Spain, China, and Japan in Manila, 1571-1644

Front matter

EMERGING ASIA

DE MANILA

Birgit Tremml-Werner

Contents

Acknowledgements

Part! The Setting

Introduction The Empirical Setting Noteworthy Scholarship Multilingual Primary Sources Comparisons and Connections A note on names and places

Index

Maps

Map1 The Manila System

Map2 Ming China

Map3 Azuchi-Momoyama/Tokugawa Japan Map 4 The Philippines under Spanish Rule Map» The South China Sea, ca. 1571-1644 Map6 Triangular Trade

Map7 Pacific Routes

Tables

Table1 Indigenous Tribute 1584-1604

Table2 Catholic Friars in the Spanish Philippines

Table3 Revenues and Spending ofthe Manila Treasury in 1611 Table4 Chinese Trading Ships to Luzon

Tables Japanese Ships to Luzon

319 319 319 319 321

21 58 72

106 112 114

147 226

Acknowledgements

This book and the initial dissertation would not have been possible without the help and support of many, who deserve my sincerest gratitude. It all began when my undergraduate exchange programme took me, a Japanese studies and history student from Vienna, to Momoyama Gakuin Daigaku (kE BEAZ) in Osaka. Soon after my arrival in the autumn of 2005 I enrolled in a class on early modern Japanese foreign relations taught by Fujita Kayoko (SHIT), who did a wonderful job in challenging my understanding of global connections and making me question established discourses of European expansion vs. Japan's and China's place in the world. Ever since, I have been determined to fill the gap of understanding between different world regions and research fields. The project took a more tentative step with the start of my doctoral studies at the University of Vienna in 2007, where colleagues and mentors encouraged me to look beyond established narratives of a so-called European expansion.

As a teaching and research assistant at the Institut fiir Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte at the University of Vienna I was able to carry out research in Europe, Asia, and North America. During my four-year employment until 2012 I benefitted from various opportunities to discuss, disseminate, and teach my research topic and related themes. In particular my teaching assignments in the inspiring Erasmus Mundus master programme “Global Studies: A European Perspective”, which in addition to engaging with international students in Vienna enabled me to teach a course at a summer school at Fudan University (S EK Fudan Daxue) Shanghai, proved very beneficial.

Yet, the key moment for a successful book project was the choice of my advisor. I am deeply indebted to my Doktorvater in Vienna, Peer Vries, who was the ideal candidate for that job. He taught me how to think big, while introducing me to his huge global network and to the craft of global history. As a prudent mentor and honest friend he was equally patient, demanding, critical, and supportive: he pushed me to become sharper, to structure my thoughts while never interfering with my own way of working and, most importantly, always believing in me and my project.

Two other Vienna University senior colleagues became instrumental for this book: my undergraduate mentor Friedrich Edelmayer and Erich Landsteiner, who both encouraged and challenged my ideas from the very start.

T have also accumulated scholarly debts outside Vienna. Neither my dissertation nor this book would have been possible without the generous support of various institutions and individuals. Locating scattered source materials required research trips to Spain, Italy, Japan, and the United States. The Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology ( LÉRE A Monbukagakusho), which financed my research as a graduate student at the University of Tokyo in 2008/09, deserves special mentioning.

I also received generous funding for archival research and participation in conferences from the Osterreichische Gesellschaft für Wissenschaft (OFG), the Theodor Kórner Fonds and the Newberry Library in Chicago. I would like to thank in particular the staffat the Archivo General de Indias, Seville, the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (ARST) in Rome, the Histriographical Research Institute of the University of Tokyo (RAKE WAHT) and the Toyo Bunko (7E X J&), and in particular Maeda Hideto (ij EH75 A ) for his efforts with my research at the Matsura Shiryo Hakubutsukan ( Titii SURE).

During my year asa research student at the Japanese History Department ofthe University of Tokyo I benefitted from the kind efforts of my academic advisors Murai Shosuke $J} fY and Fujita Satoru HEFT: I participated frequently in their seminars and study groups and I was given access to the latest research.

