Geography, history and civil government of Vermont

Preface

This book has been prepared as a text book for schools. The work has been done with the conviction that, while fullness is desirable, brevity is necessary.

In the Geography an attempt has been made to exhibit Vermont in its relations to other portions of the country, both contiguous and remote.

To that end the first three maps were introduced. The first and the second of these show the position of the State with respect to some of the great routes of travel across the continent, , while the third shows some commercial relations of high importance to our industries ; and equally it shows our relation to some of the chief centers, of American civilization. The next four maps illustrate different phases of our geography. The map entitled Political Divisions shows every town and gore in the State, the probate districts, the counties, the congressional districts. The last map illustrates the following history. It is believed that this use of several maps has decided advantages over any larger maps that could be introduced in such a book.

4 PREFACE.

The description of the mountains and valleys and of the waters of the State is the result of some observation, reading and reflection ; and it is believed to present the fundamental conceptions necessary to a clear understanding of our geography and history.

Several tables have been appended to the Geography containing matters of interest, and furnishing illustration of the development of the State.

In the History the chief difficulty encountered grew out of the abundance of material. The purpose has been to select that only which is important, characteristic and interesting. The chief authorities followed are Zadoc Thompson's Vermont, Hiland Hall's Early History of Vermont, B. H. Hall's History of Eastern Vermont, The Governor and Council of Vermont, Benedict's Vermont in the Civil War, Miss Hemenway's Historical Gazetteer of Vermont, Chittenden's The Capture of Ticonderoga, The Centennial Anniversary of the Battle of Bennington, and The Memoir and Official Correspondence of General John Stark. Several town histories have been very helpful. Among these are D. P. Thompson's History of Montpelier, The History of the Town of Newfane, Munson's History of Manchester, Tucker's History of Hartford, and Dana's History of Woodstock. Material of value has been drawn from Belknap's History of New Hampshire, Parkman's Pioneers of France, Palmer's History of Lake Champlain, Lossing's Field

PREFACE. s

Book of the War of 1812, the Histories of the United States of Bancroft, Hildreth and Schouler, and from other works.

The first settlement of Vermont has been assigned to Vernon, and to a date not later than 1690, on the authority of Hon. H. H. Wheeler, Judge of the U. S. District Court for the District of Vermont, who has rendered valuable assistance in another part of the work.

Aid has also been received from Rev. A. W. Wild, from Hon. Hiram A. Huse, State Librarian, who read a portion of the proof sheets, and from Hon. G. G. Benedict, who, in addition to other assistance, read the proof of the chapter on the Civil War, and to whose History and aid the value of that chapter is chiefly due.

To others, who have offered valuable suggestions and encouragement, much is due.

The author hopes this book may prove useful to the youth of Vermont.

Randolph, August, iSpo.

Chap. XI. — Educational 48 MAPS

Map of North America Inside of first cover.

Map of the United States Page next to inside of first cover.

Map of Vermont and vicinity 8

Map of Vermont. Mountains aind rivers 1!'

Map of Vermont. Routes of travel 23

Map of Vermont. Rocks and quarries 33

Map of Vermont. Political divisions 37

Map of Vermont. Historical 64

TABLES.

Population by towns. 1791 to 1890 50 57

Population by counties, 1791 to 1890 5S

Most populous towns 59

Gains and losses of population 60

CONTENTS. r

PAGE.

Mountains and ponds 61

Organization of counties, etc 62

Ports of entry in Vermont 62

Lighthouses in Vermont 62

Federal court houses in Vermont 62

HISTORY OF VERMONT.

Chap. IX. — Changes. Education 179 CIVIL GOVERNMENT

Introductory note 195

Notes for study 197

The Constitution of tbe United States 224

Synopsis of Constitution of the United States 260

Constitution of Vermont 263

Synopsis of the Constitution of Vermont 285

THE GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.

' CHAPTER I.

POSITION. BOUNDARIES. EXTENT.

^ERMONT is in the northwest corner of New England ; it is in the northeastern part of the United Stat e s ; it is near the eastern coast of North America, about midway north and south ; it lies between forty-two degrees forty-four minutes and forty-five degrees of north latitude, and between seventy-one degrees thirty-three minutes and seventy-three degrees twenty-five minutes of west longitude.

