Front matter

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DESIGN INTERNATIONAL SERIES

Direction: Silvia Piardi

Part One Exploring grounding and border concepts

1. Designing with Smart Materials. Talking Products, by Marta González Colominas, Martin Andreas Koch, Carlos Salas Munozcano and Laura Cleries

. Experimenting and Hybrid Concepts in Material Design, by Markus Holzbach

3. Bioplastic Robotic Materialization. Design to

robotic production of biodegradable lamps, by Manuel Kretzer and Sina Mostafavi

4. Sustainable Design, biomimicry and biomaterials:

exploring interactivity, connectivity and smartness in nature, by Barbara Pollini

5. The Role of ICS Materials in Materials Libraries:

Weaving Together The Fabric of the Future, by Richard Lombard 6. Intersection of Interaction Design, Crafting and Materiality: Three Case Studies of Digital Craftsmanship, by Vasiliki Tsaknaki

7. Unlocking the Potentials of Underdeveloped Smart Material Composites, by Bahareh Barati and Elvin Karana

Part Two Discovering ICS Materials: Framing the Phenomenon

1. ICS Materiality: the phenomenon of interactive, connected and smart materials as enablers of new materials experiences, by Valentina Rognoli and Stefano Parisi » 2. Mapping ICS Materials: framing the complexity of hybrid material systems, by Stefano Parisi and Venere Ferraro »

Part Three Defininition of advanced methods and scenarios for the application of ICS Materials

1. The Ultra Surfaces Vision, by Marinella Ferrara » 2. ICS Materials for exhibit design, by Davide Spallazzo and Mauro Ceconello » 3. Smart Products & ICS Materials, by laria Vitali, Erika Arcari and Venanzio Arquilla » 4. ICS Materials as new frontier for Wearable technologies, by Venere Ferraro »

5. NautICS Materials: the method in practice,

a workshop for Future Yacht Design,

by Arianna Bionda and Andrea Ratti » 6. Design for ICS Materials. The development

of tools and a method for the inspiration

and ideation phase, by Stefano Parisi

and Valentina Rognoli »

Authors »

ICS Materials’ theoretical background by Valentina Rognoli, Venere Ferraro

1. About ICS Materials Project

In the panorama of contemporary design, there are evident needs strongly conditioned by the technological system characterized by the ubiquity and connectivity of everyday artefacts that create material systems always more Intelligent, Connected and Smart. Designers are asked to imagine new material experiences in daily life, through communicating and interactive devices that will be future everyday objects (Giaccardi, 2015; Giaccardi, 2018; Chuang et al., 2018).

Even the multidisciplinary Human-Computer-Interaction (HCI) community, after having pushed the research towards the dematerialization of technologies, is re-evaluating the significance attributed to the sensory/perceptive involvement with physical matter, promoting the role of materials as a lens (“material lens”) through which looking at the future dynamics of interaction, by recognizing the value of tangible side (Wiber, 2014; ).

In the last few years, new classes of advanced smart materials are emerging, expanding the available domain of materials for design and applications. This evolution is encouraged by a growing technological development that feeds miniaturization of components, such as sensors, microprocessors, and actuators, and allows operating on a micro-and nanoscale (Valgarda et al., 2010; Razzaque et al., 2013). Also, it fuels a continuous democratization process that fosters knowledge sharing, open-source technologies and trans-disciplinary collaborations between design, material science, computer engineering and life sciences, to some extent.

The materials emerging from this conjunction of factors are overpassing conventional smart materials by showing higher degrees of intelligence, thanks to the seamless integration of embedded and seamless technologies that allows them to sense, process and respond to external inputs, and being

We call this novel class of materials as ICS Materials, an acronym for Interactive, Connected and Smart Materials (Rognoli et al., 2017; Ferrara et al., 2018, Parisi et al., 2018 (a); Parisi et al., 2018 (b); Parisi et al., 2020). The concept of ICS Materials leverages the meaning of Material Experience (Karana et al., 2014; Karana and Giaccardi, 2015) that consider the material as “being simultaneously technical and experiential” expanding it to the multidisciplinary context of HCI.

