How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries?

Front matter

How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries?

A Practical Guide

Samiran Nundy Atul Kakar Zulfiqar A. Bhutta

Part I Introduction

1:1 What Is Acadenne Memhome? ssonrcieeiniroiakesioineikisdet 1.3 How Can Physicians Help Address Social Determinants

1.5 What Can Be the Role of Academic Medicine in Addressing

1.6 Boyer’s Principles of Academic Scholarship, Academic Medicine, 17 What Is the Way Forward? i245 2250402 sa b00 sabi dudneeet wads

Part II Background

2.1 What ls Academe Medicine? |: 5.2 624656 (6860430 b0taand tkani 2ay Concise 24.52662e5is00h00606b86ei eee ESERIES ER OE ES [Cds kis} eis) ee ee eee EE ee kee en eee ree ee mee ee

3 Overcoming the Initial Barriers to Publication

XV

3.4 Should Faculty and Students from All Medical Colleges Pul h pide Does this Not Detract from Patient Care

21 i 22 3.6 the Main Reason for the Surge i in iene Numbers? pinkecieomy. lead a7 £ iets Ne E zp et I he Health Issues to

3.8 What re the — Sane to Quality Publication Output from India?. 0 cscccciaccadn ekedo cawews piediaekéwiomay A 3.9 How Cana Clinician Take Out Time from His/Her

When Should We Start Doing Research and Publishing Papers? . . 31 4.1 Is Research ari] Taught in the raadi Syllabus? .. 31

4.2 32 43 33

4.4 What pe the ae of ens hiang Post- Cuadantion?, 34 45 pide Can" We Increase the Shana Based Research

4.6 Are” There re Any J ' oumals That Publish Papers Dikeoted

4.7

4.8 a sack vesstscucesccac, 36 i as? : 3 f 43 5.7 How Can Commonly Available Data Help in Research’. . E AE a . vca nes eens eeen E ee ee en eee ae odes 6 The Status of Biomedical Research in Some Developing Countries . . 6.2 Which Continent Produces the Largest Niunuber of Reseach Papers? si .90c4090i GG bisce arse dbaseaedeawigwen Go LANAI ofkundaagade see niece des agdoseun 6.3.1 How Can the Developing Nations from Latia America Pe DNAd eying ire eiua aeg 6.3.2 Has There Been a Recent Increase in Biomedical 6.3.4 Who Are the Regional Leaders Among the Latin

6.4.2 6.4.3

6.5.3

Is There Any Data from ‘he Medior Development

Are There Any Spalis That Are Praising

What Is the Reason for the kos Yisibility v

Latin American Journals? s.iccricsirsrsscsrercsse bie

What are o the Other Reasons for the aw Scientific

Hs Open reer J veal the Way Recent for Latin AMenea? 066s cdcde dan ieesad weadanewek enue is It True That Africa’ s Research Output Has Increased? . . .

What Are the Factors Contributing to

What Could Be the Key Coaunibutoe to This

What Is the African Index Medicus? EA eer eee TETT

What Are the Top Diseases for which Research

Is Going On In ARTiCA? sssri ede as nee a bawenan wenn tisa Go Ae oo sa See hk ee EAL A oea tendons

East Asian Countries According to the Human

Development Index 5.2.4 c1dssacerecdiandewednor enna

What Is the Research Output from South

Asian Countries? ..5ciscacdaeu ski w ed did adaeeneenens

Can India Be the Leader in South Asian Health Care xvii xviii

6.5.4 Among All the Developing Countries Where Does 6.5.3 Ís Collaborative Work on ‘Research the Way Forward

Part III How to Plan a Study?

