Cycling Pathways

Front matter

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Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations List of Figures and Tables

Introduction Introducing Cycling Governance Taking Stock of Cycling History Locating Cycling Governance: Sources and Methods

Part | Roots: How Commuter and Recreational Cycling Became a Dutch Public Good, 1880s-1940s

Part II Divergence: How Dutch Cycling Policy and Practice Persevered, 1950s-1970s 3 A Right to Recreation: Provincial Policymakers Design

Cycling Networks 133 3.1 Pioneering Recreational Cycling Governance in the 1940s 135 3.2 Pioneering Provincial Cycling Governance in Drenthe and Zuid-Holland 138 3.3 1960s National Subsidies for Recreational Cycling 149 3.4 Conclusion 152

4 Popular or Outdated? National Policymakers’ Ambivalence about Bicycles 155 4.1 Dutch Cycling’s Staying Power from an International Perspec-

tive 156 4.2 Ambiguities and Continuities 162 43 ANWB Expands its Role as an Expert Organization 171 4.4 Conclusion 180

5 An Accident of History: How Mopeds Boosted Dutch Cycling

Infrastructure 183

5.1 Mopeds Widen Citizens’ Action Radius 184

5.2 Sharing the Cycling Path 188

5.3 Framing Mopeds and Cycling Paths 192

5.4 How Mopeds Boosted Cycling Path Construction 198

5.5 Conclusion 203 Conclusion Part II 205 Part Ill

Dutch Model: How Urban Cycling Became a National Political Demand after 1970

6 Citizen Expertise: Urban Activism Shapes Local Cycling Policy in the 1970s 217 61 Early Cycling Activism: Goals and Methods, 1965-1975 221 6.2 User Expertise and Cycling Infrastructure: Cyclists’ Union Activism, 1975-1985 238

6.3 Working with the Government: Activists and Cycling Governance 253 6.4 Conclusion 263

7 Catching Up: The State Acknowledges Urban Cycling as

Public Good, 1975-1990 267 71 Expanding National Cycling Governance, 1975-1985 268 7.2 Frictions and Distrust: Struggles with Multi-Level Cycling Governance 280 7.3 Governing the Redistribution of Urban Road Space 290

7.4 Decentralizing Cycling Governance (Once Again), 1985-1990 299 7.5 Conclusion 304

8 Self-Evident: Mainstreaming Cycling Policy and Practice since 1990 307 8.1 National Government Settles on Expert Role 308 8.2 Provinces and Municipalities Double Down 321 8.3 Cyclists’ Union Professionalizes Further 328 8.4 Conclusion 332 Conclusion Part III 335 Conclusion 339 Explaining Dutch Cycling Success 339 Making the Case for Cycling Infrastructure 342 Turning Beliefs into Infrastructure 348 Contributions, Limitations, and Further Research 355 Appendix1 361 Appendix 2 363 Appendix 3 369 Bibliography 371

Index 401

List of Abbreviations

Archives

AE Archief Eemland

BHIC Brabants Historisch Informatie Centrum

DA Drents Archief

GA Gelders Archief

GAA Gemeentearchief Amsterdam

GADH Gemeentearchief Den Haag

GAZ Gemeenterachief Zeist

HCO Historisch Centrum Overijssel

HGA Haags Gemeentearchief

HUA Het Utrechts Archief

NA Nationaal Archief

NHA Noord-Hollands Archief

RHCE Regionaal Historisch Centrum Eindhoven

Organizations

ANWB Algemene Nederlandsche Wielrijders-Bond Dutch Cyclists’ Association [Nowadays Royal Dutch Touring Club ANWB}

BOVAG Bond van Automobielhandelaren en Garagehouders Federation of Car Dealers and Garage Owners

COW Commissie van Overleg voor de Wegen Consultation on Roads Committee

CRM Ministerie van Cultuur, Recreatie en Maatschappelijk Werk Ministry of Culture, Recreation and Social Work

CROW Centrum voor Regelgeving en Onderzoek in de Grond-, Wateren Wegenbouw en de Verkeerstechniek Centre for Regulations and Research in Civil and Traffic Engineering

