The life of Lady Jane Grey

Front matter

LADY JANE GREY.

[L#\r'NY JAIME ©U

THE LIFE

Chapter I. Faoi

Birth of Lady Jane Grey. — Family. — Extraction.— Thomas Grey. — His sayings. — Third Marquis of Dorset, Lady Jane's Father. — Charles Brandon, — Mary Tudor. — Louis XII. — Marriage. — Death. — Mary's marriage with Charles Brandon. — Henry VIII. offended. — Reconciliation 13

CHAPTER 11.

History of the Reformation. — Henry VIII. — His marriage with Katharine of Arragon. — Birth of Princess Mary. — Wycliflfe. — Luther. — Reformation in Germany. — Henry VIII. an author. — Wolsey. — His career. — The King falls in love with Anne Boleyn. — Percy. — Anne. — Divorce from Katharine. — Marriage with Anne Boleyn.— Wolsey's fall. — Rise of Cromwell. — Execution of Anne Boleyn 26

CHAPTER HI.

Birth of Lady Jane Grey. — Her father. — His Country- Seat. — Lady Jane's early history. — Customs of the age. — Her appearance at Court as maid to Katharine Parr. — Jane Seymour. — King's marriage. — Birth of Prince Edward. — Death of the Queen. — Henry marries Anne of Cleves. — Deserts her. — Marries Katharine Howard. — Her disgrace and execution 58

X CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.

FASI

Katharine Parr. — Sir Thomas Seymour. — Katharme marries Henry VIIL — Lady Jane Grey. — Katharine's narrow escape. — Death of the King. — Edward VI. — Somerset. — Admiral Seymour marries Katharine Parr. — Project of marrying Lady Jane Grey to the King. — Conduct of Elizabeth. — Death of Katharine Parr. — Lady Jane Grey her chief momner ITS

CHAPTER V.

Correspondence in reference to Lady Jane. — She goes to her father's house. — Returns to the care of Seymour. — The Adnjiral arrested. — Lady Jane returns to Bradgate. — Seymour beheaded. — Letter of Roger Ascham to Lady Jane.^-Presented at Court. — Visit with the Princess Mary. — ^Mary presents her with a gold neckace 98

CHAPTER VI.

Duke of Somerset. — Lisurrections. — Rise of the Earl of Warwick. — Made Duke of Northumberland. — Downfall of Somerset. — Northumberland's ambition, — His designs upon the Crown 124

CHAPTER Vn.

Lady Jane Grey. — Description of her person. — Her learning and virtues. — Northumberland's projects. — Imaginary conversation between Roger Ascham and Lady Jane. — Her marriage with Lord Guildford Dudley. — Edward VI. a victim to Northumberland. — Makes his WUl in favor of Lady Jane Grey. — Troubles with the Council. — Innocence of Lady Jane 1S6

CONTENTS. XI

CHAPTER VIII.

FAGB

The Princess Mary. — Her early mortifications. — Her disgrace. — Fruitless attempts at marriage. — Northumberland's treatment of Mary. — Remarks upon her character 151

CHAPTER IX.

Jeath of Edward VI. — Lady Jane Grey apprised of his Death and Will. — Refuses to accept the Crown. — Weeps and faints. — Is forced to accept it. — Goes to the Tower. — Mary is surrounded in the country by Friends. — Proclamation of Lady Jane. — Advance of Mary upon London. — The Nobility and Council flock to her standard. — Lady Jane gives up the Crown. — The arrest of Ladv Jane and her husband. llQ

CHAPTER X.

Duke of Northumberland. — Suflblk set at liberty. — Trial of Northumberland — His execution. — Lady Jane Grey. — Her treatment. — Her angelic conduct. — Queen Mary's religious persecutions. — Her coronation 211

CHAPTER XL

Trial of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford at Guildhall. — Their conduct. — Sentenced to death. — Sympathy for Lady Jane. — Religious matters. — Dr. Sandys. — Project of Mary's Marriage with Philip. — Opposition of People and Parliament. — Insurrections of Suffolk, Carew, and Wyatt. — Wyatt in London. — His downfall 231

Xll > CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XII.

