The Interconnected Arctic — UArctic Congress 2016

Front matter

connected Arctic

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Foreword

In September 2016, Saint Petersburg State University hosted the first ever UArctic Congress. It gathered nearly 500 scientists, experts, students, and leaders from the Circumpolar North over 5 days in 50 sessions. In addition to consuming 5000 cups of coffee, the participants focused on the following key issues:

* The vulnerability of Arctic environments;

* The vulnerability of Arctic societies;

* Local and traditional knowledge;

* Building long-term human capacity;

* New markets the Arctic, including trade, tourism, and transportation.

In addition, the congress included the UArctic Rectors’ Forum, the Council of UArctic meeting, the UArctic Student Forum, the UArctic Board of Governors meeting, as well as other organizational events. The congress documented the value of bringing together leading circumpolar scientists from the UArctic Thematic Networks and beyond, with UArctic's leadership and members. This book brings together selected papers from the Science section, the centerpiece of the UArctic Congress 2016.

The UArctic, through cooperation within its very powerful network of over 170 organizations, has demonstrated its ability to deliver multidisciplinary education and research over the past 16 years. This bears great promise for the future of the Arctic and the world. Collaboration through the UArctic helps our members create science-based knowledge on issues crucial for Arctic development which is beneficial for Arctic inhabitants, relevant for the rest of the world, and environmentally, socioculturally, and economically sustainable. The UArctic, through its Thematic Networks vi Foreword and Institutes, can advise decision-makers in policy-making and industry in Arctic economic development to achieve the “triple bottom line” of sustainability:

* The UArctic provides the infrastructure for international science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics education cooperation, citizen empowerment, and capacity building relevant for the Arctic and the world.

* The UArctic Thematic Networks and Institutes provide a strong basis for shared curriculum and science-based education initiatives, as well as issue-based research collaboration prepared to act on present and emerging needs in and about the Arctic.

* The UArctic represents an operationally unique multilateral infrastructure to enable student and faculty mobility and internships both within and to the Arctic that can be further expanded to meet present and emerging needs.

* The UArctic ensures the best use of present-day and future investments in higher education and research institutions through international collaboration that benefit the Arctic and the world.

* The UArctic was created based on the initiative of the Arctic Council 20 years ago. Today, the UArctic together with the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA) constitutes the three organizations representing Arctic science in the Arctic Council.

The North Matters

The Arctic has changed, and that does influence the rest of the world. In a place where fast and widespread climate change is happening in front of our very eyes, perceiving what we see and acting upon it is a tough task that requires local action but even more international cooperation as the root causes are rarely in the North. Catching up with the myriad of changes to natural, social and political systems is a joint responsibility that rests on all of our shoulders — not only on the northerners'.

The UArctic takes a proactive role in promoting a holistic understanding in Arctic research, including the value of traditional knowledge. Actors in the Arctic region have taken the global lead in promoting the understanding of and respect for northern peoples and their knowledge in Arctic science over the last decade. The UArctic, with its strong commitment to the North and northern perspectives, will continue to be a driver in this for years to come.

The Arctic knowledge map still has many white spots, and it does make a difference what kind of knowledge is used when decisions influencing the future of the North are made. Building relevant knowledge and ensuring that northerners are central in this process are core values for the UArctic. The paper by Ulunnguaq Markussen at the end of the book provides an insightful discussion on the very central challenge of how different knowledge system may support, or be a hindrance, for the future development for and by the North.

Foreword vii

Finally, I would like to thank the hard work of the host, the UArctic staff, and others who organized the congress and provided the famous Russian hospitality in the fantastic St. Petersburg. I am also grateful to the contributors and editors of this book which nicely sums up the highlights from scientific contributions at the congress. I look forward to seeing you all in the next UArctic Congress in Oulu in the early fall of 2018.

Preface

The chapters of this book are derived from the UArctic Congress 2016 science sessions, focusing on themes identified in the report of the International Conference on Arctic Research Planning (ICARP IIT) that was published in 2015. Themes address the changes and developments as well as the challenges and opportunities that are taking place in today's global world. The Arctic is changing faster than any other region in the world. Its climate is changing in a speed that cannot be found anywhere else, affecting either directly or indirectly to almost everyone and everything. How can the Arctic societies and cultures, ecosystems, and environments cope with these fast changes?

This book is divided into six thematic parts reflecting the congress themes: Vulnerability of the Arctic Environments, Vulnerability of the Arctic Societies, Building the Long-Term Human Capacity, Arctic Safety, and Arctic Tourism. The final part of the book “Circumpolar, Inclusive and Reciprocal Arctic" looks at the Arctic in the light of the UArctic's mission and values; Gunhild Hoogensen Gjørv, professor of political sciences, addresses a number of issues surrounding the implementation of gender perspectives in the Arctic research, and Ulunnguaq Markussen, UArctic Student Ambassador, calls for an Arctic awakening of peoples in the era when Arctic is seen as a place for natural resource extraction and economic benefits.

During the edition process of the book, it became clear that the chapters represent a cross section of several issues and trends that are currently taking place in the Arctic: increased tourism — also in the seas - calling for maritime safety actions, and preparedness, increasing amounts of contaminants and pollutants in spite of global actions, emerging invasive species that are threatening arctic biodiversity. Changes in the Arctic environment and atmosphere and increasing industrial activities and natural resource extraction affect the Arctic peoples, both indigenous and nonindigenous and both in rural communities and in cities.

Despite the varying topics and different disciplinary approaches, the articles highlight the interconnectedness of the Arctic. Different issues are linked to each other, overlapping, entwined, and scaled across from local to global. The Arctic is not a remote and isolated area but also an area of metropolitan development and a ix x Preface place where global trends are assimilated to, and on the other hand affected by, the Arctic inhabitants.

Making the voice of the Arctic heard in the globalizing world is in the core of the UArctic ambition, reflecting the common values and interests across northern peoples and cultures. We hope that this book succeeds to serve the same purpose and that you enjoy this written journey to The Interconnected Arctic.

Oulu, Finland Kirsi Latola Hannele Savela

Contents

PartI Vulnerability of the Arctic Environments

Mysteries of the Geological History of the Cenozoic Arctic

Jórn Thiede

Part II Vulnerability of the Arctic Societies The Health Transition: A Challenge to Indigenous

Peter Sköld

Riina Haavisto, Karoliina Pilli-Sihvola, and Atte Harjanne

Importance of Consideration of Climate Change at Managing Dmitry Lajus, Daria Stogova, and Julia Lajus

Preservation of Territories and Traditional Activities

of the Northern Indigenous Peoples in the Period

Elena Gladun and Kseniya Ivanova

Satu Miettinen and Titta Jylkás

The Bicycle and the Arctic — Resilient and Sustainable Alexander Meitz and Karoline Ringhofer

Part III Building the Long-Term Human Capacity Alexandra Kekkonen, Svetlana Shabaeva, and Valery Gurtov

Impact of Wages on Employment and Migration in the High Marina Giltman

Well-Being in an Arctic City. Designing a Longitudinal John A. Rgnning, Steinar Thorvaldsen, and Gunstein Egeberg

Contents

Researching Links Between Teacher Wellbeing and Educational Change: Case Studies from Kazakhstan and Sakha Republic 00.0.0... eeeeneeseeeeceeserseeeeeeeeaeeeeseeeeeseeeseeseens

Olga M. Chorosova and Nikolai F. Artemev Well-Being at the Polish Polar Station, Svalbard: Adaptation

Anna G.M. Temp, Billy Lee, and Thomas H. Bak

Part IV Arctic Tourism Tourism Futures in the Arctic

Patrick T. Maher

Blake Rowsell and Patrick T. Maher

Arctic Tourism: The Design Approach with Reference

Svetlana Usenyuk and Maria Gostyaeva

Part V Arctic Safety

Maritime Operations and Emergency Preparedness in the Arctic- Competence Standards for Search and Rescue

Johannes Schmied, Odd Jarl Borch, Ensieh Kheiri Pileh Roud, Tor Einar Berg, Kay Fjørtoft, Ørjan Selvik, and James R. Parsons

Risk Reduction as a Result of Implementation of the Functional Based IMO Polar Code in the Arctic

Knut Espen Solberg, Robert Brown, Eirik Skogvoll, and Ove Tobias Gudmestad

Safety of Industrial Development and Transportation Routes in the Arctic (SITRA) — Collaboration Project