Vermont is bounded north by the Dominion of Canada, east by New Hampshire, south by Massachusetts, west by New York. The northern boundary of Vermont is the f orty-fif th parallel of north latitude ; its eastern boundary is the west bank of the Connecticut River ; its southern boundary is very nearly the parallel of forty-two degrees forty-four minutes north^ latitude; the larger part of the western boundary is the deepest channel of Poultney River and of Lake Champlain.

The width of Vermont at the south end is about forty miles ; its width at the north end is about two and one-fourth times as great; its length is nearly four times its width at the south end.

The area of Vermont is 10,200 square miles.

io GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.

Chapter II

MOUNTAINS. WATER-SHED. VALLEYS.

The Green Mountain range extends quite through Vermont in a direction nearly north and south, and it is nearer the western than the eastern side of the State.

In the southern part this is a broad-backed continuous range ; from about the middle of the State northward the ridge is narrower and higher and is accompanied by important parallel ranges. At about two-thirds the distance from the south towards the north end of the State this range is cut through by the Winooski River; further north it is cut by the Lamoille River; and just beyond Canada line it is cut again by the Missisquoi River.

The highest peaks of this range are Jay Peak, Mansfield Mountain, Camel's Hump, Lincoln Mountain, Pico Peak, Killington Peak.

The most important parallel ranges of the Green Mountains are east of the main range.

The longest of these begins at the White River and extends to the Winooski. On the west side of this range not quite half way down is a plateau extending nearly the whole length of the range and wide enough for two or three farms.

Another parallel range is found between the Winooski and the Lamoille rivers. The Hogback and Elmore Mountain are the highest peaks in this range.

There is a third parallel range between the Lamoille and the Missisquoi rivers. The Lowell mountains are the highest in this range.

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. h

MOUNT MANSFIELD, FROM STOWE.

The main water-shed of Vermont coincides with the Green Mountain range from the Massachusetts line nearly to Lincoln Mountain ; thence across north and south valleys and across and along north and south ridges it extends in an irregular course to the northeastern part of the State, and at the Canada line is quite near the Connecticut River. The mountains around Groton Pond and Willoughby Lake are among the most important on that part of the water-shed which is separate from the Green Mountain range.

Near the western border in the southern half of Vermont are the Taconic Mountains. They do not form a continuous ridge as the Green Mountain range does. Bird Mountain, Eolus Mountain, Equinox Mountain, and Mount Anthony are the chief of these mountains.

Near Lake Champlain in the northern half of Vermont are the Red Sandrock Mountains. These mountains stand apart from each other in a low country and

J2 GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.

so are conspicuous in their own neighborhoods and furnish very fine views. The highest of these is •Grandview Mountain, nearly due west from Lincoln -Mountain.

Here and there in the eastern part of the State are the Granitic Mountains. Mounts Hor and Pisgah, Knox, Ascutney and Black mountains are some of the most important of these.

Vermont lies within and between two valleys — that of the Connecticut River on the east and the Champlain-Hudson valley on the west. The two portions of the latter are joined by the Champlain canal.

Between the Green and Taconic mountains is what may be called the Southwest Valley of Vermont. On the east of this valley the Green Mountains form an unbroken wall, while there are gaps to the westward through the Taconic Mountains. >

The Central Valley of Vermont lies east of the main range of the Green Mountains and extends from the Missisquoi River to the Black River southeast from Killington Peak. Near the middle of its northern portion, this valley is almost filled by Norris Mountain. The portion between the Lamoille and the Winooski rivers is the widest. The portion between the Winooski and the White rivers is crossed about midway by the main water-shed of Vermont. The southern portion, in which are branches of the White, Quechee and Black rivers, is quite irregular in its direction.

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. ij

Chapter III. The Boundary Waters Of Vermont

The Connecticut River, after a short course to the southwest, forms, by its west bank, the entire eastern boundary of the State, and then passes through Massachusetts and Connecticut and empties into Long Island Sound. Its chief commercial use is to float logs from the upper portion of its valley to the manufacturing towns below. It furnishes abundant w r ater power, which is made use of in Vermont, particularly at Canaan, Guildhall, Mclndoes, Olcott, Bellows Falls.

Lake Memphremagog is about midway between the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain. It is about thirty miles long and two to three miles wide. It extends from north to south and lies about one-fourth in Vermont and three-fourths in Canada. Near its southern extremity are the villages of Newport and West Derby. The outlet of this lake is the St. Francis River, which empties into the St. Lawrence River.