71 What Téa Research Question? .54ocseqewsboctvenereasesednes 7.3 Some Consider the FINER ‘MAPS’ to Be a More

ere hi oh eh Rabe Beds eae ba ee SS

5.3 Whial Isa Deseripive Swdy?. ic iie ded ew bedd Sok vee ee oer 86 What Isa Case-Control Study? .icisccaisoisaeasiianseiacaa 8.12 What Are the Standards of Research and Reporting? enews 5.13 Conclusions eirircrrissiresi irkaii ton diet paieti iis [IX tote i eto Se ae ae eae eer re eee ee EA ee re ee ree g, 2. 1 Example 1: Haw to Taleus the Sone Size 9.3 Liges My Sample Size Change When Sampling Is Done

9.3.1 Example 2: How to Calculate the Sample Size 9.3.2 Example 3: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Sensitivity and Specificity of a Diagnostic Ie egiren raae a S xix 9.3.3 How to Calculate the Sample Size in an Analytical Study?. . P 86 9.3.4 Example 3: How to Calculate the Sample Size 9.3.5 Example 4: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two (Unpaired) Means in Two Populations?. . 88 9.3.6 Example 5: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two 88 9.4 Which Are the Free Websites /Software/Apps for Sample 9.5 Which Are Commercial Software Available for Sample 9.6 How Can I Determine Sample Sizes for Diagnostic Test Studies? . 92 10.1.1 WhatAre Data? ioscsiresrrevesrsvserisrekroses 96 10.1.3. What Are the Different Scales of Variable Measurement? 4c icsuoisvasiveandeavans 96 10.1.6 What Is a Measure of Central Tendency and What Are the Various Measures of Central paises 10.1.7 What Is Dispersion or Variability in a Data Set aol 10.1.8 What Is Meant by the Diario Of Datel 4 a<skadsas 102 10.1.12 Is There Any Relationship Between Skewness and the Three Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode)? .2.624 ..002c0a00ea000% 105 10.1.14 Why Do Outliers Occur? .... 0... eee eee 106 10.1.18 What Is the Difference Between a Panina a e A E TTT LOR 10.1.19 What Are Inferential Methods? Leeturseethenawann ee 108

10.1.20 What Are Inferential Methods for Propolis; seess 108

XX

10.1.23 What Are the Assumptions of the St esi 10.1.24 wha Are the Tests Used for Testing the Nort

10.1.25

10.1.26 What pa t Null and Alternative Typotheses? . 111 10.1.27 What Errors Do We Make While Testing oo er ee ee ree eee pepee MII 10.1.28 1 10.1.29 10.1.30 10.1.31 10.1.32 10.1.33 What p h Most Common Misinterpretations Gl Me PVE? 26555 conie aaa taaierehenees penkete MA 10.1.34 What Is the New Interpretation of the p- aos 10.1.35 What Are the Six Principles Suggested by the American Statistical Association (2016) CUD VAMUGS? erario aaa tena EE EPLER 115 10.1.36 Is a Very Low p-Value Indicative of a Late ESIE eaa AA a Eai rere eer 115 ae e PEETI TT LEPET EIERE I EPT TTIE TIPET TETT E 11.1 What Is the Difference Between a Retrospective and 11.2 What Is a Cross-Sectional Study? . Tite asp togiar Sab Oianseeesad 117 11.7 What Is an Equivalence, Superiority, or a Noninferiority Trial? ... 119 11.8.1 What Are the Common Methods of Random Sampling? .. 119 11.8.2 How to Perform Randomization in Real 11.8.3 What Are the Determinants of an Adegi 11.9 Questions and Answers Related to the Diagnostic Ability Validity Of a Test .s0.440cssnicsactseavabycuciaeene 122

11.10 ¢

11.11

11.9.3 What Are Li

11.9.4 What Is a Diag

11.9.5 What Is th č

i ad Answers Rel ated t to Ainii Risk, ene m pueia Related to casei Agreement and Correlation and Regression Analysis ccs acne tie aaes 130 11.11.1 What > Di nce Between Associative

Tih

11.113

11.11.6

11.11.7 11.11.8 How Can I Assess the Agreement for Binary,

11.11.10 sey ore ene Methods? E ckees 133 TTL How Lan T Test the Per :

