Archives and Human Rights (Edition 1)

Front matter

Routledge Approaches to History

ARCHIVES AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Edited by

PART 2 Case studies 1 Proof TRUDY HUSKAMP PETERSON

Africa

2 Along walk to justice: archives and the truth and reconciliation process in South Africa GRAHAM DOMINY

3 Tunisia’s Truth and Dignity Commission: archives in the pursuit of truth ADEL MAÏZI

4 The exploitation of the archives of Hissene Habré’s political police by the Extraordinary African Chambers HENRI THULLIEZ

5 The Gacaca archive: preserving the memory of post-genocide justice and reconciliation in Rwanda PETER HORSMAN

Asia

6 Memory politics and archives in Sino-Japanese relations KARL GUSTAFSSON

7 The use of the archives of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum and the Documentation Centre of Cambodia by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia VINCENT DE WILDE D’ESTMAEL

Europe

8 Spanish military documentation on the Civil War and the dictatorship as an instrument of legal reparations for the victims of the Franco regime HENAR ALONSO RODRÍGUEZ

9 The “Centres of Remembrance” in post-communist Europe JOSÉ M. FARALDO

Contents ix

10 A legacy of the DDR: the Stasi Records Archive 218 DAGMAR HOVESTĂDT

11 France and the archives of the Algerian War 230 GILLES MANCERON AND GILLES MORIN

12 Truth, memory, and reconciliation in post-communist societies: the Romanian experience and the Securitate archives 247 MARIUS STAN AND VLADIMIR TISMANEANU

Latin America 261

13 Archives for memory and justice in Colombia after the Peace Agreements 263 RAMON ALBERCH I FUGUERAS

14 Utilisation of the archives of the Peruvian Commission for Truth and Reconciliation (CVR) 277 RUTH ELENA BORJA SANTA CRUZ

15 Archives, truth and the democratic transition process in Brazil 288 ALUF ALBA VILAR ELIAS

16 Archives for truth and justice in Argentina: the search for the missing persons 296 MARIANA NAZAR

17 Chronicle of a backlash foretold: Guatemala”

National Police archives, lost and found and lost — and found? — again 309 KIRSTEN WELD

Concluding remarks 320

Acknowledgements

The editors thank all colleagues who have contributed to this book with inspiration and work. In particular, we wish to thank David Sutton for his tireless and precious linguistic support. Those parts of the book which we have submitted for his critical review of language and style, have greatly benefited from his insightful suggestions. We also wish to thank Jean Canavaggio for his generous and invaluable help in translating some of the key texts of the book. Margaret Procter kindly volunteered to translate one of the case studies. Christine Cross, Lauren Elston and Fiona Westbury have translated most of the texts originally written in French, Portuguese and Spanish; we appreciate their professionalism and competent work. Finally, we want to thank our families for their patience and support during the whole editorial process.

List of authors

Ramon Alberch i Fugueras has a PhD in history. He is President of Archivist without Borders International since 2012. He is also member of the International Advisory Council of the National Center of Historical Memory of Colombia (2015-2018) and has served as an international consultant for the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (2019). In the 2006-2014 period, he directed the project of recovery and access to documents and archives of repressive regimes in Latin America. He has been Coordinator of the diploma “Archives and human rights. International learning in contexts of (post) conflict” (2015-2016). He is the author of 30 essays and manuals of archives and history, and has been a speaker at numerous international conferences on the subject of archives and human rights.

Henar Alonso Rodriguez is a member of Spain's Corps of Archivists and is a senior expert on Archives, working as Head of the Description Area of the General Military Archive of Avila, one of the Spanish Army's four History Archives, within the Ministry of Defence's Archive System. A graduate in law and postgraduate in European Public Law, she is a member of the Spanish Civil Service Archivists’ Association, (AEFP: Archiveros Españoles en la Función Pública) and the Castile and Leon Archivists’ Association (ACAL: Asociación de Archiveros de Castilla y León), with which she regularly collaborates over training in the fields of Document Management, Archival Science and Transparency, as well as technical and general interest publications and publicity campaigns on social networks.

