Responsive Human Rights

Front matter

Helurts

RESPONSIVE HUMAN RIGHTS

This open access book asks, who is a vulnerable person in human rights law?

Contents

Acknowledgements ciscscccssssessssescesssasvvvcsecarsosesnsasstsosacesansedesssanstesassscest sastenn cases i v

List Of Figures eusinedutenninra iiaiai a Ra R ix

List Of Abbreviations maniniiansinivsnninninnuniianiiaonininnaniianin aii xi

Part II Mapping The Court’s Approach To Vulnerability

3. A Typology of the Court’s Approach to Vulnerability under Chapter Summary

I. Overview: A Typology and Distribution of References... 31 II. Dependency-based Vulnerability... cesses eesseesneeseeseeesnesneennees 40 III. Vulnerability Due to State Control oo... eeees sees eesstesneeseeseeseeene 62 IV. Vulnerability Due to Victimisation ..0.... ieee essences nesses 81 V. Vulnerability in the Context of Migration... cesses 91 viii Contents

X. Underexplored Sources of Vulnerability

4. The Growth and Impact of Vulnerability Reasoning «0.000.000 121 Chapter Summarys aeniea aa stuesdsctescseceisonsetis 121 II. The Effects of Vulnerability under Article 3 ECHR... ieee 124 5. Evaluation of the Court’s Approach in Practice... eects 143 Chapter Summarys naa ebasae’, dest esecbesssbdvencyscssbsepiontasesasnsdgcssties 143 I. Vulnerability as a Vehicle of Exclusion and Inclusion... 143 PART III

CONTEXTUALISING AND CRITIQUING THE COURT’S APPROACH 6. Situating Vulnerability Reasoning in a Broader Context... 151 Chapter Summa ¥inisc:ssscsssdscssssiscasevacssssssstvcassssassesseniecuscbaetssstbstvcanesashedesdsavensesaatea 151 I. Vulnerability and Other Human Rights Bodies... 151 II. Vulnerability and the Context of Minority Rights «0.0... 153

7. Vulnerability Deciphered - Human Dignity, Substantive Equality and Judicial Empathy

Chapter Summar yrs. ciccssseccadssconsessasnscstencsocuvanseceedes onsets easstncvedsvanss steceasorsepsacens I. On Human Dignity and Vulnerability... .ccccceseeeseeseeseeseeseesneees 161 II. On Vulnerability, Justice and Equality 0.0.0... eeeeseesees nesses 172 III. On the Court's ‘Legitimacy’ and Judicial Empathy ....0... eee 188 IV. Interim Conclusion: Synthesising a Coherent Theory Of Ville rabilityicss.s.csccsssscscsiacessessssuestasencctussaesasusbactsscsssssastascdessnsesvonsetvests 203

8. Conclusion - A Framework for Using Vulnerability under

Courts Approach sissicicsccesecdaccesetascseieciatcnselanccesesactenastadteedandciensotaateeiviectes 204

III. Revolutionising the Revolution: Vulnerability Theory and its Guidance for the Court... esses 225 IV. Final Thoughts danaa ai aai 229 A Note on Methodology. ssc scsiccscscsisssesessescisdesencascsiencesdessseasevaessiebatscaseviencdetvaaneaseniens 231

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 References to Vulnerability under Article 3 ECHR

AS OF 28 February 2019). iscrscecccsvssesesiesssorasessetsoshisescesustedenieseastasesiesuastastes 39 Figure 4.1 Number of References to Vulnerability by the Court under Article 3 (2009-beginning Of 2019)... 122

Figure 4.2 Violation of Article 3 Judgments Using Vulnerability, and Overall, as of 1 January 2019, by Year... eceseseesessseesneesens 123

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CAT UN Committee against Torture CCPR Human Rights Committee CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination

Against Women, 1249 UNTS 13, 18 December 1979, New York, in force since 3 September 1981, 189 states parties

CESCR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

CETS Council of Europe Treaty Series

CIA United States Central Intelligence Agency

CPT European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1577 UNTS 3, 20 November 1989, New York, in force since 2 September 1990, 196 states parties

CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2515 UNTS 3, 13 December 2006, New York, in force since 3 May 2008, 167 states parties

CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe

ECHR Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols nos. 11 and 14, supplemented by Protocols nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 12 and 13, ETS 5, Rome, 4 November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953, 47 states parties

ECRI European Committee against Racism and Intolerance ECSR European Committee of Social Rights

ECtHR European Court of Human Rights (also termed ‘the Court’) ESC European Social Charter

ETS European Treaty Series

EU European Union xii List of Abbreviations

FCNM

GC HRC ICC ICCPR

ICESCR

ICJ ICTR ICTY IDT ILC OAS OAU OHCHR OSCE PACE UDHR

UNCAT

UNGA UNTS WHO

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, ETS 157, Strasbourg, 1 February 1995, in force since 1 February 1998, 39 states parties

Grand Chamber UN Human Rights Committee International Criminal Court

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 999 UNTS 171, New York, 16 December 1966, in force since 23 March 1976, 168 states parties

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 993 UNTS 3, New York, 19 December 1966, in force since 3 January 1976, 164 states parties

International Court of Justice of the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Inhuman and degrading treatment

International Law Commission

Organization of American States

Organization of African Unity

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe

UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UNGA Res. 217 A (III) 10 December 1948

UN Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1465 UNTS 85, 10 December 1984, in force since 26 June 1987, 160 states parties

General Assembly United Nations Treaty Series World Health Organization