L1.11.12 How Can me Pakene: em

11. 11. 15 What Is ] fo Deset ana i Regre i rae 11.11.16 How to Te > Ad

Iit Oa La | ene ae re LL RE ARS LS 140

BIZ PBC ois io hoch Edekbd dtdeennbeaerenadan dain DAL xxii 12.16 Methodology. sercis EA AA E E ee T 141 12,2. WhatAre Study Designs? seccsrirrasieadeorriteb Rit E ERSS 144 1241 Observational SWd6S 05 ccc ke hie teee meg as 147 12.61 Ethieal Considerations ccs aes odes dadeueeiewaads 150 12.6.2 Clinical Trial Registtation 4.2.6 c..0s4scenereneens 150 12.6.3 Details of Primary Investigator, Co-Investigator, W264 Budget sos cinauei gases L\eivibdieeebsegaciieeues 150 12.7 What Are the Various Extramural Source of Funding for Doctors for a Research Project)... sees ea cance eeieacasaawss 151 128 Conclusioni srecriieianier iritarea R ER EAN 152 Roete Serer e a ER OOE E EE N 152 13 Hihies in Research. 6ii545o0e0i eit ecacisasvehedianeianeoas 153 13.2 What Is the History of Medical Bthics? s 40icsa0ccieaddaades 154 13.3 What Are the General Principles of an Ethical Clinical Trial? .... 155 13.7 Which Documents Are Required to be Submitted to the Ethics Committee for Approval? sccsdecidsssdaadsomadenevas 158 13.8 What Happens in Case an Adverse Effect Occurs in a Cones Wal). sirboiidá nirani berki ek h 159 13.11 What Are the Ways to Enhance the Informed Consent Process?. .. 162 1312: Conclusio is Heh dhae ets as leeetlecedbee Mawar eed 162 e e e «2a ie Ke drei E ee cep eae ears eats radioambeeanes 163

Ta) Wi ean OE irs a heehee de Roda Oman shee eae 167

Contents xxiii

14.8 What Is a Guest Author? . sieti ELA E E EA PER ES cede LET 14.10 Are These sae ama Authors Common i in the Scien ibs COPT TEST TETTE Ne 14.11 What Are the Other Types of Authorship Miscondt 12. Seve dee & dee 14.12 What le CRedil? pac. ckaenesaees. 173 14.13 How Does One Decide Authorship Issue ii in Tria 173 173 ... 174 . 174 174 175 175 Pe eee ee eee Sibi sashes wou beeen Use ithe 176 15.1 What isan Abstract? sion 0cisccuviceteadareasdioxatenseas L79 15.2 What is the History of the Aiea TES Sake ae eg as 179 15.5 What is the Purpose of an Abstract? . (ethinedrdin deed eae LOO 15.6 What are the Steps of Writing an Advis 181

15.7 What are the Things to Be Avoided While — an Abstract? .. 182 at. TG a E 94024045 4h eae wie eee 182 158 Whatare Key Words? o10¢icskaccadecerrestendconaccaecce 183 15.9 How is an Abstract Written for a Cotos Diest

from a Joumal Paper? sicscreirrisirirririrnrnyadsriere: 183

15.10 What are the Important emendas a he

ERE a san cease eaeeeie hed EE owing bieniy 184 Relies 6 6b sb baie oa bae wis eins ee dase AN EE 188 16.1 Why is the Title So Important in Biomedical Research? ee vas 185 16.2 What Parameters Help to Formulate a Suitable

Research Pater TUe arseeni ri E a h Retna eens ney L8G 16.3 How to Plan Effective Titles in Academic Research Papers? , TOET 186 16.4 What Things Should Be Avoided in the Title 187

16.5 What are the Types of Titles for an Academic Papert, Satana 187 16.5.1 Descriptive or Neutral Tile? issir rrerererrises 188 16.5.2 Declarative Tite «.25.d..90rd+ee00e00008 PEE EN 188 xxiv

Contents 163,3 Imerogative Title... 6.i445.465 440445 P deen ne 189 16.6 Whatisa Short-running NG icieen weak. suraat 190 RSStences E E E EE eee PEE 190 17.6 What Does Occupying a Niche Mean? peeks EENE EEE 196 17.9 What Are the Important Points Which Should be not Missed in añn HidUEOD epsit aikee nirien tE EEN 197 17.10 Example of an Introduction.. s 0.6... 0c. cece ee eee eee eee ee ee 198 17.11 Conclusions 524.354. AEA EEA brags kadg ay 198 Referent isc ce eh deli het ee eid RE Eei 198 18.1 Why Is Reviewing the Literature Impor

