A history of South America, 1854-1904.

Preface

A residence of fourteen years in South America, in connection with journalistic work throughout that continent, brought home to me the need of a concise history of the various South American States since they attained independence from Spanish control. True, such information can be obtained from Spanish and Portuguese chroniclers and authors of other nationalities. But to seek for descriptions of many different events and periods in diverse directions and varied tongues is always wearisome and often impossible unless a well-stocked library be near at hand for reference. To meet this want has been the purpose and aim of the present work, which although dealing more particularly with the past fifty years, is intended also for purposes of general reference by students of Latin- American history and civilisation from the date of the emancipation of the Spanish colonies to the present day.

I have compressed into small compass the facts which have tended to mould the destinies of the South American Republics, and I have endeavoured to show how the national character of the people of each State has assumed distinctive features as the result of local vi PKEFACE

surroundings, modified by foreign immigration and the accompanying influence of methods of civilisation other than those of Spanish or Portuguese origin.

To extract from many sources the requisite facts, and to marshall these into order, was no easy task. It was due to the aid and encouragement of many friends that I persevered when my path seemed beset by insuperable obstacles. I owe much to the friendly advice of Charles W. Gould and the late Lloyd M'Kim Garrison, both of New York, in the earlier stages of this work. In the final revision of the manuscript I was so exceedingly fortunate as to enlist the help and sympathy of A. J. Wilson, and his assistance to me was invaluable.

Some excuse is necessary for the illustrations. I regret that they are not more artistic in general character, and in defence I must plead that they are the best I could obtain under the circumstances. They are inserted to give to readers of the book some idea of the personal appearance of the men who play a prominent part in it, a purpose I trust they will accomplish.

C. E. AKERS.

Introduction

Some Traits of Spanish Character. Ferdinand and Isabella. Treatment of Moors and Jews. The Inquisition and Intellectual Expansion. Population of Spain in the Fifteenth Century. First Spanish Colonists. Treatment of Natives in South America. Examples of Spanish Cruelty and Treachery. Destruction of Astec and Inca Civilisation. Dissensions in South America. Spanish Bravery. Catholicism in South America. Immigration to the Colonies. Introduction of Negroes. Turbulent Settlers. Political Parties in South America. Spain and Decentralisation. Trade Restrictions. Causes of Dissatisfaction. Spanish Monopoly of Official Posts. Incidents of Brazilian History. British, French and Dutch Action. Plot for Brazilian Independence. The Peninsular Wars and Brazil. The Empire Proclaimed. Abdication of Pedro I. Indian Population. The Tupi-Guarani Stock. Araucanians and Patagonians. Aymara and Quichua. Natural Resources of the Continent. Geographical Features .

Chapter I The Emancipation Of South America

Colonial Discontent. Weakness of the Spanish Government. Efforts of Spain to Conciliate the Colonies. Action of the Regency of Cadiz. Caracas and the Separatist Movement. Simon Bolivar and the Struggle for Independence. General Paez. Proclamation of Colombian Independence. Bolivar frees Ecuador and marches to Peru. The Revolt in Argentina. Treaty between Argentina and Great Britain. Anarchy in Montevideo. Paraguay effects a Bloodless Revolution. The Struggle in Chile. The Monroe Doctrine. Mr Canning and the Holy Alliance. South America after Independence. Bolivar and his Political Enemies. Disintegration of Colombia. Venezuela as a Republic. Ecuadorian Affairs. Dissensions in Peru. Friction in Chile over Form of Government. Bolivia and General Sucre. Uruguayan Developments. Conflict in Argentina between Federalists and Unitarians. Advent to Power of Rosas . . 19 viii CONTENTS

CHAPTEE II

THE AEGENTINE EEPUBLIC

Savage Brutality of Rosas. Revolution against Rosas. Economic and Social Conditions. Ambition of the Provinces to Dominate Buenos Aires. Wish of Buenos Aires to Secede. Determination of Buenos Aires to Appeal to Arms. Revolution under General Mitre. Victory of the Insurgents at Pavon. General Mitre Installed as President. The National Capital. Revolutionary Movements. Aggressiveness of Lopez. War with Paraguay. Political Consequences of the War. Cholera in Buenos Aires. Election of Dr Sarmiento to the Presidency. Educational Progress. Efforts to Advance Industrial Development. Yellow Fever Epidemic. The Administration of Sarmiento. The Political Situation in 1874. Cordoba and the Presidential Election of 1874. Election of Dr Nicolas Avellaneda. The Presidential Election of 1871. Mitre and Revolutionary Projects. Conspiracy against the Government. Seditious Outbreaks. Political Aims of Buenos Aires. Attitude of Avellaneda. Position in 1878. Propaganda of the Cordoba League. Meetings in Buenos Aires. The " Tiro Nacional." Buenos Aires and Cordoba. National Government Alarmed. Minister of War and the "Tiro Nacional." President determines to Suppress the "Tiro Nacional." Popular Demonstrations in Buenos Aires. Troops Protect the National Authorities. Compromise between President and Citizens. Second Mass Meeting in Buenos Aires. Advice of Dr Sarmiento. Conference between Governor of Buenos Aires and President. Temporary Compromise. Presidential Election of 1880. Issues of Electoral Campaign. Presidential Candidates. General Roca. Dr Pellegrini as Minister of War. The Cordoba League. Popular Excitement. Situation Strained. Buenos Aires buys War Material. Military Preparations. Delay in arrival of Arms and Ammunition.