Nataliya Marchenko, Rocky Taylor, and Aleksey Marchenko

Kai Ryynänen The Components of Psychological Safety of Oil and Gas

Yana Korneeva, Tamara Tyulyubaeva, and Natalia Simonova xiii xiv Contents

Part VI Circumpolar, Inclusive and Reciprocal Arctic

30 Finding Gender in the Arctic: A Call to Intersectionality Gunhild Hoogensen Gjørv

31 Towards an Arctic Awakening: Neocolonalism, Sustainable Development, Emancipatory Research, Collective Action, Ulunnguaq Markussen

Chapter 1 Mysteries of the Geological History of the Cenozoic Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Cover Jórn Thiede

Abstract The University of the Arctic assembles a large group of northern hemisphere scientific institutions with a huge research capacity due to being the home of a large number of junior scientists with a high potential for the future. The vagueries of the Cenozoic Arctic ice cover history have the potential of contributing to our understanding of future environments on the northern hemisphere. This may have its implications of the socio-economic conditions for the societies inhabiting high northern latitude land areas. Climatic conditions during the young geologic past were sometimes warmer than today; the climate has a „memory“ and such conditions might offer analogues what is in store for the future for all of us.

The University of the Arctic Congress during September 2016 probably represented the largest assembly of Arctic research institutions, with a huge potential of many junior scientists who would be able — if combining and coordinating their efforts- to contribute to and to tackle a big problem, namely the variable history of the Arctic Ocean ice cover. Even though the mid-nineteenth-century scientists speculated that the modern central Arctic Ocean may be ice-free, we know since F. Nansen's famous crossing of it on his research vessel FRAM 1893-1896 that it is presently almost completely covered by sea ice, with very few larger ice bergs coming from glaciers and ice shelves from the surrounding glaciated shelves and mountain ranges. The past years of intensive stratigraphic studies of sediment cores from the Arctic Ocean have revealed many new data of changes of the Cenozoic Arctic Ocean ice cover through time. Our understanding of its increasingly complex history is growing and contradicts established text-book knowledge in many ways. This article offers to formulate a great scientific challenge; however, it does not offer for an in-depth going synthesis of this exciting time period of global paleoenvironmental history.

J. Thiede (54) Kóppen-Laboratory, Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, V. O., Sredniy prospect 41, St. Petersburg 199 178, Russia

e-mail: jthiede ? geomar.de

© The Author(s) 2017 3 K. Latola, H. Savela (eds.), The Interconnected Arctic — UArctic Congress 2016, Springer Polar Sciences, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-57532-2 1

Fig. 1.1 The Eurasian Arctic shelf seas with their important influx of fresh water are considered the „factories“ of the young sea ice, sometimes with large amounts of fine-grained sediments forming „dirty“ flows which included into the Transpolar Drift (arrow in the inserted map) travels across the Arctic Ocean to exit mostly into the Norwegian-Greenland Sea through Fram Strait (Photo by H. Kassens, Kiel). The insert map has been adapted from Gorshkov (1983)

1.2 Dynamics of the Modern Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Cover

The Arctic sea ice cover (Fig. 1.1) owes its existence to the polar position of the Arctic Ocean with its small solar insolation and hence cold temperatures, as well as its interaction of the continental hinterlands with the ocean. From modern observations we know that the Arctic sea ice cover is presently shrinking under the influence of rising global temperatures; the year 2016 was the warmest one during the recent past and we will probably experience increasingly open waters in the central Arctic Ocean in the near future.

Its history remained almost completely unknown until the modern research ice breakers were capable to visit the central Arctic Ocean, which for the first time was demonstrated by the Swedish YMER-80 expedition (Schytt 1983). In 1987 the German POLARSTERN reached the Gakkel Ridge; in 1991 POLARSTERN and the Swedish ODEN succeeded as the first conventional surface research vessels to attain the North Pole (Fig. 1.2).