18.2 What nit Fe Crucial Steps for Reni wing » tie Literature? Tedide 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6

18.8 Is the Goodies Search Enginé seth? 2 cnccontvesceeseecaceen SUM

11 WI ite Boolean Operators?

E 210 tion in Library Netwaek k (NFLIBNED? „all

AE AE E E A N coded 211

Contents XXV

) [ ess Batil ina 1 Biome e 19.5 What Are the Common Errors Seen in this Sec i 20.1 What Is the Difference between Observations and the

Results. of an Experiment?) 2. 240.52c00824 STEET FET EE 219 Be Raniera ainiai srna ee 20.3 What Should Be Tiehadeil in the Results? Peete eC Pee eee 220 20.4 Wini Are u Ten era for ie ai Le w resul 20.5 20.6 i a How t Write the Discussion? . P EEUE E A E EET 225 21.1 22 21.3 21.4 2L3 21.6 21.7 Conclusions . ET re ee eee shan ices ile aust. sie iby : Rerereneh E E naw ere cere wee PETEERE TEE 229 22.1 What Does Citation Mean? so sssesnsrsonsrerrsreresrerea 231 242 “What Ree Relance? i. nici acuciectliacdsebneveddoeeenes 232 22.3 What Is the Advantage of Providing Poires and Citations? . .. 232 22.6 What Are the General Rules for Citation and oe

inthe Vancouver Style? .ic.530ecceenetedesdeaeeonwdseeeie ZOO 22.7 How to Write Authors’ Names in the Vancouver Style? TENETI 233

22.8 How Do you Write the journal’s Name in the Vancouver Style?. .. 234 22.9 How Should the References in the Vancouver Style Be

PEIGNE ccccsacde hee seb eensesSheeasae ded deaseseageisecaas coe 23.1 Why Is it Important to Add Tiliairatinna t to your a Manuscript? pathi 239 23.3 What Medium Can be Used for Representation ef An

PA ii T EE EEE T been we KR . 241 23.4 Can Illustrations be Submitted to J paces te Publication? ere 241 23.5 What Are the Ten Important Unsaid Rules for Adding

Illustrations to your PORE EAE ITEE ANTEE ETE 241 2306 Conclusion oak asirai eieren dens 245 Re AEE E E EE ere erry EATI 245 24.3 What Action Can Be Taken Against you if your Mamaseript

= Found to be big Aae TEP piiiiieiepni sidik 24.4 Onl itt 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 24.10 F 24.11 ] 24.12 F

24.13 What is the Difference between Plagiarism and mopon a

25.1 What Is the Importance of Using Correct English in

@ Medical Paper? so0 cs docdeenetadawiaenirs Lanbiguabavensa LOS 25.2 What Are the Common Challenges I — bg De

25.4 Are There Any Words in English Which Sound Alike but

25.6 What Are Roundabout Words? ee ieal esate sade E E 355

25.13 Can External Editing Agencies Help in ie ta Language?....

25.14 What Are the General Instructions for Using the English

Language in a Research Paper? -su sais s ewe v eosin eene aes 23:15 CONCIIIONS oriri terpikat bopicepirropirtE iibi Rere E erak a a r TE ERE

Part V How to Write Other Journal Articles? 26,1 "What le ait Editoral? se ¢cos003h404 +0400 EEE ERS

26.4 What Is the Basic Information Required for Writing

26.8 What Are the Instructions for Writing Editorials in

26.9 What Isa Viewpoint? ..60ic.cnasre neces araw vases wode tas 20.10 CONCIS 4 resrd serren EET Seg I E ETE Reen Eae a a a R

27.2 How Isa Letter to the Editör Published? ..:.2 2.14202 se4n00205 27.4 What Are the Practical Tips for TEA a Letter to the Editor? ... 203 Conclusions soi ciieaiaonids Peete ne eee ee ee ROISeNCeS) rai hake Re ee eR Re eee Ra

28.2 What Is the Importance of a Case Report in the

Medical Literature? 36 cti25 sede s are beeen rays eee eee aes 28.6 Are There Any Journals Which Publish Only Case Reports? T

