousand, or 10d. per hour.

Long Primer and Minion galleys, cast as nigh 5,000 letters as possible (at present varying from that number to 5,200, partly arising from a variation in the founders' standards) are, per thousand, on

Morning. | |Evening.

Long Primer and Minion | |9d | |8½d.

Nonpareil | |10d | |9½d.

Pearl | |11d | |10½d.

Or a reduction, in proportion to value, on the galley quantity.

The galley on Morning Papers consists of 120 lines Long Primer, and 40 after lines—Minion 88, and 30 after lines, on Papers 22 ems Long Primer wide; other widths in proportion; and a finish of five hours. Another mode is, one gailey, and a finish of six hours. Twelve hours on and twelve off (including refreshment time), was the original agreement.

The time of beginning to be the same uniformly as agreed upon by the Printer and Companionship—i.e. either a two, three, or four o'clock Paper—and at whatever hour the Journal goes to press one morning, regulates the hour of commencing work for the next day's publication, provided it should be over the hour originally agreed upon—if under, the time is in the Compositors' favour. The hour of commencing work on Sunday is regulated by the time of finishing on Saturday morning.

Ten hours' composition is the specified time for Evening Papers.—All composition to cease when the day's publication goes to press; any work required afterwards to be paid for extra, or deducted from the first work of the next publication.—This does not apply to Second Editions; they being connected solely with the antecedent Paper, must be paid for extra.

Newspapers in a foreign language take, of course, the same advance as is allowed on Book-work.

A system termed Finishing having been formerly introduced, it is necessary to state, that no mode of working can be considered fair (except as before stated) otherwise than by the galley or hour.

No Apprentices to be employed on Daily Papers.

Of casting off copy

OF CASTING OFF COPY.

To cast off manuscript with accuracy and precision, is an essential object, but a very unpleasant and troublesome task, requiring great attention and mature deliberation. Much difficulty and trouble are occasioned with copy irregularly written, containing interlineations, erasures, and variations in the size of the paper; to these irregularities the attention must be closely directed, but they will too frequently baffle the best endeavours at calculation. Such a slovenly mode of sending works to press cannot be too much deprecated.

The first thing necessary is to take a comprehensive view of the copy, and to notice whether it is written even, whether it has many interlineations, &c. the number of break lines, and whether divided into chapters and sub-heads, so that allowances may be made in the calculation, that the plan of the work may not afterwards be infringed on. These observations should be entered as a memorandum on a separate piece of paper, to assist the memory and save the trouble of re-examining the manuscript.

This preparation being made, we take that part of the copy for calculation nearest the general tendency of the writing, and reckon the number of words contained in one line, previously counting a number of separate lines, so that the one we adopt may be a fair average; we then take the number of lines in a page, and multiply the one by the other, which we again multiply by the quantity of folios the manuscript copy may contain, and thus we are put in possession of the amount of the words contained in the work, with as little loss of time and as much accuracy as circumstances will admit; the necessary allowances should then be made for break lines, chapters, insertions, &c. according to the observations previously made on the memorandum.

If the information has been furnished, what sized letter the work is to be done in, and what the width of the page, we make our measure accordingly, and after composing a few lines of the manuscript copy, are enabled to form an opinion what number of words come into each printed line; we then take the length of our page, generally to double the number of ems contained in a single line, and multiply the one by the other, which produces the information we had previously gained from the adoption of the same mode on the manuscript page; we compare their results, and if the manuscript drives out, we multiply the print by a larger number than the last folio of the writing, and so, vice versá; if the print drives out, we multiply it by a less, until we bring the number of words to agree; the multiplier on the printed calculation will shew what will be the last folio of the printed volume, which we divide into sheets according to the given size of the work, and we are then in full possession, whether it will bear to be leaded, or the chapters begin pages, &c. or whether it must be made up close, the measure widened, the page lengthened, or the size of the letter reduced.