Imaging and Imagining Palestine

Front matter

a Ss ees a

IMAGING AND.

IMAGINING PALESTINE (o

Contents

Foreword VII

Salim Tamari Acknowledgments x List of Figures XI Notes on Contributors XXI Notes on Transliteration XXVI

1 Imaging and Imagining Palestine: An Introduction 1 Sary Zananiri

PART 2 Points of Perspective: Photographers and Their Lens

Resilient Resistance: Colonial Biblical, Archaeological and Ethnographical Imaginaries in the Work of Chalil Raad (Khalil Ra‘d), 1891-1948 185

Rona Sela

Open Roads: John D. Whiting, Diary in Photos, 1934-1939 227 Rachel Lev

Documenting the Social: Frank Scholten Taxonomising Identity in

British Mandate Palestine 266 Sary Zananiri

Part 3

After Effects: Methodologies, Approaches and Reconceptualising Photography

Edward Keith-Roach’s Favourite Things: Indigenising National Geographic’s Images of Mandatory Palestine 309 Yazan Kopty

Decolonising the Photography of Palestine: Searching for a Method in a Plate of Hummus 340 Stephen Sheehi

Urban Encounters: Imaging the City in Mandate Palestine 359 Nadi Abusaada

Epilogue 390 Ozge Calafato and Aude Aylin de Tapia

Abstracts 398 Index 406

Foreword

Salim Tamari

The contributions of this volume are framed by the overlooked context of the British Mandate, providing a significant overview of photography and the social histories of the period. They cover a wide range of themes based ona re-reading of social history through several archival collections (American Colony, Ecole Biblique, National Geographic), institutional records of service (mission schools, orphanages, monasteries and charities), family albums (Jawhariyya, Luci, Mushabek), portrait photography (Ra‘ad, Whiting, Scholten), urbanscapes and aerial photography (Scholten, Bavarian State Archive, Australian War Memorial).

Added to the rich archival material, is the consideration of how we read and restitute images and their histories. This includes debates on methodologies for decolonising and indigenising photography as well as re-examining and ‘re-narrating’ photographs that have not been published.

Reading social history through photography has been a crucial antidote to the absence and loss of Palestinian material patrimony through wars and conquests. Alongside professional photographers, family albums constituted the portable artifacts of memory that is used today to reconstruct the daily life of bourgeois quotidian.

Among the case studies in this volume dealing with archival fonds and conceptual approaches to photography, it celebrates, and in one case, resurrects from oblivion, the work of four outstanding photographers of Palestine. Lars Larsson, John D. Whiting, Frank Scholten and Khalil Ra‘ad. Both Whiting and Larsson were pioneering photographers associated with the American Colony, and both traversed the Ottoman and Mandate periods.

The leading figure in their photography was Lars (Lewis) Larsson, head of the photographic department in the American Colony and, later, the Swedish consul in Jerusalem. Larsson was the author of the iconic picture of the surrender of Jerusalem by Mayor Husayn Hashim al-Husayni in the hills of Sheikh Bader on gth December, 1917 which was reproduced all over the world signalling the fall of Ottoman rule, and the capture of Palestine by the British.

Biblification of these photographic collections is a major theme that is examined by a number of contributors. One of the richest of those compendiums is undoubtedly that of the Ecole Biblique in Jerusalem, whose main focus has been the documentation of archaeological excavations and sites in the late igth century and Mandate period.

VIII FOREWORD

FIGURE 0.1 The Surrender of Jerusalem, 1917. Lars (Lewis) Larsson IMAGE FROM THE WASIF JAWHARRIYYA ALBUM. COURTESY OF THE INSTITUTE FOR PALESTINE STUDIES

The launching of the Scholten collection from Leiden has been an opportune moment to examine the ethnographic work of the great Dutch photographer Frank Scholten. Less than one-tenth of that collection has been published in his seminal study of Jaffa life in the 1920s — a work which is imbued with haunting and lyrical imageries.!

