Woodwork in the common school

Front matter

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WOODWORK

IX

Introduction

The purpose of this little book is to furnish a working basis for a system of manual training for Primary and Grammar grades, which can be taught in the school-room, if necessary by the regular teacher.

The tools used therefore are small, at first simply Pencil, Rule and small Pocketknife; afterward Compasses, Jack-knife, Hammer, Screw-driver, Gimlet, Gauge and Try-square. In the beginning the work is done on the school desk. With the introduction of the hammer, a plain, portable desk cover of white wood is provided, which transforms the desk to a simple work bench.

The course is designed to cover the eight years of school work preceding the High School, and to bridge the chasm between the manual work of the Kindergarten and that of the higher grade Manual Training School. Boys and girls should take it together, as thev take other school studies.

Two periods of about thirty or forty minutes each, per week, are recommended for the younger children; one period of twice the length for the older ones. The programme on page 3 subject to modification and amendment in the hands of a wise school supervison is offered suggestively.

So far as the use of the knife is concerned, the course is divided into three parts, cutting of lines, cutting of surfaces, and cutting of solids.

This manual is designed for the teacher; the sample dictations and suggestions here ^iven are for the teacher.

2 INTRODUCTION.

They are not intended to be followed word for word, but to convey the idea to the instructor, who after assimilating it will use such details of language as occasion may require.

Attention is called to these fundamental points: —

i st. Work is to be dictated not copied, part of the aim being to develop accuracy of hearing and obeying, as well as accuracy of observation and of execution.

2nd. Drawing is made fundamental and is intended to precede cutting.

3rd. It is not intended to limit work to problems given. If time permits any amount can be added, care being taken serve the general principles laid down and the division into parts and sections. In any case original work should occupy a large place at every stage.

4th. Experience shows that this kind of work carries its own commendation to the pupil. In pursuing it he will need to be restrained rather than pushed.

5th. Teachers are especially urged to study the system here offered and the plans by which it is developed, not with reference to its power to produce things, but rather for its efficacy in helping to evolve capacities.

6th. One set of tools can be passed through the different rooms in one building, thus saving a large percentage of outlay. It should be the duty of the janitors to see that the tools for their respective buildings are kept in order.

The author gladly acknowledges his indebtedness to Geo. B. Kilbon for the idea of using the jack-knife in the schoolroom; to Miss E. C. Elder for aid in harmonizing the work with the Kindergarten; to Mrs. E. C. Hinckley for co-operation especially in developing the work in the crystal models; and to Miss Katherine D. Whitman for assistance in design and dictation. He is also indebted to the school

INTRODUCTION. 3

authorities of Northampton, Mass., the first city to adopt the system, and to Superintendent Pease and the teachers of that city, whose more than cordial co-operation did much to make the first trial a success.

PROGRAMME OFFERED SUGGESTIVELY.

i st. Year. Line Cutting.

Vertical and Horizontal lines.

Diagonal lines. 2nd. Year. Line Cutting.

Diagonal lines continued.

Combinations Vertical, Horizontal, and

Diagonal lines.

Curved lines. 3rd. Year. Line Cutting.

Curved lines continued.

Combinations Vertical, Horizontal,

Diagonal and Curved lines. 4th. Year. Surface Cutting.

Geometrical Forms.

Cross and Vase Forms =

Openings.

Small Frame Fronts.

Large Frame Fronts. 5th. Year. Problems with Hammer and Wire Brads. " Screw-driver.

" Gimlet. 6th. Year. Getting out Stock.

Gauge and Try-square Problems.

Plain and Ornamental Frame, Box and other

work.

4 INTRODUCTION.

7th. Year. Jointing and Fitting Problems.

Plain and Ornamental Box and Frame-work,

etc., continued. 8th. Year. Solid Cutting.

Geometrical Forms.

Crystal Models.

General Review according to time.

ESTIMATED EXPENSE OF ONE FULL SET OF TOOLS.

Pencil

.02

Rule . .

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Knife

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Compasses

.08

Hammer

.10

Screw-driver

.08

Gimlet .

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Gauge .

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Try-square

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GENERAL NOTE.

All drawings in this book are on a scale of 1-2 inch to the inch. To get correct measurements, therefore, from plates, it will be necessary to multiply by 2.

Part I. Line Work. Tools

PENCIL, RULE. KNIFE. COMPASSES.

