Achieving Access to Justice in a Business and Human Rights Context

Front matter

UNIVERSITY -E OF LONDON

C PRESS

Regulatory Responses in European Civil-Law Countries

Part I. Setting the scene: access to justice and corporate accountability in Europe In search of justice and corporate accountability in Europe

Aim of the book

Key concepts

Background to the book

Structure of the book nu FF WN

2. Corporate accountability and access to justice in international and European legal frameworks 1 Introduction 2 The corporate accountability gap 3 Legal frameworks on access to justice 4

The UN Framework and Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

3. The rise of transnational litigation against multinational enterprises 1 Introduction

2 Origins of transnational litigation against MNEs in common law jurisdictions

3 Progressive development of transnational litigation against MNEs in European civil law jurisdictions

The role of the corporate accountability movement 5 Conclusions viii

Contents

Part II. Suing multinational enterprises in Europe: comparing national experiences in civil law jurisdictions

4. Civil litigation against multinational enterprises in France and the Netherlands

ON ADA a FF UNA

Introduction

Jurisdiction of home State courts

The law applicable to transnational claims against MNEs The procedural framework for initiating civil proceedings Production of evidence

Remedies

The cost of civil litigation against MNEs

5. Criminal litigation against multinational enterprises in France and the Netherlands

Dn um FwWN

Introduction

Prosecuting MNEs for extraterritorial crimes

197 197 198

The participation of victims and NGOs in criminal proceedings 214

Production of evidence Punishment for corporate crime and remedies for victims Conclusions

6. Holding multinational enterprises liable in France and the Netherlands

2 3 4

Introduction

Challenges to establishing the liability of MNEs Bases for liability of the parent company

Corporate social responsibility: an increasing source of liability?

226 228 236

238 238 239 248

280 283

Contents

Part III. Future pathways for access to justice in business and human rights

7. Achieving access to justice in Europe through mandatory due diligence legislation

Introduction

Unpacking human rights due diligence

Mandatory human rights due diligence in national legislation

Towards mandatory human rights due diligence in the EU nF UU Ne

8. Achieving access to justice through an international treaty on business and human rights 1 Introduction 2 The contentious road to an international treaty on BHR

3 The added-value of an international treaty on BHR for access to justice

9, Conclusions 1 Main findings

2 Looking forward

Preface and acknowledgements

In March 2019, I had the great honour of receiving the first IALS PhD Thesis Book prize. This allowed me to publish my doctoral thesis, which I completed at SOAS between 2010 and 2015, as amonograph. While the process of converting my thesis into a monograph was supposed to be relatively quick, it nonetheless took several years for a variety of reasons. The business and human rights field isa dynamic one, with laws and jurisprudence evolving at breakneck speed over the last decade, owing in large part to the efforts of corporate accountability activists and the momentum created by the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. As a result, my thesis, which I had finished at the end of 2015, needed to be thoroughly revised. Furthermore, the significant advances that occurred while I was writing this manuscript, particularly in corporate group liability and human rights due diligence, could not be ignored, even after the final version of my manuscript was completed. This resulted in numerous revisions, which pushed back the publication date. The publication of this manuscript was also delayed for personal reasons. My twins, Orson and Gaél, were born in the late summer of 2018 and required my undivided attention as a mother. In addition, the global Covid-19 pandemic that began in 2019 and the subsequent juggling of work and family life slowed the writing of this manuscript. The last few years have made me painfully aware of the challenges that many academics, especially women, face in balancing academic career and family life. Despite these challenges, it is a great pleasure for me to see this project come to fruition.

This book could not have been published without the support and assistance of others. I am greatly indebted to the wonderful people who made this journey possible.

First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Peter Muchlinski, my PhD research supervisor, for reading parts of the manuscript and providing moral support throughout the PhD and the writing of this monograph. I am privileged to have received his insights and intellectual guidance, as well as his mentoring.

