European Language Equality

Front matter

Cognitive Technologies

| European Language Equality

A Strategic Agenda for Digital Language Equality EUROPEAN

Foreword

Europe is a mosaic of languages, cultures and peoples. The promotion and encouragement of this diversity is the reflection of our will to keep having diverse societies that live together in the use of different languages.

These languages are more than a communication tool. They are factors of identity, vectors of culture, and ways of understanding and explaining the world. Each language, regardless of its status and number of speakers, is a treasure that has been created and polished over generations. And while the means and ambition must be put in place to promote and preserve all languages, those that are in a situation of greater weakness must be the object of special attention.

The preservation of multilingualism as an expression of Europe's intrinsic diversity is therefore a political commitment that today faces significant challenges. We have built a world with very powerful uniformizing tendencies, inertias that make it increasingly difficult to protect the treasure of cultural and linguistic diversity. So much so that one language disappears every two weeks, and up to 90% of existing languages could be gone by the turn of the century.

In this sense, digital tools, although possessing many virtues, can also generate a clear concern when it comes to their impacts on linguistic diversity and equality. It has never been so fast and so easy to communicate and inform, and never have the temptation and incentives to end up doing it in just a handful of languages — the most powerful and influential — been so great. If the audience is the world, and 1f what counts is getting more followers, then the temptation to stop using our own languages is enormous. In this sense, preserving linguistic equality in the digital age must be an objective assumed by all EU institutions. And part of the solution can come precisely from the tools that the digital world can offer to us.

The European Parliament has long expressed its concern about the future of multilingualism in the digital age. In a landmark document, our Parliament adopted a 2018 resolution on achieving language equality in the digital age, whose rapporteur was my Welsh colleague and former MEP Jill Evans.

Building up on that report, the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA), of which I am a proud member, held a seminar in late 2022 titled “Towards full digital language equality in a multilingual European Union". This event vi Foreword presented the conclusions of the European Language Equality (ELE) project, which analysed over 80 languages to develop a roadmap towards achieving full digital language equality in Europe by 2030.

Itis tempting to think that multilingualism begins and ends with the languages that have a guaranteed official status; in the case of the EU, the 24 languages that appear in the treaties as the official languages of the Union. But in the EU alone there are at least 60 other languages that also deserve to be preserved and encouraged, despite the fact that they do not have official status. That is why we must welcome initiatives like the ELE project, and work together towards a Union in which all languages, especially minority ones, enjoy the same rights.

As a native Catalan speaker, who is very much aware of the pressure that technological and digital trends exert especially on lesser-used languages, and committed to the protection and promotion of these languages, I am very honoured to introduce this book, European Language Equality: A Strategic Agenda for Digital Language Equality, and I would like to thank and congratulate all who contributed in the ELE project and in the writing of these pages. Projects and publications like these draw the right path towards a more inclusive and diverse Union.

Brussels, January 2023 Jordi Solé

Preface

The origins of this book date back to 2010. Back then, under the umbrella of the EU Network of Excellence META-NET, we started preparing the White Paper Series Europe s Languages in the Digital Age (published in 2012)! and the Strategic Research Agenda for Multilingual Europe 2020 (SRA, published in 2013), the first document of its kind for the European Language Technology (LT) field in a community-driven process.” The META-NET White Paper Series revealed, among others, that, back then, 21 European languages were threatened by what we called digital language extinction. As a direct response to this danger, the META-NET SRA provided suggestions as to how to bring about a change and how to increase the collaboration with the entire European LT community on a number of priority research themes towards the common goal of what is now known as digital language equality in Europe. Especially the notion of digital language extinction but also our strategic recommendations generated a certain amount of attention. Back in 2013 and 2014, colleagues from META-NET were involved in dozens of television, radio and print interviews and there have also been several follow-up publications and EU projects as well as official questions raised in the European Parliament (EP). These eventually led to a number of workshops held in the EP and to a study commissioned by the EP's Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA) unit. The STOA study? (2018) eventually paved the way for the report Language Equality in the Digital Age* jointly prepared by the EP's Committees on Culture and Education (CULT) and on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE). These recommendations, informally known as the Jill Evans report, were adopted by the EP in a landslide vote in September 2018. Among other recommendations, this report suggested to the European Commission to "establish a large-scale, long-term coordinated funding programme for research, development and innovation in the field of language technologies, at European, national and regional levels, tailored specifically to Europe's needs and demands". The

| http://www.meta-net.eu/whitepapers

? http://www.meta-net.eu/sra

3 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/en/document/EPRS STU(2017)598621 ^ https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2018-0332 EN.html viii Preface

European Language Equality (ELE) proposal? and eventual project, described in the present volume, represented our direct response to this recommendation.