CHAPTEE III

THE ARGENTINE EEPUBLIC — continued

Military Preparations. Attempt to seize Cordoba. National Troops in Buenos Aires. Provincial Authorities and the Minister of War. Rioting in Buenos Aires. The National Government and the Provincial Administration. Avellaneda abandons Buenos Aires. Hostilities Commence. Strength of National Troops. Preparations for Defence of Buenos Aires. Disposition of Provincial Forces. Scarcity of War Material in Buenos Aires. Leaders of the Rebellion. Political Dissensions. Dr Pellegrini. Skirmishing between National Troops and Revolutionary Forces. Colonel Arias and the Volunteers. Engagement near Olivera. Colonel Arias reaches Lujan. Defence of Buenos Aires. Attack upon Buenos Aires. Hostilities on July 21. Ammunition exhausted in Buenos Aires. Conference of Revolutionary Leaders. Armistice on July 23. Peace Negotiations. Terms of Surrender. Buenos Aires declared the National Capital. General Roca elected President. The New Administration. Cordoba and

CONTENTS ix

Roca. Buenos Aires and the new President. The National page Policy. Absolute Power of Roca in 1881. Restraint on Military. National Feeling. Improvement in Means of Communication. Railway Construction. Foreign Immigration. Assisted Passages for Immigrants. National Land Sales. Public Works. Revolutionary Outbreaks. Expansion of Agricultural and Pastoral Industry. Foreign Loans. Dr Pellegrini appointed Minister of War. Political Intrigues. Discontent in Buenos Aires. Attitude of the Administration in Electoral Matters. Foundation of La Plata. The Port of Ensenada. Presidential Election. Presidential Candidates. Economic and Industrial Progress. Financial Policy. Suspension of Specie Payments. Inconvertible Currency . . . .51

CHAPTEE IV

Presidential Election. The Cordoba Clique and the Provisional Governors. Dr Juarez Celman. Cordoba supports Celman. Celman Elected. Roca and Celman. Uneasy Feeling. Currency Conversion. Paper Money Issues. Carpet-bagging Politicians. Political Conditions. Corruption in National Administration. Concessions and Monopolies. Corrupt Provincial Governments. Position of Pellegrini. Administration and Banking. Provincial Loans. Sale of Gold Reserves. Financial Necessities. The " Union Civica." Dr Alem. Aristobulo del Valle. Bernardo Irigoyen. Dr Lopez. Lucio Lopez. Provincial Branches of "Union Civica." Feeling against Celman. The Mortgage Banks. Policy of the Administration. Foreign Residents. Meeting of " Union Civica." Indictment of National Administration. The " Union Civica " and Celman. The " Union Civica " and Revolutionary Measures. The Army and the " Union Civica." Date fixed for Revolt. Revolution of July 26, 1890. Action of National Authorities. Attack on the Plaza Lavalle. Numerous Casualties. Scarcity of Ammunition. Naval Action. Bombardment of Buenos Aires. Attitude of Foreign Warships. Reinforcements from Northern Provinces. Consultation of Rebel Leaders. Majority favour Negotiation. Armistice Arranged. Peace Propositions. Advice of Roca and Pellegrini. Peace Concluded. Dispersion of Revolutionary Forces. Casualties. Resignation of Celman. Public Temper in Buenos Aires. European Opinion. Accession of Pellegrini . . 69

CHAPTEE V

Ministry under Pellegrini. Attitude of Roca. Public Opinion. National Finances. Political Situation. Economic Conditions. Cedula Issues. Inconvertible Currency. Policy of Pellegrini. Depreciation in Currency. Argentina and Baring Brothers. Suspension of Foreign Debt Service.

