The history of California

Preface

The following book was written because there seemed to be a demand for a History of California which should sketch the main events of the country from its discovery to the present time. The pioneer, under whose observation the most exciting of these events have occurred, confesses the need of such a book. The thousands who have entered the State since it assumed its present peaceful aspect, comj)lain of the lack of a succinct story of what had to be done here to make the land so pleasant a home.

The material for a lii story of California is abundant. The log-books of ancient mariners who visited the coast — the voluminous, if not well-kept archives of the Government, while the territory was under Spanish or Mexican rule — the official reports and Congressional documents about the transfer to the United States — the files of newspapers since the land was Americanized — the scores of books of intelligent travellers, who have put their impressions on record, and the oral evidence of natives, and early immigrants, who mingled in all the affairs most interesting to us— from these sources may be drawn ample details of life in California, from dates as far in the j)ast as any but enthusiastic antiquarians care to retire to.

There are several histories of California to bo found in the libraries, some of them works of permanent value. One of the oldest, the " Jesuit Venegas," and the authority for the times and phices of which it treats, Avas printed a century ago, when the California of the

Mil PREFACE.

Txioderns was an unknown land. The history by Forbes, the Englishman, and the vahiable report of explorations by De Mofras, the Frenchman, each much quoted and appreciated in the highest quarters, were written while our California was deemed by Americans the very remotest land of the globe, farther away for all practical purposes tlian the East Indies, more inaccessible than the antipodes. After the discovery of gold in California, there was quite an irruption of books about the country, and among them a few histories, which rendered the outlines of its past career familiar, and ministered adrairal)ly to the needs of the early adventurers. But since their period, though the term, counted by years, is very sliort, all has happened that is most stirring in California story. Those events, so impossible of repetition, seem, even to the actors in them, to belong to a distant antiquity. The sixteen years that have elapsed since the American occupation, embrace such physical and social changes as oftener require a full century for their development.

No doubt a better history can be written when the country is older, and time has more thoroughly tested some social experiments that seem already successful. But, considering by how large a portion of the population of the State its thrilling story is but dimly remembered, like a tale told long ago in a far-distant sY»ot, concerning lands now familiar, but which the hearer never dreamed would become his home, this work is cheerfully submitted to the public, in hope that it will be received in the same spirit of charity with which it was written.

August, ISOo.

Chapter I

Hindrances to the Earlier Discovery of California. — Colnmbus.'s Theory left no Room for Calilornia on the Globe. — First Voyagers on the Pacitic, — Expeditions sent up the Coast bj' Cortez. — His Pilot, Ximenos, discovers Lower California, a. d. 1584. — Cabiillo discovers Upper California, a. d, 154'2. — His Coast Survey Profitless. — Meaning of the Word California.— Boundaries of the Country Pages 1—14

Chapter II. A Notable Englishman- In California

Inducements to the Exploration of the Coast— The Straits of Anian.— Sir Francis Drake about Cape Horn, and on the Pacific. — He Attempts Returning to Europe by a Northern Koute.— Visits California, a. d. 1.579, and names it New Albion. — A I'edestrian Trip through the Country. — The Climate gets a Bad Name.— Drake jirobably entered San Francisco JJay. — Ueasons for Die Celief. — Lharacteristics of the Natives. — Did the? find Gold ? Pages 15—27

Chapter III. Viscaino's Explorations Along The California Coast

Philip II. orders the Settlement of California.— Yiscaino's Settlement at La Paz.— His careful Exploration of the Coast. A. d. 1602.— Describes San Diego and Monterey.— His Crew Suffers from Scurvy.- Did he Visit San Francisco?— The Results of his Voyage Wasted Pages 28-36

Chapter IV. Unsuccessful Attempts To Colonize The Country

Pirates on the Coast.— Futile Attempt of Admiral Otondo and Father Kino to Colonize California in 1CS3.— The Jesuits decline the Job.— Topographical Reasons why the Spanish Navigators missed the best Harbor on the Coast, Pages 37 11

Chapter V. Experiments Of The Jesuits In California

Jesuit Occupation of the Peninsula.— Fathers Kino and Salva Tierra undertake the Spiritual Conquest of California.— Settlement at Loreto, A. D. 1697.— Their Method with the Indians.— .1 Rebellion Met by Coercion.- Jealou.sy of the Jesuits Ilim'ers their Success.— Hard Times.— Father ligarte at the Mission.— Kino, from Sonora. furnishes Supphe.s.—Efl"nrt to Connect the Settlements of the Peninsula and the Main-Land bv a ( hain of Missions.— Overland Excursions IVom Sonora to Lower Calilornia.— Salva Tierra"s Unwelcome Promotion, Release, and Death.- Alberoni's Grand Scheme and Its Collapse.— The Pioneer Home-Built Vessel.— Ugarte Explores the Gulf.— Geographical Surveys.— Ugarte Dies.— A Success.— The 'Missions Relieve the Philippine

X CONTENTS.