MATERIAL.

BASSWOOD TABLETS. i-S INCH THICK: SQUARES 3 1-2 INCHES, OBLOXGS Sx 2 .

FIRST POSITION FOR KNIFE.

GENERAL NOTES.

i. It is assumed that the pupils can find the inch and one-half inch on the rule. If not they must be taught to do so before beginning work on the wood. Whenever a new measurement as 1-4, i-S, etc., is introduced, care must be taken to teacli that first on the rule if necessary. As cheap rules are likely to be shortened at the end by wear, it is better in measuring to begin at the one inch mark rather than at the end.

2. Teach the pupil to observe the grain and always when drawing in using square tablets to have the grain run from back to front, and in using oblong tablets to have the grain run from left to right. For cutting purposes the pupil may turn the tablet so as to work most naturally.

3. In measuring along edges of tablet, unless otherwise directed, always begin on back edge at left back corner and move toward the right; on front edge at left front corner and move toward the right; on left edge at back left corner and move toward the front; on right edge at back right corner and move toward the front. In drawing lines, unless otherwise directed, also move from back to front and from left to right.

4. Have all original work drawn on paper and corrected with reference to good design, before it is drawn on the wood.

SECTION i. VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINES

SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

Problem i. Alongf the back edsre of the tablet measure off every 1-2 inch, marking with very light clots. Do the same along the front edge. With the rule connect left dot on back edge and left dot on front edge. Measure toward the front 1-2 inch, draw inch, skip 1-2 inch, draw inch. Move the rule 1-2 inch to the right and draw lines as before. So continue across the tablet until twelve vertical inch lines have been drawn. Xow, holding the knife with the blade between the thumb and forefinger, slightly tipped to the right from the vertical, as shown in first position, cut the right edge of the left back line. Turn the tablet round and cut the opposite edge of the same line. ( If properly done this operation takes out a very narrow V shaped shaving). Proceed with the lines to the right and then with the front row of lines in the same manner.

Problem 2. This problem involves working from left to right, instead of from back to front, and cutting against instead of with the grain.

Problems 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be easily understood by the teacher without special directions after 1 and 2 are done.

Problem S. This problem introduces the 1-4 inch measurement. Preceding it, therefore, that measurement must be taught on the rule.

Problems 9, 10 and 11 follow naturally and require no special dictations here.

Problem 12. This problem is to be an original design by the pupil, using only vertical and horizontal lines, the elements already furnished. It should be drawn satisfactorily on paper before being put upon the tablet, and especial attention should be given to the requisites of good design.

Problem 13. Measure off on back edge of tablet every 1-2 inch. Same on front edge. On left and right edges 1-2 inch from back and front edges. Connect left dot on back edge and left dot on front edge with the rule. From the back edge skip 1-2 inch, draw inch. Move the rule 1-2 inch to the right and draw as before. So on across the tablet until you have fifteen vertical lines. Connect back dot on left edge and back clot on right edge with the rule. From left edge skip 1-2 inch, draw 1-2 inch, skip 1-2 inch and so on across the tablet until you have drawn eight horizontal lines. Connect front dot on left edge and front dot on right edge with the rule. From the left draw 1-2 inch, skip 1-2 inch, and so on until you have drawn eight horizontal lines. Then cut with knife as before.

Problems 14, 15 and 16 will be clear without special directions.

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OBLIQUE LINES.

SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

Problem 17. Mark off every 1-2 inch on left edge; same on right edge. With rule connect back left dot and back right dot, and mark off even- 1-2 inch until five dots are made. Move rule forward 1-2 inch, from left edge place dot 1-2 inch to right, and from right edge place dot 1-2 inch to left. Move rule forward 1-2 inch and from left edge measure one inch and make a dot, then every 1-2 inch until five dots are made in this row. Find second row, first dot; and third row, first dot; connect with rule and draw. Find first row, first dot; third row, second clot; connect and draw. Find first row, second dot; third row, third dot; connect and draw. Find first row, third dot; third row, fourth dot; connect and draw. Find first row, fourth dot; third row, fifth dot; connect and draw. Find first row, fifth dot; second row, last dot; connect and draw. Repeat same dictation for front half of tablet.

Problem 18. This problem simply reverses the lines in problem 17.

Problems 19, 20 and 21 are combinations of 17 and 18.

Problem 22 calls for original design.