CONTENTS

Banking Crisis. Patriotic Loan. Banco Nacional and Banco de la Provincia. Attempted Assassination of Roca. Pellegrini's Administration. Discontented Feeling. Influence of Mitre. Mitre Returns from Europe. Cordoba and Mitre. Roca and Mitre. The ' ' Union Civica Radical." A new State Bank. Pellegrini and the "Union Civica Radical. " Nomination of Dr Luis Saenz Peila. Dr Bernardo lrigoyan and the " Union Civica Radical." Political Situation in 1892. State of Siege. Arrest of Alem. Alem Deported. Dr Luis Saenz Pefia elected President. Dr Jose Uriburu. Roca resigns Portfolio of Interior. Saenz Pefia accedes to Office. Public Opinion and Pellegrini. Loss of the Rosales. Officers of the Rosales sentenced to Death. Saenz Pefia and Congress. Ministerial Crisis. Obstruction in Congress. Ministry of Dr del Valle. Alem and Political Agitation. Congress and the Administration. Excitement in Buenos Aires. Revolt in San Luis. Revolutionary Preparations in Buenos Aires. National Government and Governor Costa. National Troops and Revolutionary Forces. Alem in Santa Fe. Rosario captured by Insurgents. Roca commands in Santa Fe. Surrender of Alem

CHAPTER VI

Political Conditions in 1893. Financial Policy of Saenz Pefia. Attitude of Congress. The Executive and the Chambers. The Provincial Mortgage Bank. Dr Lopez and Colonel Sarmiento. Death of Lopez. Hostility to Saenz Pefia. Ministerial Crisis. Position in December, 1894. Death Sentence upon Officers of Rosales. Resignation of Saenz Pena. Dr Jose Uriburu. The New Administration. Chilian Boundary Question. Argentine Authorities Alarmed. Secret Sessions of Congress. Credit of Fifty Million Gold Dollars. Congress and Railway Guarantees. Financial Policy of Uriburu. Cash Payments on External Debt. Political Situation in 1897. Presidential Candidates. Nomination of Roca. Roca Elected. Dr Quirno Costa Vice-President. Roca and the Buenos Aires Merchants. The Puno de Atacama. Chilian Ultimatum. Arbitration. The Chilian Question. Purchase of War Material. Legislation during Uriburu Administration. Roca assumes Presidency. Contrast between 1880 and 1898. Expectations from Roca. Arbitration and the Puno de Atacama. Meeting between Roca and Errazuriz. Visit of Roca to Patagonia. Welsh Colony at Chubut. Congress in 1899. Roca and the administration of Justice. Magnasco and Judicial Reform. Composition of the Chambers. Journey of Roca to Brazil. Rumours of Offensive and Defensive Alliance with Brazil. Commercial Treaty with Brazil. Complications in the Provinces. Irigoyen and the Buenos Aires Legislature. Intervention in Buenos Aires. Outbreaks in La Rioja and Catamarca. Roca and National Legislation. The Conversion Law. Roca and Public Works. Visit of President of Brazil to Argentina. Area of Argentina. Population. Immigration. Foreign Residents. Italians. Spaniards. Basques. Other Nationalities. Predominance of Latin Blood. Climate. Growth of Cities. Gregarious Nature of Argentines. Landed Proprietors. Crowded Centres. Education. Minister Magnasco. Incompetency of Teachers. Lack of Discipline in Scholastic Establishments. Missionary Efforts for Education. Administration of Justice. Roca and the Argentine Courts. Codified Law. Tedious Procedure. Corrupt Lower Courts.

CONTENTS xi

Religious Conditions. The Catholic Church. Report of Sir John p aqk Hunter Blair. National Character. Hospitality. Agricultural and Pastoral Industry . . . . . . . 104, 105

CHAPTEE VII

PAKAGUAY

Origin of the Paraguayan War. Political Disturbances in Uruguay. General Flores lands near Salto. Severe Measures increase Rebel Popularity. Strained Relations between Uruguay and Argentina. Complications between Brazil and Uruguay. Entente between Uruguay and Paraguay. Proclamation by Lopez. Mission of Conselheiro Saraiva. Invasion of Uruguay. The Villa del Salto. The Brazilian Flag Insulted. Brazil supports Revolt. Siege of Paysandii. Murder of Colonel Gomez. Attitude of Argentina. Uruguayan Expedition to Rio Grande. March of Brazilians and Rebels upon Montevideo. Montevideo Capitulates. Withdrawal of Brazilian Army. Attitude of Lopez. The Marques cTOlinda. War between Paraguay and Brazil. Invasion of Matto Grosso. Engagement at Neuva Coimbra. Paraguayan Administration in Matto Grosso. Consternation in Rio. Brazil prepares for War. Schemes of Lopez. Paraguayan Congress. Lopez and Urquiza. Paraguayan Army in 1865. Attack upon Corrientes. Paraguayan occupation of Corrientes. Excitement in Buenos Aires. Proclamation of General Mitre. Alliance between Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Warlike Preparations. Phases of the War. Importance of the Parana and Paraguay. Plan of Campaign. No forward movement possible before June. Distribution of the Paraguayans. Lopez neglects to advance beyond Corrientes. The Paraguayans in Corrientes. Capture of Corrientes by the Argentines. Battle of the Riachuelo. Paraguayan Advance towards Uruguay. Operations near San Borge. Invasion of Rio Grande. Mutiny in Entre Rios. Flores appointed to command the Allied Vanguard. Conditions in Uruguay. Paraguayans march down the Upper Uruguay. Battle of Yatay. Defeat of the Paraguayans. Occupation of Uruguayana. Surrender of Colonel Estigarribia. Preparations for Defence of Paraguay. Modification in Plan of Campaign. Advance of Allied Forces. Matto Grosso . 130