This book aims to disseminate a research project focused on ICS (Interactive, Connected, Smart) Materials and the results of the research concerning this particular typology of design materials. The study, funded by FARB (Fondo di Ateneo per la Ricerca di Base), Politecnico di Milano, and carried out by a multidisciplinary team of researchers of the Department of Design, is situated in the intersection of design, new materials, and interaction, to define and support the theoretical and practical development of such a cutting-edge research area.

The questions the research intended to answer are: how will the everyday objects be in the future? Will they still use the contemporary conventional materials? Will they always have the functional characteristics and the performances sufficient to meet new needs? What will be the material experiences emerging in this context, and how will they evolve in perspective? Are there any methodologies that can facilitate the design process towards meaningful material experiences in the field of design?

With such premises, the research on ICS Materials proposed an adaptation of the traditional methods, skills and knowledge already developed in the field of materials for design. It favours the progressive transition towards an increasingly interactive, connected and smart dimension of design products and services (Wiberg and Robles, 2010; Hummels and Frens, 2008; Zimmerman et al., 2007; Frens, 2006), which unfolds in the IoT, Internet of Things (Kuniavsky, 2010).

The definition of ICS Materials encompasses material systems that are:

e Able to establish a two-way exchange of information with human or non-human entities.

e Linked to another entity or an external source, not only through the internet and digital network.

e Able to respond contextually and reversibly to external stimuli by changing their properties and qualities.

e Programmable, not only through software.

They can do that through the combination of electronic, chemical, mechanical, and biological means. By using integrated and seamless technologies, such materials can be used as reprogrammable material interfaces for many sectors (transportation, consumer electronics, wearables, smart objects, architecture, cultural heritage, etc.), showing enormous potential in terms of customization, sustainability and reduction of resources, and complying with the Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and Industry 4.0.

Throughout a bottom-up approach, labs and companies around the wor- Id are developing samples, demonstrators and prototypes of such materials. There is the necessity to set a boundary and frame the complexity of such phenomenon and critically reflect on their sustainable development, their innovative potentials, and their integration into the industrial framework, the social context, and the design space.

The research here presented contributes to building the foundation of an emerging area of research promising to make research groups and departments more competitive at a national and international level. More investigations require to be addressed for identifying innovative guidelines, scenarios, and methods facilitating the development and integration of advanced hybrid materials systems, considering creativity, manufacturing, sustainability, and application issues.

These innovative tools to approach such emerging materials are a competitive factor in the field of research, education, and industry; in anticipating and facilitating their industrial development, market deployment and spread in the user’s everyday environment, having a social and technological impact.

The results of this research, i.e., knowledge, models, tools, guidelines, scenarios, and method, are expected to benefit and contribute to the transition towards a more resilient, adaptive and connected future. The book means to be a valuable resource for academic researchers, educators, industrial managers, designers, engineers, interaction designers and materials experts, who want to discover more about new materials and technologies and need knowledge and tools for their development and teaching.

The research project was divided into four main stages informed and inspired by the Double Diamond Process Model, i.e., Discover, Define, Develop and Disseminate! (Hunter, 2015).

Following such phases, the results of the research could be framed as follow: e State of the Art about the topic, mapping literature, theoretical concepts

and models, existing best examples and the actors that are involved in the

phenomenon.

! https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/double-diamond-universally-accepted-depiction-design-process

The exploration of the grounding and border disciplines and concepts concerning the new topic of research, thanks to the contribution of international guest experts from education and practice in the fields of Design, New Materials, and Interaction.

Proposes innovative guidelines, techniques and scenarios for the ideation, development and multi-sectors application.

Proposes and applies a new method to ideate the design of such materials for intended application contexts, tested in an innovative format of design education workshop for multidisciplinary students.

2. Contents

The book is shaped into three main sections by giving a general overview of the research’s findings.