Jens Boel is a Danish archivist and historian. He was the Chief Archivist of UNESCO from 1995 to 2017 and Coordinator of the UNESCO History Project from 2004 to 2011. He was Chair of the International Council on Archives (ICA) Section of International Organizations (SIO) 2000- 2004 and 2008-2012 and ICA Vice-President for Sections from 2010 to 2012. He was Director of the Transnational Team of the InterPARES Trust (ITrust) Project from 2013 to 2019. He was co-founder (2003) of the ICA Human Rights and Archives Working Group and currently a xii List of authors member of the Executive Committee of the ICA Section on Archives and Human Rights.

Ruth Elena Borja Santa Cruz is a Peruvian historian who graduated from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), where she is now Professor in the History Department of the Social Science Faculty. From 1998 to 2002, she worked at the National Archives (Archivo General de la Nación). She was a member of Peru’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission from 2002 to 2003 and worked in the Public Defenders Office (Defensoría del Pueblo) from 2004 to 2012. She has acted as a consultant for the Place of Memory, Tolerance and Social Inclusion (LUM), attended meetings, workshops and colloquia in a number of countries in Europe and the Americas and taken part in various collaborative exchanges on archiving and memory preservation.

Perrine Canavaggio is a French archivist with a diploma from l’Ecole nationale des chartes. She also has a diploma in political science from l’Institut d’études politiques de Paris. She was Chief Curator of the Archives of the Presidency of the French Republic from 1974 to 1994 and Deputy Director of Archives de France in 1995 and 1996. She was Deputy Secretary General of the International Council on Archives (ICA) from 2000 to 2009, Secretary of the International Conference of the Round Table on Archives (CITRA) from 2000 to 2008, co-founder (2003), chair (2003- 2008) and member of the ICA Archives and Human Rights Working Group until 2019 and member of the Executive Committee of the ICA Section on Archives and Human Rights from 2019.

Graham Dominy is Research Fellow of UNISA, the University of South Africa, and of the Helen Suzman Foundation. He is both archivist and historian and was National Archivist of South Africa from 2001 until his retirement in 2014. In his career, he has also worked in museums, libraries, Arts & Culture and, most recently, as Knowledge & Collections Specialist in Muscat, Oman. He is the author of two books, Last Outpost on the Zulu Frontiers: Fort Napier and the British Imperial Garrison and The Man Behind the Beard. He has published over 60 academic and professional articles.

Aluf Alba Vilar Elias is an archivist and has a PhD in Information Science from the University of Brasília (UnB). Her research is focused on archival epistemology, discourse analysis and archives of political repression. She works with management and curation of archives and collections and is the head of processing and collection preservation at the National Archives of Brazil.

José M. Faraldo is an associate professor, tenured, at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); he has been Ramón-y-Cajal researcher at the UCM (2009-2015). He has a PhD in history from the same university for his work on Russian nationalism. After further studies in history

List of authors xiii and cultural studies in Moscow, Frankfurt/Oder and Poznañ he worked, from 1997 to 2002, at the European University Viadrina, in Frankfurt/ Oder (Germany). From 2004 to 2008, he was research fellow and project coordinator at the Center of Research on Contemporary History (Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung, ZZF), in Potsdam (Germany). He has published extensively about nationalism in communism, resistance against fascism and communism, exiles from dictatorships and about archives and the legacy of communist secret police, including a first comparison of Soviet, East German, Polish and Romanian communist police agencies (Las redes del terror. Las policías secretas comunistas y su legado, Barcelona, Galaxia Gutenberg 2018).

Antonio González Quintana is a graduate in history (1979), postgraduate in Archival Science (1983) and a member of the Spanish Corps of Archivists (1985). He was Deputy Director General of Archives in the Community of Madrid between 2010 and 2018. Antonio has also served as Director of the Documentary Information Center on Archives of the Ministry of Culture (2006-2008), Head of the Coordination Unit of Military Archives of the Ministry of Defense (1994-2003) and Director of the Civil War Archive (National Archives), in Salamanca (1986-1994). He was Professor of Archival Science at the University of Salamanca between 1989 and 1992. He retired in January 2018. In recent years, he has worked especially on the relationship between Archives and the defence of Human Rights. He is the author of a UNESCO report “Archives of the security services of former repressive regimes” (1995); an updated and further developed version was published by the ICA in 2009 with the title “Archival Policies in the Protection of Human Rights”. He has been a member of the Human Rights Working Group of the International Council on Archives since 2003 and he is also a founder member of Archivists without Borders. Today he is Chair of the ICA Section on Archives and Human Rights.