CHAPTER VIII

Public Feeling in South America. Consultation of Argentine, Brazilian, and Uruguayan Representatives. Corrientes the Base of Operations. Defences of the Parana. Engagement at Paso de la Patria. Conduct of the Argentine National Guard. Raid to Itati. Reconnaissance of Paraguayan Positions. Paso de la Patria. Crossing of the Parana. Over-confidence of Allies. Surprise of Allies. Advance into Paraguay. Battle of May 20. Camp at Tuyuti. Lines of Rojas.

xii CONTENTS

Discontent in Allied Army. Engagements July 15 and 20. Arrival vaqk of Reinforcements. Expedition against Curupaitf. Engagement at Curuzii. Garrison of Curuzii. Conference between Mitre and Lopez. Effect of Peace Proposals. Attack upon Curupaitf. Inefficient Reconnaissance. Paraguayan Victory. Breakdown of Plans. Military Changes. Public Opinion in Argentina and Brazil. Paralisation of the Operations. Revolution in Mendoza. Marshal Caxias' Invasion. Arrival of General Osorio at Tuyutf. Forward movement. Occupation of Rio Hondo. Advance under Marshal Caxias. Situation in Matto Grosso. General Mitre. Attack upon Convoy at Humaita. Squadron forces passage at Curupaitf. Unsatisfactory situation of the Fleet. Difficult Transport. Operations at Humaita. Effort of Paraguayans to recapture Tayf. Attack of Paraguayans upon Tuyutf. Heavy Losses. Revolt in Argentina. Assassination of Flores. Squadron forces the Humaita passage. Attack on Humaita. Squadron reaches Asuncion ........ 150

CHAPTER IX

Paraguayan Attempt to Destroy Squadron. Capture of Rojas. Capitulation of Curupaitf. Concentration of the Paraguayans in Humaita. Bombardment of Humaita. Attempt to Seize the Monitor Rio Grande. Assault on Humaita. Passage of Humaita again Forced. Evacuation of Humaita. Attack on the Allies. Booty in Humaita. Asuncion the Objective Point. Humaita the Base of Supplies. Paraguayans abandon Riverside Towns. The Allied Army leaves Villa del Pilar. Passage of the River Tibicuarf. Paraguayans fall back. Conditions at Tibicuarf. Victims of Lopez. Paraguayans in Force near the River Carabe. Passage of the River Paraguay. Plan of Campaign. Attack upon Villeta. Renewal of Hostilities. Capture of Villeta .......

CHAPTER X

Resumption of Hostilities on December 20. Work of Allied Cavalry. Paraguayan Camp in the Valentine Hills. Action of December 27. Defeat of the Paraguayans. Surrender of Angostura. Occupation of Asuncion. Disorderly Conduct of the Allied Troops. Delay in Operations. Mission of Senhor Parunhos. Provisional Government at Asuncion. A new National Capital. Concentration at Oscurra. Engagement at the River Manduvira. Arrival of the Conde d'Eu. Military Reorganisation. Operations against Lopez in July, 1869. Fight at Sapucay. Attack on Peribebuy. Lopez evacuates Oscurra. Plan of Campaign of Conde d'Eu. Retreat of Lopez to Caraguatay. Engagement at Yagari. Action at Campo Grande. Lopez seeks Refuge in the Forests. Paraguayan Encampment near the Aquidaban. Colonel Silva Tavares and Major Oliveira. Death of Lopez. Madame Lynch. Treaty of Peace. Withdrawal of Argentine and Uruguayan Troops. Election of President Rivarola.