28.7 What Are the Reasons That the Number of Case Reports xxvii

272 212 s 2ra i 243 xxviii Contents ae ia e con degen ees OELE PETET ETTET EPI TT pice ebwegee ee 29.1 What Isa Systematic REviGW? scsi. scecaecis ce riton itia EA 277 29.5 What Is a Meta-Analysis? How Does It Differ naar a Svelematic ROVIEW T 3 iv atheedssheeeneiesteeadankadenends 280 29.6 What Are Scoping and Narrative Reviews 207 COURE ee y Be A EEE EEEE ay 280 References. eee ci-ctackesesienoutsd pirkia eee eee EETA wees Bl

Part VI After the Paper Is Written 30.4 Are There Any MCI- or UGC- = Journals for

Publication in Mda? si es5cieesiceeieeieaks be Pha AMES cave 286 30.5 What Is a Peer-Reviewed J rat REENERT ee heey 286 30.7 What Are Open Access Journals? ...c..:ccccbceseeaaseuunss 287 30.9 How Should an Author Choose a J ünal to Which to Submit

31.1 Through What Stages Does a Paper Pass Before

Tels Pobi ick 262 pecre ees Sesnoee care erases eee dees 291 S12 What lsithe Review Procès? iesto cee xiedekiodeaes paras 20] 31.3 What Are the Requirements for a Manuscript at the Time

OF SUBMISSION 2 cs 555505% obese Heng sees Gas eee re 294 31.4 What Happens to the Manuscript After Submission? ee ee 294 31.7 What ls a Copyright Porm? . 4.4254 cn0eaassacade wawsses „ir 298 31.8 Why Do Journals Take Such a Long Time to Publish a Paper?. vee 298 31.10 CONCINSIONS 4 aoire tnad aves BE een eee E SE OE E EERE 300

[ Sie hes 10: a ee eee ee er ere ere aed eke ce M

Contents xxix

32,1 What Is Peer Review? «..505 5000544005 ee reer rere me wee |e 32.2 How Is a Peer Review Process I ‘tiated? A EAE EPI le 32.3. What Are the Qualities of a Good Peer Reviewer! ORANET GMOS 32.7 What Are the Ana tor Peer Reviewers from the m 307 32.8 Does Training Help ir in io proving the Peer Revie .. 308 329 idag Is the Patni ot the Peer Review vinea . 309 309 311 311 33.1 What Are Reasons for the Outright Rejection of a Manuscript? . .. 313 33.2 What Are the Reasons for Rejection After the Peer Review Process? c ecssiiucreiiredriivreriboi ris iris wens S14 33.4 What Are Few Tips for — with Relection’ EEEE OL Soo A NS 22.3.9 5 Gee e aaea Eden EEA 316 Referee hn. a i dee he hes OID Bibliometrics 5.2.05 6 tte esis Kec RHEE S ROLES ROO REED teehee 317 34.1 What Are the Various Hiblionetric SCOOT occ ccnceeaneseaeen OLE 34.3 How Is the itation KLik Calculated? insane E TET EN oe 34.4 What ls The J ournal caine Factor? ee ee hee RRA 319 34.5 Wii 34.6 34.7 34.9 What Are the Impact Factors of Some Important

International Medical J s: RS adeeb ied MERE A

34. 11 Wh: ais the h-index? ee 34.12 What Are Strengths and Limitations of] inde 34.13 In Which Journal Should You Preferably Publish Your Work:

34.14 PE ohne eee eee TELESET TATT E

XXX Contents

34,18 What Is the Plum X Mette? 00.54.08 ¢4s6e4¢e50n3e50 000% 327 SI Wiat BORCH e acca cand ASks oe oeT REE RUSTE EWES SS 328 L20 Com eaaa aae aaa ORS SORES 328 Ee E a ea ERE ASE ESA tees E AA AA EEEE PET 329

Part VII What Else You Should Know About Publication?