Scholten appears to have been forgotten, while his work, subsumed under the rubric of biblification of the Levantine landscape, was eclipsed by an avalanche of ‘Holy Land photographic albums’. In a genre that we might call a deconstructive biblification, Scholten’s uniqueness is derived from his exceptional ability to combine landscape photography with intimate vignettes of urban life showing the varied communitarian makeup of Palestinian society that permeate his oeuvre. Scholten’s intimacy with his subjects is visible in much of his portraiture: leisurely groups frolicking in the sands of Nabi Rubin, seasonal celebrations of religious holidays, men and women of all walks in life in the marketplace. The ribboned girl holding an Easter egg is an iconic Scholtian image — a subject which reassesses his work within the context of biblification with which he was long associated and pigeonholed.

In analysing local photography in Palestine, the case of Khalil Ra‘ad shows a duality can be seen in his substantial involvement in the military photography

1 Frank Scholten and George Robinson, Palestine Illustrated. Including references to passages illustrated in the Bible, the Talmud and the Koran (London: Longmands & Co, 1931).

FOREWORD IX

FIGURE 0.2 Ribboned Girl with Easter Egg; Frank Scholten, Jaffa 1921-23 IMAGE COURTESY OF NINO & UBL of wwI when he served as a publicist for the Ottoman war effort,” as well as his immersion in Biblical theme photography during the Mandate period. This duality perhaps best embodies the contradictions of modernity and biblification in the photography of Palestine during the shift from Ottoman to British rule.

The albums of Wasif Jawhariyya likewise show him as a participant and observer of performative theatre (the shadow play — karagoz — and its earlier more primitive manifestations in sunduq al ‘ajab — the wondrous ‘magic box’). His photographic collection preserves and immortalises a world that is no longer with us.

Jawhariyya's use of the photographic images to illustrate the transformation of the cityscape and to ceremonial processions (Nabi Musa, Sittuna Maryam, the Saturday of Light Easter parade) — all of which transcended their original religious content into public syncretic celebrations, capturing the impacts of political developments in Palestine.?

2 Salim Tamari, "The War Photography of Khalil Raad: Ottoman Modernity and the Biblical Gaze,’ Jerusalem Quarterly 52 (2013): 25-37.

3 This is the topic of a collective project on Palestinian family albums that is undertaken by three participants in the Leiden conference, but which will appear in a separate volume. Issam Nassar, Stephen Sheehi and Salim Tamari, Camera Palestina: Photography and Displaced Histories of Palestine (Berkeley: University of California Press, forthcoming).

Acknowledgments

This volume is one of the results of a Dutch Research Council (Nwo) research project (Dec. 2017- Dec. 2022) CrossRoads: European Cultural diplomacy and Arab Christians in Palestine (1920-1950). A connected History.

We would like to thank the Nwo for financing this research project, as well as the Netherlands Institute for the Near East (NINO) for its support of the international workshop where the papers of this book were first presented and discussed, for the opening of the Frank Scholten photographic collection and its support for the various steps towards an exhibition and a catalogue. Our sincere gratitude goes to Vincent Lemire and Angelos Dalachanis, the series editors, for their enthusiasm and support to welcome a volume on photography from the very beginning and to the Open Jerusalem Team.

We are grateful to many colleagues in Leiden, Jerusalem, Paris, London, New York, Beirut and elsewhere who, through their contributions to the conference, the workshops and through extended email conversations helped us to flesh out our questions and approaches. We would like to thank some of our partners for their support and their scholar in residence programs we greatly benefited from in our way to this volume (Ecole française de Rome, Ecole biblique et archéologique de Jérusalem, Al Ma'mal Foundation Jerusalem and the Australian Archaeological Institute in Athens). There are also a number of archives who have been very supportive of this project (the American Colony Archive Jerusalem, the Leiden University special collections, the National Geographic Society archive, the Palestine Museum Digital archive and the Palestine Exploration Fund).

We would also like to thank Sarah Irving for her invaluable work and brain storming during her postdoctoral research at Leiden University and our constant rich exchanges since, Salim Tamari for our many discussions, his insightful comments during the workshop and his foreword, Heleen Murre-van den Berg for paving the way of CrossRoads during and after the Arabic and its Alternatives project (2012-2017), Lara van der Hammen for her constant and efficient support to the CrossRoads team, Carolien van Zoest for helping to facilitate and coordinate NINO's support and Rachel Lev for her precious help with captions for articles related to the American Colony. We would also like to thank the Rijksmuseum Oudheden (RMO) for hosting sections of the workshop and the exhibition Frank Scholten: Archaeology and Tourism in the ‘Holy Land’ (May to October 2020).