The hydrographic properties of the ocean waters and the glaciology of the ice cover could be studied in great detail. It is now clear that the influx of fresh water from the North American and in particular the Eurasian rivers have a major impact on the formation of a shallow brackish water layer on the surface of the Arctic Ocean which supports the sea-ice cover (Fig. 1.3). Because of the peculiar modern

1 Mysteries of the Geological History of the Cenozoic Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Cover 5

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Fig. 1.2 The International ARCTIC Expedition of the Swedish ODEN and the German POLARSTERN reached the North Pole in early September 1991. It demonstrated that the modern infrastructure now available to polar researchers opened up a completely new phase of Arctic Ocean research (Photo by an expedition participant)

drift pattern of the Arctic sea ice (Transpolar Drift —Fig. 1.1, Beaufort Gyre) the Eurasian shelf seas can considered as ,,factories for the production“ of most of the new sea ice. The formation of this ice can lead to the inclusion of substantial amounts of fine grained sediment materials (Fig. 1.1) which after several melting cycles can concentrate on the ice surface to form „dirty“, mostly relatively old ice flows.

13 High Variability of Arctic Ocean Ice Covers During the Quaternary

Maps like those published by Hughes et al. (1977) and CLIMAP (CLIMAP Project Members 1976, see also Cline and Hays 1976) provided widely differing opinions of the nature of the Arctic ocean ice cover without having any field data in support. Figure 1.4 assumes that a huge ice sheet extending from North America and northern Eurasia reached across the entire Arctic Ocean forming a thick ice shelf over the deep-sea regions. The CLIMAP reconstruction (Fig. 1.5), on the contrary, saw the ice sheets both on the North American as well as on the NW Eurasian side limited to the continents and their shelves, with the central Arctic Ocean and the Norwegian Greenland Sea possibly covered by sea ice.

Freshwater input (summer) - Note the high standard deviation in the Laptev and East Siberian seas -

River discharge & River discharge 8

sea-ice meltwater p". . i sea-ice meltwate 2278 km? « AT 2292 km?

stand. dev.- 1096 DE y stand. dev.= 40%!

ll River discharge & sea-ice meltwate

Storage of freshwater in the Arctic Ocean

Fig. 1.3 The salinities of the Arctic Ocean surface waters are heavily impacted by the fresh water influx from northern Eurasia. The regional salimity anomalies (isolines are expressed in ppt's) during the summer have been taken from Gorshkov 1983, the corresponding fresh water input has been adapted from EWG (Environmental Working Group) 1998 (Oceanography atlas for the summer period)

Since 1987, research ice breakers have been able to penetrate the Arctic ice cover up to the North Pole, both from the West (Fram Strait and Svalbard) as well as from the Far East (Bering Strait) systematically recovering sediment samples and cores which then allowed to define the impact of the existence of the Arctic ice covers. Based on a collection of sediment cores Spielhagen et al. 2004 have been able to document the presence of the sea ice for the past 120 000 years (MIS 1-5), while the intensity of the sedimentation of planktonic foraminifers as well as of the ice-rafted terrigeneous detritus reflected the alterations between glaciations and interglaciations on the adjacent continents. Each time, one of the large glacial ice sheets collapsed during deglaciation, large amounts of fresh water entered the Arctic Ocean and left their imprint in the O-isotope signals preserved in the shell materials of the planktonic foraminifers. Mangerud et al. 2004 also studied the impact of the subglacial lakes whose run-off to the Arctic Ocean had been barred by the glacial ice sheets in North America and NW Eurasia while rivers such as the Lena and others to the East of Taymyr Peninsula (eastern limitation of the Upper Quaternary ice sheets) had been emptying their fresh water into the Arctic Ocean almost continuously during glacials and interglacials.

1 Mysteries of the Geological History of the Cenozoic Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Cover 7

P lies

Fig. 1.4. Northern Hemisphere ice cover during the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) according to Hughes et al. (1977) who assumed the existence of a thick ice shelf over the central Arctic deep-sea basins

This simplified picture changed substantially when the traces of large ice shelves extending into the central Arctic Ocean were detected through glacial erosional features, first on Lomonosov Ridge, later also on several other structural highs in the Arctic Ocean (Jakobsson et al. 2016). This interpretation is based on geophysical evidence from multibeam bathymetry and seismic reflection subbottom profiles. The ice shelves appear to be coeval with MIS 6 which represented the glaciation over NW Eurasia with an ice sheet substantially larger than the younger ice sheets which had been mapped by Svendsen et al. 2004 (cf. Thiede et al. 2004) as their contribution to the QUEEN project.