Galleon. — A Rfbellion. — Life at the Missiofl. — 'Wliippiiig Popular Trith the Indians. — The I'ious Fund. — The Jesuits K.Npellcd. — The Franciscans iissunie the Lower California Missions. — I5e.sert"s Blast airainst California. — 'I'lie Dominicans Uelieve the Franciscans, who (\.v. lT69)i:oto Upper California. — Yenega's History and Ciiriors Map T Pages 42— "i I

CHAPTER Y I.

OCCUPATION^ OF UPPER CALIFOPNIA BY THE FRANCISCANS.

Galvez's and Junipero's Expedition, in four Dctachinents, to Settle Upper California. — They Rendezvous at San Diego. — A Mission Kstablished, a. d. 1T60. — (iovi-rnor Portala visits .Monterey Harbor, Overland, without recognizing it. — Discoveis 8;in Francisco by Land. — Imlian Outbreak at San Diego. — Monterey Dis'overed, — Joyful l!ecei)tion of the News in Me.xico. — Death of Father Junipero," A. D 1TS4. — Location of the Missions. — A Vessel enters San Francisco Bay, June, 17T5 — Order of Establishment of the Missions....' Pages 72 — 87

Chapter VII. The Aborigines

The Aborigiries of Upper California. — Digger Mythology, Ti-aditions, and Customs. — Their F*od; Relisions and Social Life; Medical Practice; the Sweat-House. — Burial or Burning of the Dead.— Their Ideas of Death Pages 8S— 97

Chapter VIII. Details Of The Mission Syste3l

The Spanish Policy towards the Indians. — Theory of the Mission System. — The Mission Buildinss. — The Indian Itancheria. — Government of the Mission. — The Presidio. — Collision of Priests and Soldiers. — The Pueblo of dilferent Kinds. — Political Government of California under Spain. — ElVect of the Manifold Order System. Pages 93 — 110

Chapter IX. A Calm Half Century

The Indians take kindly to Mission Life. — .'Vn Era of Tninqnillity. — Number of Domesticated Indians at diiferent Periods. — Population ot each Mission, .\. d. 1S02. — Thriving Times. — Yankees I5uy their Hides. — Fear of ICarthqnakes. — Dread of Foreigners. — The Viceroy's Orders to beware of Captain Cook. — Vancouver Well Treated. — Jealousy of American Visitors. — lohn Brown at San Francisco. — The Uussian Occupation, from 1812 to 1842, of aStri]) on the Coast Pages 111—120

Chapter X. California Under Mexican Rule

California Accepts Imperial Mexico's Rule (1S22). — List of Governors of California while ' under Spain. — Becomes a Territory of Uepiiblican Mexico. — Proposal Change of Name. — -Jedediah S. Smith arrives Overland from tlie East, a. d. 1826. — The Fur Business. — The Pious Fund diverted from the Ecclesiastics to the Spanish and Mexican Governments. — The Mexican Colonization Act of 1824. — Wealth of the Missions in 1834 Pages 121—129

Chapter XI. The Missions Secularized

Trouble Comes. — Governor li^chcandia tries to enforce the Secularization, a. d. 1830. — Soliz's Insurrection. — Governor Victoria AiTCSts the Secularization. — The Echcandia

CONTENTS. XI

InsiiiTection. — Portilla's Trpncherv. — Victoria Keeps his Promise, and Kelires to' AJexiai. — Pu> I'icMi appointed Goveitior by tlie LeL'iblatnre. — Anaicby and Contusion. — Figuema arrives ihronsli many Perils. — Divi.-ion of tlie Missions: tlic Spanisli Franciseans take those Sontliof Sm Luis Obispo; llie Mexiean Fianeiscans talie tliose North of it. — Director IIiJar"s Colony arrives at t^olano. — ihe Missionaries hasten to Destroy their Property.— Great Slanprliter of Cattle. — The Colonists Ilevolt, and are Exiled. — The Territorial Leirislature turns over the Missions to Governor Figueroa. — Death of J'igueroa, a. d. 1835 Pages 130 — 140