As for the actual work on the manuscript and the revision process I consider myself extremely privileged for receiving a Postdoctoral Research fellowship from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) soon after having finished my PhD. Without its generous support that enabled me to focus exclusively on writing and research while being in Japan this book would have turned out less presentable. I mostly owe this to my host and mentor Haneda Masashi JJH E, who ever since learning about our shared interest in port cities supported me despite his incredibly busy schedule: He took time to discuss my latest findings and ideas, to polish my Japanese, andto assist with tedious paperwork. The fellowship permitted going back to the Japanese sources and delving into the interdisciplinary research community at the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia (RESLAR TA) and in particular the vibrant research group around Haneda Masashi. Regular meetings, study sessions, and workshops and their clear focus on writing new global history have been of tremendous value for sharpening my approach.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1

Over the years work on this book has put me in touch with leading scholars in both historical research and East Asian studies. As a PhD student I was lucky to discuss and receive critical comments from inspiring scholars including Richard von Glahn, Alejandra Irigoin, Hamashita Takeshi, Angela Schottenhammer and Eric Vanhaute. Among others they challenged me to think in new ways. Meeting Ikeuchi Satoshi jt A and Takahashi Komei Tj f& 59] in Nagoya during my short academic rónin period in early 2013, when they unhesitatingly hosted me at Nagoya University and introduced me to local academia was of great value. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Florentino Rodao and Emilio Sola who were equally supportive when organising events to discuss my approach with the Spanish scholarly community in Madrid and Alcalá de Henares. I have received valuable remarks from a range of scholars including Tonio Andrade, Leonard Blussé, Adam Clulow, Benjamin Elman, Antje Flüchter, Benito J. Legarda, Matsui Yoko 1^JF 3€ T", Andreas Obenaus and Shimada Ryúto ES S E. I would like to thank in particular Igawa Kenji {#)!|{#—, Csaba Olah, Shimizu Yuko K T, Cheng Weichung ETA, and Ubaldo Iaccarino for sharing their knowledge regarding East Asian history and primary source material. Akune Susumu [u/AJE3, Matsui Hiroe IAE 74%, and Oshio Ryohei KEY additionally for helping me to structure my thoughts and guiding me in complex areas of Japanese academia. Discussions with young scholars have accompanied this project; of which many took place at the Verein zur Fórderung interkultureller Studien (VSIG) in Vienna, which became a great platform for disseminating and testing unconventional ideas in a constructive environment.

Many more, who I regrettably cannot mention personally, have been instrumental for completing this book, not a single one is forgotten and I hope I will be able to return all of their kindness one day.

My sincerest thanks also go to Usui Katsuki FIFA and Yara Kenichiro IER E—BIS whose patient assistance in reading and decoding early modern Japanese sources during my stays at the University of Tokyo has been invaluable. Regular discussions in our study session encouraged me to pursue a wealth ofideas and furthermore helped me in deepening my understanding of Japanese history and broadening my perspective.

Iam deeply indebted to a number of colleagues and friends who commented on or proofread parts of my manuscript: To Ashley Hurst and Emily Arthy for their quick and patient help with linguistic and terminological issues. To John N. Crossley and Andrés Pérez Riobó, who struggled through the unpolished dissertation manuscript long before the text improved thanks to the careful reading and critical comments of Eberhard Craislheim, Lisa Hellman, and Hanna McGaughey.

I am grateful to Annelieke Vries-Baaijens, who contributed with skilful maps for a better understanding and an embellishment to my narrative. I would also like to thank the staff of Amsterdam University Press for their professional help in editing this book; Iam moreover deeply indebted to two anonymous reviewers for insightful comments, as well as the anonymous jury members and awarding institutions for the Michael Mitterauer Preis, the Böhlau Jubilaumspreis, the ICAS Best Dissertation Prize and the Award of Excellence of the Austrian Wissenschaftsministerium (all of 2013), including the organisations, which generously awarded those prizes.

My husband Matti has not only continuously encouraged my writing but also unconditionally supported all my career decisions. Without his constant support I would not have accomplished combining the two things that truly matter to me: research and a fulfilled family life. Last but not least, I am deeply grateful to my parents and my siblings, whose love and support have always sustained me. Above all I appreciate the one thing they have to offer that is often missing but dearly needed when pursuing global research: a warm and stable home to return to.

Birgit Tremml-Werner Nagoya, October 2014