Finally, we thank the colleagues who contributed to this volume in particular, those who published, and those who for various reasons could not write but contributed to our discussions.

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The Surrender of Jerusalem, 1917. Lars (Lewis) Larsson viii

Ribboned Girl with Easter Egg; Frank Scholten, Jaffa 1921-23 ix

Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives, 14th December 1917. Captain Arthur Rhodes, The New Zealand Canterbury Rifles 9

A reproduction from Ali Kazak's exhibitions on Palestine, 1979. Mostly likely reproduced from Captain Charles Wilson's Picturesque Palestine (1891) 19 Hanna Bastoli and family members on her engagement day, 1924. (Hanna Bastoli, George Ayyoub and her mother-in-law, Hilwa Al-Douiri). From Maha as-Saqqa's photo album, 0027.01.0054 21

Bassam Shakaa as a child, 1933. From the Bassam ash-Shak‘a’s photo album, 0050.01.0386 22

A family trip with friends, c.1940—45. Ghassan Abdullah Collection,

0156.01.0068 23

‘No. 3: Marie Aboud’ Part of Christian Herald Orphanage Record Book 32 ‘Christian Herald Orphanage Conducted by the American Colony’ and ‘Playground of the Orphanage’. Part of the Christian Herald Orphanage Photograph Album 38

‘Sir Arthur and Lady Money during a visit to the Orphanage’ and ‘Untitled’. Part of the Christian Herald Orphanage Photograph Album 39

‘One of the Classes’ and ‘Kindergarten’ Part of the Christian Herald Orphanage Photograph Album 41

‘Untitled’. Part of the Christian Herald Orphanage Photograph Album 44 ‘Christmas 1918, C.H. Orphanage’. Part of the Christian Herald Orphanage Photograph Album 44

Untitled. Part of the Christian Herald Orphanage Photograph Album 46 Upper photograph: ‘Dentistry’. Part of the Christian Herald Orphanage Photograph Album 47

Christmas at the Christian Herald Orphanage, 1918. Part of ‘Members and Activities of the American Colony and Aid Projects’, Negative Collection, series 2413 49

Little Orphans of Jerusalem, 1921. The Christian Herald, 29th January, 1921 52 High Commissioner Herbert Plumer and Director of Education, Humphrey Bowman on an official visit to the Swedish School, 1925. American Colony Photo Department. From left: The Consular Guard, Hol Lars (Lewis) Larsson, Herbert Plumer, Signe Ekblad, unknown woman, unknown man, Humphrey Bowman, unknown man. Swedish Jerusalem Society's Collection, 270068 68

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The Arab Teachers and headmistress Ekblad, the Swedish School during the Summer Term, 1926. Photographer unknown. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, 396359 69

Photograph of the ongoing work at the Swedish School, Signe Ekblad. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, 396354 81

Children and teachers from the Swedish School on an Easter outing, 1926. Hol Lars (Lewis) Larsson. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, Album No. 9, 293849 82

‘Welcome to the Swedish School’, 1927. Reproduction of a watercolour by Swedish artist Elsa Beskow with caption. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, 396356 84

The youngest children and teacher (Ekblad?) in connection with the move to the new school building, 1926. Hol Lars (Lewis) Larsson. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, 92997 85

Signe Ekblad and children with foundation stone for the new building,

March 1928. The American Colony Photo Department. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, Album No.g 85

The new building at the Swedish School, pupils and teachers doing Swedish gymnastics outside in the school yard, 1928. The American Colony Photo Department. Swedish Jerusalem Society's Collection, Album No. 9, 194135 86 The scene is from the hallway of the new building at the Swedish school, with children and teachers. Signe Ekblad is standing in the stairs, right, 1930. The American Colony Photo Department. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, Album No. 1, 293845 88

Teachers examining schoolgirls’ eyes in Sunhut. The American Colony Photo Department. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, 293996 89

Girls and teachers (Signe Ekblad to the front) washing up at the Swedish school’s soup kitchen the Green Hall, 1939. Eric Matson. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, 293998 92

Signe Ekblad giving out tickets to mothers and children at the soup kitchen Green Hall, Jerusalem, May 1939. Eric Matson. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, 92985 93