Problem 23 is made up of diagonals of the oblong.

Problems 24 and 25. Draw the diagonals of the tablet lightly for construction lines.

Problems 26 and 27. Draw both diagonals and diameters of the tablet for construction lines.

Problem 28 calls for original design.

Problem 29. Measure off on left and right edges ever}' - 1-2 inch. Connect back left dot and back right dot with rule. Measure from left edge one inch and make dot; then every inch until there are seven dots. Move rule 1-2 inch forward. Measure off every 1-2 inch until you have a line of fifteen dots. Move rule forward 1-2 inch. Measure 1-2 inch and make a dot, skip one inch, and make a dot, and proceed with inch measurements until 3-011 have eight dots. Connect back dot on left edge and first dot on middle row of dots with rule and draw connecting line. Connect middle dot on left edge and first dot in front row of dots with rule and draw as before. Moving the rule to the right one inch at a time draw similar oblique lines across the tablet. Then draw the opposite oblique lines necessarv to connect those alreadv drawn.

Problems 30 and 3.1 are border patterns involving same principles.

Problem 32 calls for selected or original design.

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A MANUAL OF WOODWORK.

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Section 3. Combinations Of Straight Lines

SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

Problem 33. Draw all the vertical and horizontal lines first, then the oblique lines.

Problem 34. Bisect the edges. Place rule so as to connect bisecting dots on back and front edges. Measure toward the center one inch from each dot, and make two other dots. Repeat from dots on left and right edges. Connect these four dots with lines, thus constructing a square with the corner toward the front. Measure on left and right edges of tablet from back corners forward 1-2 inch, and from front corners backward 1-2 inch, and make dots. Connect back left dot and back right dot with rule, skip 1-2 inch, draw inch, skip 1-2 inch, draw inch. Repeat with front left and right dots. Connect left end of left back line and left end of left front line with the rule. Beginning at left end of left back line draw forward one inch, skip 1-2 inch, -draw one inch. Repeat at right ends of right back, and front lines. Connect right end of left back line and left end of right front line with the rule and draw from these points inward to the square. Connect left end of right back line and right end of left front line and draw from these points inward to the square. Draw similar lines at left and right thus completing the fieure.

Problem 35. Draw all the vertical and horizontal lines first, then the oblique lines.

Problem 36. Draw lightly for construction lines the diagonals of the tablet. Make dot on edges of tablet 1-2 inch each way from each corner. Connect back left dot and back right dot with rule, skip one inch, draw 1 1-2 inches. Connect front left dot and front right dot with rule, skip one inch, draw 1 1-2 inches. Connect left dot on back edge and left dot on front edge with rule, skip one inch, draw 1 1-2 inches. Repeat from right dots on back and front edges. From center of tablet measure on diagonals each way 3-8 inch making thus four dots. Find left end of back horizontal and dot on left back diagonal, connect and draw. Find right end of back horizontal and dot on right back diagonal, connect and draw. Draw similar lines from front horizontal and from left and right verticals thus completing the figure.

Problem 37. Draw the square, then the diagonals of the square, then the other oblique lines.

Problem 39. Bisect edges of tablet. Connect back dot and front dot with rule, skip 3-8 inch and make a dot, skip 3-8 inch, draw two inches, skip 3-S inch and make a dot. Repeat from left to right dot. Place rule diagonally across the tablet, make dot one inch each way from center and draw between the dots. From ends of this line place dots 3-8 inch toward corners of the tablet. Repeat on opposite diagonal. Find back end of vertical line and back right dot, connect and draw. Find back dot and right dot, connect and draw from back dot to line last drawn, skip to end of diagonal line, draw to dot. Repeat last two operations around the tablet.

Problem 40. This problem will be simplified by drawing unbroken lines first.

Problem 41. First draw the squares lightly and then erase the lines where necessary to make interlacing.

Problems 42 and 43. Draw the squares first, then all vertical and horizontal lines, then oblique lines.

Problem 45. Draw long horizontal lines first, then all vertical and horizontal lines, then oblique lines.

Problem 46. Draw long horizontal lines first, then all remaining horizontal lines, then oblique lines.

Problem 47. Draw the unbroken before the broken oblique lines.

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Section 4. Circular Lines

SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

Problem 49. Find center by drawing diagonals lightly. Set compasses at 3-4 incli and from this center describe a circle. Set compasses at 1 1-4 inches and from same center describe another circle.

Problem 50. Draw diagonals lightly for construction lines and have the arcs end at the diagonals.

Problem 51. Describe circle first. The centers for the arcs are on the diagonals.

Problem 52. The centers for the eight circles are on the diameters and diagonals 3-4 inch from the center of the tablet.

Problem 53. The radius for these nine circles is 5-8 inch. Describe center circle first. Find centers for other circles on diameters and diagonals of tablet y-8 inch from the center of the tablet.

Problem 55. Draw diameters of the tablet lightly for construction lines.

Problems 56 and 57. Draw diameters and diagonals of the tablet lightly for construction lines.

Problem 58. Describe circles with centers on diagonals first. Then broken arcs with centers on diameters. Then four short arcs at ends of these. Then erase wherever necessary to make interlacing.

Problem 59. Draw diameters and diagonals lightly for construction lines. Make dots on diameters 1-4 inch from edges and on diagonals one inch from corners. With left dot as center and radius sufficient to reach back dot, describe an arc from back dot to the back right diagonal. With dot on left back diagonal as center describe arc from right back diagonal to right diameter. With dot on back diameter as center, describe arc from right diameter to front right diagonal. Repeat with remaining dots as centers until eight unbroken outside lines are drawn. Shortening the radius 1-4 inch repeat the same all round. In a similar manner describe the broken arcs necessary to complete the figure.

Problem 61. Bisect left and right edges of tablet and connect by light construction line. On this line mark off every 1-2 inch. Set compasses at 1-2 inch for radius. Beginning at right edge, and moving to the left, with the dots made as centers, describe arcs from the construction line toward the back until they meet arcs previously drawn. Beginning at the left edge and moving to the right describe arcs in a similar manner toward the front, until thev meet arcs previously drawn.

Problem 62. Bisect the tablet lengthwise for construction line. Find centers for arcs on this line.

Problem 63. Measure on left and right edges 1-8, 3-8, 1-2, 1-2, 3-S. Connect back and front dots on left and right edges in pairs with light horizontal construction lines. Connect middle three dots on left and right edges in pairs with rule and make dots every 1-2 inch until 3-011 have three rows of dots, for points terminating arcs. Find centers for arcs on back and front lines by measuring from left edge 1-8 inch, then even- 1-4 inch across the tablet. The radius is H inch.

A MANUAL OF WOODWORK.

A MANUAL OF WOODWORK.

A MANUAL OF WOODWORK.

Section 5. Combinations Of All Lines

SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

Problem 65. Describe circle, then draw all vertical and horizontal lines, then all obliqne lines, then describe arcs.

Problem 66. Draw diameters and diagonals lightly for construction lines.

Problem 67. Describe circles first. Find points on middle circle for termination of arcs. Draw all straight lines. Describe connecting arcs.

Problem 68. Describe center and outer circles. Draw 1-2 inch lines from center circle on diameters and diagonals and make dots on outer circle where rule crc Bisect outer circle between dots already made and from center circle draw 1-2 inch lines toward these dots. With dot on outer circle at left end of horizontal diameter as center and radius to third dot on outer circle, draw to back end of vertical line, skip to front end of vertical line, draw to dot on outer circle. Repeat at right end of horizontal diameter, also on vertical diameter and diagonals. Continue the same process until all the dots in the outer circle have been used as centers and all the arcs drawn.

Problem 69. First describe circles at center. Then draw straight lines radiating from center. Then describe arcs at corners. Then broken arcs on diameters.

Problem 71. Draw the square. Then all vertical and horizontal lines. Then describe arcs with radius 5-16 inch. Then draw all oblique lines.

Problem 72. Draw the square. Describe complete circles and semicircles. Then short arcs. Lastly draw oblique lines.

Problem 73. Draw the square. Mark off every 1-2 inch on sides of square. Find points for center and corner figures and describe arcs in pairs from these points as centers, drawing 3-8, skipping 3-8 and drawing 3-8. Then draw all oblique lines. Then from nearest points of figures already made as centers, describe the sets of four semicircles which touch each other at the centers of the small broken squares.

Problem 74. Describe circles first. Draw all straight lines. Describe connecting arcs.

