College lectures on ecclesiastical history ...

Preface

The following Lectures on Ecclesiastical History were chiefly delivered to the Students of this College, at the request of the Rev. James Hildyard, the Senior Tutor, in the Lent Term of the present year. The catechetical form was adopted as a convenient mode of breaking the subject into distinct parts, and of allowing time for notes to be taken. I am not aware of any such plan having been previously followed ; but, from what I have learnt, I am led to believe that it has given satisfaction, and answered the expectation I had formed of at least engaging the attention of all classes of students. The adoption of this system has necessarily affected the style of composition, and rendered it less inviting to the general reader than it might otherwise have been made.

It may be interesting to those who are unacquainted with the plan of examination now adopted by this University, to state, that on and after January, 1846, " The History of the Christian Church from its origin to the assembling of the Council of Nice, and the History of the English Reformation," will form a portion of the Examination for the Ordinary Bachelor of Arts' Degree, and " that the Questionists who are Candidates for Honours will be required to attend, with the other Questionists, the Examination in Paley's Moral Philosophy, the New Testament and Ecclesiastical History, appointed to take place on the first Monday in the Lent Term and on the following day. That the names of all such Questionists, Candidates for Honours, as shall in the judg-

11 PREFACE.

ment of the Examiners, have passed their examination in these subjects with credit, (will) be published, in alphabetical order, by the Proctors, in the Senate-House, upon the day of the Bachelor of Arts' Commencement ;" and " that in the first or second week of the Michaelmas Term of each year, there is an Examination in the Greek Testament, assigned portions of the Early Fathers, Ecclesiastical History, the Articles of Religion, and the Liturgy of the Church of England ; which Examination is open to all Students, who, having at any time been admitted ad respondendum qucestioni, in conformity with the regulations, shall present themselves to be examined ;" and also that " the names of those Students, who have passed their Examination to the satisfaction of the Examiners, are published in alphabetical order, and registered in the usual manner. "

A very complete set of Examination Papers, with the view of assisting the more advanced Students in directing their reading, is subjoined, and for express permission to publish them I am indebted to the courtesy of the authorities and examiners of the three Universities.

None, I am sure, can be more sensible of the deficiencies of these Lectures than myself; but I trust that, taking the volume as a whole, no Student will close it without having derived some benefit from its perusal.

I beg to apologize for the admission of a few, but, I hope, not important errors, into which my inexperience in correcting the press has betrayed me.

Christ's College, Cambridge, September 10, 1844.

Contents

LITERATURE OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.

PAGE

Hegesippus, account of his life and writings 1

Part The First

FROM ITS ORIGIN TO THE ASSEMBLING OF THE COUNCIL OF NICE, A.D. 325.

JUtturc I.

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE CHURCH AND THE LIVES OF THE APOSTLES.

Periods between which the Church originated — Dr Burton's dates for the

crucifixion and the conversion of St Paul 9

First year of the Church — St Paul at Antioch — at Jerusalem 10

St Paul at the Council of Jerusalem — at Rome 11

St Paul, his travels — his martyrdom 12

St Peter had not visited Rome before St Paul's arrival — no authority for supposing St Peter to have been bishop of Rome for a long period — when he might have first visited Rome — St Peter's subsequent history 13

St John at Rome — his subsequent history 14

Passages of ancient authors relating to the Apostles — Clemens Romanus

— Eusebius — Tertullian — Jerom — Irenasus, &c 15

VI CONTENTS.

Eertur* II.

ON THE EARLY CHURCHES AND THEIR BISHOrS.

PAGE

James, the Lord's brother — proofs of his being bishop of Jerusalem 17

Symeon, second bishop of Jerusalem— his death — Justus succeeds — twelve

bishops in succession — first gentilebishop — his successors until a. d. 339 19

Early history of the Church of Antioch — Evodius its first bishop 20

Ignatius, second bishop of Antioch — seven churches of Asia 21

Churches at Athens and Corinth — their history . 22

Early history and government of the Church of Rome 23

Bishops of Rome down to a. d. 336 — their history 24

Early Church of Alexandria and its bishops to a.d. 326 25

%ttt\\Xt III.

THE PERSECUTIONS OF THE EARLY CHURCH TO THE YEAR 325.