FAGI

Eesult of the Insurrections. — The approaching fate of Lady Jane Grey. — Mary signs Lady Jane's death-Avarrant. — She prepares for death — Religious dispute with Feckenham. — Letter to her father. — Letter to her sister Katharine. — Her Prayer. — Her last hours. — Death of Lord Guildford. — Her own triumphant end 250

CHAPTER XIII.

Trial of the Duke of Suffolk. — His execution. — End of Wyatt. — Lady Katharine and Lady Mary Grey. — Per- Becution of Queen Elizabeth. — The end. 2*8

LIFE OF LADY JANE GREY.

CHAPTER I.

BiaTH OF LADY JANE GREY. — FAMILY. EXTEACTION. THOMAS

GEEY. HIS SAYINGS. THIED MARQUIS OF DOESET, LADY JANe's

EIAGE. DEATH. MAEY's MARRIAGE WITH CHARLES BEANDON

Lady Jane Grey was born iu Bradgate, Leicestershire, one of the interior counties of England. The precise date of her birth cannot be satisfactorily ascertained, no two of the chroniclers of her times agreeing upon this point. The probabilities are, however, that she was born in the year 1537, being of the same age as Edward YL, with whose fate in after years her own fortunes were closely connected.

The family of GtRey was originally of Norman extraction. Rollo or Frilburt was the first of the family record ; he was chamberlain to Eobert, Duke of JSTormandj, who made him a present of the castle and lands of Croy, in Picardy, from which sprung the name de Croy, and subsequently de Grey.

John, Lord de Croy, jnly son of Kollo, married Adela, daughter and co-heir of William Fitz Osbert, by whom he had a son —

Sir Arnold de Grey, who soon after the Norman conquest became lord of Water Eaton, Stoke, and Eotherfield. By his wife Joan, heiress of the Baron Ponte del Arche, he had a son —

Auchitel de Grey, whose eldest son's name was —

Eichard de Grey, whose son — ■

Auchitel de Grey, married Eva, daughter of Baldwin de Eedrers, Earl of Devon. Their eldest son's name was —

John de Grey — his son —

Henry de Grey had a grant of the lands of Thurrock, in Essex, from Eiohard I. His second son —

John de Grey, had a high position under the government. He married Emma, daughter and heiress of Geoffrey de Glanville — their son —

Eeginald de Grey, married Maud, daughter of the Baron of Willon. Their son —

John de Grey, married the daughter of Lord Basset of Drayton. Their son —

Eoger de Grey, married Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Hastings. Their son—

Eeginald de Grey, married Eleanor, daughter of Lord Straise. He commanded all the king's castles in Wales, in the reign of Edward IIL Their son —

Eeginald de Grey, married Joan, daughter of Lord Ashley. Their son —

Sir Edward de Grey, married Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Ferrens. Their son — •

Sir John Grey married the eldest daughter of the Earl of Elvers — she after his death marrying King Edward IV. Their son —

Sir Thomas Grey held high office under Henry VII. — was created Knight of the Garter, Earl of Huntingdon and Marquis of Dorset. His son^

Thomas Grey, the second Marquis of Dorset, was a great favorite of Henry YIIL, in the third year of whose reign he was general of the army sent into Spain for the purpose of invading Guienne. Peace was restored, and two years after the, with four of his brothers, the Duke of

Suffolk and others, went to Paris, and obtained great renown at tlie tournaments of St. Denis, In 1520, lie was present at the interview between Henry YIII. and the French monarch Francis, at the famous Champ d^Or, or Field of Gold. He had the honor of carrying the sword of state on this occasion, and won renown at the tournaments which graced the distinguished meeting of the monarchs.

In 1522, he was chosen to go to Calais to receive and escort the Emperor Charles Y. into England. He married for a second wife, Margaret, daughter of Sir Hobert Wotton. He was a man of extraordinary abilities, of exceedingly studious disposition, and was not characterized by the vices of his age. Some of his wise sayings — for he was fond of writing — are preserved to this day in the libraries of English antiquarians. We will quote a specimen.

" The greatest trust between man and man is giving counsel."

"Never was the man merry who had more than one woman in his bed, one friend in hia Dosom, one faith in his heart."