CONTENTS xiii

Political Representation under the Constitution of 1870. Difficulties of page President Rivarola. Vice-President Salvador Jovellanos. Assassination of Rivarola. Election of President Gill. Brazilian Policy in Paraguay. Assassination of President Gill. Senor Uriarte. Election of President Baredo. Death of the President. Vice-President Saguier. Revolution in 1881. Saguier Deposed. General Caballero named Provisional President. General Caballero elected President. Election of President Escobar. Condition of Country. Election of President Gonzalez. Attempts at Reform. Deposition of President Gonzalez. Vice-President Moriiiigo takes Office. Election of President Egusquiza. Rupture with Uruguay. Election of President Aceval. Oligarchy in Control. Political Rights. Economic Conditions after 1870. Natural Causes and Reaction. Idleness of Male Population. Improvement in General Conditions. Population during Thirty Years. Immigration. Australian Socialistic Colony. Sicilian Colonisation. Educational System . . . . . .178

CHAPTEE XI

UKUGUAY

Colorado^ and Blancos. Flores refuses Re-election. Revolt of Colonel Fortunato Flores. Presidency of Dr Pedro Varela. Blanco Conspiracy. Assassination of General Flores. Execution of Rebels. General Batlle becomes President. Cholera Epidemic, 1868. Forced Currency. Insurrections under Maximo Perez and General Caraballo. Blanco Revolution. Insurgent Successes. Engagement near Santa Lucia. Government Defeat. Engagement near Corralito. Retreat of General Caraballo. Insurgent Losses. Siege of Montevideo. Capture of the Cerro. Public Opinion in Montevideo. Sortie from Montevideo. Siege of Montevideo Raised. Operations near Puerto del Ingles. Decisive Battle. Government Victory. Reorganisation of Rebel Forces. Further Insurgents Defeat. Senor Gomensoro accedes to Presidency. Restoration of Peaceful Conditions. Congressional Elections. Dr Jose Ellauri. Election of Dr Ellauri. Complicated Situation. Threatening Attitude of Military. Administration of Ellauri. Conspiracy of Colorados netos. Assassination of Colonel Castillo. Revolt in Soriano. Municipal Election in Montevideo. Ministers Resign. Military Revolt. Deposition of Ellauri. Provisional Administration. Senor Pedro Varela elected President. Unsettled Conditions. Political Arrests. Revolution in May, 1875. Revolutionary Committee in Buenos Aires. Military join Insurgents. Fighting in Soriano and Paysandii. Measures against the Rebels. Defeat of Insurgents. Financial Difficulties. Dictatorship of Colonel Latorre. Praetorian Administration Established. Public Education. Election of Latorre. Latorre Resigns. Dr Vidal as President. Colonel Santos. Attack on Independent Newspapers. Increase of Militarism. President Vidal Resigns. Santos succeeds to Presidency. Discontent Spreads. Question with Italy. Irresponsible Administration. Paraguayan Debt. Preparations for Revolt against Santos. Dr Vidal again Elected. Revolt in Western Part of Republic. Defeat of Rebels by General Tajes. Title of Captain-General granted to Santos. General Santos again President. Attempt to Assassinate Santos. Ministry of Dr Ramirez. Santos resigns Office. Suppression of Militarism. Decree exiling Santos. Election of Herrera y Obes ........ 196, 197 xiv CONTENTS

CHAPTER XII

Uruguay — continued

Foreign Capital in Uruguay. Corrupt Administration. Revival of Militarism. Extravagant Financial Policy. Discontented Feeling. Economic and Financial Crisis. Temporary Administration of Senor Duncan Stewart. Election of Senor Borda. The Borda Administration. Revival of Corruption. Formation of Revolutionary Committee in Buenos Aires. Depots of War Material. Congressional Elections. Outbreak of Revolt. Aparicio Saraiva and Colonel Diego Lamas. Condition of Insurgent Forces. Engagement at Arbolito. Government Forces Augmented. Engagements at Tres Arboles, Cerro Colorado, and Cerros Blancos. Insurgent Expedition in Venus. Peace Negotiations. Assassination of Borda. Accession of Senor Cuestas. Fresh Peace Negotiations. Peaceful Conditions Re-established. Festivities in Montevideo. Death of Lamas. Policy of New Administration. Attitude of Congress. Cuestas dissolves the Chambers. Congress elects Cuestas to the Presidency. Military Revolt. Blanco Majority in Senate. Political Situation. Cuestas and Economic Situation. Climate Conditions. Area of Territory. Density of Population. Foreign Residents. Immigration. Apathy regarding Education. Secondary and Higher Education. School of Arts and Trades. Administration of Justice. Criminal Courts. Uruguayan National Character. Influence of the Church. Means of Communication and Economic Progress. Industrial Enterprise. Cattle-breeding. Importation of Foreign Stock. Sheep Farming. Export of Sheep. Agriculture. Viticulture. Olive Orchards. Tobacco Cultivation. Industry and Taxation. Landed Proprietors. Values of Foreign Holdings. Tendency of Foreign Landowners to Decrease ....