Cicero and Livy shew that Roman polytheism was intolerant — similar

testimony of Valerius Maximus and Dio Cassius 26

Tiberius favourable to Christ — the ten persecutions 27

Nero, Domitian, and other persecuting Emperors 28

Roman laws affecting Christians — Trajan and Pliny — Tertullian 29

Serenus Granianus and Adrian — Antoninus persecutes the Christians 30

Persecutions of Marcus Aurelius, Severus, Decius, and others. 31

Decian persecution — martyrs — Diocletian 32

Treatment of Christians from Diocletian to the Council of Nice 33

JLuUxxz IV.

ON THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS AND THEIR WRITINGS.

Account of Clemens Romanus and his writings 35

Ignatius, his life, martyrdom, and Epistles 38

Polycarp, his martyrdom, and extant Epistle 40

Barnabas, some account of his Epistle 41

Shepherd of Hermas, and its author.... 42

lUcture V.

THE APOLOGIES OF THE EARLY CHURCH.

Quadratus and Aristides— Justin Martyr, his life and works.. 44

Athenagoras, his apologies and life 47

Tertullian, his life, and various writings 48

Melito, bishop of Sardis, life and works 50

Apologies of Apollinarius, Miltiades and Minucius Felix 51

CONTENTS. Vll

Urcture VI.

ON THE WRITERS OF THE EARLY CHURCH.

PAGE

Tatian and his works, particulars relating to 52

Dionysius of Corinth—Theophilus of Antioch 53

Irenanxs, account of his life and works 54

Clemens Alexandrinus, life and writings of 55

Hermias — Cyprian and his works 57

Arnobius — account of Origen and his works 59

Gregory Thaumaturgus — Dionysius of Alexandria 60

Lactantius, works of — works against Christians — Crescens 61 iltcture vii.

HISTORY OF THE JEWS FROM THE DEATH OF HEROD TO THE ENTIRE DISPERSION OF THE NATION.

Herod the Great and his sons — Herod Agrippa 1 62

Procurators of Judaea from a. d. 44 to 72 63

Life of the last Jewish king — Jews from Titus to Adrian 64

Condition of the Jews subsequent to the reign of Adrian 65

%ttt\XXt VIII.

ON THE COUNCILS AND CONTROVERSIES OF THE EARLY CHURCH.

Apostolic synods, objects of— Council of Jerusalem 66

Easter, controversy concerning — Polycarp — Victor 67

Controversies of the third century — concerning Origen 68

Novatian schism, account of its nature and origin 69

Heretical baptism, controversy concerning 70

Paul of Samosata, councils against — Millennium 71

Donatists, their origin and subsequent history 72

ULntuxz IX.

THE HERESIES AND HERETICS OF THE EARLY CHURCH.

Heresy, meaning and definition of — how applied by different writers 74

Errors mentioned in scripture — Mosheim and Burton on early heresies 75

Early Fathers on the origin of heresy — Gnosticism — Simon Magus 76

Nicolaitans — Nazarenes — Cerinthians — Gnostic iEons 77

Alexandrian Gnostics — Basilides — Valentinus — Carpocrates 78

Asiatic Gnostics— Saturn inus—Bardesanes — Cerdon — Marcion 79

Montanus, life and doctrine of 80

Vlll CONTENTS.

PAGE

Alogi — heresies respecting the nature of Christ 81

Praxeas, Theodotus, Artemon — Noetus, Beryllus, Sabellius 82

Paul of Samosata modifies Sabellianism 83

Manes, his life and death— doctrines of the Manicheans 84

Eeciure X.

ON THE CHURCH AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.

Church, true notion of — ecclesia, its derivation and meaning 86

Church, one, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic 87

Institution and doctrine of the Church is Catholic 88

Who are members of the Holy Catholic Church 89

Church, visible and invisible — opinion of Bishop, Butler 90

Only one Catholic Church — no salvation in any other 91

Utttxttt XI.

ON THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CHURCH.