35.2 Should Indian Researchers Pay to Get Their Work Published?.... 334 35.3 Do Any Countries Give Researchers Cash Incentives

35.4 Does Collaborative Research Get More Funding for the Researcher? b244ud-4ca dnaddd diesen eeeeerbede ede eeeeer dees 335 330 CONCIUMONE 6 63.56 4.54.6 Hob HVS RA HO RAIEEEE ERO eGR ERE 337 ESE AEE e o ARESA EE ELAYE NE EEE OA T A AE OASE tetas 337

36.2 What Are the Ten Most Important Steps Before Starting ANSUINA ANAT ESES ISE EE E ou tabeawecnal wires taeap ad 339

36.3 What Kind of Articles Should We Publish? How Do We Plana lable Gr Contes’: :¢.sc0cde paki dcaieedeceaneeadans 340

36.4 What Are the General Guidelines for Publishing the Journal? .... 340 36.5 What Discussions Should We Have with the Publisher

When Flanges Jounal? pbah ooh vets case es ee Hewes 342 36.6 What Should Be the Agenda for Weekly Working Task

Force Mecina kno cin conoreehiuceriserns een adewcemegds 343 36.7 What Are the Challenges Which the Journal May Face

Part VII How to Project Your Work Further?

37.3 What Are Important Facts to Know Before You Start a Poster Presemtatiol 6a. s oh N ok wei oh Ay SOR ewHSE HSE REY ESE GES 348 SIAL Stepi PMNS ooco cascade aarde eee eke were 348 374:3 Step 3: Printing of the Postef. 5 ccccsnccecwede aves 349

Contents xxxi 376 BackorOund 6 220cc0cahtaceesieseetee doe esaeee hides Bans 350 37.10 What Are the Important Considerations While Making a POMC 5 idee Se reeeo SESE TETTEI TETT 332 37.11 What Are the Limitations of Posters? EE E E E EE 352 SF CONCIKIONS a5 fou ad daau eos EROSO ewes ere 354 37.17 What Are the Various Steps i in Making g Poster? x 422dmee-nih eas 339 References. seaciretuisas pk Fide ik ape Rina Soe ae T TE Riek ewebee eas 3535 Ohl. TOE aredi oara a A EEEE EAEE ERA 357 38.2 Does the Success of an Oral Presentation Depend on Hie PAMIONCE si takes baad se edeleeiasiéadadeeioraniaves ds 359 38.4 What Are the Steps You Should Take Before an Oral Presentalidn? orsicorrerdistedadtiirpkb itinn an enis 359 38.5 How to Deliver an Oral Presentation’. ELT EET EET TETE 360 38.10 What Are the Ten Steps Towards a Robust PowerPoint Presentation? s2:.2.2.ceesreeakeederesncheoad 363 I e e pale eiea eee A EEE E ETES TETT. 365 Part IX Education, Planning and Execution 39.4 What Is the Current Status of Bedside Teaching in Developing Counts oreceateice te kipini eepe bat} 374 We Cc. b tat eka EAS EK A odeK RAEN hans 377 Retyences E ET EN ERE TEIT PLGA Ne TARTE EEEN STI AG] Miroiu + 58-5 presaniet eb enine iaa ek A 379 40.2 What Is Distance Learning i in Medical BGUGaHON? es nie riantes 379 xxxii

40.3 Do All Institutions Offer Online Career Enrichment Courses? . . .. 380

40.6 What Is a Webinar? . sei | 40.7 What Are the Ten Golden Rules for Conducting a Webinar? biasd 382 40.8 What Are the Important Features of Various Platforms for 408.2 Google Meet. «ccccancdveceseecaereces eee 385

40.8.4 Microsoft Te "g

... 386 40.9 Can Textbooks and Journals Also Be Accessed Electronically? ... 386 40.10 What Is the Medical Infodemic? ree eer Theta Tee ee ero 386 40.11 Can Teaching Occur Tube Vi 387

40.12 How Can Smartphones Be Deed for Med ical Education? ; . 387

Developing Learning Objectives and Evaluation: Multiple

41.3 Is Traditional Assessment Inferior to Objective Aisessuent? cree 396 41.4 Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs): What, Why, and When? ... . 397

