The kingdom and glory of the branch, and testament of the west. The branch

Front matter

Gass Book

1£

AN|i GX.ORY

Chapter I

1 . Beloved, honour your Father, whose Laws are immutable and eternal ; and honour your Mother, that is to say, visible, and invisible Agencies, that you be permitted to exist in Comfort, on the Earth, as may be needful and convenient to occupy.

2. Receive the words of Understanding, that the Soul exist in a tranquil condition, and, that we prosper in the work of our Purposes and ways.

3. May we possess, in moral and figurative lights of interest, — convenient size Dwellings, of firm structure; and we will be both happy and safe.

4. Them that worship, the mere displays of Heroes of any sort, or mere Sensual gratifications, or, the mere considerations of Pecuniary wealth, will be made Slaves, and their Posterity, need a piece of bread to eat; whereas, them that occupy the privileged Rights, of resources and means, placed within our reach, by the God of Nature, neither envy the Rich, nor indulge terrifying apprehensions of the Powers that be, be they great or small, or whatsoever.

5. Of the Rich, there is some Persons, that are truly, both Great and Good, and so also of the Poor, and, so, vice versa; and of the whole, we are not fully informed in this life, of the motives of action, and reasons of forbearance, touching Individuals, Communities, etc, therefore, we should entertain as favourable constructions, of another, or others, as known facts will permit and authorise.

6. Seeing, that Mankind are influenced by existing Circumstances, of apparent Relations; — they should not be exposed to very great Temptations, individually, etc, by being clothed upon with too great a weight of influence.

7. Where the external Relations, of a convenient mediocrity, of Secular means, is clothed with sound Learning, good Moral habits, and a befitten of share of Influence;— in such a condition of Things, the Concerned, will hold in possession, a true Dignity of strength and substantial benefits.

8. The natural Man, sometimes called the men of the Forests; in agreement, with pristine and spiritual Doctrines, are Priests of the God of Nature, who is without the beginning of days or the end of life.

9. The Lazy, must not be encouraged in the ways of vanity and wickedness; and seeing, the abundance of Treasures, that exists in Nature, we are assured, that the Prudent and Industrious, can exist in Comfort, and may be influenced to act in a useful manner.

10. May persons of prudent and industrious habits, possess something, of Secular means and influence, with reasonable and befitten privileges, of a fair opportunity, in common and at large; and, the rest of Mankind, will possess the greater security of safety, and of substantial benefits.

11. Some persons can attend unto and perform, one sort of Labour, some, another sort, and so on of the rest; and in this way, all sorts of needful Vocations, will be sustained, and Mankind exist in the relation of Brethren, according unto the requirements of a general and universal Providence, as may be made manifest for the time being.

12. When the profound voice of Nature is heard, — we hear the voice of the Eternal ; and, behold, seven Thunders, are now uttering their voices, with tens, of thousands, of shades, of expression.

13. Jove, the God of the Nations, spoke;— the Heavens, of National governments, shook, and the Earth, of extended Communities, trembled!!

14. The Dignitaries, supposed or real, called Gods, Goddesses, and Heroes, are not more than the Creatures of an Eternal power; and, in the course of events, the relative merits of different pretensions, are tested, and made manifest.

15. Touching, the ultimate destination of the human kind, — one general and universal Government, presides over the whole; and, in agreement with the good pleasure of the Eternal, the length, the breadth, and the heighth, are equal, seeing, that all sorts are included, as of the patriarch Noahs ark.

16. The moral requirements, of Jehovahs nature, is demanded; and this Consideration, involves the Rights of Man, and the merits of a true religion.

17. When rising Generations, are better Instructed, they will act a better part; for we are born like unto the wild Asses colt, and have, in many instances, existed like unto the Grass of the earth.

18. Behold!— this great Earth, is a vast Nursery, whereof Generations and forms of Manners, pass away, and are succeeded by others;— an improved Condition of relations, is now Revealed, to be established in the Earth, and, nursing Fathers and Mothers, are requisite, in every sectional part thereof.

Fifth year of the BRANCH.

Charles Warfield.

City of Baltimore, St. of Maryland, in North America, April 17th, 1831, of Christians era.