It would be highly desirable to learn more about the Cenozoic, in particular the early Pleistocene history of the Sibirian river run-off to the Arctic Ocean, because of its influence on the Arctic Ocean surface water salinities. There are well developed river terrace systems from East Siberian rivers such as the Lena and it is hoped that they will be studied intensely in the future (Savelieva et al. 2013). The Quaternary history of this region and of the bed of Lena river in this region is poorly known, but of particular interest, since an extension of the Russian railroad system has been established along the eastern shores of the Lena River; it is probably in the vicinity of Yakutsk (capital of the republic of Sakha) where the first bridge ever will cross the most important, longest and undisturbed Siberian river draining into the Arctic Ocean.

Fig. 1.5 The CLIMAP reconstruction (CLIMAP Project Members 1976; see also Cline and Hays 1976) of the last glacial maximum (LGM) on the Northern Hemisphere. Contrary to Hughes et al. (1977) the central Arctic Ocean was considered sea ice covered, even this could only be proven much later after expeditions of research ice breakers successfully reached the central Arctic Ocean (Spielhagen et al. 2004)

14 The Enigma of the Tertiary Predecessors of the Central Arctic Ocean Ice Covers

Already Kóppen and Wegener (1924) based on observations from northernmost Siberia had vaguely assumed that Cenozoic northern hemisphere glaciation reached back into the Miocene. This assumption could be confirmed by the activities of the deep-sea drilling project in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea (DSDP/ODP Legs 38, 104 and 151), the two latter legs recovering completely cored Lower and Upper Tertiary sediment sequences (Thiede 2011a, b). In the Norwegian-Greenland Sea and in the drill sites around Greenland indications of continuous ice-rafting of coarse terrigenous sediment components suggested that ice-bergs were present in

1 Mysteries of the Geological History of the Cenozoic Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Cover 9 this area since Paleogene times which while melting shed their sedimentary load to the seafloor.

The JOIDES RESOLUTION was the first scientific drilling vessel which succeeded —accompanied by the heavy duty ice-breaker FENNICA- to enter the Arctic Ocean and recover sediment cores from the Neogene and Pleistocene sediment cover of the Yermak Plateau to the North of Svalbard (Thiede, Myhre et al. 1996). A most spectacular record of ice-rafted fine- and coarse grained terrigeous has been obtained by the IODP Expedition 302 ARCTIC CORING (ACEX) of ECORD in 2004 when a flotilla of three ice breakers reached a position on Lomonosov Ridge very close to the North Pole (Backman and Moran 2009). Figure 1.6 is reflecting the analyses of the shipboard sedimentologist St. John (2008) with observations af variable concentrations of coarse and fine-grained ice rafted detritus since Late Eocene times. The precise age of the onset of ice-rafting in the Upper Eocene sediments is still a subject of debate (Poirier and Hillaire-Marcel 2011) but it is clear that this happened much earlier than assumed hitherto (apparently also earlier than the onset of Antarctic glaciation). A similar very early onset was later confirmed at ODP Site 913 immediately to the East of Greenland.

The presence of the coarse grained ice-rafted sediment components suggest the occurrence of ice-bergs originating from glaciers or ice-shelves which reached into the ocean. This cannot be said to easily for the finegrained materials which can also

Site 302 IRD MAR (g/cm/kyr)

0.36 g/cm/kyr at 0.22 Ma

Plio | P

Miocene

Site 302 IRD MAR (gicm*/kyr)

Age (Ma)

Oligocene hiatus

© isolated granules and pebbies

Fig.1.6 The Lomonosov Ridge ice-rafting record from Eocene through Quaternary times deduced from sediment components (St. John 2008). The yellow circles mark the occurrence of relatively coarse terrigenous deposits indicative of ice bergs. Age scales on the left, a hiatus marks a missing sediment record be brought in by sea ice. Other researchers have therefor argued, based on proxies such as IP; for spring sea ice cover and alkenone-based summer sea-surface temperatures > 4 °C that the central Arctic was only seasonally ice-covered (Stein et al. 2016) during the Late Miocene.