Karl Gustafsson is Associate Professor in the Department of Economic History and International Relations at Stockholm University and Senior Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs. He has recently published peer-reviewed articles in International Relations, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Journal of International Relations and Development, Survival, European Political Science and Memory Studies. He won the Wang Gungwu prize for best article in Asian Studies Review in 2014.

Peter Horsman was, until his retirement in 2012, a faculty staff of the University of Amsterdam, teaching various aspects of archival science. Previously, he worked with the Netherlands Archives School, and even before it with the municipal archives of Dordrecht and the National Archives of the Netherlands. Currently, he is active as a consultant, mostly in the xiv List of authors field of (electronic) records and archives management and digital preservation, for both public and private organizations. On behalf of the Netherlands Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (NIOD) he is involved in a project of digitising and making available the archives of the genocide courts in Rwanda.

Dagmar Hovestádt is the spokeswoman of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records since 2011. She previously worked as a journalist in Berlin during the time of transition from 1989 to 1999 continuing to report for German media from California from 2000 to 2011. As part of her current duties, she is responsible for the media outreach and the digital efforts to turn the archive into a resource for future generations. She is also working closely with the international visitor community to the archive, is part of an initiative to form an international human rights archive network and is speaking and writing on the role of archives in transitional justice. She received a master's degree in communication and political science from the FU Berlin in 1991.

Adel Maizi was appointed to the Truth and Dignity Commission (IVD) by the Tunisian National Constituent Assembly. He chaired the IVD's Commission for the Preservation of National Memory and was its Chief Records and Archives Manager throughout its mandate, from 2014 to 2019. Before this, he was Chief Archivist at the Ministry of Finance from 2012 to 2014. He is also a poet, writer and human rights activist, and Secretary General of the Arab Centre for Transitional Justice.

Gilles Manceron, who began his career as a high school history and geography teacher, was Editor-in-Chief of Hommes & Libertés, the journal of the French Ligue des droits de |’ Homme (LDH), from 1997 to 2005. Vice-President of LDH from 2005 to 2006 and from 2009 to 2011, he is currently joint chairman of its “Memory, History, Archives” working group. He has published several works on colonial history, including Marianne et les colonies (2003), and is president of the Colonial and Post-Colonial History Society (histoirecoloniale.net).

Gilles Morin is a research fellow at the Centre d’histoire sociale des mondes contemporains (University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, UMR-CNRS 8058). He specialises in 20th-century French political and social history and, in 1992, submitted his doctoral thesis on Socialist opposition to the Algerian War, a subject at the interface between colonial and political history. He has co-directed several collective works focusing mainly on the history of the French Socialist Party and is currently working on a publication concerning the National Popular Rally (RNP), one of the main collaborationist parties during World War II. He is a member of the editorial committee of 20 &21. Revue d'histoire (formerly Vingtième siècle. Revue d'histoire), with responsibility for the “archives” section.

List of authors xv

Mariana Nazar is a historian and an archivist. She has worked in the General Archives of the Nation of Argentina since 1998 — initially as a technical assistant of the Intermediate Archives Department and currently as a coordinator of the Training and Archival Development Program of the General Directorate. She has been archival advisor to social, political and union organizations and lecturer at the Department of History of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the University of Buenos Aires. Since 2018, she teaches and collaborates as Academic Coordinator of the Diploma in General Archiving of the National University of Tres de Febrero. She is a member of the Executive Committee of the Iberarchivos Program, Vice President of the Section on Archives and Human Rights of the International Council on Archives (ICA) and Coordinator of the Archives and Human Rights Working Group of the Latin American Archives Association (ALA).