CHAPTER XIII

Brazil after the Paraguayan War. Influence of Dom Pedro II. His Reputation in Europe. Quick Recovery in Economic Conditions. Dom Pedro visits Europe. Immigration Projects. Personality of Dom Pedro. His wish to benefit Brazil. His admiration for the United States. Princess Isabel and the Conde d'Eu. Church Influence and the Princess. Unpopularity of the Conde. Brazil and Imperial Regime. Political Situation, 1870-1880. Effect of August Comte on Brazilian Character. Sao Paulo and Republican Doctrines. The Emperor and Republican Ideas. Rio Grande do Sul. Reason for German Settlements in the Southern Provinces. The Emperor and Railway Extension. Public Instruction. The Emperor and Higher Education. The Clergy and Education. Internal Development of Brazil. Third Visit of Dom Pedro to Europe. Abolition of Slavery. Acts in Relation to Emancipation. Treatment of Brazilian Slaves.

CONTENTS xv

Troubles in Sao Paulo. Enmity of Plantation Owners to Emancipa- page tion. Seditious Feeling gaining ground. Return of Dom Pedro to Rio. Inconsistencies in the Parliamentary System. The Ouro Preto Ministry. Unpopularity of Cabinet. Ouro Preto supported by Dom Pedro. Political Position strained. Plot to overthrow Ministry. Younger Officers urge Deposition of Emperor. Seditious Feeling runs Riot. Military Conspirators. Generals da Fonseca and Floriano Peixoto Leaders of the Movement. The Fete in Rio de Janeiro. The Palace surrounded. Arrest of Dom Pedro. Public Buildings occupied by Rebels. Barao de Ladario Wounded. Proclamation of General da Fonseca. Provincial Governors support Republic. Fonseca proclaimed Provisional President. Dom Pedro sent to Portugal. Country accepts Change with IndiiFerence. Discontent in Sao Paulo. Monarchists and Public Life. Brazilians condone Revolution. Praetorian Administration. Reaction in Sao Paulo. Imaginary Plot against Government. Arbitrary Measures. New Banking Laws. Misiones Question. Congress Summoned. Law of Constitution. Presidential Election .... 231

CHAPTEE XIV

Autocratic Administration. Sao Paulo dissatisfied. Manifesto condemning Federal Authorities. Second Manifesto accusing the President. Severity of Praetorian Regime. Chambers Hostile to President. Congress refuses Supplies. Coup d'etat of da Fonseca. The Chambers Dissolved. Martial Law. President da Fonseca as Dictator. Monarchist Conspiracies. The Public and the President. General Peixoto becomes Prominent. Sao Paulo disappoints Public Expectation. Rio Grande against the Dictatorship. Para follows the lead of Rio Grande. Naval Revolution in Rio. Arrests of Prominent Persons. President Resigns. Vice-President Peixoto succeeds to the Presidency. Riots in the Capital. Congress Re-assembles. Death of Dom Pedro II. New Electoral Law. Militarism Dominant. Mutiny at Santa Cruz. Intervention in Local Affairs. Question of New Presidential Election. Protest of Officers. President and Congress. Military Despotism. Insurrection in Rio Grande do Sul. General Peixoto and Governors of States. Resignation of Marine and Finance Ministers. Affairs in Rio Grande do Sul. Admiral Wandelkolk and the Insurgents. Naval Revolt. Government Surprised. Admiral de Mello. Prolonged Conflict not expected. Determination of Peixoto. Defence of Rio de Janeiro and Nictheroy. Rebel Squadron and Resources. Bombardment of Rio. Panic amongst Inhabitants. Italian Incident. Indemnity Paid. Rebel Ships leave Rio. Object of sending Expedition to South. Formation of Provisional Government, Situation in Rio Harbour. Villegaignon joins Revolt. Explosion at Gouvernador Island. The Aquidaban and Esperanto, leave Harbour. Saldanha da Gama joins Revolt, Supporters of Peixoto assert da Gama attempting Restoration of Monarchy ........ 250 xvi CONTENTS

CHAPTEE XV bkazil — continued

Position in December 1893. Many Persons Emigrate. Precautions to stop Rebel Supplies. Peixoto orders Daily Firing against Rebel Ships. Troops in Rio de Janeiro and Nictheroy. The Government Flotilla. Admiral da Gama. Strain of Continuous Fighting. Ilha Gouvernador. General Telles Killed. Capture of Ilha Mocangue. Personality of da Gama. Question of Belligerent Rights. Journey of Mello to the South. Saraiva marches Northwards. Personality of Saraiva. Rebel Plan of Campaign. Saraiva reaches Parana. Mello captures Paranagua. Successes raise Revolutionary Prestige. Lapa Surrenders. War Material captured at Curityba. Scarcity of Ammunition. Rebel Casualties. Artillery Fire more effective. Government Flotilla sails from Europe. Foreign Trade Suffers. Insurgent Hospital Bombarded. Admiral da Gama urges Mello to send Reinforcements. The Aquidaban reaches Harbour. Rebels attack the Armaeao. Incident of U.S. Admiral Staunton. Arrival of U.S. Admiral Benham. Threat if United States Merchantmen Molested. Situation of Rebels. Council of War. Cruiser Republica Appears. Aquidaban and Republica sail Northwards. Government Flotilla Arrives. Population advised to leave City. Rebel Situation Desperate. Captain Castilhos grants asylum on Portuguese Men-of- War. Rebel Positions Abandoned. Peixoto demands Surrender of Refugees from Castilhos. Portuguese Vessels convey Rebels to Montevideo. Diplomatic Relations interrupted with Portugal. Incident of H.M.S. Sirius. Brutal Treatment of Insurgent Wounded