Lake Champlain is partly in Vermont and partly in New York and in Canada. This lake is one hundred twenty-six miles long, and about one-fifth of this length is in Canada. Its greatest width is thirteen miles, and its average width is about four and one-half miles. Its outlet is the Richelieu River, which empties into the St. Lawrence River. There are many islands in this lake, the chief of which are South Hero, North Hero and Isle La Motte, all in Vermont. The most important port on the lake in Vermont is Burlington.

This lake was an important thoroughfare before white men traversed it, and it is so still, though the railroads on each side of it and those crossing both its northern and its southern portions diminish its importance in this respect. In colonial days and during the Revolutionary War and the war of 1812, there were strong fortifications on the west side of it, and important battles were fought near it and upon it.

The Hudson River rises among the Adirondack Mountains west of Lake Champlain and flows southeasterly, then southerly to New York Bay. This river is wholly in New York ; but it receives tributaries from Vermont, and is a part of an important line of communication along the western border of Vermont. The Hudson is navigable from the ocean to Troy, which is just west from the southern boundary line of Vermont.

Chapter IV

THE INTERNAL WATERS OF VERMONT. RIVERS, LAKES,

AND PONDS.

The rivers of Vermont may be treated in four groups : the tributaries of the Connecticut River, of Lake Memphremagog, of Lake Champlain and of the Hudson River.

The tributaries of the Connecticut River rise in the main water-shed of Vermont and flow in a southerly or southeasterly direction. The chief rivers of this class are the Deerfield, West,' Williams, Black, Ouechee, White, Ompompanoosuc, Wells, Passumpsic and Nulhegan rivers.

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.

The tributaries of Lake Memphremagog in Vermont are the Clyde from the east, the Barton and Black rivers from the south.

The chief tributaries of Lake Champlain from Vermont are the Missisquoi, Lamoille, Winooski, Otter Creek and Poultney rivers. The first three of these rise east of the main Green Mountain range and break through it. The Missisquoi is navigable to Swanton, about six miles from Lake Champlain, and the Otter Creek to Vergennes, eight miles.

The Vermont tributaries of the Hudson River are the Battenkill and the Hoosac, each of which receives important tributaries after leaving the State.

These rivers, and others with their tributaries, severally water beautiful and fertile valleys and furnish valuable water power.

A few waterfalls are worthy of mention because of their height and beauty. The chief of these are Bellows Falls in the Connecticut River; falls in the Black

THE FALLS ON THE CONNECTICUT RIVER AT BELLOWS FALLS.

(Below the Toll Bridge.)

i6

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.

River; Molly's Falls in Molly's Brook, a branch of the Winooski River, falls near Lake Champlain in the Lamoille River, and Sutherland Falls in the Ottqr Creek at Proctor, and Bolton Falls where the Winooski passes through the Green Mountains.

Several river gorges are worthy of mention. The most remarkable are those of the Black River near the middle of its course, of the Quechee River near its mouth, of the Winooski River near its mouth and just east of the Green Mountains at the Middlesex Narrows.

Fairlee Lake, a favorite summer resort, is tributary to the Ompompanoosuc River. On Morey Lake, near the Connecticut River, Samuel Morey plied his steamboat in 1793.

MIDDLESEX NARROWS, WINOOSKI KIVKK.

Groton and Wells River Ponds, lying among granitic mountains, are principal feeders of Wells River. Joe's Pond, high on the main water-shed, preserves the name of a famous Indian hunter. Crystal Lake and Lake Willoughby are tributaries of the Barton River and are surrounded by high mountains. Island Pond, Seymour Lake and Salem Pond are tributaries of the Clyde River, and with several other large ponds make it more uniform in its flow than most of the Vermont rivers. Caspian Lake is the source of a branch of the Lamoille River. Franklin Pond, remarkable for its curious pond walls, sends its waters through Canada to Lake Champlain. Fairfield Pond is tributary to the Missisquoi River. Lake, Dunmore, celebrated in the tale of the Green Mountain Boys, is the source of Leicester River, which empties into the Otter Creek. Lake Bomoseen, surrounded by slate quarries, is tributary to the Castleton River, through which its waters reach the Poultney River. Lake St. Catharine, a lake in two parts connected by a narrow channel, sends its waters through the Pawlet to the Poultney River. There are many other lakes and ponds in Vermont, some of which are nearly as important as those named. They are all remarkable for the purity of their waters and for the beauty of the scenery in their neighborhoods. Many of them are favorite summer resorts.

( , /■< )GRAPHY OF VERM ON T.

QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT AND MAP.