41.7 Can Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and Objective Structured Practical Examinations (OSPE)

Replace the Traditional Viva Vode? wo caciccaiaveaveagcexannas 400 41.8 How to Conduct OSCE and OSPE eee Teriroriar Space A00 References. . )2 How to Prepare a Lecture 7 4 42.1 seine Sa cepa Gibiereeececeueseievageeieniseh sic 422 Preparing ihe Lec. said. sats earnet ar Eae weve eoees AUG 423 Developing the Lesson Plates. cicsea coterie necedanecxicax 406

42.5

Contents xxxiii 425.8 Duration of a Lectiwe...csei-ieeicseescavn ede aeds 411 42.6 Don'ts im Preparing a Lecture vi05ccc05 ence Kprvecyesnineee Sl A201 Busy Slides. cciiicaeiveerssdeewenens ENEE 411 SCS ENEE E dea epee EE EE Rabe EEEE 412 43.1 Origins of Problem-Based Learning—An Era Gl Frans Onni 22.5 sakehenete siesta REPNE L DESEA 415 43.3.1 How to Develop PBL? yica.ciscsdbioretenineas o... 417 434.1 PBL—The Process: .cccssccsscerstctesanccsnnees 419 4342 Facihtatiie PRL cis cirte cass enaae takoren tiahi 419 JG Cancluoni oon cde eke Shee eee bkadsxbanek eee 420 RSICANCES. cedcdteetercaedesdeured eee eee eee eee eee. i) 44.2 Which Kind of Articles Should Be Discussed in a Journal Club?. . 424 ReGen hohe i dest badserawscnardce dened aeer ee aads 426 Part X Other Topics 45.1 What Are Medical Records? ees ere cen ee MERE E 429 45.9 How Are Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Different Teo Paber Reet erer ier be erens Rra EnaA 434 45.10 Why Is Medical Record-Keeping Important i in Developing COUN nn iw ck eeececexnteetanbnceaanewes FESTENE E E 45.11 What Are the Challenges to Adoption of EMR i in Developing Contric? screresies boriso danio kes igeiiieeey 49 45.12 What Are the Technological Advances i in Medical Reood kepe .14255.b4uh eae ee eensadsaraueeseees sares 436 45.13 What Is the Future of Medical Record Keeping i in South Asia? . . 436

XXXiv

45.14.3 Application... aooaa n aannaaien o 439 45:15 Conclusió ss ¢sa9-% 5.4.5 E EE EET pig niadack 440 Perec coches EEA 4 eae dds SESE R EMRE EAE REROIS Seaweeds te Chmel Andit bibs kad de bik bs hla eet eedaee a basdus cones SAL 46.1 What is a Clinical ‘Audit? Lge eae hata teed Shae eee each oar ae 441 46.3 What are the Types of Audit? asc ick asia aia aiedads cannes 442 46.4 What is the Difference between Audit and Research?

46.6 What are the Advantages and genes of Audit?. 2. scaeeas 443 46.8 What is the Status of Clinical Audit in Tdi? . PAR aude Sen ame eRe JGO ConclusiOnes.5.4.6.04.55ceb deed deeieestbidheoidrdneckedies BO EEE e AERES TA ESETE IS EEAS AAS AS EE SENIA ETE 446 47.1 What Is a Clinical Drug Trial? Apu E EE ere bt 47.2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages for a Patient

Who Is Enrolled i in a a Trial? EET ERRES EE iy EEA ET 449 47.3 inical Tri 47.4 47.5 47.6 ATT 47.8 454 e EE Sho E A S EEEIEE TE es Pena nee em 454 48.1 Why this Chapter? .s.is0cc0scecteebiiseiiseoianeoeseres 455

48.3 What Activnes i in nee Resewok Demand Special

48.5 What are the Types of Genetic Tests, their Utility, and the Ethical Concerns Raised by their Performance and Rep? cnet adcwareae ieee cred eeeereeunss 458 48.6 What is the Revolution that Genetic Tests are Gong Through? ... 458

48.9 What Ethical Concerns Arise in Informed Consent for Genetig Tess! 42 caccdswod ds bbe tedecke dear hadsone aves ia BOO

Contents XXXV

48.15 What are the Ethical Issues in the Genomic Editing

oi EMDI 3240425 2a Rie ine seensee ease erase EE 464 48.16 What Do the ICMR Guidelines Say about Ethical Practice