His son —

Henry Grey, third Marquis of Dorset, came to the title in 1530 He was father to Lady Jane Grey. He was at first Constable of Engknd, and possessed other high trusts under the government, and finally received the title of his wife's father — the Duke of Suflfolk. He married Frances, eldest daughter of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, whose wife was sister'to Henry Vin. The children of Henry, third Marquis of Dorset (afterwards Duke of Suffolk), were-tTane, Katharine, and Mary. It was through the marriage of Henry, third Marquis Of Dorset, that the claim to the crown of England came into the Dorset family.

Lady Jane Grey's claim to the crown was through her mother, and it will be necessary for us to give a brief sketch of her descent upon the mother's side.

Henry VIL, one of the wisest kings of England, married Elizabeth of York, and their children were Arthur, Margaret, Henry, Mary and Katherine. Of these only three survived their parents — Margaret, afterward Queen of Scotland, Henry, King of England, and Mary, who became Queen of France.

Mary Tudor, the grandmother of Lady Jane Grey, was born in the year 1498, and was a great favorite with her brother, the terrible Henry VIII. She was very beautiful, and won the heart of the Duke of Suffolk. Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, was a person of elegant appearance, most winning manners and exalted courage. He was perhaps the most accomplished gentleman of his time, and contrived to win the affections of the king, who made him an esquire of his body, and chamberlain of the principality of Wales. He fought a battle with the French off Brest, and the following year asked leave to attend the expedition to Terouenne and Tournay. Henry appointed him to the command of the vanguard of the army, and also made him Viscount I'Isle. The next year he also made him Duke of Suffolk. The duke was fascinated by +.he youthful graces of Mary Tudor, and she was pleased with his elegant manners, handsome appearance and courageous actions. Their love, however, was probably unknown to the king. At any rate, in 1514, Mary was married to Louis XII. of France. The French monarch when in the prime of life was tall, agile and handsome, was somewhat dissipated in his youth, but upon his accession to the throne, he forsook his vices He had been compelled by Louis XL to marry

LADY JANE GREY. lb

his daughter Jeanne, a deformed girl, but of amiable disposition. The poor girl loved her handsome husband passionately, but when he came to the throne, he put her away through a dispensation of the pope. Jeanne wept and begged in vain, for Louis married Anne of Brittany, who was a faithful and pious wife. She died in January, 1514. Mary, the sister of Henry VIII., was affianced to Prince Charles, grandson of Maximilian and Ferdinand, while his father was detained years before at Windsor Castle. The prince did not consider the engagement binding, and Louis XIL proposed the hand of his own daughter to him as his wife. Henry VIII. was frantic with rage at what he termed the treachery of the prince, and the ambassador of France proposed, with adroitness, that Mary Tudor should marry the king, his master. Henry accepted the proposal — never for a moment considering the heart of his sister. The French king was fifty-three years old while Mary was only sixteen, and very charming in her beauty. She was deeply in love with Charles Brandon, but saw that opposition was utterly useless, and consented to the union. A treaty was made between the two monarchs, Louis a<rreeing to pay Henry a million of crowns in ten yearly instalments, in discharge of arrears due on the old treaty of Staples, and Henry bound himself to give his sister Mary a dower of four hundred thousand crowns. A marriage ceremony took place at Grreenwich, on the 7th of August, the French ambassador acting as proxy for the king. Louis became very impatient for the personal society of his beautiful wife, but she, her heart far from being his, preferred to linger in England. Louis wrote to Cardinal Wolsey early in September, demanding that Mary come over to France at once, but she staid at her brother's court till October, when the court removed with her to Dover, on the coast, where with a gorgeous retinue she sailed for Boulogne. Among her retinue was her lover Charles Brandon, and one of her maids of honor, was the then young and pretty Anne Boleyn, who afterwards became the wife of Henry VIII., and ended her brilliant but sad career upon the scaffold. Lady Anne Grey and Elizabeth Grey, sisters to the Marquis of Dorset, were also among the young queen's maids of honor.