It was a pleasure to lead the ELE project and to collaborate with such a strong and dedicated team consisting of 52 partner organisations covering all European countries, academia and industry as well as all major pan-European initiatives. Like many other projects around the globe, ELE was also affected by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic but, fortunately, our initial plans and project proposal had already been prepared during the pandemic, which meant that we were able to tailor the project to the new normal. Nevertheless, everybody involved was happy to eventually be able to attend our joint META-FORUM event, which took place in June 2022 with about 100 participants in the conference centre in Brussels and hundreds more participating remotely. After what felt like an endless succession of virtual meetings, for many of us, this was the first opportunity to meet face-to-face.

This book describes the results produced during the project's runtime; additional details are available in more than 60 project reports. We would like to express our gratitude towards the consortium for its hard and dedicated work towards our goal of developing the Strategic Research, Innovation and Implementation Agenda and Roadmap for Achieving Full Digital Language Equality in Europe by 2030.’ We would also like to thank all ELE colleagues wholeheartedly for the chapters they contributed, without which this book would not have been possible. Additionally, we would like to thank all initiatives ELE collaborated with, especially the European Language Grid? project, the results of which have also been documented in a book in the same series. Finally, we would like to thank Jordi Solé for supporting and chairing the workshop Towards full digital language equality in a multilingual European Union, held on 8 Nov. 2022 in the EP, and for contributing the foreword.

This volume covers the results achieved during the project's first iteration (January 2021 until June 2022). Immediately after the end of the first project, the initiative continued with the project ELE 2, which will end in June 2023. We sincerely hope that the whole ELE initiative will serve its purpose, which is to help bring about digital language equality in Europe by 2030. This book provides an analysis of the current state of play (Part I) and our recommendations for the future situation in 2030 (Part IT). Proper support for the implementation of these plans would mean a quantum leap for Europe's multilingual landscape with concomitant benefits for all its citizens, regardless of the language they prefer to communicate in.

Berlin and Dublin, April 2023 Georg Rehm Andy Way

Acknowledgements The European Language Equality project has received funding from the European Union under the grant agreement no. LC-01641480 — 101018166 (ELE).

5 https://www.european-language-equality.eu

6 https://www.european-language-equality.eu/deliverables/ 7 https://www.european-language-equality.eu/agenda/

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Contents xix

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References ..

List of Contributors

Gilles Adda Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LISN, France, gilles.adda@limsi.fr

Rodrigo Agerri University of the Basque Country, Spain, rodrigo.agerri@ehu.eus

Eneko Agirre University of the Basque Country, Spain, e.agirre@ehu.eus

Itziar Aldabe University of the Basque Country, Spain, itziar.aldabe@ehu.eus

Dimitra Anastasiou Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg, dimitra.anastasiou@list.lu

Nora Aranberri University of the Basque Country, Spain, nora.aranberri@ehu.eus

Victoria Arranz Evaluations and Language Resources Distribution Agency, France, arranz@elda.org

Jose Maria Arriola University of the Basque Country, Spain, josemaria.arriola@ehu.eus

Aitziber Atutxa University of the Basque Country, Spain, aitziber.atutxa@ehu.eus

Ilze Auzina Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia, Latvia, ilze.auzina@lumii.lv

Gorka Azkune University of the Basque Country, Spain, gorka.azkune@ehu.eus xxii List of Contributors

Gerhard Backfried HENSOLDT Analytics GmbH, Austria, gerhard.backfried@hensoldt.net

Cristian Berrio

Expert. AI, Spain, cberrio@expert.ai Aivars Bērziņš

Tilde, Latvia, aivars.berzins(g)tilde.com

Joachim Van den Bogaert CrossLang, Belgium, joachim.van.den.bogaert@crosslang.com

Kalina Bontcheva University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, k.bontcheva@sheffield.ac.uk

Claudia Borg University of Malta, Malta, claudia.borg@um.edu.mt

Lars Borin University of Gothenburg, Sweden, lars.borin@svenska.gu.se

Svetla Boytcheva Ontotext, Bulgaria, svetla.boytcheva@ontotext.com

Antonio Branco University of Lisbon, Portugal, antonio.branco@di.fc.ul.pt

David Cabestany Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain, david.cabestany@bsc.es