Chapter II

1 . In speaking of the seven Thunders, the States of Grecia and Macedonia, are held in contemplation, which prepared the way, for the State Governments, of the Roman dynasty; but, reference is specially made, to Dissenters administrations, of Christians dispensation, as the Precursors, of Administrations, of the Dispensation of the Branch.

2. If the Civil institutions and orders, of the Roman State governments, had been Perfect, — no room for a change would have existed; but, manifold Changes, have succeeded, in the affairs of Human life, which is evidence of a general Investigation and Trial, of matters and things.

3. The Roman State, that existed, some fifteen or eighteen hundred years since, was the Man child of Europe, as has existed, without the special influence of Sacred books, held by Hebrews and Christians; and, the perfection of Christians administrations, exists, in the U. St. of N. America.

4. The condition of Relations, now advocated; — is the production of Ministering Spirits, and the Spirits of just Men made perfect.

5. None have been able to realize a better condition of Things, than servants of the Most high, and fellow Heirs and Labourers, in the Territories of our Principality.

6. Of this Inheritance, each one will share a part, more or less, according unto the good pleasure of the Eternal.

7. All that we can hear, see, feel, or comprehend in this Life, is not more than the signs, of the Powers, of our Inheritance ; and we are assured, that it hath not entered into the heart of a mere Human being, adequately to conceive, of the privileged Dignities, provided, for our ultimate possession and enjoyment.

8. The created Governments, of the invisible Dynasties, are, the Most High, whose Jurisdiction, embraces the Universe, also, a Cherubic Court, and the Court of Israe], whose conjoint acts, constitute the Holy of Holies, of our Principality, embracing the affairs of the Earth and Moon; but, all Things, is of the Eternal, also, styled Jehovah, who is immutable, self existing, and eternal .

9. That which Mankind, have been pleased with, for the time being, they have manifested a disposition to Deify, — hence, Gods without number, supposed or real, but, when I speak of God, reference is had, unto the Requirements, and Governments, of the invisible and Divine powers.

10. The books, specially held by Hebrews and Christians, are termed sacred; and a considerable part of these Books, were wrote, under the cover of mystic forms of phraseology.

1 1 . Thus, because the Multitudes, were devoted, to marvellous representations, and unwilling, for the time being, to receive a plain expression of facts.

12. Consequently, much of the Phraseology, is with reference unto the manners of the Nations.

13. As, of Circumstances, this course of Procedure, has been required; but, of my native Land, such improved Conditions of relations exist, that calls for a more expressive communication.

14. A difference has been made, touching Religions, and the different shades of Complexion ; that it might be made manifest, if any part, as a body of People, would act a better part, than another, if similarly conditioned.

15. The vine, is the choice production of the Earth;

and Wine, is the essence and spirit of the grape, in moral and spiritual lights of interest.

Fifth year of the BRANCH.

Charles Warfield.

1. In agreement, with the testimony, of the Father of Christians dispensation ; — blessed are the Peace makers, for they are, truly, the Children of God.

2. This saying, embraces the relations, of Nations, Religions, Kindreds, and the affairs of the whole earth; and, involves the existence of spiritual Doctrines, of a universal fraternity.

3. Thousands and millions of Spirits, attend on the Affairs of the Earth, and the Dispensation, now ordained; in agreement herewith, is the seventh chapter of the prophet Daniels book.

4. The sayings of my Doctrines, is attested with Signs, by the God of Nature, that the multitudes of the Nations, be assured of the Instructor, whsoe agency is specially ordained by the Supreme, to the important Duties in hand.

5. I reside in the midst of a City, of about eighty thousand human Souls; and, if any sorts of wicked Crafts, exist, touching my Agency, may the matter

Chapter III

thereof, be made public, commensurate with the circulation of this book.

6. Christians Messiah, was the apparent Heir of the Divine Covenant, made with King David of Palestina, who presided over the affairs of the Tribes, of the patriarch Jacob.

7. Christians have tested the merits, of their pretensions, during a space of about eighteen hundred years; and, have failed of the proposed benefits, of a needful Salvation, therefore, a change in Rituals, and the formality of Doctrines, is ordained.

8. Matters were so ordained, that the Concerned be assured, — according unto first impressions, as of the laws of Consanguinity, no one, whatever, can be saved,

9. Nevertheless, we are Brethren, and the offspring of the just and good Spirit of the Eternal ; — we also have a common Mother, to wit, the Spirits of the Holy of Holies, of our Principality; the first is the Origin of all Things, and by the Instrumental agency of the latter, all sorts of Creatures, are constituted and sustained.