In the first part, external guest authors are called to contribute by bringing their research topics as grounding or border notions to the research project. Some of the authors already presented their contents during a series of open lectures organized by the research team in 2017-2018, such as:

Gaia Crippa, Senior CMF Designer and Materials Specialist at Chris Lefteri Design, London, UK: The new material experience. Interactive, connected and smart materials.

Daniela Petrelli, PhD, Professor of Interaction Design at the Art & Design, Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, UK: Arguing the case for holistic design. Unpacking the relationship between materials and interactive experience.

Barbara Pollini, PhD Student at Polimi and Sustainable designer and professor in Materials and new technologies for the project innovation at Naba Design University, Milan, Italy: Sustainable design and biomaterials. Exploring interactivity, connectivity and smartness in nature. Marta Gonzalez Colominas, PhD, Coordinator of the Materials and Sustainability area for the Degree in Engineering in Industrial Design at ELISAVA, Barcelona, Spain: Smart materials driven design. Design to achieve dynamic experiences.

Oscar Tomico, PhD, Head of Studies of the Degree in Engineering in Industrial Design at ELISAVA, Barcelona, Spain: Designing for soft interaction. Designing products that are worn (everyday).

Vasiliki Tsaknaki, PhD, interaction designer and crafter, teaching at KTH Royal Institute of Technology at the department of Media Techno-

10 Copyright © 2021 by FrancoAngeli s.r.l., Milano, Italy. ISBN 9788835115649 logy and Interaction Design: Exploring materials and making processes of computational artefacts, through studio craft practices.

e Manuela Celi, PhD, Associate Professor at the Design Department, Politecnico di Milano, Italy: Exploring the futures. How design shapes next directions.

e Seetal Solanki, Founder and Creative Director of Ma-tt-er, London, UK: How materials matter. The past, present and future of ICS Materials.

e Manuel Kretzer, PhD, Professor for Material and Technology in Design, Dessau Department of Design, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Founder of Materiability. Partner at Responsive Design Studio: Materiability. Educating smart materials for design and architecture.

e Maurizio Montalti, Designer / Researcher / Educator / Entrepreneur | Founder&Director @Officina Corpuscoli | Co-founder & Director @ mogu: Growing design & growing materials. The everyday practice, its outcomes and opportunities and the related implications.

Seven chapters constitute the first section of this book and will guide the reader into the understanding of the vast panorama that examines the intersection between materials, technology and digitization.

In the first chapter, a case study developed inside Elisava will show how engaging interaction through smart materials and a sensory language by using Smart Material Driven Design Method. While, in the second one, experimental case studies using interdisciplinary processes deploy the increasing overlapping of the digital with the real/hybrid materials proving that there are no classical categories to associate to the materials anymore.

Further, the book will give a hint on the topic of sustainability. It does it through two more chapters respectively dedicated to bioplastic and robotic fabrication describing customized methods of fabrication, parametric design modelling and the potentials of do it yourself (DIY) bioplastic in combination with cutting edge robotic fabrication. Case studies on biomimicry, bio fabrication, biomaterials, biodesign by using co-participated design activities with living organisms, will be presented.

Besides, three case studies related to digital craftsmanship, practices that combine physical with computational materials will be described by highlighting future scenarios such as sustainable practice and the value of craft, the sensorial and the impermanent aspects of craft materials, and program smart materials.

After that, there is a chapter focused on Light. Touch. Matters (LTM) project’, a collaboration between designers and materials scientists aimed at

? https://www.tudelft.nl/en/ide/research/research-labs/emerging-materials-lab/lighttouchmatters/ ll Copyright © 2021 by FrancoAngeli s.r.l., Milano, Italy. ISBN 9788835115649 providing insight related to underdeveloped smart materials composites, and how to facilitate communication between designer and materials scientists and the importance of experience prototyping.

Finally, the first section concludes with a chapter that will instead exploit the meaning, opportunity and potentiality to really know materials through materials libraries: an example of how organizing an ICS Material collection in functional groups (composites and wearable) will be provided.