Trudy Huskamp Peterson, an archival consultant with a PhD from the University of lowa, is a Certified Archivist, an ex-chair of the Human Rights Working Group of the International Council on Archives and a writer of its monthly newsletter, ex-president of the Society of American Archivists and the International Conference of the Round Table on Archives and the author of books and articles on the archives of truth commissions, international criminal courts and police forces. She was the Acting Archivist of the United States, 1993-1995.

Marius Stan holds a PhD in political science from the University of Bucharest where he is now Research Director of the Hannah Arendt Center. He served as the editor of the journal History of Communism in Europe. He is the author of books published in several languages and of numerous articles in international scholarly journals. Most recently, he has co-authored together with Vladimir Tismaneanu Romania Confronts Its Communist Past: Democracy, Memory, and Moral Justice (Cambridge University Press, 2018), and previously A Stalin Dossier: The Genialissimo Generalissimo (Bucharest, Curtea Veche Publishing, 2014) and A Lenin Dossier: The Magic of Nibilism (Bucharest, Curtea Veche Publishing, 2016). His research and teaching interests include 20th-century European Communism and fascism, revolutionary political ideologies and movements, transitional justice and the main intellectual biographies and debates during the Cold War.

Henri Thulliez is a member of the Paris Bar. He worked for Human Rights Watch between 2011 and 2016 as a coordinator on the Hissène Habré case. He was responsible, inter alia, for coordinating the legal and mediarelated activities of the various protagonists: associations, lawyers and victims of the regime. He headed the Foundation for Equality Opportunity in Africa, and is co-founder of the Platform to Protect Whistleblowers in Africa (PPLAAP).

xvi List of authors

Vladimir Tismaneanu is Professor of Comparative Politics and Director of the Center for the Study of Post-Communist Societies at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 2006, he chaired the Presidential Commission for the Analysis of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania. In 2008-2009, he was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. His research areas include comparative politics, political ideologies, revolutions, as well as the contemporary politics of Central and Eastern Europe. His books include Romania Confronts Its Communist Past: Democracy, Memory, and Moral Justice, co-authored with Marius Stan (Cambridge University Press, 2018), The Devil in History: Communism, Fascism, and Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century, 2012; paperback 2014), Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism (2003), Fantasies of Salvation: Democracy, Nationalism and Myth in Post-Communist Europe (Princeton University Press, 1998; paperback 2009) and Reinventing Politics: Eastern Europe from Stalin to Havel (Free Press/Simon & Schuster, 1993). Tismaneanu is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Democracy and the Journal of Cold War Studies.

Kirsten Weld is Professor of History at Harvard University. A scholar of modern Latin American studies, her research explores 20th-century struggles over inequality, justice, historical memory and social inclusion. Her first book, Paper Cadavers: The Archives of Dictatorship in Guatemala, won the 2015 WOLA-Duke Human Rights Book Award and the 2016 Best Book Award from the Latin American Studies Association's Recent History and Memory Section. She is currently writing her second book, Ruins and Glory: The Long Spanish Civil War in Latin America, which examines the impact and legacies of the Spanish Civil War in the Americas from the 1930s through the present. Her research and essays have appeared in venues such as Hispanic American Historical Review, Journal of Latin American Studies, Radical History Review, Plaza Publica, Dissent, Guernica, Modern American History and NACLA Report on the Americas.

Vincent de Wilde d’Estmael is Senior Assistant/Deputy International Prosecutor at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) since March 2007. He previously worked as a lawyer at the Brussels’ Bar Association (1992-1995 and 2001-2002). In Rwanda, he was in charge of training programmes for legal personnel on behalf of the NGO RCN-Justice and Democracy (1995-1996), expert legal adviser to the Gikongoro Prosecution Office and, from 1996 to 1998, personal advisor of the Chief Prosecutor at the Supreme Court (for the UN Department of Social and Economic Affairs - UNDESA). From 1999 to 2001, he was Director of the Judicial Defenders Project of the Danish Institute of Human Rights, before heading a programme for the improvement of

List of authors xvii criminal justice and detention conditions in Cameroon financed under the European Development Fund and carried out by the British Council (PACDET, 2002-2005). Between 2005 and 2007, he was Deputy Head of the Rule of Law Section of the UNOCI peacekeeping mission in Ivory Coast, with responsibility for legal affairs.