CHAPTER XII. REBELLION, SECESSION, UESTOnATION, PANICS

Cnstoni-House Quarrel.— Revolution. — Alvarado and Isaac Graham capture the Capital, and Proclaim the Independence of Calil'ori.ia. — .\Ivarado crushes out a Rebellion; is appointed Governor by Mexico, and Itecognizes Mexico again as the Central Power. — Graliani and other Foroiirners Arrested and Exiled, but return again with Honor. — Go\eriior Micheltorena arrives. — A I'anic. — Comiuodoro Jones hoists thi> American Flag at Monterey. — Hauls it down again, nnil Apologizes. — Alvarado and Vallejo capture the Governor's Ammunition.— Micheltorena Invokes Sutters Aid. — Sutter obtains a "Gener.al Title" to certain Lands. — The J''(/rei!.'ners stand aside, leaving Mexicans and Californians to Fight it out. — The Me.\ici!ns Surrender. — Apparition from over the Mountains. — Fremont's Api^earancc. — Lisi of Mexican Governors of California.

Chapter XIII. Tue "-native Californians."

What they understood by " Independence.''— Character of the People.— Great Riders. — Their ilomes, Habits, Food, Dress, and Gardens. — Boston Tr.aders arrive after IS'22. — How Justice was Administered. — Whalers in the Port. — Immigrants, and the Impression that all is soon to be Americanized Pages 152 — IGl

Chapter XIV. Fremont And The Bear Pauty Revolution

Fiemont's Exploring Party asUs Permission to Rest in the San Joaquin Valley. A. d. 1846. — Castro's Fair Promises and Treacherous i'erronnanees. — Freuiont stands a Siege. — Proceeds Northward. — Is Overtaken by Lieutenant Gillespie wiih Dispatches from Home. — Ilis Camp broken into by Indians.— Fonr of his Party Killed. — Ucsolves to Revolutionize the Government.— Returns to the Sacramento Valley. — Merritt's Party Captures Sonoma. — William!?. Ide's Proclamation. — The Bear Flag. — Lieutenant Ford's Exjiedition routs De La Torre's Force. — FreiTio;it Organizing a Battalion. — Arrives at Sonoma. — Declaration of Independence, July 5lh. — The Bear Party Absorbed into the Battalion. — Fremont gives Chase to Castro Pages 1G2 — 175

Chapter XV. The American Conquest Of California

Movements of the Ignited States Navy in the Pacific. — Commodore Sloafs Instrnctions. — A Race .and its Consequences.— Sloat I'aises the United Slates Flag at Monterey, July 7th, 1S4G. — British Plots to secure California rendered Futiie. — The United States Flag raised at San Francisco.— It replaces the Lear Flag at Sonoma — Fremont anticipates Sloat's Messenger, and seizes the Goveinmeiit Arms at San Juan. — Rei)orts to SIcat.— The Commodore I'uzzled, and out of Spirits. — Refuses to Accept into Service Fremont s Battalion. — Arrival of Commodore Stockton. — He takes Command of theL::ud Forces,— Sloat Sails for Home.— Oc nip.ation of the Ports.— Stockton lands at San Pedro; Marches his Force to Los Angele.s, and organizes a Territorial Government for California. — The Flores's Insurrection at the South Pages 176 — 102

XU COj^TENTS.

CHAPTER XYI.

CALIFORNIA'S THREE CONQUERORS AND FIRST THREE AMERICAN GO VERNORS.