The second section of the book will present the State of the Art and the map of the ICS Materials phenomenon. In the first chapter, the definition of the phenomenon of ICS Materials as the main output of the research, is described and contextualized. In this chapter, the notion of Materials Experience is explained and used as a lens to interpret ICS Materials. The experiential patterns that ICS Materials enable and imply are presented and discussed.

In the second and the last one, a map of materials and a map of practices are presented. The main sub-classifications of ICS Materials according to their complexity degree and behaviours, are here provided.

In the third section of the book, the researchers taking part into the research project focused on anticipating scenarios for the development and integration of ICS Materials in their research areas, addressing the multidisciplinary dimension and impact of the project. Different sectors of application will be addressed, such as: Material surfaces industry; Exhibition and Smart Environments; Transportation, in particular, the Nautical sector; smart objects, in particular, advanced home appliances; Wearable Technologies. For each area, state of the art, case studies from research and education activities and future scenarios will be presented. This, to set the potentials and limits of the application of ICS Materials in that specific industrial area and design space. In this part, the participants to the project used the meaning and classification of ICS materials, considered as the main result of the project itself and they utilise it in different fields of application and design workshops with students with diverse backgrounds, including engineering, design and architecture.

The first chapter of this part describes five scenarios of visions developed during the workshop Ultrasurfaces. The meaning of the term utrasurface as a sensorial interaction with the surface (today’s relationship between phy sical and digital) will be given, the added value of the electronics augmentation, merging physical matter with data worlds without the need of keyboards, buttons or touchscreens, multisensory stimulation will be provided.

Afterwards, four chapters will go through the use of ICS Materials in (i) exhibition, (11) smart products, (iii) wearables and (iv) yacht design:

e The use of technologies in museums, smart materials in the exhibit design field (3 dimensions: exhibition space, the cultural assets, the visitors) will point out the need of interaction both at the micro and macro level and the conception of the exhibition space as an ever-changing organism.

e The chapter will give an overview of the concept of smartness (smart qualities), smart product (3 categories), limits and opportunities of ICS materials for intelligent products, the most formidable challenge of standardization of smart materials and exciting opportunities in extra small and extra-large scales of applications.

e The description of a new class of electronic devices: stretchable electronics, will be highlighted. The need for lighter and more flexible materials for wearable design will be explained through the connection between wearable technologies and ICS Materials.

e The trend of full sensory experience in yacht design (part of the luxury design), a new practice of interaction between the yacht, the sea, and human behaviour, will be framed. In this case, the results of 5 workshops “Design for NautICS Materials” related to the use of ICS Materials for yacht design are presented..

At the end of the book, a survey on Materials Design methods and tools is presented to depict their limits and potentials, to introduce the ‘Design for ICS Materials’ approach. The methodology and its supporting tools and activities are here described.

3. Final Remark

The international scientific community agrees that materials are a key element for designing products, interfaces, furniture etc. Indeed materials are, on the one hand, the shape of which every artefact is made up of and, on the other one, a medium between the user and the surrounded by creating innovation that encompasses new languages, meanings and experiences (Karana et al., 2014).

Nowadays, emerging technologies are changing the way the human being lives, thinks, communicates and interacts with each other by imposing researchers, designers and practitioners to investigate the new way the materials will be studied, shaped and consequently experienced.

The rapid spreading and development of Internet of Things (IoT) smart products and interfaces, the responsive environment is adding new dimensions to humans everyday life: smartness, connectivity and interactivity.

This book centres the attention on the way materials are evolving by embracing these three layers focusing on a new class of Materials named ICS Materials.

Authors and contributors of this book explore the role of this new class of materials in the world of always evolving artefacts by reasoning on their unique performance, aesthetic and meaning, sensorial experience and mostly on the latest methods and tools to be used by designers in order to design with and for ICS Materials.

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ICS Materials

About this book

Front matter

Part One Exploring grounding and border concepts

Part Two Discovering ICS Materials: Framing the Phenomenon

The end

ICS Materials

About this book

Front matter

Part One Exploring grounding and border concepts

Part Two Discovering ICS Materials: Framing the Phenomenon

The end

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