Mothers and children at the food distribution for children at the Swedish School, May 1939. Eric Matson. Swedish Jerusalem Society’s Collection, 93033 93 Preservation, scanning and cataloguing of the EBAF photographs by

J.M. de Tarragon, April 2015. Latin Patriarchate archives digitisation 104 Biblical caravan, 1913 107

General view of Nablus, early 1920s. Antonin Jaussen. Digitised glass plate, 00248-Jo253 113

Plate IV Map of Nablus. Jaussen, Coutumes palestieniennes, 1927 114

FIGURES XIII

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Nablus and its craftsmanship, the weaver, 1920s. Antonin Jaussen. Digitised glass plate, 00321-Jo326 n7

Plate VIII, 1920s. Jaussen, Coutumes palestiniennes, 1927 18

Prayer in one of the Nablus’ mosques, 1920s. Antonin Jaussen. Digitised glass plate, 00274-Jo279 19

The suq of Nablus before the 1927 earthquake, 1920s. Antonin Jaussen. Digitised glass plate, 00262-Jo267 ug

Olive harvest in the region of Nablus, 1920s. Antonin Jaussen. Digitised glass plate, 00256-Jo261 120

Preparation of the qiráb in Nablus, 1920s. Antonin Jaussen. Digitised glass plate, 00322-J0327 120

Plate II, 1920s. Jaussen, Coutumes palestiniennes, 1927 123

Christian Palestinian lady of Nablus, 1920s. Antonin Jaussen. Digitised glass plate, 1 x 15 cm, 00300-Jo305 124

The wife of Ibrahim al-Tuwal of Madaba, c. 1905. Raphaël Savignac. Digitised glass plate, 11 x 15 cm, 00300-Jo305 125

Portrait of a Nablusi woman, 1920s. Antonin Jaussen. Digitised glass plate, 1 x 15 CM, 00302-Jo307 126

Portrait of a Nablusi woman lying down, 1920s. Antonin Jaussen. Digitised glass plate, 11 x 15 cm, 00302-Jo308 126

Nablusi woman with her baby on her knees, 1920s. Antonin Jaussen. Digitised glass plate, 11 x 15 cm, 00304-Jo309 127

Couple levantin, after 1920. Raphaël Savignac. Digitised glass plate, 11 x 15 cm, 5601-6644 132

Catholic family of Madaba visiting EBAF, early 1920s. Raphaël Savignac. Digitised glass plate, 1 x 15 cm, 5468-2484 133

Riot, 13th October 1933. Caption (in French) on the top part: “Emeutes du

13 octobre 1933”, bottom: “Avant: la police approche ...” Betharram Fathers, Médebielle collection; 22547-LPJ,1644 135

Riot, 13th October 1933. Caption on the top part: "La charge ..." bottom: "Aprés: le débloquement ..." Betharram Fathers, Médebielle collection; 22547- LPJ,1645 136

Brass band of Saint Anne ( fanfare), early 1920s. White Fathers collection, 15977-SteA-0146 137

Nabi Mouça (sic) festival, 1922. White Fathers collection, 19348-Ste A-Cont.1275 138

Nabi Mouca (sic) festival, 1922. White Fathers collection, Nabi Musa 19355-Ste A-Cont.1282 139

A melkite priest with his wife and daughters, 1920s. F. Jules Riffier, photographer of Saint Anne until 1926, White Fathers collection, from, 18325 Ste A238 140

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Nicüla Dahbar and his father from Yabroud, 1920s. White Fathers collection, 18291-Ste A-Cont.204 141

Salesian school, tractor Fordson, 1938. Collection of the Salesians Fathers, 17165-Sal.196, Beit Jimal, 1935-38 142

A class outside, Ain Karim, 17th February 1934. Latin Patriarchate archives, 22572-LPJ,1669 142

Catholic scouts of Beit Jala, 1925. Caption behind, ‘A Sa Béatitude Mgr.

le Patriarche Latin, Jérusalem’. Blue stamp, ‘Palestine Catholic Scouts Association. Beit-Jala’. On the sticker: ‘I giovani esploratori col loro

Parroco D. Bonaventura Habase — 1925. Latin Patriarchate archives, 21420-LPJ, 0524 143

Catholic scouts in a trip around Palestine, Lydda junction station, 1930s. Salesians archives, 26489-scouts 28 143