Problem 75. First describe center circles and outside circle. Make dots on the outside circle where the diameters and diagonals would intersect it. By properly connecting these points with the rule, the eight points of the large figure can be drawn, the lines being 1-2 inch in length. Again by connecting the ends of these lines with the rule in pairs, the lines extending to the third circle from the center can be drawn. Then describe short connecting arcs from center in outer circle. Then describe the remaining three broken circles.

Problem jj. Draw all straight lines first, then describe broken arcs.

Problem 78. Draw back and front lines and a horizontal bisecting construction line. Describe circles and use points on back and front lines as centers for arcs.

Problem 79. Measure on left and right edges from back edge 1-4 inch, 3-4 inch. Connect back left and back right

A MANUAL OF WOODWORK.

dots with rule. Measure 1-4 inch in and make a dot, then every 1-2 inch across the tablet. Move the rule forward 3-4 inch, draw light construction line and repeat same measurements. From these last dots as centers, with radius 3-16 inch, describe semicircles toward the front. Connect ends of semicircles with point directly back. Describe semicircles to the front from point on small semicircles already drawn. Centers for back arcs are 1-4 inch back of centers for small semicircles. Problem So calls for an original desien.

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Part II. Surface Cutting. Tools

PENCIL, RULE, KNIFE AND COMPASSES.

MATERIAL.

OBLONG TABLETS 8*2, 1-8 INCH THICK.

SQUARES 3 1-2 INCHES, 1-8 INCH THICK.

SMALL FRAME FRONTS, 5 x 4 1-4, 3-16 INCH THICK.

CABINET FRAME FRONTS, 7 1-2x6,

1-4 OR 3-16 INCH THICK.

SECOND POSITION FOR KNIFE.

GENERAL NOTES.

i. For geometrical forms use 8x2 tablets.

For forms of crosses and vases use square tablets.

2. Always begin with a straight edge to measure from.

3. Always cut with the grain and not against it.

4. In cutting with knife in second position, always draw the blade down, as well as toward you, so as to move toward the point of the blade. When more convenient, as is sometimes the case, the process may be reversed by pushing the knife from, instead of drawing it toward the cutter.

SECTION i. CUTTING OUT FORMS

SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

Problem Si. Square. Measure off from left end, on back and front edges of tablet two inches, and draw connecting line. Repeat on opposite side. Connect these lines across edges, thus making one continuous line around the tablet. Cut just outside this line, around the tablet lightly, holding the knife in first position. Cut the same line a second time heavily. Break off two inch piece, hold in left hand and with knife in second position trim to the line.

Problem 82. Triangle. Measure off on front edge of tablet two inches and make dots. From these dots as centers with radius of two inches, describe arcs near back edge which shall intersect each other. Connect this point of intersection with left and right dots on front edge. Repeat on other side of tablet, being careful to have the lines exactlv opposite to those already drawn. Cut off the piece with knife in first position; then cut to just outside the lines, then trim to the lines with knife in second position.

Problem S3. Pentagon. From left end of back edge of tablet measure off one inch; from left end of front edge 3-8 inch, 1 1-4 inches, 3-8 inch. From dot on back edge, and from left dot on front edge with radius of 1 1-4 inches describe to the left intersecting arcs. From dot on back edge and middle dot on front edge describe to the right intersecting arcs. Connect the dots and points of intersection in snch manner as to complete the fignre. Repeat on other side of tablet exactly opposite, and cnt as before.

Problem 84. Hexagon. Describe circle with radins of one inch. Draw horizontal diameter of circle. From ends of diameter, with same radius, describe four short arcs, intersecting the circle. Connect these points of intersection with each other and with ends of diameter in such manner as to complete the figure. Repeat on other side of tablet and cut as before.

Problem 85. Octagon. Measure on back and front edges of tablet two inches, connect the dots and draw. Draw light diagonal lines of the square. With point of compasses in front left corner and radius to center, make a dot on front and left edges; repeat at each corner giving eight dots. Connect these eight dots in such manner as to give the octagon. Repeat on opposite side of tablet and cut as before.

Problem 86. Circle. Find center of two inch square. With radius of one inch from this center describe circle. Repeat on opposite side and cut as before.