I would like to thank my PhD examiners, Professors Nadia Bernaz and Bill Bowring, who encouraged me and gave me the confidence to pursue publication of my doctoral thesis.

I would also like to thank the SOAS School of Law for allowing me to complete my PhD and write this monograph as a Research Associate, as well as everyone who helped and encouraged me during and after the PhD, especially Professors Nicholas Foster, Philippe Cullet, Lutz Oette, and Lynn Welchman. Thanks are also due to Milieu, my employer, for providing the flexibility I needed to work

Preface and acknowledgements xi on this personal project. Further thanks are due to my colleagues at Milieu, especially Chloé Fages, Lise Oulés and Cindy Schoumacher, for their support over the years.

I would also like to extend my thanks to the lawyers and campaigners I met during my research who took the time to provide invaluable information and to facilitate my research journey. Their fight for corporate accountability and access to justice is an inspiration for me, and | hope to have captured it in this book. Thanks are also due to the many academics who contribute to business and human rights scholarship and provide stimulating ideas to improve corporate accountability and access to justice. I am especially grateful to Professor Nadia Bernaz, who I have already acknowledged, and Dr Rachel Chambers for kindly reviewing my publication proposals and papers.

This book would not have been possible without the IALS, especially the IALS Open Book Service for Law editorial board and judging panel, which bestowed the first IALS PhD Thesis Book prize on me and believed in the academic strength of my writing project. I am honoured to have received this award and to be able to publish my book in open access. Thanks are also due to Sandy Dutczak and Steven Whittle for their support throughout the writing and publication of this monograph, and Fiona Cownie for her helpful comments on the manuscript. At University London Press I would like to thank Robert Davies for managing the manuscript’s publication with patience and professionalism, Lauren De‘Ath for marketing, and the copy-editors for their excellent and thorough work.

I would like to thank all of my family and friends for their encouragement and support throughout my PhD journey and the writing of this monograph. My heartfelt gratitude goes to my SOAS colleagues, particularly Dr Demetra Loizou, Dr Jonathan Bashi Rudahindwa, Dr Laila Fathi, Dr Hany Rashwan and Dr Qing-Chao Wang, with whom I shared the joys and lows of the PhD.

I am grateful to my mother Charline Décaudin, as well as my husband Joshua Roberts, whose unconditional love and support have enabled me to embark upon the path to this monograph. I owe a special thanks to Joshua Roberts, who spent countless hours reviewing my chapters and assisting me in reflecting on my research to produce what I hope is a valuable study. Finally, I would like to thank my three sons Raphael, Orson and Gaël for their patience in waiting for their mother to complete her writing project.

I have made every effort to accurately state the law as of 1 May 2021. Where possible, later updates have been included.

Virginie Rouas, 8 December 2021

Table of cases

Decisions of national courts and tribunals

Australia

- Dagi v Broken Hill Proprietary Co Ltd (No 2) [1997] 1 VR 428 90 - Kamasaee v Commonwealth of Australia & Ors S CI 2014 6770,

[2017] VSC 537 90,91 - Sanda v PTTEP Australasia (Ashmore Cartier) Pty Ltd (No 3) [2017]

- Anvil Mining Ltd v Association Canadienne Contre LImpunité, 2012

QCCA 117 88 - Araya v Nevsun Resources Ltd, 2016 BCSC 1856; 2017

BCCA 401; 2020 SCC 5 88, 89, 90 - Choc v Hudbay Minerals Inc, 2013 ONSC 1414 88 - Das v George Weston Limited, 2017 ONSC 4129; 2018 ONCA 1053 88 - Garcia v Tahoe Resources Inc, 2015 BCSC 2045; 2017 BCCA 39 42 - Piedra v Copper Mesa Mining Corporation, 2011 ONCA 191 88

- Recherches Internationales Quebec v Cambior Inc, 1998 QJ 2554 (SCJ) 88

England

- AAA v Unilever Plc [2018] EWCA Civ 1532 [36] 97 - Arroyo v BP Exploration Company (Colombia) Ltd [2010]