CHAPTER XVI

bkazil — continued

The Voyage of the Aquidaban and the Republica. Saraiva deceived as to the Position. Mello and Saraiva. Discontent with Provisional Government. Presidential Election. Dr Prudente Moraes. News reaches Saraiva. Parana Evacuated. Mello organises Expedition to Rio Grande. Curityba occupied without Resistance. Rebel Cause collapses. Naval Expedition against Desterro. Rebel Expedition enters Rio Grande. Threatened Bombardment of Rio Grande. Attack on Rio Grande. Insurgent Troops landed in Uruguay. Mello delivers Rebel Ships to Argentine Authorities. Argentine Government returns Vessels to Brazil. Naval Expedition at Desterro. Aquidaban sunk. Desterro occupied. Insurgents shot by Military Authorities. Frenchmen executed. Indemnity demanded by French Government. Fate of Saraiva. Revolution crushed. President Moraes accedes to Office. Policy of new President. Militarism decreases. Opposition to Moraes. Amnesty for Rebels. Law of Constitution strictly observed. Misiones Boundary settled. Outbreak at Military School. Firm Attitude of President. Diplomatic Relations with Portugal resumed. Disturbances in Rio Grande do Sul. Admiral da Gama joins Insurgents. Atrocities by Troops and Rebels in Rio Grande. Battle at Campo Osorio. Death of da Gama. Suspension of Hostilities. The Trinidade Question. Peace arranged with Insurgents. Amnesty for Officers. Suppression of Praetorian Methods. Italian Claims. Financial Legislation. President Moraes temporarily vacates Office .

CONTENTS xvii

CHAP TEE XVII

Sudden return of President Moraes to Rio de Janeiro. Plot against the i"age President. Story of Antonio Maciel. The Canudos Settlement. The Jagunqos and the Bahia Police. Bahia Government ask help against Conselheiro. Troops sent to Canudos and defeated by Jagunqos. Another Expedition to Canudos under Colonel Moreiar Csesar. Riots in Rio de Janeiro. Murder of Colonel Gentil de Castro. Strong force organised against Canudos. General Oscar in charge of Military Operations. Situation of Expedition unsatisfactory. Heavy Casualties amongst Troops. Followers of Conselheiro attack Troops under General Oscar. Situation saved by General Savaget. Minister of War at the front. Power of Religious Fanaticism. Failure to storm Canudos. Siege of the Stronghold. Canudos captured, October 3. Atrocities of Canudos. Withdrawal of Troops. Final Report of Operations. Accusations of Military Clique in Rio against Moraes. Plot to Assassinate President Moraes. Murder of Minister of War. Arrests made. Public Opinion and Attempt upon Life of President. Presidential Candidates. Campos Salles supported by President. Dr Campos Salles elected. Personality of President-elect. Critical financial situation. Mission of Campos Salles to London. Funding Loan Agreement. Campos Salles accedes. Contrast between 1894 and 1898. The Amapa Question. Nebuco represents Brazil. Policy of President Campos Salles. Brazilians satisfied. President of Argentine visits Brazil. Fiscal Legislation. Lack of strong Political Parties. Bubonic Plague in Santos and Rio. Economic Development and Political Disturbances. State Governments. Illegitimate Taxation. Federal Courts. States and Railways. Distribution of Population. Italians. State-aided Immigration. Sao Paulo and the Italian Colony. German Settlements in Brazil. German Colonists during Revolution. Portuguese Immigrants. Brazilian National Character. Positivist Tendencies. Public Instruction. Number of "Illiterates." Apathy concerning Education. Administration of Justice. Condition of Prisons. Capital of Minas Geraes. Depreciation of Currency. Means of Communication. Inadequate Railway System. State Control of Railways. Central Railway a Political Machine. Telegraphs and Cables. Inefficiency of the State Lines. Brazilian Waterways . . . 295,296

Part II Chaptee XVIII

Law of Constitution. Congress. The Executive. State Council. Administration from 1833 to 1861. President Bulnes. President Montt.