10. The Eternal, is true and faithful, in the ways of good order and Government; — the Nations, and Kindreds, and Religious communities, have had time and space, to test the merit of Things, under divers forms and circumstances, in common and at large, and, Now, the greater Benefit is revealed and made manifest.

11. May the unexperienced and unlearned; Learn, little by little, and grow from Children to Young men, from the stature of young men, to men of matured strength, in moral lights of interest, and, from men of matured strength to old men, as of the Ancient of days; — in thus speaking, the Female part of our Species, are also included, that Mankind at large, exist in the friendly relations of brethren.

12. In most cases, our Species exist in the flesh, about forty years, before their Understandings, are matured.

13. These sayings of Doctrines, can be printed in all the different Languages, and the books placed in the hands of well disposed and prudent persons ; who are authorised to Instruct their Acquaintances, and, as the Supreme may confer the means, a Preacher, or Preachers may be employed to Instruct the Multitudes, in the ways of Righteousness.

14. In the providence of the Eternal, I am placed in the relation of an Instructor, as the High Priest, to all the Nations of the Earth; and, my Brethren, I warn you, by the lights of History, of the manifold afflictions that have existed, not to indulge in strange and extravagant Inventions of pretensions.

15. According unto the flesh, I am one of the Descendants of the ancient Britons ; and I am, also, remotely related to the Aborigines of North America, and to the good People, of the Chinese empire.

1G. The phraseology of these Communications, are in agreement with the Principles of Doctrines, of the Sacred books, held by Hebrews and Christians; thus, and the Affairs of the Earth, from the beginning, are included.

1 7. In record by King David, — I am instructed, to sit, as at the right hand, of Sovereign and Divine powers, and, we are assured, that all hostile Doctrines, will be subdued, and ultimately destroyed.

18. Brethren, I have written several Books, to wit, the Lambs Book of Life, in two general parts, and the Star of Life, with two numbers of Appendages, the first called Jews epistle to Christians, and the second is called, a History of Memorandums; this Book, which I am now a writing, is styled, the Branchs Book, and is held in association with the preceding, and, the matter, thereof, not abrogated, is retained, and ordained to be perpetuated.

1. As of record, in thirteenth chapter of Zachariahs prophecies; — 'in the day, of the Administrations of my Dispensation, the corrupted Doctrines of Idolatry, shall be destroyed, and the Idols shall no more be regarded in the relation of superior Divinities, and, the unclean Spirit, shall pass out of the land of Religious communities, and State rights.

2. And it shall come to pass, that when any shall presume to Prophecy, of Things, which may not be known, in virtue of Lights, held in connexion of association, herewith; that, as of the relation of Fathers and Mothers, according to the flesh, shall say unto Them,

Charles Warfield.

Chapter IV

you shall not live, because you speak lies in the name of the Lord.'

3. That Doctrine, which many of the Christians, have styled, the Holy Trinity, is three distinct views, of one and the same being; that is to say, there is first, the essence of the Eternal, secondly, the Attributes which necessarily inhear the Divine essence, and, thirdly, and lastly, the multifarious qualities and powers hereof, of which, worthy conceptions are entertained, in virtue of the works of Creation, and of a Providential regard.

4 Thus, by aid of Natural considerations, we are enabled to look unto the Eternal, the great Origin and Father of all, and, we are assured, of his great Powers, in the works and ways of a universal dominion.

5. Certain rays of Light, of Divine interposition, have been communicated to my understanding, and, of the rest, as of Details, a sound discretion is exercised.

6. Among the special acts of a Divine interposition, are, the general Classification, of the book of Revelation by John the Divine, also, a knowledge of that designed by the peculiar forms of phraseology in Hebrews sacred books, also, of the true character of the Father of Christians dispensation, and, also, of State formalities,whereof, the Senate, should be clothed with Executive powers of jurisdiction.

7. The mental and moral endowments, of Mankind, are diverse and multifarious, that all sorts of needful vocations and relations, be sustained; and, in important lights of Interest, all Things is of Grace, with reference unto special relations of duty, that a general and universal benefit, be verified.