Stockton's Mcasnroa to Quell the Insurrection. — Captain Mein-ine's Party Eepulsed near Sau Podro, by the Califoinians. — News of General Kearny at San Pasqual. —Stockton sends liini timely Keliof. — Kearny arrives at San Diego. — The Advance upon L03 Ansclcs. — The Enfrairenient on the Plains of San Gabriel. — Stockton re-enters l^os Anireks, January IDth, 1S47. — Fremont's Battalion moves Southward. — He Pardons Jesus Pini. — A Toilsome March. — Fremont makes and Proclaims the Treaty of Coiiensa.— Delicate Eelations of Stockton, Kearny, and Fremont. — Fremont Reports to Stockton. — Fremont as Governor. — Seven Weeks of Tranquil Splendor. — Kearny and Shiihrirk join to depose him. — Proclamation Ignoring the Conenga Ti'eaty. — Fremont's Famous i;i<l('^Is refused an Interview with Kearny, except 111 Presence of Colonel Mason. — Fremont Disobeys Orders. — Stevenson's liegiment Airives. — Fremont goes East under Arrest. — Ills Trial and Sentence — Kefusesthe President's Clemency, and Retires from the Service Pages 193—213

Chapter XVI I. San Francisco Americanized

The Land Escapes Mormonism. — Yerba Buena's Change of Name. — Its Newspapers. — Benieia. — First Alcaldes of San Francisco. — First Mayor and the Aynntamiento. — Public Meetings. — Overland Immigrants Snow-slayed East of the Sierra Nevadas. — Terrible Suft'erings of the Donner Party. — Meeting of Indiirnation concerning Fremont. — Growth of San Francisco, and its Sudden Depopulation Pages 214 — 225

CHAPTER XVI II.

THE GOLD DISCOVERY.

Gold Discovered at Coloma, January 19th, 1S49. — Governor Masons Visit to the Placers. — His Iteport to the War Department. — IJow the News was Keceived at the Ea?t. — Previous Hints of Gold in California. — Circumstances of the Discovery of 1S4S.

CHAPTER XIX.

GRAND RUSH TO CALIFORNIA.

Peace between the United States and Mexico. — Terms of the Treaty.— The California Fever a World-wide Epidemic. — They come in Companies with strange Ventures in Rotten Bottoms. — Isthmus and Overland Immigrants. — The Grumblers. — Theories of the Gold Production. — Simultaneous Settlement of the Mining Region. — Society. — Crime and its Punishment in the Mines. — iVuomalous Method of Civil Government.

CHAPTER XX.

CONGRESS FAILS TO PRO VIDE A GO VERNMENT.

Unavnilin',' Efforts to gi%c California a Government. — Polk's Request and the Wilraot Proviso. — Senators Coruin. Callioun, Benton, and Dix on Califori.ia, — Clayton's Bill Passi s the Senate, and is Defeated in the House. — Congress does nothing for California, 1S47- '4S. — President Polk's Letter to Californians. — Colonel Benton's Letter to the Same. — The Congress of lS4S-'49. — Douglas's State Bill Adversely Reported.— A Special Committee Reports Favorably. — Senatorial Discussions. — Dayton says thev can cet a Constitutional Convention oidy by using the Lasso. — Webster advises a Military Government—Proposition to Cede back California to Mexico. — A Territorial Bill put on the .\pproiiriation Bill.— Dix reiirets the Gold Discovery.— Webster and Calhoun Debate Coiistitulional Questions. — A Stormy Sunday Morning Session. — Foote Raves. — Jefferson Davis would Sacrifice California' to the Ap]Mopriations.— The Senate Recedes, and California gets no Government — Revenue Laws E.'itended over California.

CONTENTS. Xili

CHAPTER XXI.

THE COKSTITUTIOKAZ CON^VEXTIOX.

The People of California Establish a Government. — CJovernor Riley's Proclamation for a State Convention.— Ek-ction of Dolegiitcs. — Small Vote Oast— Constitutional Convention meets at Monterey, September, 1S49. — The Antecedents of Members. — Organization of the Convention. — Slavery Prohibited Forever. — Debate coneernin^j; Negro Immigration. — State Boundaries. — The Slavery Question. — Lotteries, Duelling, Schools, Bank.s. — E.xpenses of Convention. — Concluding Courtesies. — The Peoi)le Adopt the Constitution Pages 262 — 283

CHAPTER XXII.

TUE FIRST STATE LEGISLATURE.

Meeting of the First Legislature at San Jose. — Governor Eiley surrenders his Anthorily as Governor to Governor Burnett. — Fremont and Gwin elected U. S. Senat<u's. — The Legislature's Keputation and Work. — Rate of Interest. — Foreign Miners' I.icense. — Utah's Curious Petition. — Brief History of the Cities Chartered. — San Francisco's Growth. — The Hounds. — Sacramento. — Counties Organized. — Meaning and Origin of their Names Pages 2S4--306

CHAPTER XXIII.