b xviii CONTENTS

President Perez. Liberal Administration. Disaster to the Com- PAG > E pafiia Church. War with Spain. Blockade of Valparaiso. Capture of the O ovadonga. Bombardment of Valparaiso. Truce with Spain. Foundation of Chilian Navy. Re-election of President Perez. Economic Progress. President Errazuriz. Construction of the Cochrane and Blanco Encalada. Railway Expansion. Presidential Candidates in 1876. President Pinto. Relations between Chile and Bolivia. Economic Crisis. Inconvertible Currency. Relations with Argentina. Quarrel with Bolivia and Peru. President Pinto and the War. Presidential Contest in 1881. Election of Santa Maria. Congressional Elections. Treaty with Peru. Truce with Bolivia. Laws of Civil Registry and Marriage. The Cemeteries. Presidential Election in 1886. Origin of Parliamentary System. Early Days of Balmaceda. Special Mission to Lima. His connection with Politics. Election to Congress. Programme of Reformistas. Opposition to new Political Movement. Balmaceda appointed Minister in Buenos Aires. Balmaceda in 1882 and 1885. Election to Presidency. Political Intrigues. Ministry of Senor Carlos Antunez. Zahartii Cabinet. Congressional Elections, 1888. Resignation of Zafiartu. Ministerial Changes. Policy concerning Church and Education. Conflict between Congress and Executive. Political situation in 1890. Dictatorial attitude of Balmaceda. Senor Vicuna proclaimed Presidential Candidate. Resolutions by Mass Meetings. The Comisidn Gonservadora. Pretext for Revolt 321

CHAPTEE XIX

Preparations for Rebellion. The Navy Revolts. Capture of War Material. Skirmish in Valparaiso. Occupation of Coquimbo. Engagement at Pisagua. Attitude of Balmaceda. Measures against Revolution. Position in January, 1891. Public Opinion. Capture of Pisagua. Revolutionary Troops. Fight near Dolores. Congressionalists Defeated at Huara. Occupation of Iquique. Attempt to Recapture Iquique. Intervention of Admiral Hotham. Congressionalists at Iquique. Defeat of Robles at Pozo Almonte. Capture of Arica. Reinforcements for Tarapaca. Antofagasta Blockaded. Evacuation of Antofagasta. Colonel Camus Retires into Bolivia. Occupation of Caldera. The Blanco Encalada. Lull in Hostilities. Treatment of Suspected Persons. Financial Difficulties. The Junta de Gobierno. Revolutionary Agents. The Itata Incident. Peace Negotiations. Meeting of Commissioners in Santiago. Attempt to Assassinate Balmaceda. Optimistic Feeling. The Condell and Lynch. Dictatorial Tendencies of Balmaceda. Election of Senor Claudio Vicuna. Richard dimming. Revolutionary Propaganda in Europe. Sympathy with Revolutionary Cause. Armaments reach Iquique. Congressionalist Army. Revolutionary Committee in Santiago and Valparaiso. Embarkation of Revolutionary Army. Balmaceda and the Invasion. Insurgents near Santiago. Execution of Prisoners. Massacre of Lo Ganas. Tyrannical Conduct of Balmaceda. The Esmeralda off Valparaiso. Landing of Congressionalists. The Central and Southern Districts . . . . . , .345

CONTENTS xix

CHAPTEE XX

Country round Quinteros. Congressionalist Army. Tactics of Defence, page Battle of Concon. Congressionalist Victory. Heavy Casualties. Reorganisation of Government Troops. Reinforcements from Santiago. Defence of Vina del Mar. Faulty Information Concerning Valparaiso. Advance on Vina del Mar. Concentration at Quilpue. Preparations for Attacking Valparaiso. March to Placilla. Defence of Placilla. Strength of the Armies. Battle of Placilla. Severe Losses. Occupation of Valparaiso. Riotous Scenes. Message to Balmaceda. The President Resigns his Powers. Decree of General Baquedano. Political Prisoners. Unprotected state of Santiago. Arrival of the Junta de Gobiemo. Disarmament of Troops .... 370

CHAPTEE XXI

General Baquedano Surrenders Powers. Proclamation by Admiral Montt. Work of Reconstruction. Unsettled Conditions. Disappearance of Balmaceda. Suicide of Balmaceda. Political Testament of Balmaceda. Explanation of Suicide. New Congress. Junta de Gobiemo Resigns. Admiral Montt as Presidential Candidate. Cost of the Revolution. Election of Montt. Promotions for Services. Actions concerning Supporters of Balmaceda. Law of Amnesty. Chile and the United States. The Baltimore Incident. Message of President Harrison to the U.S. Congress. Telegram from Santiago to Chilian Minister in Washington. United States Ultimatum. Excitement in Chile. Apology to U. S. Government ...... 383