Problem 87. Ellipse. Beginning at left end of tablet draw horizontal bisecting line three inches in length. Draw vertical line from back to front of tablet bisecting this horizontal line. With radius equal to 1-2 the long diameter, from end of short diameter describe arcs each way, intersecting long diameter. These points of intersection are the foci of the ellipse. Place a pin firmly leaning outward, at each of these points, also at one end of the short diameter. Tie a piece of linen thread around these three pins, resting on the tablet. Remove pin from end of short diameter. Place pencil in the loop of thread, being careful to keep the pencil in vertical position and the thread on the tablet. With the pencil thus controlled by the loop describe the ellipse. Repeat on opposite side of tablet and cut as before.

Problem SS. Oval. Draw a bisecting horizontal line three inches in length. On this line measure off one inch from left end to the right and draw a vertical two inch line intersecting at this point; measure off from, right end 1-4 inch to the left and draw a vertical line about one inch, intersecting at this point. From left point of intersection as center with radius of one inch describe a semicircle to the left, terminating at ends of left vertical line. From point on horizontal bisecting line 1-2 inch from right end with radius of 1-2 inch describe arcs terminating at points of intersection with right vertical line. Connect ends of arcs free hand in such manner as to complete the oval. Repeat on opposite side and cut as before.

Problems 89 and 90 call for other selected geometrical forms.

Problems 91, 92 and 93. Latin, Greek and St. Andrew's crosses. In cutting these problems, cut both ways toward the angles, taking out small Y shaped pieces. It will pay to make haste slowlv.

Problem 94 calls for some other form of cross selected by pupil.

Problems 95, 96 and 97. Yase Forms. The curved lines in these problems are all arcs and can be described with compasses when proper centers are found.

Problem 98. In this problem the pupil may if he choses use his knowledge of line cutting received in Part I for purposes of ornamentation.

A MANUAL OF WOODWORK.

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Problems 89 and 90. Other geometric forms to be selected by pupil.

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Problem 94. Other form of cross selected by pupil.

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Problem 98. Other form of vase selected by pupil.

CUTTING OUT OPENINGS.

SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

Problem 99. Square Opening. Draw two inch square at center of tablet. Repeat on opposite side. With knife in first position cut just inside the lines drawn on both sides the tablet until you can take out the square. Then with knife in second position trim the edges of opening to the lines.

Problems 100, 101, 102, 103 and 104, are to be treated iu similar manner.

Problems 105, 106 and 107. Small Frame Fronts. The center lines represent the openings. The other lines are to be cut as in Part I for ornamentation.

Problems 108, 109 and no, call for original designs.

Problem in. Cabinet Frame Front. In drawing the Greek border make corner squares first, On inside vertical edges of the squares at back of tablet mark off ever}' 1-8 inch. Connect back left dot and back right dot with rule. Measure 1-8, draw 1-2 across the tablet until you have five 1-2 inch lines, then measure 1-8 and draw 3-8. Move rule forward 1-8 inch. Measure 1-4, draw 1-4, then measure 3-8 and draw 1-4 until you reach the squares. Move rule forward 1-8 inch. Measure 1-8, draw 1-4, then measure 3-8 and draw 1-4 until you have six lines drawn. Move rule forward 1-8 inch. Draw 1-4, measure 3-8, until vou have six lines drawn in this row. Move the rule forward 1-8 inch. Draw 3-8, measure 1-8, then draw 1-2 and measure 1-8 until you reach the square. Proceed in similar manner at front, left and right. Erase 1-8 inch on the inside edges of square as shown in the plate.

Problem 112. Cabinet Frame Front. The large diamond represents the opening to be cut out.

Problem 113. Cabinet Frame Front. Measure off on back edge of tablet 3-4, 1 1-2, 1 1-2, 1 1-2, same on front edge. Measure off on left edge of tablet 3-4, 1 1-2, 1 1-2, 1 1-2, 1 1-2; same 011 right edge. Connect back dot on left edge with left dot on back edge and draw. Move rule 1 1-2 inches to the right and draw. So continue across the tablet. Connect right dot on back edge with back dot on right edge and draw. Move rule 1 1-2 inches to the left and draw. So continue across the tablet. Bisect back and front edges. Connect with rule. Measure from back edge 1 1-2 inches and draw 4 1-2 inches for long diameter of ellipse. Bisect left and right edges, connect with rule, from left edge measure to the right 1 1-2 inches and draw three inches for short diameter of ellipse. Bisect sides of all the squares to find points for termination of semicircles. Describe semicircles so that they will touch at centers of squares and terminate at these points. Describe small circles at corners of squares. Erase all straight lines.