EWHC 1643 (QB) 92 - Arroyo v Equion Energia Ltd [2013] EWHC 3150 (TCC) 92

- Bodo Community v Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd [2014] EWHC 1973 (TCC) 102

Table of cases xiii

- Connelly v RTZ Corporation Plc [1996] QB 361 (CA), [1997] UKHL 30,

EWHC 160 (QB), [2010] EWHC 3228 (QB) 92 - Kalma v African Minerals Ltd [2018] EWHC 3506 (QB), [2020]

EWCA Civ 144 100 - Lubbe v Cape Plc [1998] EWCA Civ 1351, [2000] UKHL 41 93 - McDonald’s Corporation v Steel and Morris [1997] EWHC QB 366 93 - Motto v Trafigura Ltd [2006] Claim BV HQ06X03370, [2009]

EWCA Civ 191, [2021] UKSC 3 94, 95, 99, 101-103, 136, 335 - Vava v Anglo American South Africa Ltd [2011] Claim No HQ11X03245, [2012] EWHC 1969 (QB) 102 - Vedanta Resources Plc v Lungowe [2019] UKSC 20 97,99, 101,

131, 136,261,335

France - Chambre de l'Instruction, CA Paris 13 February 2004 202

- Cons Conc, Décision n°05-D-49 du 28 juillet 2005 relative a des pratiques mises en ceuvre dans le secteur de la location entretien des machines d’affranchissement ostal 252

- Cons Conc, Décision n° 07-D-12 du 28 mars 2007 relative a des pratiques mises en œuvre dans le secteur du chéque-cinéma 252 - Cons const 23 March 2017, Décision n° 2017-750 307 - Conseil des Prud’Hommes Paris 26 January 2011, n° F 08/06791 114,149 - CA Nimes 8 July 2002 (Ould Dah) 213 - CA Paris, 31 May 1989 D 1989 IR 227 247 - CA Paris 15 January 1999, n° 1998/04408 264 - CA Paris 30 March 2010, n° 08/02278 267 xiv Table of cases

Table of cases XV

- Cass crim 31 January 2007, Bull crim n° 28 200 xvi

Table of cases

- Cass crim 25 September 2012, n° 10-82938 - Cass crim 22 January 2013, n° 12-80022

112; 225, 275,276 270

270,271

- TGI Nanterre 15 April 2009, n° 07/2902

- TGI Nanterre 10 February 2017, n° 15/10981

- TJ Nanterre (ord réf) 30 January 2020, n° 19/02833

- TJ Nanterre (ord réf) 11 February 2021, n° 20/00915

Netherlands - CA Amsterdam 21 June 1979, NJ 1980, 217 (BATCO)

- CA Arnhem 10 May 1994, TMA 94-6, 155 et seq (Roco BV v De Staat der Nederlanden)

Table of cases xvii

- CA The Hague 9 May 2007, Case No 2200050906 - 2

(Public Prosecutor v Van Anraat) 209 - CA The Hague 12 April 2011, NJFS 2011, 137 116, 208 - CA The Hague 18 December 2015, C/09/337058/

(cases e + f) (Akpan) 117, 190, 261 - DC The Hague 23 December 2005, Case No 09/751003-04 (Public Prosecutor v Van Anraat) 209

- DC The Hague 30 December 2009, Judgement in Motion Contesting Jurisdiction, 330891/HAZA09-579 117,144

- DC The Hague 14 September 2011, Judgment in the Ancillary Actions Concerning the Production of Exhibits and in the Main Actions, 337050/HAZA09-1580 (Akpan v Royal Dutch Shell Plc); 330891/HAZA09-0579 (Oguru v Royal Dutch Shell Plc); 337058/HAZA09-1581 (Dooh v Royal Dutch Shell Plc) 117,172

- DC The Hague 30 January 2013, C/09/337050/HAZA09-1580 (Akpan v Royal Dutch Shell Plc); C/09/330891/HAZA09-0579 (Oguru v Royal Dutch Shell Plc); C/09/337058/HAZA09-1581

(Dooh v Royal Dutch Shell Plc) 117, 155, 259 - DC The Hague 1 May 2019, C/09/540872/HAZA17-1048

(Kiobel v Royal Dutch Shell Plc) 118, 145 - DC The Hague 26 May 2021, C/09/571932/HAZA19-379 256, 376 - DC Zutphen 1 August 1991, Vermande D-8-85 (Roco BV v

- HR 25 September 1981, NJ 1982, 443 (Osby-Pannan A/B v Las Verkoopmaatschappij BV) 263 xviii Table of cases

- HR 23 October 2001, NJ 2002, 77 (Bouterse)

- HR 30 June 2009, Case No 07/10742 (Public Prosecutor v Van Anraat) - HR 18 March 2011, RvdW 2011, 392

United States - Daimler Ag v Bauman 134 S Ct 746 (2014)

- Filartiga v Pefia-Irala 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir 1980)

- Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations SA v Brown 131 S Ct 2846 (2011) - Hilao v Estate of Marcos 103 F.3d 767 (9th Cir. 1996)

- Jesner v Arab Bank 138 S Ct 1386 (2018)

- Kadić v Karadžić 70 F 3d 232 (2d Cir 1995)

- Kiobel v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co 621 F.3d 111 (2nd Circ 2010); 133 S Ct 1659 (2013)

- Nestle USA Inc. v Doe 141 S Ct 1931 (2021)

- Wiwa v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co 226 F.3d 88 (2d Cir 2000); 2002 WL 319887 (SDNY 2002)

83 82 87 83 84 83

84 85

Table of cases xix

Decisions of international and regional courts

Court of Justice of the European Union

- Akzo Nobel NV v Commission (C-97/08) [2009] ECR I-8237 252 - ArcelorMittal Luxembourg SA v Commission (C-201/09 P and

C-216/09 P) [2011] ECR I-2239 252 - DEB Deutsche Energiehandels- und Beratungsgesellschaft mbH v Bundesrepublik Deutschland (C-279/09) [2010] ECR I-13849 62,191 - Deo Antoine Homawoo v GMF Assurances SA (C-412/10)

- General Quimica e.a. v Commission (C-90/09 P) [2011] ECR I-0000 252 - Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd v Commission (C-48/69)

[1972] ECR 619 272 - Owusu v Jackson (C-281/02) [2005] ECR I-1383 93 - Régie Nationale des Usines Renault SA v Maxicar SpA and Orazio

European Court and Commission of Human Rights

- Airey v Ireland (1980) 2 EHRR 305 58 - Aksoy v Turkey (1996) 23 EHRR 553 59 - Al- Skeini v UK (2011) 53 EHRR 18 41 - Arnoldi v Italy App no 35637/ 04 (ECtHR, 7 December 2017) 59 - Běleš v Czech Republic App no 47273/ 99 (ECtHR, 12 November 2002) 58 - Bellet v France (1995) Series A no 333-B 166 - Bock v Germany (1989) 12 EHRR 247 151 - Çakıcı v Turkey (2001) 31 EHRR 5 59 - Dombo Beheer BV v Netherlands (1994) 18 EHRR 213 58 - Fadeyeva v Russia (2007) 45 EHRR 10 41

- Feldbrugge v Netherlands (1986) 8 EHRR 425 258

Table of cases

- Golder v the UK (1975) Series A no 18

- Ilaşcu and v Moldova and Russia (2005) 40 EHRR 1030 - İlhan v Turkey (2002) 34 EHRR 36

- Issa v Turkey (2004) 41 EHRR 567

- Kudla v Poland (2002) 35 EHRR 198

- Lupsa and v Romania ECHR 2006-VII

- Lopez Ostra v Spain (1995) 20 EHRR 277

58, 165 41

- McFarlane v Ireland App no 31333/ 06 (ECtHR, 10 September 2010) 188

- Moulin v France App no 37104/06 (ECtHR, 23 November 2010) - Nait- Liman v Switzerland App no 51357/ 07 (ECtHR, 15 March - Ould Dah v France App no 13113/03 (ECtHR, 17 March 2009)

206 2018) 58 213

- Paulino Tomás v Portugal App no 58698/ 00 (ECtHR, 27 March 2003) 60

- Pérez de Rada Cavanilles v Spain (1998) 29 EHRR 109 - Perez v France (2005) 40 EHRR 39

- Philis v Greece (1991) Series A no 209

- Poiss v Austria (1987) 10 EHRR 231

- Regner v Czech Republic App no 35289/ 11 (ECtHR, 19 September 2017)

- Sibson v UK (1993) 17 EHRR 193

- Steel and Morris v UK (2005) 41 EHRR 22

- Tănase v Romania App no 41720/ 13 (ECtHR, 25 June 2019) - The Holy Monasteries v Greece (1995) Series A no 301-A

- Tomasi v France (1992) Series A no 24-1A

- Tunç v Turkey App no 24014/ 05 (ECtHR, 25 June 2019)

- Young, James and Webster v UK (1981) 4 EHRR 38

- Yvon v France (2005) 40 EHRR 41

- Zubac v Croatia App no 40160/ 12 (ECtHR, 5 April 2018)

59 166 151

Table of cases xxi International Court of Justice - Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations (Advisory Opinion) [1949] ICJ Rep 174 36 Others - Judgement of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal 1946 (1947) 41 AJIL 172 36

Table of legislation

National legislation

England

- Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) 104 - Modern Slavery Act 2015 (MSA) 300 France

- Code civil 143 - Code de commerce 246 - Code de l’environnement 266, 268, 280 - Code de la consommation 170 - Code de la sécurité sociale 271 - Code de procédure civile 143, 183 - Code de procédure pénale 203 - Code du travail 149 - Code pénal 107, 274, 277, 278 - Loi du 1er juillet 1901 relative au contrat d’association 164

- Loi n° 71-1130 du 31 décembre 1971 portant réforme de certaines professions judiciaires (Loi sur les professions judiciaires) 194

- Loi n° 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative a l'informatique, aux fichiers et aux libertés 170 - Loi n° 91-647 du 10 juillet 1991 relative à l’aide juridique

(Loi sur l’aide juridique) 192, 222 - Loi n° 2004-204 du 9 mars 2004 portant adaptation

de la justice aux évolutions de la criminalité 273

- Loi n° 2010-788 du 12 juillet 2010 portant engagement national pour l’environnement (Loi Grenelle II) 254

- Loi n° 2014-344 du 17 mars 2014 relative à la consommation (Loi Hamon) 170

Table of legislation xxiii

- Loi n° 2016-41 du 26 janvier 2016 de modernisation de notre systéme de santé 170

- Loi n° 2016-1087 du 8 août 2016 pour la reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages 266 - Loi n° 2016-1547 du 18 novembre 2016 de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siècle 170

- Loi n° 2016-1691 du 9 décembre 2016 relative a la transparence, a la lutte contre la corruption et a la modernisation de la vie économique 234

- Loi n° 2017-399 relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et entreprises donneuses d’ordre 301

- Proposition de loi n°1524 du 6 novembre 2013 relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et des entreprises donneuses d'ordre 127,301

- Proposition de loi n°1519 du 6 novembre 2013 relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et des entreprises donneuses d'ordre 127,301

- Proposition de loi n° 2578 du 11 février 2015 relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés méres et des entreprises donneuses d’ordre 309

Germany

Gesetz über die unternehmerischen Sorgfaltspflichten zur Vermeidung von Menschenrechtsverletzungen in

Lieferketten vom 16. Juli 2021 8, 298 The Netherlands

- Burgerlijk Wetboek 163 - Legal Aid Act 1994 193 - The Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2008 193 - Wet Collectieve Afhandeling Massaschade 2005 (WCAM) 173 - Wet Conflictenrecht Onrechtmatige Daad 2001 (WCOD) 154 - Wet Internationale Misdrijven 2003 203

- Wet van 20 maart 2019 tot wijziging van het Burgerlijk Wetboek

en het Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering teneinde

de afwikkeling van massaschade in een collectieve actie

mogelijk te maken (Wet afwikkeling massaschade in collectieve actie) 174 xxiv Table of legislation

- Wet van 24 oktober 2019 houdende de invoering van een zorgplicht ter voorkoming van de levering van goederen en diensten die met behulp van kinderarbeid tot stand zijn gekomen (Wet zorgplicht kinderarbeid)

- Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering - Wetboek van Strafrecht

United States - Alien Tort Statute 28 USC § 1350 (1789) Alien’s Action for Tort

International and regional legislation

European Union

- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU [2012] OJ C326/392 (EU Charter)

- Commission Recommendation of 11 June 2013 on common principles for injunctive and compensatory collective redress mechanisms in the Member States concerning violations of rights granted under Union Law [2013] OJ L201/60 (Recommendation on collective redress)

- Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2012] OJ C326/ 47

- Council Directive 2002/8/EC of 27 January 2003 to improve access to justice in cross-border disputes by establishing minimum common rules relating to legal aid for such disputes [2003] OJ L26/41 (Directive on legal aid)

- Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters [2001] OJ L12/1 (Brussels I Regulation)

- Directive 2003/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 providing for public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the environment and amending with regard to public participation and access to justice Council Directives 85/337/EEC and 96/61/EC [2003] OJ L156/17

8,310 143 199-200

5, 81

9,61

167, 168

Table of legislation XXV

- Directive 2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the

Council of 28 January 2003 on public access to environmental

information and repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC [2003]

- Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the

Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards

on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime,

and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA [2012]

OJ L315/57 (Directive on the rights of victims of crimes) 61, 218,221

- Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the

Council of 26 June 2013 on the annual financial statements,

consolidated financial statements and related reports of certain

types of undertakings, amending Directive 2006/43/EC of the

European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council

(EU Accounting Directive) 314

- Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the

Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU

as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information

by certain large undertakings and groups [2014] OJ L330/1 (NFRD) 77,314

- Directive (EU) 2020/1828 of the European Parliament and of the

Council of 25 November 2020 on representative actions for the

protection of the collective interests of consumers and repealing

- European Parliament Resolution of 2 February 2012 on ‘Towards a Coherent European Approach to Collective Redress’ (2011/2089(INI)) 168

- Regulation (EC) 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations [2007] OJ L199/40 (Rome II Regulation) 153

- Regulation (EC) No 1367/2006 of the European Parliament and

of the Council of 6 September 2006 on the application of the

provisions of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information,

Public Participation in Decision- making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters to Community institutions and bodies xxvi Table of legislation

- Regulation (EU) 2017/821 of the European Parliament and of the

Council of 17 May 2017 laying down supply chain due diligence

obligations for Union importers of tin, tantalum and tungsten,

their ores, and gold originating from conflict- affected and high- risk

areas [2017] OJ L130/1 (EU Conflict Minerals Regulation) 313

- Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and

of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition

and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters [2012]

OJ L351/1 (recast Brussels I Regulation) 142

- Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and

of the Council of 20 October 2010 laying down the obligations of

operators who place timber and timber products on the

market [2010] OJ L295/23 (EU Timber Regulation) 312

- Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community [2007] OJ C306/1 (Treaty of Lisbon) 9,61

International

- Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (adopted 22 March 1989, entered into force 5 May 1992) 1673 UNTS 57 56

- Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted 10 December 1984, entered into force 26 June 1987) 1465 UNTS 85 (Convention against Torture) 49, 212

- Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended) 9, 40

- Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters

(adopted 25 June 1998, entered into force 30 October 2001) 2161

UNTS 447 (Aarhus Convention) 10, 54

- Convention on Biological Diversity (adopted 5 June 1992, entered into force 29 December 1993) 1760 UNTS 79 47

- Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgements in Civil and Commercial Matters (adopted 27 September 1968, entered into force 1 February 1973) 1262 UNTS 153 93

- Convention on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law (adopted 4 November 1998) CETS No 172 47

Table of legislation xxvii

- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (adopted 13 December 2006, entered into force 3 May 2008) 2515 UNTS 3 49

- International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (adopted 20 December 2006, entered into force 23 December 2010) 2716 UNTS 3 49,212

- International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (adopted 29 November 1969, entered into force 19 June 1975) 973 UNTS 3 266

- International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (adopted 7 March 1966, entered into force 4 January 1969) 660 UNTS 195 49

- International Convention on the Protection of the Rights

of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families

(adopted 18 December 1990, entered into force 1 July 2003)

- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 19 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 39

- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 3 January 1976) 993 UNTS 3 39

- Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child

on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography

(adopted 25 May 2000, entered into force 18 January 2002) 2171

- Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (adopted on 13 June 1992) UN Doc A/CONF.151/26 (vol I) 50, 350

- Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July 1998, entered into force 1 July 2002) 2187 UNTS 3 203

- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) UNGA Res 217 A(III) (UDHR) 44

List of abbreviations

AFPS ATS BHR BHRRC BV CEDAW

CJEU

CoE

CORE Coalition CPED

CRPD cso CSR DRC EC ECCHR ECC] ECHR ECtHR EESC eg EOA EP

EU FDL FGTI

HRDD ICA ICC ICCPR

Association France Palestine Solidarité Alien Tort Statute

Business and human rights

Business and Human Rights Resource Centre Besloten vennootschappen

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women

Court of Justice of the European Union Council of Europe Corporate Responsibility Coalition

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Civil society organization

Corporate social responsibility

Democratic Republic of Congo

European Commission

European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights European Coalition for Corporate Justice

European Convention on Human Rights

European Court of Human Rights

European Economic and Social Committee

For example

Economic Offences Act

European Parliament

European Union

Foreign direct liability

Fonds de Garantie des Victimes des Actes de Terrorisme et d’Autres Infractions

Human rights due diligence

International Crimes Act

International Criminal Court

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

List of abbreviations Xxix

ICERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

ICJ International Court of Justice

ICMW International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families

ie That is

KCM Konkola Copper Mines

LASPO Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act

LDH Ligue des Droits de Homme

MEA Multilateral environmental agreement

MLA Mutual legal assistance

MNE Multinational enterprise

NAP National Action Plan

NFRD Non-financial reporting Directive

NGO Non-governmental organization

NV Naamloze vennootschappen

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OEIGWG Open-ended intergovernmental working group on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights

OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

PIL Public Interest Litigation

PLO Palestinian Liberation Organisation

Puma Puma Energy International BV

RDS Royal Dutch Shell Plc

SARVI Service d'Aide au Recouvrement des Victimes d’Infractions SPDC Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd

SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises

TASS Tribunal des affaires de la sécurité sociale

TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union TGI Tribunal de grande instance

Trafigura BV Trafigura Beheer BV

UCC Union Carbide Corporation

XXX List of abbreviations

UK United Kingdom

UN United Nations

UNCCPR UN Human Rights Committee

UNCERD UN Commission on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

UNCESR UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

UNCHR UN Commission on Human Rights

UNECE UN Economic Commission for Europe

UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNGPs UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

UNHRC UN Human Rights Council

UNWG UN Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises

US United States

WACAM Wet Afwikkeling Massaschade in Collectieve Actie

WCAM Wet Collectieve Afhandeling Massaschade

WCOD Wet Conflictenrecht Onrechtmatige Daad

Part I Setting the scene: access to justice and corporate accountability

in Europe