The royal company had been detained at Dover on account of the fearful storms which swept over the channel, but on the second day of October, Henrj conducted his sister to the shore, kissed her affectionately, and committed her to God and the king, her future lortl. The sea was yet violently agitated, and the perils of the short voyage were great, — the fleet being scattered, and some of the ships driven upon the French shore. On the way from Boulogne to Abbeville, Queen Mary rode on a palfrey which was covered wiib a golden cloth, and her ladies were dressed in crimson velvet. On the 8th of October the French monarch received her joyfully at Abbeville, and the day after they were re-married. The day was one of great festivity and splendor, but the next morning the queen was severely tried by an order of Louis, to the effect that all her English attendants should return home. Two or three exceptions were finally made,- and the Duke of Suffolk, the queen's old lover, remained in the quality of ambassador. The queen's coronation took place on the 5th of November, and there followed it a continual round of festivities. Louis seemed to be intoxicated with his charming young wife, and indulged in dangerous dissipations. In the meantime, the Duke of Suffolk remained at the French court, though his conduct towards Mciry was irreproachable. On the first of January, Louis, worn out with his excesses, expired at Paris. Ten days only after his death, Mary wrote the following letter to Cardinal Wolsey, showing pretty plainly that her heart was not broken by the death of her royal husband :

" My reverend, good Lord, — I recommend me to you, and thank you for letters and good lessons that you have given to me. My lord, I pray you as my trust is in you, to remember me to the king, my brother, for such cause and business as I have for to do : for as now I have no other to put my trust in but the king my brother, and you. And as it shall please the king my brother and his council, I will be ordered; and so pray T you, my lord, to show his grace, saying that the king my husband is departed to' God, whose soul God pardon. And whereas you advise me that I should make no promise, my lord, I trust the king my brother and you will not depend on me solely please God. I trust I have so ordered myself since I came hither, that it hath been to the honor of the king my brother and me, since I came hither, and so I trust to continue. If there be anything that I may do for you, I would be glad for to do it in these parts, and shall be glad to do it for you. No more to you at this time, but God preserve you.

" Written at Paris the 10 of January, 1515, " By your loving friend,

" Mary, Queen of France."

A short time after the date of this letter, Mary jvrote a letter to Henry, begging him to send for her, as she longed to see his face. The truth was, she longed to see the face of her old lover, the Duke of Suffolk, who had returned a short time before Louis's death, to England. Henry, in answer to his sister's letter, sent the Duke of Suf- ♦iblk and others to Paris, to escort her home. As 'oon as she met Suffolk, Mary was in transports of joy ; and he, being encouraged by her, ventured upon asking for her hand. She replied that if he did not win her in a month, he would never do so. They were soon privately married in Paris, after which Mary wrote the king, her brother, imploring his pardon for the step she had taken without his leave. They then travelled to Calais, at which place her marriage was celebrated by public rites and ceremonies.

Henry was angry for a time, and when the couple returned to England, they were afraid to come up to court, but went to their seat in Suffolk. From that place Marj wrote another letter to the king, who, loving both her and his old favorite, the duke, consented to a reconciliation. Bj certain persons, the marriage was said to be illegal, as the Duke of Suffolk's first wife. Lady Mortimer, was still alive ; but she had been repudiated by him long before. After his marriage the duke frequented the court, and was a favorite of the king. A year after the marriage, Margaret, Queen of Scots, came to London, and the king and his two sisters had a happy meeting.

Henry, the third Marquis of Dorset, married Frances, the daughter of the Duke of Suffolk. Their eldest child was the Lady Jane Grey, and in many things the Marquis of Dorset was scarcely worthy to be the parent of so good, so illustrious a daughter. His mother complained bitterly of his treatment of her, declaring that he withheld her property from her, and in other matters conducted himself in a most undutiful manner. The family coat-ofarms is thus described : Barry of six, argent and azure ; in chief, three torteauxex, ermine : the motto, A ma puis* sance.

Chapter II

»ISTORY OF THE EEFORMA'nON. HF.NUY VIII. HIS MARRIAGE 'WITH

KATHARINE OF ARRAGON. BIRTH OF PRINCESS MARY. ^WlCt-IFFK.

LUTHER. — REFORMATION IN GERMANY. HENRY VIII. AN AU- THOR. — WOLSEY. — HIS CAREER. THE KING FALLS IN LOVE WITH

ANNE BOLEYN. PERCY. ANNE. DIVORCE FROM KATHARINE.

MARRIAGE WITH ANNE BOLEYN. WOLSEY's FALL. RISE OF CROM- WELL. EXECUTION OF ANNE BOLEYN.