Blanca Calvo Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain, blanca.calvo@bsc.es

Jon Ander Campos University of the Basque Country, Spain, jonander.campos@ehu.eus

Arantza Casillas University of the Basque Country, Spain, arantza.casillas@ehu.eus

Sheila Castilho Dublin City University, ADAPT Centre, Ireland, sheila.castilho@adaptcentre.ie

Khalid Choukri

Evaluations and Language Resources Distribution Agency, France, choukri@elda.org

Tarik Ćušić

University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, tarik.cusic@izj.unsa.ba

Walter Daelemans University of Antwerp, Belgium, walter.daelemans@uantwerpen.be

Daniel Dahlmeier SAP SE, Germany, daniel.dahlmeier@sap.com

List of Contributors xxiii

Ingerid Leyning Dale The National Library of Norway, Norway, ingerid.dale@nb.no

Emma Daly Dublin City University, ADAPT Centre, Ireland, emma.daly@adaptcentre.ie

Andrea DeMarco University of Malta, Malta, andrea.demarco@um.edu.mt

Arantza Díaz de Ilarraza University of the Basque Country, Spain, a.diazdeilarraza(g)ehu.eus

Laura Docio Fernandez University of Vigo, Spain, Idocio@gts.uvigo.es

Rickard Domeij Institute of Languages and Folklore, Sweden, rickard.domeij@isof.se

Jane Dunne Dublin City University, ADAPT Centre, Ireland, jane.dunne@adaptcentre.ie

Wilhelmina Dyster University of Helsinki, Finland, wilhelmina.dyster(ghelsinki.fi

Jens Edlund

KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, edlund@speech.kth.se Kristine Eide

The Language Council of Norway, Norway, kristine.eide@sprakradet.no

Ainara Estarrona University of the Basque Country, Spain, ainara.estarrona@ehu.eus

Aritz Farwell University of the Basque Country, Spain, aritz.farwell@ehu.eus

Markus Forsberg University of Gothenburg, Sweden, markus.forsberg@gu.se

Anželika Gaidiené Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Lithuania, anzelika.gaidiene(g)lki.lt

Owen Gallagher Dublin City University, ADAPT Centre, Ireland, owen.gallagher@adaptcentre.ie

Radovan Garabik E. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia, radovan.garabik@kassiopeia.juls.savba.sk

Mercedes Garcia-Martinez Pangeanic, Spain, m.garcia@pangeanic.com

Carmen Garcia-Mateo University of Vigo, Spain, carmen.garcia@uvigo.es

XXIV List of Contributors

Andrés Garcia-Silva Expert. AI, Spain, agarcia@expert.ai

Federico Gaspari Dublin City University, ADAPT Centre, Ireland, federico.gaspari@adaptcentre.ie

Maria Gavriilidou Institute for Language and Speech Processing, R. C. *Athena", Greece, maria@athenarc.gr

Maria Giagkou Institute for Language and Speech Processing, R.C. “Athena”, Greece, mgiagkou@athenarc.gr

Iakes Goenaga University of the Basque Country, Spain, iakes.goenaga@ehu.eus

Josu Goikoetxea University of the Basque Country, Spain, josu.goikoetxea@ehu.eus

Koldo Gojenola University of the Basque Country, Spain, koldo.gojenola@ehu.eus

Jose Manuel Gómez-Pérez Expert. AI, Spain, jmgomez@expert.ai

Mark A. Greenwood University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, m.greenwood@sheffield.ac.uk

Sara Grilo University of Lisbon, Portugal, sara.grilo@di.fc.ul.pt

Dagmar Gromann University of Vienna, Austria, dagmar.gromann@univie.ac.at

Annika Grützner-Zahn Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKT), Germany, annika. gruetzner-zahn@dfki.de

Normunds Grüzitis

Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia, Latvia, normunds.gruzitis(a)lumn.lv

Jan Hajié

Charles University, Czech Republic, hajic@ufal.mff.cuni.cz

Stefanie Hegele

Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKT), Germany, stefanie.hegele@dfki.de

Barbara Heinisch

University of Vienna, Austria, barbara.heinisch@univie.ac.at Enikó Héja

Research Centre for Linguistics, Hungary, heja.eniko@nytud.hu

List of Contributors XXV

Lina Henriksen University of Copenhagen, Denmark, linah@hum.ku.dk

Inma Hernáez University of the Basque Country, Spain, inma.hernaez@ehu.eus

Manuel Herranz Pangeanic, Spain, m.herranz@pangeanic.com

Maria Heuschkel Wikimedia Deutschland, Germany, maria.heuschkel(g)wikimedia.de

Jaroslava Hlaváčová Charles University, Czech Republic, hlavacova@ufal.mff.cuni.cz