WAITIXG ON COA^GRESS FOR ADMISSION' TO THE UNION.

President Taylor's Message, advising the Admission of California. — Admits that he urged the People to Organize a State. — Clay's Compromises Projwsed. — California's Admission discussed by Senators Foote, Mason, Davis, Clay, King, Calhoun, Webster, and Seward.— Bell's Compromise Res<dutions.— Debate on the Compromises submitted by Clay's Select Committee. — The California Bill passes the Senate. — Ten Senators Protest. — It passes the House, and is approved by the President, September. 1850.— The other Compromise Measures.- Repose. — What Disturbs and Ends it. . . Pages 306 — 8'23

CHAPTER XXIV.

■' THE FALL OF '49 AND SPRING OF '50."

News of the Admission into the Union celebrated. — The Tent Era. — Flush, Thriftless Times.— Cost of Living in the "Fall of '49 and Spring of '50."— The Scarcity of Females. — Character ot the Population. — All try the Mines. — The Currency. — Wages

Labor Honorable with all.— State of the Market— A Wet Winter.— Style 'of Houses.— Fires in San Francisco.— Mining Rushes.— Squatter Riots.— GambliuL', Lynch Law, Politics. — Conservative Influences at Work. — Sources of State Pride and Hope.

CHAPTER XX y.

AFTER THE ADMISSION.

Product of the Mines. — New Mining Methods. — Quartz-Crushing and Water-Ditches.

Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce. — The Markets alternately Bare and Glutted. — Population of the State. — The Indians and Indian Wars. — Corresiioiulence between Governor Bigler and the U. S. Agents concerning the Indians. — War Debt. — Reservations. — The Chinese Welcomed at first, but soon' Disliked.— Their '-Houses." Habits, Worship, and Employments. — A Chinese Fight. — Excitement in the Legislature about Negro Testimony ." Pages 346—378

CHAPTER XXVI.

GRO WTU AND HINDRANCES OF THE TO WNS AND CITIES.

San Francisco's Prop-ess. — Real Estate. — Land Claims. — The Limantour Fraud. — E.vorbitant Taxes. — The Peter Smith Judgments and Sale of City Propcrt}'. — Sacramento —

XIV CONTENTS.

Fires and Floods.— Marysvillo. — Stockton. — Nevada City. — Grass Valley. — Placorville. — Oihei- Towns and Gitii'S. — Frequent licmuvals ol' the Caijiial Pages 379 — 3U2

CHAPTER XXVII.

FILLIBUSTEniS2I.

William Walker. — His Sonora Expedition. — Its Ingli rioiis J"nd. — The Mexican and French Consuls at San Francisco tried I'or Violating the Neutrality Laws Pages 303 — 401

CHAPTER XXVIII.

A FINAXCIAL STORM.

The Financial Storm of 1855.— Failure of Page, Bacon & Co.— The Adams & Co. Muddle.— Their Uooks lost and found —Alfred A. Colien, Isaiah 0. Woods, and Trenor W. Park. — Sketch of the Career of '-James King, of VVni."— The Banker turned Editor.— The Subjects of his Assault.— Palmer, ('iMik\t ('o.— State Finances in a Bad Way.— Water- Froiit Extension. — Franchise-Hunting. — The Courts Pages 402 — 412

CHAPTER XXIX.

POLITICS.

Early Democracy of the State.— Governor Burnett.— Governor McDougall. — Governor Bigler. — Tammany and Chivalry Yv'iUL'-s of the Democratic Party. — Douhle-headed Convention of ISiH.— Know Noihing Victoiy. — First Election tor U. S. Senators. — Fremont and Gwin chosen. — Failure to elect Fremonfs Successor in 1S51. — Weller elected in 1SV2.— The Struggle (jf lbr)4.— Broderiek heaten. — Gwin still kept out of the Vacant Seat in 1855. — Narrow Eseape from Ilinry S. Foote's Election in ItoO. — llow San Francisco and Sacramento Voie. — The real Ruling Classes.— Lynchings.— Increasing Violence and Crime Pages 418 — 431

THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE OF 185G.