Church government whilst our Saviour was on earth 92

Apostolic power conferred on the Apostles at three periods 92

Our Saviour entrusted equal authority to all the Apostles 93

Distinction of ministers in Apostolic times not to be expected 93

Ministers of the Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch 94

Titus and Timothy — the seven angels — bishops in Asia 95

Clemens Romanus, Ignatius, Ireneeus, Cyprian, on bishops, &c 96

Scripture and ancient writers prove that bishops are from God 97

Hooker and Pearson on Church government 97

Opinions on bishops, presbyters, and deacons — Mosheim 98

Mosheim's account of deacons refuted 99

Multitude had no authority in the primitive Church 100

Origin of dioceses, provinces, and parishes 100

Privileges of patriarchs and metropolitans 101

The assemblies of the early Christians, manner of conducting — Agapae... 102

Catechumens — celebration of the eucharist 103

Baptism — rites and ceremonies of the Ante-Nicene Church 104

Miracles, power of working — Gibbon — Middleton 105

Thundering legion, Bishop Kaye's account of the 106

Secret discipline — Apostolic constitutions and canons 107

Constantine, his life, sincerity, and manner of his conversion 108

Constantine regulates the affairs of the Church 109

CONTENTS. IX

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.

Part The Second

FROM THE ASSEMBLING OF THE COUNCIL OF NICE TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE REFORMATION.

Escturt I.

ON THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF ARIANISM.

PAGE

Arius, his heresy, his dispute with the bishop of Alexandria 110

Arianism, its distinctive mark — Arius's defence — goes into Palestine —

his reception — Hosius sent into Egypt to settle the dispute Ill

Nice, council of — representatives from Rome — course pursued by the

Arians — the orthodox decree — the question in dispute 112

Constantine — Arians submit — subsequent history of Arius 113

Meletian schism — life of Athanasius — council of Sardica 114

Roman emperors from Constantine to a.d. 400 — heretics from a.d. 325

Eusebian heretics, proceedings of, from a.d. 337 to 350 116

Semi-arians, creed of — classes of — councils against from a. d. 350 to 361 117

Julian, Jovian, Valentinian, &c, state of Christianity under 118

Apollinaris, Photinus, and Macedonius, heresies of 119

(Ecumenical council, the second — its decrees — adds to Nicene Creed 120

Arianism amongst the Barbarians — its extinction 121

Senate recognizes Christianity — Priscillianists — Aridseans, &c 122

Christianity spreads — embraced by whole nations — persecutions 123

Hcttuxc II.

THE OECUMENICAL COUNCILS OF EPHESUS, CHALCEDON, AND

CONSTANTINOPLE.

Nestorian controversy, its origin and promulgation 124

Nestorius condemned at the third general council at Ephesus 125

Ephesus, council of — history of Nestorianism and Pelagianism 126

Pelagianism, its doctrines — contrary decisions against 127

Eutyches, history of — fourth general council at Chalcedon — Hooker 128

Purport of two canons relating to the sees of Rome and Constantinople ... 129

Bishop of Rome, canons relating to his jurisdiction — Sardica 130

Canons of council of Sardica — appellate jurisdiction of the see of Rome... 161

Extension of the bishop of Rome's jurisdiction over Italy, Illyria, &c. ... 132

CONTENTS.

Eectttre ill.

ON THE GENERAL HISTORY OF THE CHURCH FROM THE COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON TO THE BEGINNING OF THE CONTROVERSY CONCERNING THE WORSHIP OF IMAGES, A. D. 451—726.

PAGE

Paganism suppressed — history of Monophysites 134

The Henoticon — Peter the Fuller — Acephali — Monophysites 135

Disputes between the patriarchs of Rome and Constantinople — heretics... 136

" The Three Chapters" — Justinian — Theodore — Mennas 137

The fifth general council — Vigilius — history of Monophysites 138

Roman bishops subject to German princes — Mosheim on the patriarchs... 139

Laurentius and Symmachus — arrogance of the bishops of Rome ■ 140

Patriarch of Constantinople oecumenical bishop — Monothelites — Ecthesis 141 The Type — sixth general council — Quinisextum — fate of Monothelitism 142

Church in Italy in the seventh century — tenets of Monothelites 143

Clovis king of the Franks — Remigius bishop of Rheims 144

3Ltttuvt IV.

THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS AND WRITERS OF THE EARLY CHURCH.

Catechetical school of Alexandria — its masters and teachers 145

St Paul's reserve in teaching — disciplina arcani 146

Philosophy and Eclecticism of Alexandrine school — Neologism 147

School of Antioch — Lucian — Judaizing sects 147

Pistis and Gnosis of the Alexandrine school 148

Origenistic school — Heraclas — Demetrius — Millennium 149

St Jerom and Rufinus — errors of Origen 150

St Cyril of Jerusalem — St Basil the Great 151

Gregory Nazianzen and Nyssen, lives and works of 152

St Ambrose, his life, works, and opinions ..... 153

St Chrysostom and St Augustine, lives and works of 154

Utttuxz V.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH DURING THE ICONOCLASTIC AND PHOTIAN CONTROVERSIES TO THE DEATH OF GREGORY VII, 1056.