Johannes Hoffart SAP SE, Germany, johannes.hoffart@sap.com

Mikel Iruskieta University of the Basque Country, Spain, mikel.iruskieta@ehu.eus

Kinga Jelencsik-Matyus Research Centre for Linguistics, Hungary, jelencsik-matyus.kinga@nytud.hu

Gareth Jones Bangor University, United Kingdom, g.jones@bangor.ac.uk

Franciska de Jong CLARIN ERIC, The Netherlands, franciska@clarin.eu

Martin Kaltenbóck Semantic Web Company, Austria, martin.kaltenboeck@semantic-web.com

Andre Kasen The National Library of Norway, Norway, andre.kasen@nb.no

Svetla Koeva Institute for Bulgarian Language Prof. Lyubomir Andreychin, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria, svetla@dcl.bas.bg

Marek Kováč Phonexia, Czech Republic, kovac@phonexia.com

Simon Krek Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia, simon.krek@ijs.si

Cvetana Krstev University of Belgrade, Serbia, cvetana@matf.bg.ac.rs

Gorka Labaka University of the Basque Country, Spain, gorka.labaka@ehu.eus

Alberto Lavelli Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy, lavelli@fbk.eu xxvi List of Contributors

Marek Lazinski University of Warsaw, Poland, m.lazinski@uw.edu.pl

Christian Lieske SAP SE, Germany, christian.lieske@sap.com

Krister Lindén University of Helsinki, Finland, krister.linden@helsinki.fi

Dora Loizidou University of Cyprus, Cyprus, loizidou.dora@ucy.ac.cy

Oier Lopez de Lacalle University of the Basque Country, Spain, oier.lopezdelacalle@ehu.eus

Teresa Lynn Dublin City University, ADAPT Centre, Ireland, teresa.lynn@adaptcentre.ie

Bernardo Magnini Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy, magnini@fbk.eu

Katrin Marheinecke Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Germany, katrin.marheinecke@dfki.de

Diana Maynard University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, d.maynard@sheffield.ac.uk

Maite Melero Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain, maite.melero@bsc.es

Marcin Mitkowski Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland, mmilkows@ifispan.edu.pl

Kadri Muischnek University of Tartu, Estonia, kadri.muischnek@ut.ee

Eva Navas University of the Basque Country, Spain, eva.navas@ehu.eus

Sally O'Connor KantanMT, Ireland, sallyoc@kantanai.io

Maciej Ogrodniczuk Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland, macie].ogrodniczuk@ipipan.waw.pl

Sussi Olsen University of Copenhagen, Denmark, saolsen@hum.ku.dk

Maite Oronoz University of the Basque Country, Spain, maite.oronoz@ehu.eus

List of Contributors xxvii

Arantxa Otegi

University of the Basque Country, Spain, arantza.otegi@ehu.eus Vasile Pais

Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence “Mihai Drăgănescu”, Romanian Academy, Romania, vasile@racai.ro

Pablo Pefiarrubia Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain, pablo.penarrubia@bsc.es

Alicia Pérez University of the Basque Country, Spain, alicia.perez@ehu.eus

Olatz Perez de Viñaspre

University of the Basque Country, Spain, olatz.perezdevinaspre(g)ehu.eus Piotr Pezik

University of Lodz, Poland, piotr.pezik@uni.lodz.pl

Marcis Pinnis

Tilde, Latvia, marcis.pinnis@tilde.com

Stelios Piperidis

Institute for Language and Speech Processing, R.C. “Athena”, Greece, spip@athenarc.gr

Peter Polak Charles University, Czech Republic, polak@ufal.mff.cuni.cz

Martin Popel

Charles University, Czech Republic, popel@ufal.mff.cuni.cz

Maja Popovié

Dublin City University, ADAPT Centre, Ireland, maja.popovic@adaptcentre.ie

Antonia Popp University of Zurich, Switzerland, popp@cl.uzh.ch

Delyth Prys Bangor University, United Kingdom, d.prys@bangor.ac.uk

José Manuel Ramírez Sánchez University of Vigo, Spain, jmramirez@gts.uvigo.es

Georg Rehm Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Germany, georg.rehm@dfki.de

Natalia Resende Dublin City University, ADAPT Centre, Ireland, natalia.resende@adaptcentre.ie