Describe the Green Mountain range. Trace it on the map. Point out the highest mountains in it. Describe and trace the ranges parallel to the main range. Describe the main water-shed of Vermont. Trace it on the map. Describe the Taconic Mountains. Point out the highest of them. Describe the Red Sandrock Mountains. Point out those named. Describe and point out the Granitic Mountains.

Describe the Southwest Valley of Vermont. Trace it. What rivers are found partly within it ? Describe and trace the Central Valley of Vermont. What rivers rise in it? What cross it?

What rivers form portions of the boundary of Vermont? In what ■directions do they flow? Into what waters?

Name the Vermont tributaries of the Connecticut River. Which of them flows into Massachusetts ? In what direction does it flow while in Vermont? What other of these tributaries flows nearly due south? Which have tributary ponds ? What are the names of the ponds ?

Name the Vermont tributaries of Lake Memphremagog. In what direction does each of them flow? What lakes or ponds are tributary to any of them?

Name the Vermont tributaries of Lake Champlain. In what direction does each flow ? On which side of the Green Mountains does each rise? Which have tributary lakes ? Name the lakes. On which side of the Taconic Mountains is the Otter Creek .' On which side of them does the Castleton River rise? The Poultney River? The Battenkill ?

Name the Vermont tributaries of the Hudson River. In what direction does each flow ? Which enters Vermont from another State? From what State? Into what State do they all flow? Which of them unite before they reach the Hudson River?

Name the chief waterfalls of Vermont. Point them out on the map.

Draw a map of Vermont showing its boundaries, mountains and rivers.

^f M _ , r^Cf}^ ^~, (ff C A M A D A

/ ^ y A S S A C\ H uVeVTI

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.

Chapter V Routes Of Travel

PASSENGER DEPOT, CENTRAL VT. R. R., ST. ALBANS, VT.

Through the Champlain-Hudson Valley there is arr important water-way connecting the St. Lawrence River and New York Bay. (See maps on pages 8 and 19.) By means of lake, river and canal the ports on Lake Champlain receive merchandise from New York City, coal from the mines of Pennsylvania, and lumber from the Canadian forests.

One of the railway routes between Montreal and New York City passes through Vermont. Its course is near Lake Champlain till it reaches the Otter Creek, then it follows the Southwest Valley, passing out of the State just north of Mount Anthony. The passenger for New York may leave this route for a more westerly one at Rutland or North Bennington, or for a more easterly one at Essex Junction or Rutland.

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 2r

FTom the vicinity of Lake Memphremagog the route £>y rail to New York passes through the valleys of the ^Barton and Passumpsic rivers to that of the Connecticut, thence along the Connecticut, mostly on the western side of it, to the southeast corner of Vermont, from which point there are several convenient routes.

From the northwestern part of the State the passenger for Boston, starting on the route to New York will leave it for a more easterly course at Essex Junction or Rutland; while from the southwestern portion of the State the passenger will first go north to Rutland, or will go south on a New York route beyond the border of Vermont before turning eastward.

From the neighborhood of Lake Memphremagog the traveler for Boston will start on the New York route and leave it at Wells River, White River Junction or Bellows Falls, or pass beyond the southern limit of the State before turning eastward.

A railroad from Montreal, Canada, to Portland, Maine, crosses the northeastern part of Vermont. And a railroad connecting Quebec with Portland, Boston and New York, touches a corner of Vermont and skirts its eastern border for a long distance.

From Newport, on Lake Memphremagog, one may go by rail to Swanton, oh Lake Champlain, or to St. Albans.

From the Connecticut River at Lunenburgh, one may go by rail to Swanton, or to Burlington on Lake Champlain.

From Wells River and from White River Junction there are direct routes by rail to Burlington.

From Bellows Falls to Whitehall, at the head of Xake Champlain, is a direct railway route.

Besides these there are railroads from Shelburne Falls in Massachusetts, along the Deerfield River to Readsboro; from Brattleboro by the West River to South Londonderry; from White River Junction to Woodstock in the valley of the Quechee River.

In the southwest part of the State is a railroad from Bennington to Woodford and about midway on the west side there is one from Leicester Junction to Ticonderoga in New York.

RAILROAD JOURNEYS.

T,ake the shortest route by rail unless some other is mentioned. Name the important towns one will pass through in going byrail : —

From Swanton to Bennington ; to Brattleboro through Rutland^ through Xorthfield ; to St. .lohnsbury : to Newport.

From Newport to St. Albans, to Brattleboro.