Assassination of "James King, of Wm.," hy Supervisor Casey. — Formation of the Vigilance Committee. — Newspaper Treatment of the Assassination. — Great Public Exciteinont. — Tile Pulpit on the Vigilance Alovement. — Casey taken Ironi the Jail by the p^.^,lll^.. — King's Burial. — Generous Provision for his Family. — Casey and CoraExecute'd by the Viirilance Committee. — Burial <if tlie Executed. — Billy Mulligan's Life, Dream, \.i\t\ Suicide. — Governor Johnson asks for Federal Arms in vain. — The Committee make some laiimrtant Arrests.— Non-ariival of the <'xpected J;eacti<m. — Elements of Opposition to the Popular Movement. — A Law and Ordor Meeting.

CHAPTER XXXI.

COLLISIONS WITH THE STATE AUTHORITIES.

Governor Johnson proclaims San Francisco in a State of Insurrection. — lie orders out tlie Militia. — Fort Gunny-Bags erected. — Citizens petition the Governor to withdraw his Proclamation. — He tiirows the Uesiioiisildlity on the "Insurgents.'" — General Sherman Kesigns his Major-Generalship of Militia. — News of ConKreSsiiian Herbert's Murdering a Waiter. — Constitution and Method ot thi' Vigilance Committee. — Its Arms and Funds. — Meetmg of Sympathizers. — Great Vigilance Mass Meetinc. — The Patent Ballot-Box. — Governor Johnson appeals to President Pierce for Aid, but receives none.

CHAPTER XXXII.

THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE ASSUMES MORE DOUBTFUL POWERS.

A C.tse of Piracy alhged.— State Arms seized hy the Vigilants.— One of their Agents stabbed by Judga Terry.— A General Alarm. — Vigilants Capture the Armories. — Volney

CONTENTS. XV

E. Howard's Official Report uf Affairs. — Jiulsre Terry in the Vigilants' Jail. — Commissioners frum Sacrairi'nto ijleail fur him. — The Governor Ripufliates the Coniinission.-^ Terry's Kriendsin th(f United Slates Senate. — Senators concerning the N'i^ilance Committee. — Ubiiinitoiis M<;Gowan. — The Banished tryinji to return. — Execution of lletherinston and Urace by the Visilants. — A. A. Green gets the Pueblo Papers by a Stratagem. — How tlie Vi5:ilants got them from him. — Vigilance Respect for Federal Aiitlioi^ ities. — Judge Terry discharged Pages 47o — 198

CHAPTER XXXIII.

THE VIGILAyCE COMMITTEE DISBANDS.

The Supreme Court resumes Work. — The Vigilance Committee preparing to surrender Power — Danger of being emwded into Polities. — Grand Final Parade. — Addi-essof the E.'cecutive to the General Committee. — Head-Quarters under Public Inspection. — State Arms retained. — The "Pirates" Acquitted. — The Rooms closeil. — Results of the Vigilance Committee's Work. — List«f the K.xecuted and Banished. — Popularity of the Movement. — The Rev. Dr. Scott iu Trouble. — .Members annoyed by Suits. — The Prochimatioa of Insurreetiou witlulrawn Pages 499 — 517

CHAPTEE XXXIV.

PRESERVING THE FRUITS OF THE REFORM

Organization of the People's Party. — The Reformed City Government— Better Times. — Comparis n of Municipal K.^penses before and alter the Revolution. — Method of the People's I'arty Pages 5iS— 524

CIIAPTEB XXXV,

FINANCIAL BREAKERS.

The State's Interest not p.iid. — An Unconstitutional Debt. — Vision of Threatening Repadiation. — The Debt assumed by a Popular Vote. — RestoraSion of the Civil Fund to the State refused. — Indian War Claim admitted. — State and Local Debts, and what to show fortheiij Pages 52o — 531

CHAPTER XXXVI.

LAND TITLES

Uncertainty of Land Titles. — Congressional Legislation concernins them. — Board of Land Commissioners.— Suffering entailed by every Decision, liight or Wrong. — Attorney- General Black's Sinsaiional CommuBieation. — Instances-i^uoted by him of Fraud r,a a grand Scale. — A Hetter Era Dawning Pa<^<'s 632 — 542

CHAPTER XXXVII-

BITTER PARTY STRIFES

Governor Johnson's Administration. — The State Prison Blimder. — Bate.s's De.'alcat!<»n. — Broderick is King of Caucus, and is elected U. S. Senator. — Gwin and Latham aspire to the vacant Seat. — Why Broderick gives it to Gwin. — Latham's Version of his Defeat. — Gwin's Letter provini; the Bargain and his Abasement. — Broderick breaks with the Administration. — The Fugitive Slave Law tried.— The Campaign of 1S.")9. — Broderick declines a Challeuge. — His first Stump Speech. — Broderick, (xwin, anil Latham enjoying great Freedom of Speech. — Attitude of the Republicans. — Greeley's Advice. — Pixley's Pamphlet. — Latham wins Pag'S 543 — 560