Alumni of the Sisters of Sion, charity for the poor of the Bab Hutta neighbourhood, 1926. Sisters of Sion Archives 144

Rosary sisters and their pupils, Zababdeh, 1933. Archives of the Rosary Sisters, 22188-LPJ,1293 145

Rosary Sisters with Alumni and priest, Zababdeh, 1933. Archives of the Rosary sisters, 22189 LPJ 1294 146

School for girls in Yaffa en-Nasariyye, 1922-1923. Caption on the back, ‘Jaffa de Nazareth. 1922-1923, ‘La scuola feminile nel 1920’. Latin Patriarchate archives, 21617-LPJ 0721 147

Latin procession at Beit Jimal, 1935, with Greek-Catholic, Maronite, Armenian Catholic and Syriac Catholics. Salesians archives, 17098 Sal.100 147

Food distribution in Gaza, 1948. Caption ‘D. Sourour with refugee children’ Latin Patriarchate archives, 21763-LPJ 0868 149

A page from the album showing the mayors of Jerusalem. Album 1, Wasif Jawhariyya 161

A photograph of Ottoman mutasarrif Rauf Pasha. Album 1,

Wasif Jawhariyya 162

General and Lady Allenby in Jerusalem. Album 1, Wasif Jawhariyya 164

The Ottoman pilots in Jaffa. Album 1, Wasif Jawhariyya 165

The surrender of Jerusalem. American Colony Photo Department. Album 1, Wasif Jawhariyya 166 Julia and sister in-law. Julia Luci’s album 170 Julia's nephew Solieman Salti. Julia Luci’s album 171 Julia and husband on vacation in Lebanon. Julia Luci's album 172

Bombing on BenYehuda St, 1948. Julia Luci’s album 174

Cover of the album. Olympic Album, George Mushabek 175

The inside cover of the album. Olympic Album, George Mushabek 175

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Page from album that has an imprint of Hitler with the German team and Mushabek at a game, 1936. Olympic Album, George Mushabek 177

The friends at train station in Lydda during their return trip, 1936. Olympic Album, George Mushabek 179

544-16 The friends onboard the Greek ship and visiting monuments in Greece.

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Olympic Album, George Mushabek 180

The store of Raad in Jaffa St Jerusalem, 1930s 186

Chalil Raad and Annie Muller in their Wedding Day, 1919 189

Raad Family, 1932. From left to right: Chalil, George, Ruth and Annie 191 Raad, P. [probably photographer], Established 1895’ (Sefer Hareshimott, 1936, 34) 191

‘Let it now be known and announced that whoever seeks photographic pictures of all kinds, at the finest quality and for an affordable price, is welcome to contact me [...] ! Chalil Raad. My workshop is located outside the [old] city [of Jerusalem], near Hotel Howard at the bookbinder Rabbi Leib Kahana of Safed’. Hahavatselet, 24th July, 1899, 320 (translated from Hebrew) 193

An envelope ( for film negative) with stamp of Prussian Court Photographer 193 Jaffa Street, Jerusalem, 1898-1914. On the right side Raad’s and Savides’

stores. On the left side, Krikorians’ store, American Colony Photography Department 194

Chalil Raad and John Krikorian, 1930. Catalogue of Lantern Slides

and Views made by C. Raad & J. Krikorian of Sites, Scenes, Ceremonies,

Costumes, etc. of Palestine & Syria Identical with Bible History, C. Raad & J. Krikorian Photographers. Jerusalem, Palestine (Jerusalem: The Commercial Press, 1930) 195

6.9and 630 Chalil Raad, 1933 Catalogue of Lantern Slides and Views made by

C. Raad Photographer of Sites, Scenes, Ceremonies, Costumes, Etc. Etc., of Palestine & Syria Identical with Bible History (Jerusalem: Beyt-Ul-Makdes Press, 1933) 196

6.uand 6.12 Pages from Raad's Albums 200-201

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Native children of Banias, undated. Chalil Raad. No. 745 in Raad’s albums/ textual catalogue 206

Women of Ramallah embroidering, undated. Chalil Raad. No. 285 in Raad’s albums/textual catalogue 207

Boy selling oranges, undated. Chalil Raad. No. a269 in Raad’s albums/textual catalogue 208

Untitled, undated (uncatalogued). Chalil Raad 209

The Mufti leaving with the procession to Nabi Musa, date unknown. Chalil Raad. No. a230 in Raad’s albums/textual catalogue 210

The Palestine Directory,1920 211

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Ruth the gleaner, undated. Chalil Raad. No. 656 in Raad’s albums/textual catalogue 212

Old Canaanite wall at Beith-Shems and women carrying baskets of debris,

c. 1928-1933. Chalil Raad. Excavation conducted by Dr. Grant, 1928-1933,

No. a148 in Raad's albums/textual catalogue 214

Washing and cleaning potshards c. 1928-1933. Chalil Raad. Excavation conducted by Dr. Grant, 1928-1933, No. a144 in Raad's albums/textual catalogue) 214

Ruins of an old crusader in Samaria. Chalil Raad. Excavation conducted by Prof. Sellin, 1913-1914 or 1926-1927, No. 317 in Raad's albums/textual catalogue 217 John D. Whiting [left], Husayn Salim Afandi al-Husayni (Hussein Selim Effendi al-Husseini) [Mayor of Jerusalem] and Isma'il Bay al-Husayni (Ismail Bey al-Husseini) [Director of Education], c. 1908. From Members and Activities of the American Colony, c. 1890-1906. Photograph album. Photographer Unknown. Visual Materials from the papers of John D. Whiting 228

Studio Portrait of John D. Whiting, c. 1905-1910. From Portraits of the Vester

and Whiting Families and the American Colony, 1905-1913. Photograph

album. Photographer unknown. Visual Materials from the Papers of

John D. Whiting 230

Typical Diary in Photos album page. Above: Trip to Trans-Jordan with

four Anglo-Catholic Sisters, 1937. Sketching in Kasr Kharani. Below: Trip

to Trans-Jordan with four Anglo-Catholic Sisters, 1937. Sketching in Kasr Kharani 231

Group portrait of the Vester and Whiting Families at the American Colony,

1924. With John D. Whiting (third from left up, wearing dark suit). ACPD photographers. Glass Negative. From American Colony Members and Associates, 1880s-1930s. Glass Negative Collection 232

Typical Diary in Photos album pages (from left to right). a. Tortoise laying eggs / Jewish Protest to White Paper [1939]. b. Jewish Protest to White Paper [1939].

c. Iris Trip to Syria. Kasr el Banat / Bedouin woman and boy digging Kimme [1939]. d. Iris Trip to Syria, Camel calf just born [1939]. Diary in Photos,

Volume v, 1939.Visual Materials from the Papers of John D. Whiting 234

To Syria with the Bowens, 10th-20th December. Lebanon reforesters at

work, 1937. From John D. Whiting’s Diary in Photos, Volume 11, 1936-1937. Photograph album. Visual Materials from the Papers of John D. Whiting 235 Staff of the American Consulate, Jerusalem, 1910-1914. With William Coffin, Consul General of United States of America, John D. Whiting (second from left, leaning against the wall), Deputy Consul, the gawas (consular guards) and others. Photographer unknown. From Early Photographs of the American Colony, 1870-1925, Photograph album 236

FIGURES XVII

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Trip to Petra and Syria with Sir Edgar Horne and Mr Lever, 1935. a. Sir Edgar and Mr Lever. Tomb of the Urn, Petra, 1935. b. Sir Edgar at El Khazna,

Petra, 1935. c. Mr Lever on top of the Crusader Castle, Petra, 1935.

d. Sir Edgar [Horne] in the siq, Petra, 1935. From John D. Whiting,

Diary in Photos, Volume 1, Part 11, 1935. Photograph album. Visual Materials from the Papers of John D. Whiting 240

Trip to Petra and Syria with Sir Edgar Horne and Mr Lever, 1935.

Left: Mr Rutenberg (younger) explains to Sir Edgar the workings, 1935 242 Trip to Petra and Syria with Sir Edgar Horne and Mr Lever, 1935.

Right: The party outside the electrical station, 1935. From John D. Whiting, Diary in Photos, Volume 1, Part 11, 1935. Photograph album. Visual Materials from the Papers of John D. Whiting 242

Wedding of Emir Talal (Amir Talal), Amman, November 26 & 27, 1934.

a. Emir Abdullah (with Shaykh Mutgal el Fiez) watching the procession passing palace, 1934. b. Bedouin Warriors in medieval armour, 1934.

c. Returning from the Palace. ‘The mahmal, 1934. d. Emir Abdulla's Horse, 1934. From John D. Whiting, Diary in Photos, Volume 1, 1934. Photograph album. From John D. Whiting, Bedouins in Jordan and Other Locations, 1934-1935. Photograph album. Visual Materials of the Papers of John D. Whiting 246 Bedouin and Circassian Leaders, Amman, April 17, 1921. With T.E. Lawrence (third from right in grey suit and hat) and John D. Whiting (sixth from

right), posing with an airplane and pilot at Amman Jordan. From Meetings

of British, Arab and Bedouin officials, Amman, Jordan, 1921. Photograph album. Hol Lars (Lewis) Larsson, ACPD. Visual Materials from the Papers of John D. Whiting 247

Bedu Camp at Dayr al-Balah. Invitation of Arif Bay, Sept. 29-Oct.1, 1934.

a. Watching the Gaza races. b. The camp near Deir el Belah, 1934. c. Lunch

in Bedouin tent. Grace [Whiting], Mr. Palmer, Mrs. Palmer, ‘Arif Bay and the Sheikh. d. The party on the sands. From John D. Whiting, Diary in Photos, Volume 1, 1934. Photograph album. Visual Materials from the Papers of

John D. Whiting 249

To Palmyra with Cromwell Party, April 15—19, 1938. a. Reception party at Palmyra aerodrome, 1938. b. Desert Patrol riding standing atop camels, 1938.

c. The camel chariot race driven by black riders in gazell[e]-skin suits, 1938.

d. A Bedouin wedding staged by Gypsies. Accompanying the bride on the mahmal, 1938. From John D. Whiting, Diary in Photos, Volume 111, 1938. Photograph album. Visual Materials from the Papers of John D. Whiting 253 City Women [and Children] Watching the Races. To Palmyra with Cromwell Party, April 15-19, 1938. From John D. Whiting, Diary in Photos, Volume 111, 1938. Photograph album. Visual Materials from the Papers of John D. Whiting 255

XVIII FIGURES

716 To Palmyra with Cromwell party, April 15-19, 1938. A traditional ‘mock (ghazü) raid. The bride alights from the camel, 1938. From John D. Whiting, Diary in Photos, Volume 111, 1938. Photograph album. Visual Materials from the Papers of John D. Whiting 257

81 Untitled, 1921-23. Frank Scholten. Jaffa Port. Digitised negative. Frank Scholten. UBL NINO F Scholten Jaffa o6 0048, Frank Scholten Collection 269

8.2 Cardboard divider with letter transfers. UBL NINO F Scholten Fotos Doos 07. 0285. Frank Scholten Collection 273

83 Untitled, 1921-23. Frank Scholten. A ship arriving in the Port of Jaffa. Digitised negative. UBL NINO F Scholten Jaffa 16 ooo8, Frank Scholten Collection 275

8.4and 8.5 Jour Nabi Musa and Untitled (also Nabi Musa), 1921-23. Frank Scholten, UBL NINO F Scholten_Fotos_Doos_o2_0071 and UBL NINO F Scholten Fotos Doos 02 0072. Frank Scholten Collection 281

8.6 Untitled, 1921-23. Frank Scholten. A shepherd playing the flute. UBL NINO F

Scholten Fotos Doos 16 0821, Frank Scholten Collection 286

8.7and8.8 Yazur, 1921-23. Frank Scholten, UBL NINO F Scholten

. Fotos Doos 04. 0403 and UBL NINO F Scholten Fotos Doos 04. 0025.

Frank Scholten Collection 287

8.9 Untitled, 1921-23. Frank Scholten. A village house decorated with patterns similar to cross stitch. UBL NINO F Scholten Fotos Doos 16 0820. Frank Scholten Collection 289

810 Tel Aviv, 1921-23. Frank Scholten, UBL NINO F Scholten Fotos _Doos_17_0186, Frank Scholten Collection 290

8.11 Untitled, 1921-23. Frank Scholten. Portrait of ‘Isa al-‘Isä and son Raja. UBL NINO F Scholten Fotos Doos 07 0407, Frank Scholten Collection 293 8.12 Untitled, 1921-23. Frank Scholten. UBL NINO F Scholten Fotos Doos 17 o215, Frank Scholten Collection 294

