Ocean Governance

Front matter

Governance

Knowledge Systems, Policy Foundations and Thematic Analyses

A Springer

Foreword

May 4, 2022, Vancouver, Shores of the Salish Sea, Planet Ocean

Yesterday, I went for a walk and had sushi for dinner on the shores of the Salish Sea. As I do most days living in this place, I pondered both the wonders and the complexity of the ocean. From my vantage point in the coastal city of Vancouver, I could see clearly how human society interfaces with the ocean — people seeking solace on the shore, a jumble of port infrastructure, fishing boats heading out to and back from sea, barges and ships moored in the bay.

And, underlying it all, but invisible to the human eye, was a patchwork of governance institutions, processes, and decisions that structures what activities can happen and where, whether and how the ocean is managed sustainably, and who has access to space and resources.

Yet, it has only been a drop in the bucket of human time since the seas were viewed as a common resource that was free for all. As human activities in and pressures on the oceans have increased, so have efforts to sustainably govern the oceans. Thus, in the few short decades since the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas has come into force, we have seen exponential growth in the layering and complexity of different governance arrangements and actions within the oceans.

This timely book makes a critical and constructive contribution to our knowledge of and the scholarship on ocean governance by examining the past, present, and future. In particular, the book details the historical developments that have led to current issues across a variety of problem and policy contexts — including chapters touching on governance topics related to fisheries, aquaculture, food systems, shipping, marine plastics, seabed mining, and the blue economy. The authors of the chapters include recognized experts from around the world, who apply interdisciplinary perspectives to analyze issues at various scales from local to national to global. But, it is more than a collection of chapters — the editors bookend the volume with an introduction to the field and conclude with a summary of insights and lessons learned that are pertinent for the pursuit of sustainable ocean governance.

vi Foreword

The volume is destined to become a critical resource book for students, senior scholars, and practitioners who have an interest in oceans, sustainability, and/or governance. A broad readership will enjoy and benefit from this book. It will be best enjoyed while sitting near or pondering the ocean that we all depend on.

Principal, The Peopled Seas Initiative & Nathan J. Bennett, PhD Chair, People and the Ocean Specialist Group,

International Union for the Conservation of Nature

Gland, Switzerland

Preface

Ensuring that ocean governance approaches work constructively towards achieving transformative change towards sustainable outcomes across differentiated contexts is entering a phase of critical societal urgency. Our oceans are being rapidly developed, faster and at a broader scale than any other time in history. Rare minerals are being mined, new shipping routes are being established, energy installations are being built, ports are expanding, and water is being desalinized but also re-entering with sedimentation and pollution from human use. All the while, hundreds of millions of mostly politically silent and largely unseen small-scale livelihoods remain dependent on healthy oceans for fishing, tourism and aquaculture, where the need for inclusive conservation approaches to resolve the ‘paper parks’ and noncompliance problems is paramount. At the same time, waves of coastal urban migration continue to grow, putting pressure on local coastal ecosystems for food, recreation and infrastructure needs, while also increasing demand for rare metals and minerals mined in the deep sea for electronics and goods shipped worldwide across the ocean surface. Coastal areas, while being steadily built up, are also threatened by rising seas and increased storm intensity and frequency from climate change. This is coincided by major political and business organizations such as the OECD, World Bank, World Economic Forum and the United Nations shaping a Blue Growth development agenda with Blue Economy strategies largely proclaiming the ocean as the next frontier of development to achieve human prosperity.