From Woodstock to Rutland tbrough Burlington, through Bellows Falls.

From South Londonderry to Fair Haven.

From Montpelier to Highgate Springs, to Newport, to Brattleboro,. to Bennington.

From the station nearest your home to Swanton, to Bennington, to> Ludlow, to Brattleboro, to each of twelve other places chosen by yourself.

Draw a railroad map of Vermont.

Name the railroad junctions in Vermont.

Compare this map with the map of mountaius and rivers: —

Name the lakes or ponds and rivers near which one will pass in taking each of the journeys named above.

Chapter VI. Climate

Vermont is near the middle of the North Temperate Zone, and is in the region of westerly winds. The temperature, amount of moisture and the winds are favorable to the health of the people and to the productiveness of the soil. The mean annual temperature for the different parts of the State varies from forty degrees to forty-seven degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer; the highest temperature varies from ninety to one rmndred degrees; and the lowest from thirty degrees to forty degrees below zero. The average annual rainfall is from thirty to forty-five inches. In the valleys the direction and force of the winds are greatly modified by the adjacent mountains and hills. Rain and snow storms come mostly from the west. But the rainfall and snowfall are usually preceded by, and in the beginning accompanied by, south winds. Northeasterly and southeasterly storms sometimes occur, but they are not frequent. West, northwest and north winds indicate fair weather. Snow usually comes in November and remains till April. There is less snow near Lake Champlain and in the Otter Creek valley than in other parts of the State. The spring opens earlier in these valleys and in the Connecticut valley toward the south than it does in other portions of Vermont.

Chapter VII. Soil And Productions

The soil of Vermont is generally fertile. The valleys and the lower and less rocky hills are suitable for cultivation. The higher hills and the mountains furnish pasturage and lumber.

From 1870 to 1880 the number of farms in Vermont increased five per cent., and the acreage of land in farms increased nearly eight per cent. In the proportion of land in farms to the total land surface, Vermont is the sixth State.

The chief product is the grass of the pastures and hay-fields. Other products are corn, wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat; rye, beans, peas; potatoes, garden vegetables; apples and maple sugar. Vermont produces more maple sugar than any other State, and nearly one-third of all that is produced in the United ■States.

The following table from the U. S. census of 1880 is valuable and will be convenient for reference.

THE AVERAGE PRODUCTION PER ACRE FOR

THE UNITED STATES. VERMONT.

Of Barley

22.02 bushels.

25.36 bushels.

Buckwheat

-18.93

20.21 "

Corn _ . . .

28.13

36.46

Rye

- - 10. 76

1 <

"•35

Wheat- _

12.97

16.25

Potatoes .

. . 96.60

115.26

Hay. . .

tons.

Other farm products arc cattle, horses, sheep, hogs and poultry.

Cattle are raised chiefly for their dairy products of butter and cheese and for beef and hides ; horses, for domestic use and for export ; sheep, for wool and for export.

In 1880, Vermont produced more butter and cheese in proportion to her population than any other State, and was the tenth State in the aggregate amount of these products.

The poultry consists of turkeys raised for their flesh, and of hens raised for their eggs and flesh, together with a few geese and ducks raised for their flesh and feathers.

Large wild animals are not numerous in Vermont, but some are found. Bounties are offered by the State for the destruction of bears, foxes, lynxes, panthers and wolves. Of these, bears are found in the most mountainous portions of the State; foxes are widely distributed; the others are rarely found.

Laws exist for the protection of the beaver, deer, mink, otter; none of these are plenty. Other wild animals arc the bat, hedgehog, mole, mouse, muskrat, rabbit, raccoon, rat. skunk, squirrel, weasel, woodchuck.

Birds abound in Vermont. The following are protected by law, — the partridge, wild duck, wild goose, woodcock, also the bluebird, bobolink, catbird, cherry or cedar bird, chickadee, creeper, ground bird, humming bird, kingbird, lark, linnet, martin, night hawk.

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.

Many of the lakes, ponds and streams of Vermont are well supplied with fish. Successful efforts aremaking to re-stock waters that have become destitute of fish. Fish are protected by laws regulating the time and manner of fishing. These are some of the common kinds of fish, — bass, dace, eels, minnows,, perch, pickerel, pike, pout, salmon trout or longe., shiners, suckers, trout.