The same applies to Upper Cretaceous biosiliceous laminated sediments which had been collected many years ago from Alpha Ridge. Their microfossils seemed to indicate summer sea surface temperatures of 10-15 °C, but later detailed analysis of the laminations documented the presence of thin sand layers in between suggesting ice-rafting by winter sea ice and hence documenting a strong seasonal difference (Davies et al. 2009).

1.5 What Triggered the Onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciations During the Paleogene?

This question leaves room for speculations, but the idea of seeking a relationship between tectonism to the origin and history of continental drainage systems and Arctic climate is by no means new (pers. comm. Hayes 1996; Molnar and Tapponier 1975; Ruddiman & Kutzbach 1989) even though the available stratigraphies and the timing of events have completely changed over the past 20 years.

Brinkhuis et al. (2006) have published a paleogeographic map for the Eocene Arctic Ocean, when the occurrence of Azolla-microspores in the ACEX-drill cores from Lomonosov Ridge suggested substantially warmer temperatures than later. In modern times Azolla is a floating fresh water fern, mostly lives in subtropical fresh water environments.

During the Eocene, the Arctic Ocean was connected to the world ocean only through shallow sea ways. The Turgay Strait across western Siberia linked the Arctic Ocean with the Tethyan system further to the South suggesting that the Siberian platform at that time was not tipping to the North. Azolla has also been observed in Eocene drill cores in the Norwegian-Greenland and Labrador seas, apparently recording a very strange event of large amounts of fresh water entering the high northern latitude seas.

The deposition of the Azolla-rich sediments preceded the onset of ice-rafting in the ACEX-cores and it is tempting to link the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation to the plate tectonic processes occurring at the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate resulting in the generation of a northward flowing drainage system emptying into the Arctic Ocean (Fig. 1.7).

1 Mysteries of the Geological History of the Cenozoic Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Cover 11

Age of Oceanic Lithosphere [m.y.]

Fig. 1.7 The late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic plate tectonic development resulted in the collision of the Indian subcontinent with the Southern Eurasian plate margin with important consequences for the physiography of the Siberian platform which developed since that time a river system almost exclusively draining into the Arctic Ocean (figure via personal communication of D. Miiller, Sydney). The age distribution of the deep ocean floors can be deduced from the distribution of well-dated magnetic anomalies which have been mapped in the global ocean and which allow to define the plate tectonic evolution

No question: The Late Mesozoic and Early Tertiary Arctic Ocean was ice-free at times, despite the occurrence of ,,glendonites (mineral formations indicative of cold temperatures) in Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments around the Arctic.

Nobody knows where and precisely when or why the onset of Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere glaciation occurred, but certainly much earlier that believed up to now! Urgent research needs comprise of systematic future Arctic deep-sea drilling with good areal coverage based on solid and detailed site surveys and a resolution of Siberian river histories, and also involve a courageous young generation of polar geoscientists because to resolve this exciting period of northern hemisphere paleoenvironmental history will take decades.

The University of the Arctic is the largest gathering of young polar scientists and provides the logical and best platform to identify motivated, internationally oriented and well educated junior scientists to achieve this goal.

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1 Mysteries of the Geological History of the Cenozoic Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Cover 13

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Chapter 2

Response of Arctic Alpine Biota to Climate Change - Evidence from Polar Urals GLORIA Summits

Yuri E. Mikhailov and Pavel A. Moiseev

Abstract Polar Urals as one of target regions of Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) comprises a suite of four summits, representing an elevation gradient of alpine vegetation patterns. The sampling areas cover the summits from the tops down to the 10 m contour line and are divided into eight sections. For each section, a complete list of vascular plants and herpetobiotic arthropods was collected and resurveyed. In the period from 2001 untill 2015, the species numbers steadily increased and the total surplus of vascular plants was up to 13 species on separate summit. A general decrease in the total cover of vascular plants and changes in percentage cover of the dominant species was recorded on the permanent plots; certain species of herbs decreased and certain shrub species increased. Among the dominant species of invertebrates, ground beetles and millipedes were replaced by click beetles and spiders. After 14 years the altitudinal index calculated for vascular plants gave an average upward movement of 13.6 m, that is more pronounced than in Northern and Southern Urals. The thermophilization of the alpine plant communities of Polar Urals was found equal to 9.3% of one vegetation belt. The temperature sums obtained from data loggers demonstrate the slight tendency of increase, especially for the lower summits.