While scholars and practitioners are largely aware of the problems facing our oceans, we are arguably now at a critical turning point in recognizing that process, plurality, participation and social-ecological differentiation are key ingredients for achieving any claims to prosperity or sustainability in our ocean governance and politics. This is not to ignore the challenges in reversing the trend that pushes for further intensification of ocean uses within the current political and economic environment. It is nevertheless important that we as a society can learn to cook with these ingredients in order to influence the politics and facilitate in the (re)creation of ocean institutions where needed. There is a need to be both honest with the current state and hopeful with current efforts to track pragmatic paths forward. Nonetheless, among the tides of often disheartening news and tragic events, there are reasons for vii vili Preface growing optimism. The twenty-first century will enable us to 'see the ocean' like we have never seen it before, both the physical activities and features that happen on and below the surface enabled by technology, but also in the calls and movements to foster transparency and justice in governing institutions. Inspiration can find many paths, and there is no shortage of catalyzing individuals leading vocal movements for positive social, cultural, economic and political change seen around the world. However, seeing the ocean will only lead to ocean transformations to sustainability if persistent actions of engagement and empowerment are actively pursued. Conscious efforts are needed at all levels of our ocean societies and politics, alongside societal shifts in norms and behaviors among consumers, users and voters.

The manifestation of this book has been an effort to mobilize sets of existing knowledge to foster continued ocean engagement, scholarship and stewardship. We have brought together a diverse range of ocean governance scholars to engage in discussions and analysis of the current topics and critical perspectives facing our oceans today. Importantly, this includes the role prior events, institutions and governing activities have played in shaping our current issues and future ocean trajectories. The book hopes to inform and inspire students and early career scholars to emerge and continue engaging in the research, policy and practice needed to enable sustainable ocean-based development. If we take the tagline of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development seriously — *The Science We Need for the Ocean We Want’ — it embodies a call for both continued engagements into a diversity of sciences that help us know the ocean, while also recognizing that what we want the ocean to be is a choice, a normative one that raises issues of how those choices are made and who gets to choose. Imagining the ocean we want guides and facilitates these discussions.

The ocean offers opportunities to reconcile persistent political challenges within a new global context. On the one hand, for example, the 2022 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report has never been more clear about the role of humans in global environmental change as well as the impacts on and role of our ocean's in mitigation and adaptation. On the other hand, the uptake and use of this knowledge for sustainability transformation remains contested and divisive. How knowledge is (co-)produced, communicated and utilized to spark action is part of the ocean governance puzzle that requires sustained attention. On top of this, cooperation, coordination and deliberative processes will be needed to resolve the collective action problems in both resource use and institutional development and change.

Bremen, Germany Stefan Partelow Larnaca, Cyprus Maria Hadjimichael Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany Anna-Katharina Hornidge

Acknowledgments

The editors would like to thank and acknowledge the support from the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) organization for funding the COST Action ‘Ocean Governance for Sustainability — Challenges, options and the role of science, CA15217’, where the content and network of contributing researchers for this book originated. The COST Action would not have been possible without the substantial support from numerous individuals, institutes and universities throughout Europe. The process of preparing this edited volume has been hindered by various incidents, with the COVID-19 pandemic being an important one delaying the finalization of the book. We are grateful to all authors for patiently working with us to see this work completed. We would like to particularly extend gratitude to the Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) in Bremen, Germany, for initially hosting the COST Action with institutional support. Similarly, we would like to substantially thank the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS)/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklung und Nachhaltigkeit, Bonn, Germany (formerly known as German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE)), for hosting the COST Action in the latter stages and for making the open access publication possible with financial support from the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the state of Northrhine-Westphalia (NRW). Without the support from Frauke Domgoergen, managing and coordinating the development of the book would have been a far greater struggle, and we are grateful for her efforts.

Contents

Stefan Partelow, Maria Hadjimichael, and Anna-Katharina Hornidge

PartI Knowledge Systems

Knowing the Ocean: Epistemic Inequalities in Patterns

Part II Policy Foundations Wesley Flannery

The Past, Present and Future of Ocean Governance: Snapshots

from Fisheries, Area-Based Management Tools

Pradeep A. Singh and Fernanda C. B. Araujo xi

Contents

The Diverse Legal and Regulatory Framework for Marine

Sustainability Policy in the North Atlantic - Horrendograms

as Tools to Assist Circumnavigating Through a Sea of

Helena Calado, Marta Vergílio, Fabiana Moniz, Henriette Grimmel,

Md. Mostafa Monwar, and Eva A. Papaioannou

Julia Nakamura

Managing Land Sea Interactions: Case Studies of Coastal Paul Lawlor and Daniel Depellegrin

Part IN Thematic Analyses

Sustainable Seafood Consumption: A Matter of Individual

Choice or Global Market? A Window into

Dublin'$ Seafood Scenes: gece hci saad eer eieeitiadanavannaavaed 233 Cordula Scherer and Agnese Cretella

Marine Governance as a Process of Reflexive Jan P. M. van Tatenhove

Assembling the Seabed: Pan-European and Interdisciplinary

Wenting Chen, Kimberley Peters, Diva Amon, Maria Baker,

John Childs, Marta Conte Sabine Gollner, Kristin Magnussen,

Aletta Mondre, Stale Navrud, Pradeep A. Singh, Philip Steinberg,

and Klaas Willaert

Societal Transformations and Governance Challenges of Coastal Pekka Salmi, Milena Arias-Schreiber, and Kristina Svels

The Plastic Bag Habit and the Ocean Bali: From Banana Roger Spranz and Achim Schliiter

Futuring ‘Nusantara’: Detangling Indonesia’s Modernist

Hendricus A. Simarmata, Irina Rafliana, Johannes Herbeck,

and Rapti Siriwardane-de Zoysa

Market Initiatives of Small-Scale Fisheries in the

Mediterranean: Innovation in Support of

Jerneja Penca and Alicia Said

Contents

Afterword

Towards Just and Sustainable Blue Futures: Small-Scale

Irmak Ertór and Pinar Ertór-Akyazi

Ocean Acidification as a Governance Challenge in the Mediterranean Sea: Impacts from

Nina Bednarsek, Bleuenn Guilloux, Donata Melaku Canu, Charles Galdies, Roberta Guerra, Simona Simoncelli,

Richard A. Feely, Greg Pelletier, Blaženka Gašparović,

Jelena Godrijan, Alenka Malej, Cosimo Solidoro, Valentina Turk, and Serena Zunino xiii

About the Editors

Stefan Partelow is a researcher at the Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) in Germany, where he jointly completed his Ph.D. in Political Science (2018) with Jacobs University. Starting in 2023, he will be a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Life Ethics at the University of Bonn, Germany. His research focuses on the governance of commons and the environment, including institutional development and change, and social-ecological systems analysis. His work advances interdisciplinary and transformative change research towards sustainability at the science-society interface, where he has focused extensively on coastal systems such as fisheries, aquaculture and tourism. He is widely published in leading international journals, with conceptual, review and empirical research across numerous levels and scales.

Maria Hadjimichael is a Senior Associate Scientist at the Cyprus Marine and Maritime Institute. She conducts research on the fields of political ecology, environmental politics and governance of the Commons, with a focus on the sea and the coastline, how is the understanding of the sea and the coastal space as a ‘Common’ or “Common Heritage’ affected by international agreements or national law, and how are such institutional arrangements being instrumentalized to expand the privatization of the marine and coastal space. She has published widely in this area, including in the journals Sustainability Science, Marine Policy, Ocean and Coastal Management and Political Geography. She is co- editor of the Island Studies Journal.

Anna-Katharina Hornidge is director of the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS)/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklung und Nachhaltigkeit, Bonn, Germany (formerly known as German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE)) and Professor of Global Sustainable Development at the University of Bonn. In her research, Ms. Hornidge works on knowledges and innovation development for development, as well as questions of natural resource governance in agriculture and fisheries in Asia and Africa. Ms. Hornidge serves as expert advisor at national, EU and UN levels: as a member of the German Advisory Council on Global Change of the German Government (WBGU), co-chair (with Gesine Schwan) of SDSN Germany and as part of the executive council of the German UNESCO-Commission.

XV

Contributors

Pinar Ertór-Akyazi Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey

Diva Amon SpeSeas, D' Abadie, Trinidad and Tobago & Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Fernanda C. B. Araujo Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil Milena Arias-Schreiber University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Maria Baker Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK John Childs-Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

María José Barragán-Paladines Charles Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador

Nina BednarSek Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Hatfield, Oregon

Helena Calado UAc/FCT/MARE - University of the Azores/Faculty of Science and Technology and Marine Environmental Science, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

Donata Melaku Canu Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Sgonico, Italy

Wenting Chen Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway

John Childs JHU-UPF Public Policy Centre, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Ratana Chuenpagdee Geography Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada xvii xviii Contributors

Agnese Cretella Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Daniel Depellegrin Landscape Analysis and Management Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Girona, Girona, Spain

Winny Collot d'Escury Independent Researcher, Leiden, The Netherland

Irmak Ertór The Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey

Richard A. Feely NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA

Carmel Finley Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

Wesley Flannery School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

Charles Galdies Institute of Earth Systems, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

Blaženka Gašparović Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

Jelena Godrijan Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

Marta Conte Sabine Gollner Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands

Henriette Grimmel Independent Researcher, Zurich, Switzerland

Roberta Guerra Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (CIRSA-UNIBO), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Bleuenn Guilloux European Institute for Marine Studies, Laboratory for Law and Economics of the Sea, Plouzane, Brittany, France

Maria Hadjimichael Cyprus Marine and Maritime Institute, Larnaca, Cyprus

Johannes Herbeck Sustainability Research Center (artec), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Anna-Katharina Hornidge German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) & University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein- Westfalen, Germany

Kerstin Knopf University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Contributors xix

Paul Lawlor School of Architecture, Building & Environment, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Kristin Magnussen Menon Economics, Oslo, Norway

Alenka Malej Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia

Aletta Mondre Institute of Political Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany

Fabiana Moniz FGF/UAc/FCT, Fundação Gaspar Frutuoso, University of the Azores/Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

Md. Mostafa Monwar Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia

Julia Nakamura Law School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

Stale Navrud School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Scienes (NMBU), As, Norway

Eva A. Papaioannou Independent Researcher, Athens, Greece

Present Affiliation: GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Stefan Partelow Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany Center for Life Ethics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Greg Pelletier Washington State Department of Ecology, United States (Independent Researcher), Bellingham, WA, USA

Jerneja Penca Euro-Mediterranean University, Piran, Slovenia

Kimberley Peters Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Oldenburg, Germany

Irina Rafliana University of Bonn and the German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn, Germany

Alicia Said Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Luqa, Malta Pekka Salmi Natural Resources Institute Finland, Turku, Finland

Cordula Scherer Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Achim Schlüter Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany

Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany

XX Contributors

Michael Schoon School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Hendricus A. Simarmata Universitas Indonesia (UD, Indonesian Association of Urban and Regional Planners (IAP), Jakarta, Indonesia

Simona Simoncelli Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Pradeep A. Singh Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Potsdam, Germany Research Centre for European Environmental Law (FEU), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Rapti Siriwardane-de Zoysa Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany

Cosimo Solidoro National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS), Trieste, Italy International Centre for Theoretical Physic (ICTP), Trieste, Italy

Roger Spranz Making Ocean Plastic Free e.V., Bali, Indonesia Making Ocean Plastic Free e.V., Freiburg, Germany

Philip Steinberg Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK Kristina Svels Natural Resources Institute Finland, Turku, Finland

Valentina Turk Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia

Jan P. M. van Tatenhove Centre for Blue Governance, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

Marta Vergílio Trisolaris Advanced Technologies, Lda., Ponta Delgada, Portugal

Klaas Willaert Faculty of Law and Criminology, Maritime Institute, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Serena Zunino Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Sgonico, Italy