Faces of God

SECTION TWO: SOUTH ASIA Edited by

Muzaffar Alam (University of Chicago, USA) Johannes Bronkhorst (University of Lausanne, Switzerland) Knut A. Jacobsen (University of Bergen, Norway)

VOLUME 39

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho2

Faces of God: Images of Devotion in Indo-Muslim Painting, 1500-1800

By Murad Khan Mumtaz

LA

BRILL

LEIDEN | BOSTON

This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

The terms of the cc license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder.

Published in Open Access, thanks to the support of the Adler Family Fellowship for Art at Williams College

Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the Millard Meiss Publication Fund of САА.

Advancing

Cover illustration: Sages in Discussion, ca. 1650-1700. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 44.2 x 34.3 cm. € The Aga Khan Museum, AKM172.

The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at https://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023020881

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.

Copyright 2023 by Murad Khan Mumtaz. Published by Koninklijke Brill му, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill Nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Schóningh, Brill Fink, Brill mentis, Brill Wageningen Academic, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Bóhlau and V&R unipress.

Koninklijke Brill Nv reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use.

This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

28 e tc

Unto God belong the East and the West, and wheresoever you turn, there is the Face of God. Lo! God is All-Embracing, All-Knowing

To Hadi and Jahanara

Contents

Acknowledgements 1x List of Illustrations XIII Note on Translation and Transliteration XXVI

Introduction: The Need for an Ontology of Art 1 1 УЉағ 1 Islamic Ontology? 4

Can "Indian Painting” Be Islamic Painting? п Surat and Ma‘ni:islam andIslam 14 Presence 36