Artem Revenko Semantic Web Company, Austria, artem.revenko@semantic-web.com xxviii List of Contributors German Rigau University of the Basque Country, Spain, german.rigau@ehu.eus

Annette Rios University of Zurich, Switzerland, rios@cl.uzh.ch

Mar Rodríguez Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain, mar.rodriguez@bsc.es

Eirikur Rógnvaldsson Arni Magnusson Institute for Icelandic Studies, Iceland, eirikur@hi.is

Johan Rohdin Phonexia, Czech Republic, rohdin@phonexia.com

Rudolf Rosa Charles University, Czech Republic, rosa@ufal.mff.cuni.cz

Michael Rosner University of Malta, Malta, mike.rosner@um.edu.mt

Ander Salaberria University of the Basque Country, Spain, ander.salaberria@ehu.eus

Jon Sanchez University of the Basque Country, Spain, jon.sanchez@ehu.eus

Bolette Sandford Pedersen University of Copenhagen, Denmark, bspedersen@hum.ku.dk

Kepa Sarasola University of the Basque Country, Spain, kepa.sarasola@ehu.eus

Ibon Saratxaga University of the Basque Country, Spain, ibon.saratxaga@ehu.eus

Felix Sasaki SAP SE, Germany, felix.sasaki@sap.com

Petr Schwarz Phonexia, Czech Republic, schwarz@phonexia.com

Joao Silva University of Lisbon, Portugal, joao.silva@di.fc.ul.pt

Inguna Skadina Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia and Tilde, Latvia, inguna.skadina@tilde.com

Marcin Skowron HENSOLDT Analytics GmbH, Austria, marcin.skowron@hensoldt.net

Aitor Soroa University of the Basque Country, Spain, a.soroa@ehu.eus

List of Contributors XXix

Manuela Speranza Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy, manspera@fbk.eu

Ranka Stankovié University of Belgrade, Serbia, ranka@rgf.bg.ac.rs

Frieda Steurs Dutch Language Institute, The Netherlands, frieda.steurs@ivdnt.org

Riccardo Superbo KantanMT, Ireland, riccardos@kantanai.io

Marko Tadié Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia, marko.tadic@ffzg.hr

Aurelija Tamulioniené Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Lithuania, aurelija.tamulioniene@lki.lt

Dan Tufis Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence “Mihai Drăgănescu”, Romanian Academy, Romania, tufis@racai.ro

Baiba Valkovska Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia, Latvia, baiba.valkovska@lumii.lv

Vincent Vandeghinste Dutch Language Institute, The Netherlands, vincent.vandeghinste@ivdnt.org

Tamas Varadi Research Centre for Linguistics, Hungary, varadi.tamas@nytud.hu

Zsófia Varga Research Centre for Linguistics, Hungary, varga.zsofia@nytud.hu

Ioana Vasilescu Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LISN, France, ioana.vasilescu@limsi. fr

Andrejs Vasiljevs Tilde, Latvia, andrejs.vasiljevs@tilde.com

Marta Villegas Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain, marta.villegas@bsc.es

Tereza Vojtéchova Charles University, Czech Republic, vojtechova@ufal.mff.cuni.cz

Martin Volk University of Zurich, Switzerland, volk@cl.uzh.ch

Gareth Watkins Bangor University, United Kingdom, g.watkins@bangor.ac.uk

XXX List of Contributors Andy Way Dublin City University, ADAPT Centre, Ireland, andy.way@adaptcentre.ie

Joanna Wright University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, j.wright@sheffield.ac.uk

Frangois Yvon Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LISN, France, francois.yvon(a)limsi.fr

Acronyms

ABSA Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis

ACL Association for Computational Linguistics

ADRA AI, Data and Robotics Asociation

AI Artificial Intelligence

ALPAC Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee

API Application Programming Interface

ASR Automatic Speech Recognition

BART Bidirectional Auto-Regressive Transformers

BDVA Big Data Value Association

BERT Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers

BLARK Basic Language Resource Kit

BLEU Bilingual Evaluation Understudy

CA Conversational Agent

CEF Connecting Europe Facility

CF Contextual Factor

CL Computational Linguistics

CLAIRE Confederation of Laboratories for AI Research in Europe

CLARIN Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure

CMS Content Management System

CNN Convolutional Neural Network

CPAI Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence

CRACKER Cracking the Language Barrier

CSA Coordination and Support Action

CULT Committee on Culture and Education

DAIRO Data, AI and Robotics

DARIAH Digital Research Infrastructure for the Arts and Humanities

DCAT Data Catalogue Vocabulary

DG CNECT Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (European Commission)

DGA Data Governance Act

DH Digital Humanities

(German Institute for Standardisation)

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DL DLE DNN DPP DSM E2E

EC ECPAI ECRML ECSPM EEA EFNIL EL

ELE ELEN ELEXIS ELG ELIS/EUATC ELISE ELITR ELLIS ELM ELRA ELRC ELT EMM EOSC EP

ESF ESFRI EU EUDAT CDI EVALITA FAIR GAN GDP GDPR GMM GPT GPU H2H H2M HCI HLT HMM

Acronyms

Deep Learning

Digital Language Equality

Deep Neural Networks

Data Protection and Privacy

Digital Single Market

End-to-End System

European Commission

EU Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages European Civil Society Platform for Multilingualism European Economic Area

European Federation of National Institutions for Language Entity Linking

European Language Equality EU Project

European Language Equality Network

European Lexicographic Infrastructure

European Language Grid

European Language Industry Survey

European Learning and Intelligent Systems Excellence European Live Translator

European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems European Language Monitor

European Language Resources Association

European Language Resource Coordination

European Language Technology

Enterprise Metadata Management

European Open Science Cloud

European Parliament

European Social Fund

European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures European Union

EUDAT Collaborative Data Infrastructure

Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable Principles Generative Adversarial Networks

Gross Domestic Product

General Data Protection Regulation

Gaussian Mixture Model

Generative Pre-trained Transformer

Graphics Processing Unit

Human-to-Human Communication Human-to-Machine Communication Human-Computer Interaction

Human Language Technology

Hidden Markov Models

Acronyms

HPC HTML IA

ICT IDSA IE IEEE IPR

IR ISCA ISO JSON KG LDC LDS LEAM LIBER LID LLM LM LOD LR LRT LSC LSE LT LTPI MAPA MARCELL META META-NET MFF ML MLLM MMT MNMT MT MWE NE NED NEM NER NFDI

NLG

High Performance Computing

Hypertext Markup Language

Innovation Action

Information and Communication Technology International Data Spaces Association Information Extraction

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Intellectual Property Rights

Information Retrieval

International Speech Communication Association International Organization for Standardization JavaScript Object Notation

Knowledge Graph

Linguistic Data Consortium

Language Data Space

Large European AI Models

Association of European Research Libraries Language Identification

Large Language Model

Language Model

Linked Open Data

Language Resource

Language Resources and Technologies

Catalan Sign Language

Spanish Sign Language

Language Technology

Language Technology Programme for Icelandic Multilingual Anonymisation for Public Administrations Multilingual Resources for CEF.AT in the Legal Domain Multilingual Europe Technology Alliance

A Network of Excellence forging META Multiannual Financial Framework

Machine Learning

Multilingual Language Model

Multimodal Machine Translation

Multilingual Neural Machine Translation Machine Translation

Multiword Expression

Named Entity

Named Entity Disambiguation

New European Media Initiative

Named Entity Recognition

Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur (German National Research Data Infrastructure) Natural Language Generation xxxiii

XXXIV

NLP NLTP NLU NMT NN NTEU OCR OECD OIE PII POS PRINCIPLE

QA RDA

UNESCO VQA WER WP WSD

Acronyms

Natural Language Processing

National Language Technology Platform Natural Language Understanding

Neural Machine Translation

Neural Network

Neural Translation for the European Union Optical Character Recognition

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Open Information Extraction

Personal Identifiable Information Part-of-Speech

Providing Resources in Irish, Norwegian, Croatian and Icelandic for Purposes of Language Engineering Question Answering

Research Data Alliance

Relation Extraction

Research Infrastructures

Research and Innovation Action

Regional and Minority Languages

Recurrent Neural Network

Return On Investment

Speech Emotion Recognition

Speaker Identification

Small and Medium-size Enterprises

Speaker Recognition

Strategic Research Agenda

Strategic Research, Innovation and Implementation Agenda Semantic Role Labelling

Social Sciences and Humanities

Social Sciences and Humanities Open Cloud Swedish Sign Language

Speech Technology

Science and Technology Options Assessment Text Analysis

Technological Factor

Top-Level Domain

Text Mining

Text-to-Speech Synthesis

Universal Dependencies

United Nations

UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Visual Question Answering

Word Error Rate

Work Package

Word Sense Disambiguation

Check for