813 Untitled, 1921-23. Frank Scholten. Gurkhas in Jerusalem leaving for Nabi Musa. UBL_NINO_F_Scholten_Fotos_Doos_o2_0074, Frank Scholten Collection 296

814 Zweedsche matrozen, 1918-19. Frank Scholten. ‘Swedish sailors’ at Amsterdam Centraal Station. Part of his album ‘Amsterdam’. UBL NINO F Scholten _Netherlands Amsterdam_o10, Frank Scholten Collection 297

8.15 and 816 Untitled [marked Sarafand], 1921-23. Frank Scholten. Nissan huts used as soldiers’ barracks at the British Military Base in Sarafand. UBL NINO F Scholten Fotos Doos 16 1005 and UBL NINO F Scholten Fotos Doos 16 1009, Frank Scholten Collection 299

817 David and Jonathan, 1891. George Heywood Sumner, published in ‘The Studio’, 1891. From the 'found images' collection, Frank Scholten Collection, Box A8 301

XIX

818 Untitled [French soldiers in Jerusalem], 1921-23. Frank Scholten. UBL_NINO_F_

9.3

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Scholten Fotos Doos 17 0216, Frank Scholten Collection 301

‘Zerin, formally Jezreel, city of Ahab and Jezebel, looks off past Little Hermon to Nazareth and its well, here seen, is not far from the road, but it is seldom visited by travelers. The costume of the women is unusually colorful but I could not get them to pose for color plates. In the background are the Galilean hills west of Nazareth. Palestine’ Unpublished photograph and caption by Maynard Owen Williams, 1927 323

‘Photograph of Abdel Kader Shihabi, Official Calligrapher to the Government of Palestine, and the finest calligrapher in this part of the world. Among Moslems, calligraphy is the highest form of art and the best work commands prices for which very fair painters would gladly do a portrait or a landscape. In this view are shown some famous samples of calligraphy, some of them very old and many of them very valuable. ($200 to $700). Jerusalem.’ Unpublished photograph and caption by Maynard Owen Williams, 1927. A portrait of Shihabi posing alone in his studio was published with Keith-Roach's

December 1927 article 324

‘Governor Keith-Roach’s personal qawás wearing a head scarf and camel hair crown, outside the American Colony at Jerusalem, Palestine’ Unpublished photograph and caption by Maynard Owen Williams, 1927 325

‘Major Keith-Roach is very desirous of a picture of the Jaffa Gate traffic cop.

I show him here amid such traffic as passes. The view is north up Jaffa Road from near the walls of the Citadel. Jerusalem, Palestine" Unpublished photograph and caption by Maynard Owen Williams, 1927. A closer view of

this policeman taken from a different angle was published with Keith-Roach's December 1927 article 328

‘A young Christian Arab girl, whom Governor Keith-Roach thinks the prettiest girl in Palestine, wearing the Bethlehem costume. Jerusalem. Unpublished photograph and caption by Maynard Owen Williams, 1927 A similar portrait

of this young woman was published in black-and-white with Keith-Roach's December 1927 article and another in colour in Williams' companion photo-essay of autochromes from Jerusalem in the same issue 329

Hilweh Abu Tayr, born in the village of Umm Tuba in the Jerusalem District and raised in Bethlehem, identified by her grandson, Rauf Malki. ‘Moslem woman wearing the fine costume seen on the day of the Nabi Misa

procession, Jerusalem, Palestine’ Unpublished photograph and caption by Maynard Owen Williams, 1927. Another portrait of Abu Tayr was published with Keith-Roach’s December 1927 article and three other images in colour of her and her mother were published in Williams’ companion photo-essay of autochromes from Jerusalem in the same issue 335

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‘Turkish Official Teases Starving Armenian Children’, 1915. (Featured in Donald Bloxham) 341

Mohammed al-Durrah Mural. Santa Fe, NM by artist Remy 343

Eating Hummus, 1935. Elia Kahvedjian. Elia Studio Jerusalem 354

Map of Bavarian aerial photographs in Palestine during the Great War, 1916-18. Map by author 363

‘Jaffa Old City — The dotted line A-B marks the approximate line of the first Demolitions’ 367

Example of two pages from Gustaf Dalman’s 1925 book, including descriptive texts for two aerial photographs of Jerusalem 371