Foreign Electoral Interference

Front matter

sul generis

TORAL E

Foreign Electoral Interference: Normative Implications in Light of International Law, Human Rights, and Democratic Theory

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments 1.00... eerren renerne: Vv Introduction; eisiea an et el Beer 3 1.: Background... kann gs Ne 4 1.1. The history ofideas and the apprehension about foreign 1.1.1. Interference in government: 1.1.2. Interference in elections: 1.2. History andthe recurrence of foreign electoralinterference 13 1.3. Political science and the effects of foreign electoral interferente 2.4 Fa ested fied ee etal aoe 21 1.3.1. Effects on voting behaviour: vote share and election QULCOME yet RE een 21 1.3.2. Systemic effects: polarization, system trust, 2: »Objectobenquiry: „ei. rn onde 24 2.2. Typology: means ofinterference and corresponding examples onarena a ren 27 2.2.1.2. Hindering foes: targeted adverse ECONOMIC MEASUTES 0.02... eee 29

2.2.1.3. Holistic measures: biased economic policies 30

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Part II — Foreign Electoral Interference and the International

A1 SCOPE e ne A E N essen 52 4,25 “SOURCOS Eee re TATA 55

4.3.2. GCOEFCION: 2.325 ehe a a a aai 58

Foreign electoral interference and the international law of

Table of Contents IX

5.2. Application of the law to economic means ofinterference 67

5.2.2. The element of coercion and targeted adverse

5.2.3. The element of coercion and biased economic policies 74

5.3. Application of the law to informational means of 5.3.1. The element of coercion and criticism or endorsement 77 5.3.2. The element of coercion and the dissemination of

5.3.3. The element of coercion and the disclosure of

5.4. Application of the law to technical means of interference 86 5.4.1. Non-coercive: auxiliary technical means

Ofinterference ru ri ee EEE 86 6. Additional legal ramifications beyond the core aspects of NON-IntEervention.. an... ead e ee Beet 89 6.1. Circumstances precluding wrongfulness and their pitfalls 90 6.1.1. Collective security: sanctions authorized by the UN Security Council... 90 6.1.2. Countermeasures: responses to internationally 6.1.3. Consent: solicitation of foreign electoral interference 94 Conclusion of Part I eec onae ra o a a n e EE 100

Part III — Foreign Electoral Interference and the International

7:3.-. SUDSCANCO 25 Sit oa ae de Raa as 2 i ee 109

Table of Contents

8. Foreign electoral interference and the international law of

8.1.3. Applicable dimension and the bridging role of 8.2. Application ofthe law to economic and informational 8.3. Application of the law to technical means of 9. Additional legal ramifications beyond the core aspects of 9.2. Stateresponsibility, state obligations, Conclusion of Part I ae a e i R A NEEE NNE 126 Part IV — Foreign Electoral Interference and the International 10.1. SSCOP Cs u. 2 ee teagan gids la ls 131 10:2: SOUT CESS ee eier een een area 132 10:24, SOP law I 2 heed dee Sete en 137 10.3; Substanee'... „2.200 ni pede a te waren Glagalanie eas 138 10.3.1. Article 25(a) of the ICCPR: right to take part in the 10.3.2. Article 25(b) of the ICCPR: right to vote and

Table of Contents XI

10.3.2.6. Free elections niin ana 142 10.3.3. Article 25(c) ofthe ICCPR: right ofequal access to public service... 143 11. Foreign electoral interference and the international law of electoralrishts:... ee rate 144 11.1. Application of the law to economic and informational 11.2. Application of the law to technical means of interference: 12. Additional legal ramifications beyond the core aspects of 12.1.3.1. The extraterritorial application of TNEIG EPR? Zune 151 12.2. Non-state actors and their human rights responsibilities 156 13.1. The protection of political autonomy as a common 13.2. Three general criteria of impermissibility of foreign 13.2.1. Contravention ofhuman rights-compliant 13.2.2. Disproportionate intensity: scope, susceptibility, 13.3.1. Nothing less than a prohibition of

13.3.2. Nothing more than a prohibition of

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Table of Contents

14. Taking a step back: wider implications for democracy and

14.1.

Foreign electoral interference and democratic theory ... 175 14.1.1. Universalism versus communitarianism:

14.1.2. Interference in the opinion-collecting process: 14.1.3. Interference in the opinion-forming process: 14.1.3.2. Good deliberation and foreign electoral 14.1.3.3. Good deliberation and economic means 14.1.3.4. Good deliberation and informational 14.2. Consequences: the perils of foreign electoralinterference 200 15. Moving forward: what to do about foreign electoral interference 205 15.2. Other avenues to counter foreign electoral interference 209 15.2.1. Strengthening the will formation process: 15.2.1.1. Possible responses to economic means of interference oraino ne i 211 15.2.1.2. Possible responses to informational 15.2.2. Protecting voting procedures: possible responses ConclUsion. e n are nd PEI Mea eee S 229 Bibliography -eene cece eee cette da a aE ae oae a 237 Table of Gases... une see 279

XIII

List of Abbreviations

ACHPR ACHR App ASEAN BGBl BGE

BVerfGE

GC GRECO GRU ICCPR ICERD

ICESCR

ICJ ICMW

ILC

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights

American Convention on Human Rights

Application

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Bundesgesetzblatt (German Federal Law Gazette)

Official collection of (selected) decisions of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court

Official collection of (selected) decisions of the German Federal Constitutional Court

Chapter

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union Central Intelligence Agency (United States)

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Decision

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human

Rights) / Reports of Judgments and Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights

European Court of Human Rights

European Treaty Series

European Union

Federal Bureau of Investigation (United States)

A Russian intelligence agency

Grand Chamber (of the European Court of Human Rights) Group of States against Corruption (Council of Europe)

A Russian military intelligence agency

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

International Court of Justice

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families International Law Commission

List of Abbreviations

International Legal Materials

Journal officiel de la République francaise (Official Gazette of the French Republic)

An intelligence agency of the Soviet Union

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

National Contact Point

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Official Journal of the European Union

Permanent Court of International Justice

Reports

Resolution

(Formerly) Russia Today

Seite (page)

Statutes of Canada

Supreme Court Reports (Canada)

Statutes at Large (United States)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

United Nations

UN Document Symbol (Official Document System of the UN) United Nations General Assembly

United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

United Nations Treaty Series

United States of America/United States Reports

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties