Newcastle upon Tyne, the Eye of the North

Front matter

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NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE the Eye of the North AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Dedication

This volume is dedicated to the late Barbara Harbottle, who made an unparalleled contribution over many years to the recording and understanding of the history and archaeology of the town

Contents

TOW OVO isc EE R ERRA A E AE RTE OTO EEEO aibastoonedvandvvedel ix Akh onledoe ments ssssisssiss isisi nis SOENE GUA Hoo IM RERA EAE Oo doaeE x LAS Of LULUSUTGULONS EER sats tinsedondevondenodst ths 05s¥4 Lis Sti venanetd vende ctants A fats Sigeenveqsavondeenaes xi SUMAN Y E dade os eds deds da E E A EE E E EE E xiii RESH scissrissrisinisirsr iain a niin ciadasaannaan eran KESA EEEE TK EE KEA EEN tna aA aAR Miu xiv LUS OMEN ASSUM iiie EEEE EE EEE E E ead O Ra XV GOMVEMTIONS HSC TE TDE LOE -.ccvessnunsessstsicussonveseasosensnsvaenessctaessen OA TRET SE TAR xvi £. INFRODUCTION AND: BACKGROUND rieta r E EEEE E S EEE E TE EET 1 E Eok LOLE OI o ARA E E E E E EE 1 1.2 Past work and the natitre OF the evidence siccsceccceessncsssvepsoevetonsessneassssevsstensgtssadgscednscetevanststs E E EE R 4 1.3: ‘The topography and geology of the pre-urban Setters. cs ivsssscsssssssissssticssscetscnessscucnesasdsavensioaoasachsavadoeveecnsnadesannsesauaneaoseseeye 12 1.4 The Archacolovical-deposit MmOd el osc. svescversececrcanesocscpesvarsivenevendeveevavssasinsnsnssea EE EREKE ROE 17 2 AARE PREIS VORTC PER OD irnia TE A A E E A S EE EO esate 21 2.1 Eyidence for-early prehistoric ACÜVitJcessnsnsssun ninni n E E E NO 21 2:2 Evidence for later prehistoric Act vty sevavsevassssisissdavensnsacnvcves veodcencvunssansnansdsssnsusasua TOE EARR 24 3 THEROMAN IMPERIAL FRONTIER sarra a E E ETAO A T 31 3.1 Evidence for Roman activity before the construction of the fottsssssnensissisiissiassieerrieaisiisie an 31 3.2. Thearchacolopy ot Hadrians Wallis iv-secssenivecsstaesetsesvevetssevevetsvvecsstasssesssonssttusevesdhundcsbctvssssuspsnustonssbanduesvevevenersosveveseninesonbnys 34 33 Theextent and composition Of the Roman Port iiss csssevstesesevcsissssassssapsonsstecnepeses chen R pR RE ANAN RR 47 34° ‘Topogtaphy, communications and the Lons Aeaus sicerisescveresevsesrassssssserasessastegetnsoseevevetsostsbosessvsboponspseotenscoitvonvevaeatsoseststensbcastes 53 3.5 The vicus, the locations and extents of cemeteries and the evidence for development

north Of Hadrians Wall scsicssssscsessscsectssvsssssssscveatssbencaeraa ea ctonrsaceetsasbevnsvesesbesbansnta qin GutsetsneaandenaespareanaebesteTadeede ete 56 4 POST-ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND CONTEXT nysrinnnoonad inina RaT S ETa 65 4.1 Summary Of the põst- Roman evidence s..ssisisssasssssstesiosesevenchsncgenchcseasssbassgsodossanneyipencs AA E A S 65 4.2 The post-Roman period: political and archaeological CONtEXt.L. cece essesesesessessesessesessesesssesesesessesesssesesesneaeeneaeenesneaens 66 4-4. “The post-Romian/ Anglo-Saxon: Cemetery .is..ssecoseresssonssvctsasoseessrsoseceshonsossenotiguedionvsscnitessestonssessbonoten shcevedsssedvevevonashs ceebapdocuends 75 4.5 Other post-Romaniactivity it Newcastle siissssississssssssiscscsoncsancucscnotssessssissoanepannenspevessnazipeycassoapansnssapepasnen cnsndocadyenspavsionupaseaen’s 84 4.6 Antiquarian traditions regarding pre-Norman Newcastle sssesseninicienanccnnsonsnnniieinininnnoa naniii 85 4.7 Interpretation of the post-Roman remains: monastery, market or meeting-place? wee eseeeseeesseseeseseeesseseesesteneeteee 87 ASB General discusion e airiai o T E A AA RR R E E OERA 93 S TA EMEDIEVALT TOWN ree ae E A E E A ET E E E E E TA 99 Sol Thé medieval Castle and telated:installations ss sissssssscsesescvetesesesstesvosaspssuevsanepsenuysbeuabenes E 100 52. Governient and EE e CAE E A sderdseastentaessansvesunucteqnsvavtgastaehstesteerdqeeeesarteerureneeettnes 114 53 Fand holdings ennnen asa estasescdogtnon cn nes aponds haosuansnssaganasasaauenap cues cncvap cagsapaosusoasucasiaedacn qnunea cucnsbsagnsuacaavoagunnsaoe uencnenss spcnes 122 5.4 The structure OF the tOWN sssrinin snsgessnas osivvctuncsceseusessy eg benepebanapes sevensvevatuncdevects taaea cbeteniainecteseverivvecteteasnends 124 viii CONTENTS 5:6.

The development and tise of the waterfront .i..csiscissacsesssiocsesssveesovessonestecosarsadeeasededoeneesnsotneponsnssesseaessoseessbésisrzesdvensonsbeensdeies 171 5.7 The Town Wall and town imareiins .cccssssersssessivecacsenssssoveceseiesocscssesecbenstsnsscoedsasiesndecodssssatecesssnveedenstsardesotesesasotecssusaseeaseondbevedsennea 182 38 Thesubui DSa reren enta e e e Arata e R E e a e duate ets 185 6; MEDIEVAL MATERIAL CULTURE specyrijonoriuiri ninina RE RORE riar 199 6.2. Locations of middens and patterns of discard cis sseissetescecsisssssorsssotsasersssseesssesastbessssssssvensoosensnsesetssedésebessdessnnsoersscsonsoteseiers 201 6.3 Pattetns in the consumption OF foódssisirsisiiiir ititi AEE A EEEE EEEa 203 6.5 Fashioning the civic body: identity and the biography of artefacts in medieval Newcastle... 215 7 THE POST MEDIEVAL TOWN nisisiyi cinin NE naei E RENANE RNE 217 7.1 Changed conditions: the pacification of the Border and the growth of the export of coal eee 218 7.2 Changed conditions: the Dissolution and reuse of religious Property eee eeseeeseeseseeseseesseseseseesestsseeseetsseensneetens 219 7.3. Changed conditions: the Established: Churrchi.scscssssssscscscsssssssossesossssososssssosoessoossstnesiorssasvessobssebeasseiosedtistesesteosorsoevssesnrsoessiiess 224 7.4 Changes in the types and patterns of building: houses, shops and the waterfront... eee eeseeseseeeseeeeeenenees 227 7.5 The archaeology of the Civil War and siege Of 1644... scesesesessesneseetsseesesnssesnssesssseeseeessssssesesssateseatsscansscansenaseeags 236 8 POSTE DIE VAL MATERIAL CULTURE varouose iriiritia niii nd s ireto i EEEE EEr EN E E Era 243 8.1. Patterns.of occupation and wealthassnssnigainsiniiiiiiiisiiiiiriiiriiii nana RA EEKi iia 244 8.3 Militaty attetacts from the Civil Wafissenasananenececorenaninennnniede inina nmin anainn ananin 263 9 CONCLUSIONS niniioniriir ini EEEREN TE TERENE ENESENN 265 Refere nGe surorii ataandaa oiae e iiiad ieia ie aE E aiaiai a a iae EEEE 268