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

BRODERICirS DEATH.— NOTABLE DUELS

Jadge Terry challenges Broderick. — The Challenge Accepted. — The Duel. — Broderick mortally wounded. — His Death ajid Biudal. — Colonel BjJv^t's Kulogy. — Baker's Life and

XVI CONTENTS.

Death.— r.roderick's Will.— Terry's Eesi2:ntition.— The Farce of hi.s Trial.— NotaWe Dufls. — Gilbert killed by Denver in 1852.— G. Pen Johnston kills !3eMati>r Feririisun in lS5s. — Piercy killed by Showalter in 1S61. — Senator Hann announces Broderiok's Death to the U. S. Senate Page.s 561 — 5T1

CHAPTER XXXIX.

A POLITICAL REYOLVTIOK

Latham elected Senator in Broderick's Place. — Governor Downey vetoes the Bulkhead, and achieves extraordinary Popularity. — The Water-Front Question happily settled. — The State votes for Lincoln. — Lpgislature of 1S61. — Free Gifts of Kailroad Franchises. — General MclJouscall elected U. S. Senator. — A Eepublicau State Ticket elected. — The LegisLitures of 18(32, 1SG3, and 1864 ,. Pages 5T2— 581

CHAPTER XL.

RELATIONS TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

Perilous Position when the Southern States began to secede. — A. Sydney Johnston, commanding the Pacific Department, relieved by General Sumner. — The great Union May Meeting, 1861. — The Press, and the Pulpit for Union. — Kev. Dr. Scott prefers Peace. — hnportant Servicesof T. Starr King. — His Method, Death, and Burial. — Political Parties <in the War. — Downey's Fatal Sentence. — Democratic State Convention. — Edmund Randolph's Crazy Speech. — Stanford elected Giovernor. — G'.vin's Hypocrisy. — Latham rides two Horses, and Is thrown. — McDougall disappoints the Union Men. — Conner's Course. — Party Organisations sacrificed f( r Union. — Low elected Governor. — The Supreme Court Judges. — California's Contributions to the Army. — Gifts to the Sanitary Fund. — The Spe'cific Contract Act. — Adherence to a Metallic Currency. — Taxing the Mines. — Californians in the Army and Navy. — ^In Rebel Service. — A California Pirate. — Arrests of Disloyal Persons.^ — General Wright's prudent Course.

CHAPTER XLI.

RESOURCES OF THE STATE.

The Grold Yield. — ^Profit of the various Modes of Mining. — ^Late Rushes out of the State. — Loss of Population in certain Districts. — ^Useful Mineral Products of the State. — The Mining Stock Mania, 1863-4. — An Irruption of Prospecters. — Valuable Mineral Discoveries. — i\.grlculture. — Manufactures. — Exports, and luiiwrts. — Arrivals and Departures. — Insolvencies, — ^The Cm'rency Pages 601 — 615

CHAPTER XLI I.

QUARRELS WITH NATURE— COMPENSATIONS FOR APPARENT 3JISF0R-

TUNES.

Earthquakes, Floods, and Drought.— The Flood of ]S61-'2.— Is there any Danger of another such ?— Rainless Years— Compensation of Fires, Floods, Droughts, and Rushes.- Much of the appareat Loss a real Gain to tho Miaing Towns Pages 616—627

CHAPTER XLI 1 1.

THE PEOPLE AND TUE PROSPECT.

Salubrity of the Climate.— What Diseases are not Uncomnion.— Society ""^pMlT iiiiproving,

The Wine Que

—The Schools.— Disproportion of the Sexes.— Sabbath Observance.- The Dashaways.— jestion.— Charities. — The Indian Remnant. — Failure of the Reservation

Svstem.— The Chinese Puzzle.— Communications with the Atlantic States.— Overland

lj[ail The Pony. — Telegraph across the Continent.— Awkward Task of the Historian.

— Tlie Statu on the Threshold of Us Greatness.— xVlready a Mother of Territories and

States

THE HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA.