Aviation Noise Impact Management

Front matter

Laurent Leylekian Alexandra Covrig Alena Maximova Editors l Aviation Noise Impact Management

Technologies, Regulations, and Societal Well-being in Europe

G) Springer

Foreword

Aviation is a key sector for the European Union’s economy, promoting a safe means of transport and connectivity within the Union and globally. Despite the significant progress made in the reduction of CO2, non-CO z and noise emissions due to technological and operational advancements, aviation is still faced with big challenges regarding the reduction of its ecological impact, mainly due to its sustained growth globally. Priorities include, beyond reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving local air quality, also reducing noise and the number of people severely impacted by it. The European Commission is working on the development of relevant initiatives to address the ecological impact of aviation, including noise, with the European Green Deal, the Fit for 55 package, the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy and the Zero Pollution Action Plan.

The Commission supports thus the Aviation Noise Impact Management through novel Approaches (ANIMA) project, which seeks to directly improve the lives of people affected by aviation noise whilst also supporting policy-makers, researchers and airport managers to make better decisions, which balance economic and regulatory requirements to achieve the best outcomes for everyone. Effective coordination between stakeholders is of the utmost importance to build on existing measures and address the environmental challenges, thus ensuring the long-term success of the aviation sector.

The book on Aviation Noise Impact Management: Technologies, Regulations, and Societal Well-being in Europe introduces a panorama of knowledge and expertise on aircraft noise and on the impact of aviation. Building upon past research and covering aspects such as the historical European efforts to reduce aircraft noise, the balanced approach as defined by ICAO and presented in European Regulation, vi Foreword assessment strategies of annoyance and noise metrics and the ways of engaging affected communities, this book gives a contribution to a better understanding of what is at stake.

Rosalinde van der Vlies

Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (RTD) Director—Clean Planet

Brussels, Belgium

Filip Cornelis

Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (MOVE) Director—Aviation

Brussels, Belgium

Preface

Air transport is a key sector for the European Union and for the world at large. If societies and economies are now so deeply connected, and if prosperity is better shared, it may be due to the expansion of information technologies and associated services, but it is also certainly due to the democratisation of rapid, efficient and affordable transports, among which aviation plays a prominent role. In this framework, many European citizens may have some mixed feelings on air transport. On the one hand, we collectively acknowledge how crucial is the associated industry and many of us are therefore unequivocally supporting research and technology that reinforce the competitiveness of the European industry and the subsequent EU wealth and global leadership in this sector. However, on the other hand, we are also very concerned by our quality of life and many of us are therefore keen to lower the negative impact that aviation may have in terms of noise and pollution, especially for communities neighbouring airports.

Competitiveness and impact on people were already the two sources, which inspired Horizon 2020, the finishing Framework Programme for Research and Technology of the European Commission. The Green Deal, for instance, testifies this will put innovation at the service of a better environment. This focus on impact is even reinforced in Horizon Europe, the new Framework Programme for Research and Technology with, for instance, a deep effort to convert our societies to low-carbon economies.

The ANIMA project plays a special role in these overall considerations. It is pioneering an inclusive approach striving to address the impact of aviation noise on people—called the community noise—by associating many different stakeholders from the aviation industry to urban planners, psychologists and sociologists and with the help of SMES and research centres. ANIMA is therefore not focused on reducing noise at source but rather on mitigating and on managing the wide set of noise impacts: annoyance, awakening, social fairness, psychological and physiological health impacts. This project complements more traditional and technological approaches aiming to reduce noise at source (through noise reduction technologies, disruptive aircraft architectures, noise abatement procedures) that we are also

Vii viii Preface supporting. ANIMA is therefore not a stand-alone project but a specific and remarkable one with an ecosystem of other research projects with which it is in constant exchange.

The present book on Aviation Noise Impact Management: Technologies, Regulations, and Societal Well-being in Europe thus introduces a panorama of knowledge and expertise on aircraft noise and on the impact of aviation. Beyond ANIMA, it is compiling years of research with a focus on impact and on the latest findings from ANIMA. It illustrates how complex the issue may be in a heavily regulated sector but where regulations come from various levels of authorities; where actors who may know what to do are sometimes not those entitled to do something; where some goodwill initiatives may not meet the communities’ expectations; where a huge variety of issues and cases experienced by people may be hidden behind the too vague wording of “annoyance”; where claimed problems may cover implicit or unclaimed ones; where the impact of some initiatives is just not well-known by their promoters or not well-perceived by their supposed beneficiaries or not enough monitored.

Finding a solution is highly challenging in such a context, and indeed, ANIMA along with findings from other projects shows that there is no such thing as a one-fitsall solution. First because what could be a solution around a given airport with some traffic pattern may not be a solution for another place with different traffic. Second because even with similar traffic characteristics, cultural differences may lead to different appreciation here and there. Last, because a solution that may please some stakeholders—for instance, individuals aspiring to respite—will displease some others—for instance, the very same individuals are demanding to have a low-cost flight the day they want or expecting an item they just ordered online to be delivered as soon as possible.

Fortunately, if there is no solution, ANIMA shows that some consensus may however be reached by local stakeholders, providing that they will follow some methodological approach. This methodology is substantiated by several illustrated case studies exemplifying what could be done and what should be avoided. What are the key elements put forward by the project and by this book?

Indeed, they seem to be common sense: first, stakeholders must identify their needs. Why do they want to improve the situation? What is at stake? Which indicators they agree to monitor either to evidence the issue or to follow any evolution? Then they must choose some options to address the identified issue, and they must define how they will practically implement these options. Last, they must agree on the feedback process, which will actually show (or not) any progress and will eventually help to define new objectives. Once again, it may seem common sense but it is probably not blatant as these simple prescriptions are sometimes not obeyed and as so many goodwill initiatives are thereby failing. Indeed, the very first step is about dialogue between all the stakeholders and about the conditions for a fair and fruitful dialogue. Ultimately, it, therefore, appears that the problem of aviation noise is first and furthermost a problem of local democracy.

Certainly, there is room for new studies, new research and new findings. The aviation research community—with the strong support of the European Commission expressed through Horizon Europe—will do its best to initiate new research projects

Preface ix that will put human beings at the core of their objectives. But beyond research, it is certainly time to act yet. Our wishes would be granted if airports and authorities that would like to improve their local situation would consider findings exposed in this book and would adapt methods and tools it exposes. When it turns to aviation, a key sector for the EU global leadership conjugating the high competitiveness of our aviation industry with the most advanced living standards for our citizens is certainly at this price.

È

Palaiseau, France Laurent Leylekian Coordinator of the ANIMA Project

Acknowledgements

The authors of this book and the guest editors would like to express their warmest thanks to Ms. Jordis Wothge, Mr. Sam Hartley and Mr. Tim Johnson, who performed a careful and fruitful review of the work introduced therein.

This book refers to numerous projects granted by the European Union under its successive Framework Programme for research and innovation. The authors and guest editors of this book would like to acknowledge the contribution of the following projects:

ANIMA has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 769627.

AERIALIST has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 723367.

AERONET has received funding from the European Union’s Fourth Programme for specific research and technological development under grant agreement No. BRRT975013.

AFLONEXT has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No. 604013.

AGAPE has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration activities under grant agreement No. 625691.

ANNA is a global informal working group interested in non-acoustical factors of aircraft noise. Several meetings of this group were sponsored by X-NOISE and ANIMA projects.

xi xii Acknowledgements

ARTEM has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 769350.

CALM has received funding from the European Union’s Sixth Framework Programme for research under grant agreement No. 516237.

CANNAPE has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 284663.

CIRRUS has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 886554.

CLEAN SKY and CLEAN SKY 2 are joint undertakings having received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme for research and innovation and the aeronautics industry under several grants.

COBRA has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 605379.

COOPERATEUS has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 265211.

COSMA has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No. 234118.

DJINN has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 861438.

DREAM has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 211861.

ECATS has received funding from the European Union’s Sixth Research Framework Programme under grant agreement No. 12284.

ENODISE has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 860103.

ENOVAL has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No. 604999.

FLOCON has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 213411.

FLYSAFE has received funding from the European Union’s Sixth Research Framework Programme under grant agreement No. 516167.

Acknowledgements xiii

FORUM-AE has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 605506.

ICARe has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 769512.

InnoSTAT has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 865007.

INSPIRE has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 717228.

INVENTOR has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 860538.

JERONIMO has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 314692.

NACRE has received funding from the European Union’s Sixth Research Framework Programme under grant agreement No. 516068.

NINHA has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 266046.

OPENAIR has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 234313.

OPTI has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 265416.

ORINOCO has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 266103.

PARE has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 769220.

PARSIFAL has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 723149.

PropMat has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 680954.

RECORD has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 312444.

xiv Acknowledgements

ROSAS has received funding from the European Union’s Fifth Framework Programme under grant agreement No. G4RD-CT-2001-00633.

RUMBLE has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 769896.

SALUTE has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 821093.

SCONE has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 755543.

SEFA has received funding from the European Union’s Sixth Research Framework Programme under grant agreement No. 502865.

SENECA has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101006742.

SESAR is funded by the European Union, Eurocontrol and industry partners.

SILENCE(R) has received funding from the European Union’s Fifth Framework Programme under grant agreement No. G4RD-CT-2001-00500.

SOURDINE II has received funding from the European Union’s Fifth Framework Programme under grant agreement No. 11011.

SUNJET has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 640480.

TEAM_PLAY has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 266465.

TEENI has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 212367.

TurboNoiseBB has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 690714.

VALIANT has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 233680.

VITAL has received funding from the European Union’s Sixth Research Framework Programme under grant agreement No. 12271.

X-NOISE has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Specific Programme “Cooperation”: Transport (including Aeronautics) under grant agreement No. 265943.