8. Jehovah is eternal and self existing, and, all intel-

• ligent Creatures, is a modification of the Powers of His existence, in tangible forms of Individual existence, of limited powers of choice and action; and, according unto the good pleasure of the Eternal, the abilities, of his Creatures, can be increased, more than a thousand fold.

9. Nothing, produces nothing, and effects do not exceed causes, therefore, Mankind have a greater and better Origin, than that of mere fleshly relations; — and we may also know, that lice and chintzes, touching their corporeal existence, are the offspring of human bodies.

10. Notwithstanding, we have existed in some respects, as Quadrupeds, nevertheless. Mankind are a far superior order of beings ; thus, because of a superior understanding-, the condition of their corporeal members, the endowments of speech, and, especially, of Divine grace.

11. The Soul being restricted by the infirmities of an association with flesh and bones, the true Dignity of our Existence, is not known in this life; nevertheless, it is ordained, that the well disposed, shall exist, as Priests and Kings , within a Sphere, of a convenient and befitten course of operations.

12. The corporeal parts of a Man, without the Soul or Spirit, is dead, — hence, a human Soul, is capable of extension and contraction, commensurate with sensation ; — all sorts of Animals, have Souls, but, Vegetation, is a mere compound of matter.

13. A human Soul, is a compound of Sensibilities, and, its structure is much greater, than the displays of a Religious temple, and the like; seeing these Things are so, may our Existence not be degraded, by confering Religious adoration, on that which is inferior to ourselves.

14. The Supreme, confers all Things, richly and freely, to be enjoyed in a Lawful manner; and in return, merely requires, acts of Religious devotions, such as thanksgiving, adoration, supplication, and the like, provided, that we labor to be good, and do good, in common and at large.

15. Moral goodness, including the affections and purposes, constitutes true Dignity, and immortal glory.

16. Each one, must exercise a reasonable care, for their protection and needful wants ; and, as the human species, are all the Creatures of Almighty God, one sort, will not in continuance, be permitted to oppress and injure another, or other sorts, and, with wholesome Regulations of good order, the greater benefits, are realized by all the different parts, as of nations, communities, etc.

VI. When we have done that Service unto others, which is required, by the light and instructions, of a general and Divine providence, for the time being; then, we have done our duty.

18. Hearken, my Brethren, unto my Words, that you exist in a condition of Tranquillity, and, that you prosper in the ways of the Most High, in creation ; read these sayings of Doctrines, and as needful and prudent, instruct your families and neigbors, and fear ye not, for, ere long, the Government of the whole Earth, will be possessed by the Saints of the Lord our God. f 19. If I was not protected and directed in a wonderful and glorious manner, I would not have entered on, or continued to labor in this work of a Friendly regard;

—such is the assurances of a Divine regard, that I have not counted my Life dear, in the ways, of a discharge of Duties, and, my designs, are a general Redemption and Salvation, of all nations, tongues, and kindreds.

20. And, I reckon, that the Afflictions of this life, is not to be compared with the excellency of Happiness and Power, that will ultimately be revealed in the Souls, and enjoyed by the well disposed and virtuous.

21.1 entreat you, to call upon, and worship, the great Jehovah, who is omnipotent, omnipresent and omniscient, and, from everlasting to everlasting, uncreated, immutable, and self-existing.

22. These sayings, are recorded in a well bound Book, tested with my Title and signature, that, the matter hereof, be a check, on the correctness of Copies, which may be published.

23. In this Book, there is no marginal Notes, and the few interlineations, that may exist, is Noted in the body of the work, at the close of each chapter, before signed, and, it is desired, the punctuations, and the form hereof, entire, be preserved and perpetuated.

Fifth year of the BRANCH.

Charles Warfield.

Chapter V

1 . Sing, Heavens, and be joyful, Earth, and break forth into Singing, ye Mountains; for the Lord of a Cherubic Dynasty, hath comforted his People, and will have mercy on his afflicted ones.

2. Listen, ye Isles, unto the Branch, that now speaketh, and hearken ye People from far, and, be it known unto you, that the good Spirit of an Eternal power, hath ordained my ministerial Agency, from the beginning of Creation, whereof the Affairs of the Earth are concerned.

3. The Most High, hath made my mouth, like a sharp sword, and, in the shadow of his hand, (as are the Holy of Holies, of our Principality,) hath He hid me; and the God of the Universe, hath said, this is my Servant, O Israel, in whom I will be glorified.