Chapter VIII. Rocks And Quarries, Metals And Mines

Throughout the greater part of Vermont the prevailing rocks contain a large proportion of lime, and' on exposure to the weather they are gradually changed into soil. The granite rocks and the rocks of the Green Mountains in the southern half of their length have less lime, are harder and change much more slowly. The rapidly changing rocks help to keep up the fertility of the soil.

Some rocks are very useful for building, statuary and other purposes. Slate suitable for roofing, flooring, flagging and many other uses is found in three different parts of Vermont. One of these is west of the Taconic Mountains, beginning nearly at the north end of that range and extending south as far as Equinox mountain. In this section slate is quarried iut many places ; near Lake Bomoseen and in the valleys of the Castleton, Poultney and Pawlet rivers, particularly in Castleton, Fair Haven, Poultney and Wells.

Another section extends from Lake Memphremagog SDuthward along the valley of the Black River, crosses the Lamoille and the upper Winooski valleys, extends along the east side of the Dog River and ends just south of the White River. In this section slate is quarried for roofing in the valley of the Dog River at Northfield.

The third section begins east of the Passumpsic and north of the Moose River and extends south along the Connecticut River, mostly on the west side and never far from it to the south line of the State. Quarries have been opened at various points in this section, but none are extensively worked now.

Marble in many varieties and of excellent quality is found in the Southwest and Champlain valleys from Equinox Mountain to Canada line. Extensive quarries are worked in Eolus Mountain and both south and north of it, beside the Castleton River, particularly at West Rutland, and in the Otter Creek Valley in Rutland, Proctor, Pittsford, Brandon, and other towns. A kind of variegated marble is produced at Swanton on the Missisquoi River and black marble is quarried on Isle La Motte. Serpentine, called verde antique marble, is quarried at Roxbury.

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.

SECTION OF VERMONT MARBLE COMPANY S QUARRY, WEST RUTLAND.

3<>

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.

IDBURY (".KANIIK Cl

Jl ^RRY, WOODBURY, VT.

Granite is quarried on Black, Ascutney, Blue and Kirby mountains; in Barre, Berlin and Williamstown, near a branch of the Winooski River; on Granite Ridge in Hardwick and Woodbury, near the Lamoille River; and in Brunswick on the Nulhegan River.

Limestone suitable for .the manufacture -of lime is found in many parts of the State. The manufacture of lime is now carried on chiefly at Leicester Junction on the Otter Creek, at Amsden in Weathersfield and in Swanton.

Soapstone useful in building, for stoves and for lining furnaces and the like, is found in many places in the State and has been worked for a long time in the valley of Saxton's River at Cambridgeport in Grafton, and near the Black River at Perkins vi lie.

Scythe stones are manufactured at Evansvillc in Brownington.

Kaolin for use in the manufacture of paper is worked, at Bennington, Brandon and Monkton, and for stoneware in Bennington.

Clay suitable for brickmaking is found in all parts of the State. And bricks are made in many places.

Lignite, a kind of coal, is found in Brandon.

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.

METALS AND MIX INC.

Iron of excellent quality is found in many parts of the State; particularly at the base of the Green Mountains in the vSouthwest Valley in Bennington, Wallingford, Brandon, Chittenden and, still further north, in Monkton ; east of the Green Mountains by the Black River in Plymouth and near the Missisquoi River in Troy. The only mine now worked is in Wallingford.

Since 1809 copperas has been manufactured in large quantity just south of the Ompompanoosuc River in Strafford.

Manganese is found in many places in the State, often in connection with iron. It is mined in Chittenden near Pittsford.

Ochre for paints is manufactured in Bennington and Brandon.

Copper is found in many places in Vermont and has been mined in great quantities in Corinth and Vershire between the Waits and the Ompompanoosuc rivers.

Lead has been found in a few places in the State, but not in sufficient quantity to pay for working.

Gold is widely distributed in the State and has been worked along the middle portion of the White River and on branches of the Quechee River in Bridgewater and Plymouth. But gold mining has never been found profitable in Vermont.

A ■ N A O

'■JJHcd tyoiP* rk

MORRiSViLlC

/o Of\nnt

Xa

C3 MAP OF.

VERMONT

POCKS AND QUARRIES.

EXPLANATIONS.

Rock areas are surrounded by doited lines. The name or abbreviation of the name of the rock is written within the area. Only the most impor- ■'A/oaoR tant areas [are indicated] oa the map.

ABBREVIATIONS.

for copper and copperas.

" granite.

" iron.

" kaolin.

" lime.

'* marble.

" steatite and scajKton*.