Samiran Nundy was a medical undergraduate in Cambridge and Guy’s Hospital London and then trained in medicine and later in surgery at Guy’s, Addenbrooke’s Cambridge, the Hammersmith and the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He has taught at the Universities of Cambridge, London, and Harvard and returned to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India in 1975 where he eventually became Professor and Head of the department of Gastrointestinal Surgery. He left AIIMS in 1996 to start the Surgical Gastroenterology and Liver Transplantation department at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi. Dr. Nundy’s clinical and research interests are in the surgical management of diseases of the liver, bowel, and pancreas, the quality of Indian medical research and publications, electronic medical records, and disseminating health information to laypeople via books, television, and the web. He has written or edited 37 books and authored 236 research papers. He helped in lobbying for and drafting the Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1995. He has edited The National Medical Journal of India, Tropical Gastroenterology, the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, DoctorNDTV. com, and the web application Doctor Raxa and has served on 24 journal editorial boards including the British Medical Journal and The Bhutan Health Journal. He was till recently the Dean of the Ganga Ram Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, is the editor-in-chief of Current Medicine Research and Practice, co-chairman (with Prof. Zulfiqar A. Bhutta) of the editorial board of the BMJ South Asia, and is on the board of trustees of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital. He has recently been appointed Adviser to the Governor of Meghalaya on how to improve health services in that state and is also the President of AIIMS, Rishikesh, India.

Zulfiqar A. Bhutta is the Inaugural Robert Harding Chair in Global Child Health and Inaugural Ibn Sina Scholar in Global Child Health at the Hospital for Sick Children, Canada and co-Director of SickKids’ Centre for Global Child Health, Canada. He is also the Founding Director of the Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health and the Institute of Global Health and Development at Aga Khan University, across its campuses in South Central Asia, East Africa and United Kingdom. He holds adjunct professorships at universities including Johns Hopkins University, George Washington University and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Dr. Bhutta is a Distinguished National Professor of the xxxvii xxvii About the Authors

Government of Pakistan, co-Chair of the Maternal and Child Health oversight committee of WHO EMRO, Chairman of the Coalition of Centres in Global Child Health, and a leading voice for health professionals supporting integrated maternal, newborn and child health globally. Dr. Bhutta leads large research groups in Toronto, Karachi, and Nairobi with special interests in scaling up evidence-based, community setting interventions and implementation of RMNCAH&N interventions in humanitarian contexts. His work with community health workers influenced maternal and newborn outreach programs for marginalized populations internationally and his group’s work with the WHO and PMNCH is guiding essential global intervention policies for women, children, and adolescents. Dr. Bhutta obtained his MBBS from the University of Peshawar, Pakistan, and his PhD from the Karolinska Institute, Sweden. He is a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health, American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Academy of Sciences, USA. In 2020, he was awarded the honour of Fellowship of the Royal Society, United Kingdom. He was awarded the Roux prize in October 2021, the highest global award for the use of evidence to impact global public health.

Atul Kakar is a graduate from the University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, India and has done his post-graduation in internal medicine, Diplomat of National Board. He has been awarded MRCP and FRCP from the Royal College of Glasgow. He is an alumnus of the Ganga Ram Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India. Currently, he is the Vice-Chairman and Teaching Coordinator of the department of internal medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi. He has also done EULAR certification course in rheumatic diseases and is the Secretary of the Delhi Rheumatology Association. His area of interest besides rheumatology includes HIV medicine. Dr. Kakar has been awarded the eminent National Board of Examination (NBE) Alumnus Award, Dr. K.C. Mahajan Award for Best Academician and Smt Pawan Kumari Jain Oration Award for the Best Physician by the Delhi State Chapter of Associations of Physicians of India. He is the examiner for the Royal College of Physicians & Surgeons, Glasgow, National Board of Examination, and Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences, Bhutan. Dr. Kakar has written and edited many books, has 130 publications in national and international journals. He has been involved with many clinical drug trials as the Principal Investigator for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and amyloidosis. He is currently the Editor of Current Medicine Research and Practice.