4. And, now, saith the Lord of a Cherubic Court, by whose Instrumental Agency, I was formed;— C I will give thee, to be a light unto the Nations, that thou mayest be my Salvation, unto all Nations, Tongues, and Kindreds of the Earth.'

5. Further, the Lord of a Cherubic Court, hath said, also, king David of Palestina, and the Court of Israel; — 4 to Him whom Mankind despised, and the Nation abhorred, Kings shall see, and the Princes of the Earth shall reverence and honour.'

6. The Divine Powers, will sustain the Administrations of my Dispensation, seeing, a firm and good Covenant, is ordained, that the Affairs of the Earth be established, in the ways of Righteousness and Holiness.

7. As to the rest of Pretensions, entertained, — read the forty-ninth chapter of the book, of Isaiahs prophecies.

8. The Spirits, that have not been associated with corporeal relations, and, the Spirits of just Men made perfect, exist in the air, in the water, and on the earth, and can pass through any sorts of material substances, such as wood, stone, and the like, and, notwithstanding, we do not see Them, they are round about,on all hands*

9. Because of the testimony of Holy writ, and, the various changes of different Animals and Insects, we are assured, that Mankind, can exist in different forms of condition.

10. The human species, will possess and exercise a greater eminence of Power, and of Dominion, than the rest of Animals, that exist on the Earth.

1 1 . Intellectual and moral Powers, exist in ascendency, above the mere locations of Place, or, the Temporary considerations of wealth.

12. The term Lord, signifies a Governor or Ruler, and, the terms Lord God, is used with reference unto the acts of a good Ruler or Governor; but, in some instances, the acts of a created Agency, in the ways of representation, are associated with the Powers of the Eternal, as, that done by a Minister, is sometimes regarded and spoken of, as the act of the Principal.

13. As, ordained of old; the Branch, will exist, in the relation of a King and Prince, of the whole Earth, and, there shall exist, but one Lord, in ascendency of Dominion, as of record, Zechariah xivth ch, and 9th ver.

14. The Hebrew prophets, of Palestina, have spoken of the Earth at large, and the course of events, for thousands of years; thus, in connection with the lights and demonstrations of a general and Divine providence, that, the Nations, in a due course of Things, be assured of the system of Philosophy and Manners, in agreement, with the requirements, of the true God, and the God

15. The chronological representations, by Moses, the Hebrews Lawgiver, is literally correct, embracing years, of twelve calendar months; — the Earth has existed about five thousand eight hundred and thirty five years, and, previous to that time, Mankind had no being.

16. Many phenomenas in Nature, are works of Mankind, previous to the general Deluge of waters, which literally existed, and, the effects of an extended concussion, produced by the deluge, etc.

17. The sacred Books, speak of the conditions of Mankind at large, and in virtue of the general lights of History, and of Divine interpositions, the merits of that which was mainly designed, is revealed and made manifest.

18. However, much that is wrote, has only a local and temporary application ; and as to the Sayings, that are allegorical, hyperbolical, figurative, and the like, the sense thereof, will be made manifest, by the lights of a general, and Divine providence .

19. May we rejoice in the ways of Duty, even as the material Sun, of the external heavens, when He exhibits the strength, of the splendour, of his own glory.

of power.

Charles Warfield.

Chapter VI

1 . The vine, when it is insulated, is feeble and unprofitable, but, when sustained by a forest Tree, shoots forth its branches, and is more productive in fruit, than all other sorts of trees.

2. The figure, is expressive of a pure condition of Humility, which tends to sound Learning, as wine is the essence and spirit of the grape.

3. The figure of expression, about a convenient size Dwelling, of firm structure, is designed to have a general application, to all Matters of importance, in the economy of Human affairs.

4. The two Cherubims, which covered the Mercy seat, and Ark of the Covenant, as ordained by Hebrews Lawgiver, is emblematic of the Human species; reference is also had, to Religious and State formalities of doctrines, and, to matters of Philosophy and Divinity; and, it is ordained, in a Divine care of regard, that the Covenant of peace, exist, in virtue of a due and befitten adjustment of Things, in agreement with the respective merits thereof.

5. In the forty ninth chapter, of the prophecies of Isaiah ; reference is mainly had, to spiritual and pristine Doctrines, and not to the mere fleshly relations, of the Tribe of Judah, the son of the patriarch Jacob.