Image-worship — Leo the Isaurian — Constantine Copronymus 155

The seventh general council — Charlemagne — Caroline Books 156

Papal power in Germany — Pepin — Paulicians — Lombards 157

Popes become temporal princes — Charlemagne 158

Excommunication — procession of the Holy Ghost — Adoptionists 159

Paschasius Radbertus — Godeschalcus — Rabanus Maurus — predestination ICO

Photian controversy — Pseudo-Isidorian decretals. 161

Donation of Constantine — mode of electing the Popes 162

College of cardinals— Hildebrand — Robert Guiscard 163

Gregory VII., his views, and disputes with Henry IV 164

CONTENTS. Xi

iUctur* VI.

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH FROM THE DEATH OF GREGORY TO THE REFORMATION, A. D. 1085—1515.

PA G E

The Popes recover their ascendency— Rodolph— Urban II Henry IV.. 106

Pascal II — investitures — schisms with regard to the Popes 167

Adrian IV., his contest with Frederic I Pope Alexander III 168

Papal privileges— college of cardinals— eastern and western schism 169

Papal power at its height, a. d. 1200— Pope Innocent III 170

The twelfth general council, a.d. 1215— councils at Lyons, a.d. 1254 ... 171

The Jubilee, history of— origin and progress of the Inquisition 172

Contest between Pope Boniface (a. d. 1294-1303) and Philip the Fair... 173

Papal residence transferred to and from Avignon 174

Great schism in the "Western Church 175

Councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basil 176

Acts of the council of Basil — council of Ferrara 177

Gallican and Roman Churches — Pragmatic sanction — Concordat 178

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.

Part The Third. The History Of The English Church

Etcturs I.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE EARLY ENGLISH CHURCH.

Reasons for supposing that St Paul visited Britain 179

Christianity introduced into Britain at an early period 179

Bede's account of the conversion of Britain — British martyrs 180

Constantius Chlorus — early prosperity of the British Church 181

Pelagianism in Britain — Germanus and Lucus 182

Saxons nearly extinguish Christianity in Britain — Fastidius — St Ninian.. 183

St Patrick in Ireland, and St Columba in Ireland 184

British Christians in the sixth century — conversion of Saxons 185

St Augustine arrives in England — the British Church 186

Laurentius — Christianity introduced into Northumbria 187

Paulinus at York— Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia, converted 188

Aidan, Oswald, Oswy — council of Whitby — the British Church 189

Controversy concerning Easter — Britains not Quartodecimans — Wilfrid.. 190

Table of the conversions, councils, and archbishops of the early Saxons... 191

Xll CONTENTS.

UtttUXZ II.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE ANGLO-SAXON CHURCH FROM THE AR- RIVAL OF THEODORE TO THE TIME OF DUNSTAN, A.D. 669-928.

PAGE

Canterbury the head of the English Church— regulations of Theodore ... 192

Synod of Hatfield— Adrian— St Hilda — religious houses , 193

John of Beverley— code of Tna—Alcuin— Saxon scholars 194

Early history of the see of York— Adrian— Aldhelm— Saxon literature... 195

Egbert, Albert, Alcuin, and the Saxon school at York 196

Lichfield — councils of Cloveshoo and Calcuith 197

Payments to the Roman see — council of Celychyth — Alcuin 198

Egbert becomes king of England — regulations of the Saxon Church 199

Irruptions of the Danes — destruction of the monasteries 200

King Alfred, his life and works — restoration of learning 201

John Scotus — tenets of Paschasius — table of Saxon kings 202

Odo and Dunstan — contest between the seculars and the monks 203

Dunstan establishes the monks — his miracles 204

Utttutt III.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH AND ITS -DOCTRINES FROM DUNSTAN TO THE CONQUEST, A.D. 928—1066.

Life of Dunstan — dissensions in the Church of England 205

Ecclesiastical regulations — Elfric and his works 206

Edward the Confessor — Trinoda Necessitas — Scriptures — transubstan-

tiation 2O7

Use of solitary masses, images, relics, and pilgrimages, in the English

Church 208

Whether the English Church believed in purgatory, and prayers for the

dead 209

Recapitulation of arguments to prove that the early English Church was

(1) a part of the Catholic Church; (2) that it existed before the

arrival of St Augustine; (3) that Christianity does not appear to

have come from Rome to England 209

On the independence and rights of Metropolitans 210

The Popes obtained no peculiar rights over the Church of England by

the mission of St Augustine — views of Gregory — Monks of Bangor... 211

lecture IV.

HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH FROM THE CONQUEST TO THE PREACHING OF WICKLIFFE, A.D. 1066—1356.

Chronological Table of the Kings of England and Archbishops of Canterbury — the Conqueror's relations with the Pope— his treatment of the Clergy 213

CONTENTS. Xlll

PAGE

The Pope's legate first received in England — treatment of the native clergy by the Normans — service-books — ecclesiastical courts and

subdivisions under William 1 214

Rufus and his treatment of the Church — the question of investitures 215

Urban II. and Henry I. — Anselm enforces celibacy— -Welsh Church becomes dependent upon Canterbury— bishopric of Ely 216

Ecclesiastical affairs under Stephen — Thomas a Becket — Constitutions of

Clarendon 217

First persecution for heresy — regulations of Henry II. — Richard I. advances the Papal power — Papal exactions — Papal power at its height 218

Contests of the Popes and King John — the Charter 219

Grossteste — Hume on the reign of Henry III — statutes of Mortmain 220

Edward I. attacks the Church property — foreign ecclesiastical orders — legislative acts relating to the Church from Edward I. to Wickliffe,

"The Complaint of the Ploughman" 222

Ewtuw V.

THE ENGLISH CHURCH FROM WICKLIFFE TO THE REIGN OF HENRY VIII. A.D. 1356—1509.

Mosheim on the Waldenses — a different account — Peter Waldo 223

"La Nobla Lecon" — doctrines of the Vaudois brought to England 224

Bradwardine — Fitzralph — life of Wickliffe 225

Wickliffe, errors of — origin of Lollards — statutes of praemunire 226

Lollards in the reign of Henry IV. — Lord Cobham 227

Reasons for persecuting the Lollards — Bishop Pococke opposes the Pope 228 Council of Basil— state of religion under Edward IV., V., Richard III.,

and Henry VII 229

Rise and fall of Papal power from William I. to Henry VIII 229

Monastic orders in England 230

Regular canons — Monastic mendicant orders 231

Orders of Nuns — Knights Templars and Hospitallers 232

Priories dissolved previous to the reign of Henry VIII 233

ILtttUXZ VI.

THE HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY UNTIL THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RELIGIOUS PEACE, A.D. 1555.

Early life of Luther— the jubilee— indulgences 234

Tetzel— conference of Luther and Cajetan— ( write Miltitz for Millitz) ... 235

Leo X. excommunicates Luther — Diet of Worms 236

Contest between Luther and Zwingle on the sacrament— the Popes 237

Frederic of Saxony— Melancthon— Diets of Spires— Protestants 238

XIV CONTENTS.

PAGE

Conference at Marpurg— Articles of Torgaw— confession of Augsburg ... 239 Charles V. and Protestants — Articles of Smalcald — General History,

Death of Luther — Formula ad interim — Adiaphoristic controversy 241

Council of Trent — Treaty of Passaw — Emperor and Maurice of Saxony... 242

3Uttur* VII.

THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY VIII. A. D. 1509—1547.

Archbishop Warham — life of Wolsey — Hunne — unpopularity of the

clergy 244

Works of Henry VIII. and Luther — Queen Catherine and the divorce ... 245 Dispensation of the Pope — reasons for the divdrce — opinions in England 246 Trial of the divorce in England — avocation of the suit to Rome — Universities 247

Early life of Cranmer — Henry VIII. declared the supreme head of the

Church 248

Cranmer's consecration and oaths — marriage of Anne Boleyn 249

Rupture between the Pope and Henry VIII — Queen Catherine 250

Frith — The Maid of Kent — emancipation of the English Church 251

Supremacy — Liber Regis — Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More 252

Independence of the English Church — Cromwell — dissolution of the

monasteries 253

English Primer — substance of the English Articles of Religion 254

The Six Articles — penalties — rebellions consequent on the dissolutions ... 255

Cranmer's Bible— Tyndale — numbers of suppressed houses 256

Translations of the Bible — doctrinal works published in the time of Henry VIII 257

HuiVLXZ VIII.

THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH DURING THE REIGN OF EDWARD VI. A.D. 1547—1553.

The government and the Reformers — Cranmer's ecclesiastical regulations 259

Liturgy of Edward VI. — its authority — Bonner — life of Ridley 260

Review of the Liturgy — Bucer and Peter Martyr — changes in the Liturgy 261

Bishop Hooper and the habits 262

Acts of parliament — reformatio legum — authority of the English Articles 263

Cranmer's and various other Catechisms — taxes of the Clergy 264

Edward I. made several alterations in the affairs of the Church — convocation 265

Act of submission to Henry VIII. — clergy cease to tax themselves under Charles II 266

CONTENTS. XV

Hectare IX,

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH UNDER MARY I. A. D. 1553— 1558.

PAGE

Mary alters the government of the Church — acts of parliament 208

Convocations — methods by which the Reformation was abrogated 209

Mary restores the Church property — martyrdoms of Rogers, Hooper,

Ridley, Latimer 270

Disputations at Oxford — Cranmer's recantations 271

Martyrdoms under Mary— Cranmer — Ecclesiastics leave England 272

Troubles at Francfort— Knox at Geneva 273

Hectare X.

THE ENGLISH CHURCH DURING THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH, A. D. 1558—1603.

Events consequent on the accession of Elizabeth — Acts of Parliament ... 275

Deprivation of the bishops — life of Archbishop Parker 270

Nag's Head controversy— alterations in the Liturgy 277

Elizabeth's supremacy — life of Bishop Jewell 279

History of the Articles — Homilies —Advertisements 280

Era of separation — Puritans preach under a Papal license 281

Cartwright, life of— prophesyings 282

Grindal — Papal offers of reconciliation to Elizabeth 283

Papists separate from the Church — Lambeth Articles 282

Laws against traitorous Papists— Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity 283 lecture XI.

HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH DURING THE REIGNS OF JAMES I. A. D. 1603—1625, AND CHARLES I. A. D. 1625-1649, WITH A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN SCOTLAND AND IRELAND, A. D. 1649.

The Millenary Petition 280

Answer of James — Hampton conference —Articles 287

Changes in the Liturgy — History of the canons — archbishops — Whitgift

— Bancroft— Abbot — Laud — conformity enforced 287

Four parties of Puritans — Laud — Book of Sports — Gunpowder Plot 289

Synod of Dort — early part of the reign of Charles 1 290

Star-Chamber and High Commission 291

Ecclesiastical affairs in Scotland down to 1038 291—297

Church of Ireland — independent of the Popes — subject to the Popes 297

Henry II. becomes Lord of Ireland — opinions of Ussher and Leland , 298

XVI CONTENTS.

PAGE

Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth, and the Irish Church... 299 Bishop Mant's history of the Irish Church under Edward VI. and Elizabeth — Irish and English articles and canons 300

Ussher's modified episcopacy 301

History of the English Church from 1643—1649 302

Hzttuvt xii.

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND SUBSEQUENT TO THE RESTO- RATION OF CHARLES II. A. D. 1660, WITH BRIEF NOTICES OF OTHER CHURCHES.

The Church restored — meeting at Sion-house — Savoy conference 304

Changes in the Scotch and Irish Churches at "the Restoration 305

Corporation Act — Act of Uniformity — causes of the dethronement of

James II 307

Toleration Act — the bishops — Non-jurors— The Comprehension 308

Persecution of the Church of Scotland — Presbyterians 309

Church of Scotland under Queen Anne 310

Church of Scotland tolerated, a. d. 1788 311

Restrictions on the Scotch Church— The Church in North America 313

The Jesuits — Greek Christians — Monophysites — Lutherans 314

Reformed Protestants — Zwingle's life and doctrines 315

Calvin's life, doctrines, and Church polity 316

French Protestants — parties in the Roman Church 317

Roman Catholic propagation of the Gospel societies 318

Lutherans depressed — Arminians, their doctrines 319

Bull of Unigenitus — Arians— Bangorian controversy 320

Cambridge Examination Papers for the Crosse Scholarships ......... 321 340

Voluntary Theological Examination — 1. Ecclesiastical History.

2. Clemens Romanus 340 342

Dublin University Examination Papers in Ecclesiastical History ... 343—403 Durham University Examination Papers in Ecclesiastical History... 404—420

LITERATURE

ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.