EMO Eindhoven met Omstreken Cycling Path Organization Eindhoven and surroundings

ENFB Echte Nederlandse Fietsersbond Real Dutch Cyclists’ Union

ENWB Enige Echte Nederlandse Wielrijdersbond Only Real Dutch Cyclists’ Union

FB Fietsersbond

Cyclists’ Union

Federatie van Nederlandse Rijwielpadverenigingen Federation of Dutch Cycling Path Organizations Interprovinciaal Overleg

Inter-Provincial Consultation

Koninklijk Nederlands Landbouwcomité

Royal Dutch Agriculture Committee

Nederlandsche Vereniging voor Autosnelwegen

Dutch Highway Organization

Nederlands Instituut voor Volkshuisvesting en Stedebouw Dutch Institute for Public Housing and Urban Development Nederlandse ToerFiets Unie

Dutch Touring Bike Federation

Nederlandsche Unie van Chauffeurs en overig Automobielpersoneel

Dutch Union of Drivers and other Automotive Personnel Provinciale Planologische Dienst

Provincial Spatial Planning Office

Provinciale Waterstaat

Provincial Public Works Administration

Rijwiel- en Automobiel Industrie

Car and Bicycle Industry

Rijkswaterstaat

National Public Works Administration

Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid Road Safety Research Foundation

Utrecht met Omstreken

Cycling Path Organization Utrecht and surroundings Vereniging van Nederlandse Gemeenten

Association of Dutch Municipalities

Veilig Verkeer Nederland

Safe Traffic the Netherlands

Vereniging voor Vreemdelingenverkeer

Dutch Tourist Information

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 13

Other Abbreviations BDU Brede Doeluitkering

Broad Special-Purpose Grant GDU Gebundelde Doeluitkering

Combined Special-Purpose Grant

RONA Richtlijnen Ontwerp Niet-Autosnelwegen Design Guidelines Non-Motorways

VERDI Verkeer en Vervoer: Regionaal, Decentraal, Integraal Traffic and Transport: Regional, Decentral, Integral

List of Figures and Tables

Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15

Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33

Graph Trend Lines of Cycling

ANWB Tourist Cycling Map, 1928 UMO Cycling Path

Graph Gooi en Eemland Expenses Graph Gooi en Eemland Income Bicycle Tax Personalized Tax Sign Bicycle Tax Cartoon, 1924

Separate Cycling Path, c. 1930

Road Profile Engineering Norm, c. 1927 Adjacent Cycling Path, c. 1930

Urban Cycling Traffic Utrecht, 1931 Cycling Path Drenthe, 1965

Queen Juliana Cycling, 1975

Map Zuid-Holland Cycling Paths, c. 1959

Graph Funding & Construction Zuid-Holland Cycling

Paths

Urban Cycling Traffic Utrecht, c. 1950 ANWB Junction Design, 1975

Moped Riders Utrecht, c. 1960

Cycling Path Sign

Cycling Path Rhenen, c. 1955

Urban Cycling Traffic Utrecht, 1968

Graph Child Traffic Fatalities

Graph Cyclist Traffic Fatalities Schoolchildren’s Cycling Protest, 1978

Stop the Child Murder Protest, 1974 Dooievaar Activists, c. 1974

Graph National Road Fund Cycling Subsidies Graph National Road Fund Highway Budget Cycling Path Construction Norms Maximum Speed Protest, 1980

Cycling Tunnel

Wind Protection Screen Experiment, c. 1992 Bicycle Parking Utrecht Central Station, 2009

Tables

Table 1 Members Roads Consultation Committee (COW) 103 Table2 Overview Type of Cycling Infrastructure, c. 1942 169 Table3 Overview Type of Cycling Infrastructure, c. 1983 171 Table 4 Moped Ownership in Europe, 1958 186 Table 5 Initiators Cyclists’ Union, 1975 239 Table 6 Cycling Subsidies, 1975-1980 289

Table 7 Total Cycling Investments Major Roads, 1975-1985 289