6. Judaism, properly so called, includes all sorts of Learning, touching matters of Philosophy and The-

4 ology; an d m Jerusalem of Palestina, there existed many grades of Faith and Orders of relations, even from the greatest to the least.

7. Seeing that the Descendants of the patriarch Judah, in a general course of Things, are made subservient unto a general diffusion of sound Learning, in the ways of good formalities of Doctrines; the Nations, must not entertain unfriendly and prejudicial feelings to them, because of the Levitical orders, which was needful, for the time being, or, because of the errors and wickedness of some of their people.

8. The Levitical formalities and rituals, is a mere sectarian Affair, needful, to, the, then condition of Things, to be held in possession by one Nation, as a preparatory mean, unto a universal benefit; but, Judaism, as are the writings of their Prophets, involves, the Considerations of a Universal concernment, from the beginning to the end, including the whole, of all Mat ters and Things whatever.

9. Nevertheless, an adaptation of Things, unto improved relations, of Conditions, is right-wise; seeing, that in virtue of this course of Procedure, the unlearned are encouraged in the ways of Privileged duty.

10. In agreement with this Premises; — all sorts of People, are authorised to Prophecy and write Books, and, the mass of Mankind, may be instructed and edified, by the Labours of each other.

1 1 . May each and every Religious, congregation and association, hold a distinct and separate Government, of Ruling Elders, to be annually elected.

12. The Congregations, of Holy believers, should meet, once, twice, or thrice, in each week, and hold Religious communions by Singing, Prayers, and Preaching.

13. Each member of a single Family, should be well instructed, and, each Individual, once on each day, must attend unto acts of meditation, prayers, and thanksgiving, in private, as in the immediate presence of the Eternal, and the great Powers of the universe.

14. One oral prayer, with some general means of instruction, should be attended unto, in each Family, once a week; — this is sufficient, except in cases of sickness.

15. One day in seven, is ordained, a day of rest, from Manual labour, and, specially employed in Pious acts of meditation, investigations, and the like.

16. In the relation of a mere Individual, I would not stand opposed to the use of such Garments, as has been styled, Glorious and Holy; but, for example sake, I must forbear, because the Procedure, is inconvenient and oppressive to the Multitudes of mankind.

17. The number ten, in mystic phraseology, of Prophetic sayings, includes all Nations;, Languages, and Kindreds; — Ye that have knowledge and understanding, — put your weight on a Lever.

18. The formalities of a Constitution, for Religious Associations, has been distinctly expressed, in the preceding Books, which I have wrote.

19. The Creed and Discipline, is hereunto annexed.

CREED

I believe in Jehovah, who is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent, uncreated, self-existing, immutable, and, the eternal substance and subsistence ; also, I believe in the Father in creation, and Ruler of the universe; also, I believe in a special Government of ministering Spirits, that presides over, and attends on the Affairs of the Earth and Moon; and, I also believe that Mankind may have a perpetual existence, and, I also believe in the freedom of the Human will, and in future rewards and punishments. Here ends the creed. DISCIPLINE.

The Discipline ordained, is the ten Commandments, of record, by Hebrews Lawgiver, in the twentieth chapter of his book, called Exodus; the meaning of which, is, the Reason and good tendency of Things, in connection with wholesome Regulations and rules of Law, as may be reasonably known and maintained, and, the Letter, or first impressions of the Decalogue, is maintained, in subserviency to that which is mainly designed and signified, and, of these Things, ruling Elders, and the Concerned, are authorised to Judge and determine, in the fear of God, and in the spirit of a Friendly regard. Here ends the Discipline and rule of Life, which I have ordained.

Fifth year of the BRANCH.

Charles Warfield.

Chapter VII

1. Instead of the sign of the Cross, as used by some Christians, and the sign of the Horses tails, as used by some Mussulmen; the sign of a Cross within a Circle^ with a deep point in the centre, is ordained.

2. Let military Hats and Caps, be adorned with Feathers, milk white, grass green, and navy blue.

3. It is noted in Prophecy, — 'Lift ye up a banner on the high Mountain, exalt the voice, and shake the hand, that the Concerned may go into the Gates of the Nobles.' — Isaiah, xinth ch, and 2d ver.