Q. (l) Who was the earliest Historian of the Christian Church? What do we know of his life and writings ? (2) What other ancient Christian work was of an historical nature ? Give some account of it. (3) What, independent of Eusebius, are the sources of early Ecclesiastical History ?

A. (l) Hegesippus: — originally a Jew, who had been converted to the Christian faith, and flourished about the year 170. "He wrote in five books an unsophisticated account of the Apostolical preaching in a very plain style." Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, iv. 22, 8. ii. 23.

" Hegesippus, who was near the times of the Apostles, composed a History of the affairs of the Church from the passion of our Lord to his own time. And collecting together a great variety of matters for the benefit of his readers, he wrote five books in a plain and simple manner, imitating therein the style of those whose life he followed. He says, he came to Rome in the time of Anicetus, the tenth bishop after Peter, and continued there to the time of Eleutherius, bishop of the same city, who had formerly been deacon of Anicetus." St Jerom, Catalogue of Ecclesiastical Writers, c. 22. The work has perished, except some fragments preserved by Eus. E. H. and one more in Photius. They relate to the deaths of James and Simeon the two first Bishops of Jerusalem, E. H. n. 23. in. 32. Domitians enquiry after the posterity of David, in. 19, 20. His journey to Rome through Corinth — the origin of heresies- — a notice of the Gospel of the Hebrews, and unwritten traditions of the Jews. Adrian's deification of his slave Antinous, iv. 22, 8. The fragment in Photius is a remark on Matt. xiii. 16.

Z LITERATURE OF

(2) " The Chronicle" of Julius Africanus, "in five books accurately written." Eus. E. H. vi. 31. " Julius Africanus, whose five books of Chronology are extant, in the time of the Emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus, successor of Macrinus, undertook an embassy for the restoration of Emmaus." Jerom, Cat. 63. He probably resided in Palestine, and flourished about a.d. 220. His Chronicle, now no longer extant in a separate form, is supposed to have been inserted in the works of later annalists.

(3) The works of the Fathers, especially of those who occupied prominent positions in the Church, such as Irenasus, Cyprian, Athanasius, Augustine, and others; those of opponents and Heretics ; the acts of Synods and Councils ; official letters of the Heads of Churches ; confessions of Faith ; ancient liturgies, &c. &c.

Q. Who was the father of Ecclesiastical History ? Give some account of his life and historical works.

A. Eusebius : — probably born at Cassarea in Palestine, about a.d. 270 ; or, as some think, sooner. After receiving a liberal education, he was ordained a presbyter. From his intimacy with the martyr Pamphilus during his imprisonment from the year 307 to 309, he obtained the surname of Pamphilus. He subsequently retired to Egypt, where he is falsely accused of having burnt incense to the gods. About a.d. 315 he became bishop of Caesarea. When Arius came into Palestine, Eusebius gave him a favourable reception, and wrote a letter, still extant, to his bishop Alexander of Alexandria, in his favour ; and at the Council of Nice, a.d. 325, where Arius was condemned, he declined assenting to the term " consubstantial," as applied to our Saviour, and although he afterwards complied, he appears to have discountenanced the excesses of both parties. He was present at a synod at Antioch, in the year 330, when the Arians unjustly deposed Eustathius, bishop of that see, but he firmly refused to be his successor. He afterwards continued to take part with the enemies of St Athanasius, and was present, a.d. 335, at a council at Tyre, which drove him into banishment. He died bishop of Caesar ea, about a.d. 340. His historical works were : A Chronicle, which treated of the origin and history of all nations, from the beginning of the world to the twentieth year of Constantine. Some fragments of the original, and portions of Jerom's translation of it have been preserved. An Ecclesiastical History, in ten Books, which is the foundation of all our knowledge on the subject.

u It is a collection of all the memorable things which happened in the Church from the birth of Jesus Christ to his own time. He has exactly noted the succession of Bishops to the Sees of all the great Cities in the world ; he has given an account of the Ecclesiastical Writers and their books, together with the history of Heresies, and some remarks concerning the Jews. He has described the persecutions of the Martyrs, the controversies and disputes touching Ecclesiastical discipline. He cites ancient authors, and inserts long extracts from them. For the most part, those authors and their works have been lost since his death. In short, without the History of Eusebius, we should scarce have any knowledge, not only of the history of those first ages of the Church, but even of the authors who wrote at that time, and their works." Abridged from Dupin's History of Ecclesiastical Writers, Tom. 11.