In order to clearly understand the causes which led to Lady Jane Grey's innocent usurpation of the English crown, it will be necessary briefly to sketch the history of the Protestant Reformation in England, and therefore to go back to the commencement of Henry VIII.'s reign. That prince was in his eighteenth year when he ascended the throne, made vacant by his father's death. He was exceedingly handsome, frank and generous in his disposition at this time, though noted for his ardent love of pleasure, and he was a universal favorite. Previous to his coronation, Elenry had been married to Katharine of Arra-

gon, the daughter of Queen Isabella of Spain, and B the widow of Prince Arthur, who was the eldest son of Henry YII., and brother to Henry VIII. Prince Arthur and Katharine were married in November, 1501, the former fifteen years of age — the latter seventeen. Five months after the marriage. Prince Arthur died, and Katharine was left a young widow. Her marriage-portion consisted of 200,000 crowns, and half the sum had been paid at the time of the marriage. Her father and mother now signified their wish for the return of their daughter with her marriage-portion. Henry YII., to do away with the necessity of returning so much money, and to gain the unpaid portion of the young widow's dower, immediately proposed that she should marry her brother-in-law. Prince Henry. But Henry was five years younger than Katharine, and the proposed match was distasteful to him ; nevertheless, in June 1503, she was betrothed to him. Three years later, Henry VII. conceived a strong desire to marry Joanna, the sister of Katharine; and fearing that the people would not be satisfied with the marriage of the father and two sons into one family, he forced Prince Henry the day before he attained his fifteenth year, to solemnly protest against his betrothmeht to Katharine.

But SO soon as the young prince was forbidden to think of marriage with Katharine, he at once was determined to obtain her, and they were carefully kept apart to prevent a private marriage. When at length the king became convinced of the hopeless insanity of Joanna, Prince Henry and Katharine were married. The event took place on the 11th of June, 1509, and they were together crowned on the 24th of the same month. The queen at this time, though five years older than the king, was, if not handsome, at least of pleasing appearance, and possessed a pious heart and beautiful disposition. She was fond of reading pious books, and all her pleasures were of the gentler sort. That Henry had great confidence in her during the early part of his reign, is very evident from the momentous trusts which he at difterent times reposed in her. At the close of 1510, the queen gave birth to an infant son, which was christened Henry, but which died a few weeks after its advent into the world. Had this child lived, the queen probably would have been saved all her future troubles. In November, 1514, Katharine again became a mother to a prince, which survived but a few days. In February, 1816, was born the

Princess Mary, who was destined in later years to bear so cruel a sway over the fortunes of the illustrious lady who is the subject of this work. Katharine bore Henry five children, but one, of them all, arriving to years of maturity.

When Henry VIII. came to the throne of England, the religion of the country was Eoman Catholic. Indeed, the great Eeformation was not commenced. A long time before, Wycliffe had denounced the abominations of the Eomish Church, but his doctrines had not taken root in *he popular mind, though unquestionably there were many pious people in England who at the date of Henry's accession to power, were disgusted with many of the practices of the Romish priests. Eight years later, and Martin Luther, the humble monk, sounded the note of alarm over Europe, against the frightful doctrine of indulgences. As yet, on every other point, he was a good Catholic ; but soon, with an intellect made clear and strong through liberty and a freedom from the prevailing superstition of the times, he went still further, and even questioned the supremacy of the Pope. Germany at once was made the theatre of intense excitement, through the fearless and eloquent words of the courageous monk ; and though the most persevering and energetic e£forts were made to put down Luther and his heretical opinions, through the providence of God thej were unavailing.

The noise of the excitement on the Continent was heard in England, and Henry VIIL turned author in defence of his religion. He wrote a book to confute the heresies of Luther, entitled " Defence of the Seven Sacraments against Martin Luther," a copy of which was sent to Pope Leo, who was so pleased, that he granted to Henry the title of " Defender of the Faith." Luther immediately replied to the royal author, scattering his flimsy arguments to the winds, and treating him in any but a reverential manner. He even affected not to believe Henry wrote the book, and this piqued the monarch more than Luther's logic. By the skilful management of Cardinal Wolsey, the whole affair set the king the more firmly against Lutheranism, and a contemptible persecution was at once commenced against all persons who possessed copies of the heretical books,

Thomas Wolsey was the son of an Ipswich butcher, who gave him an admirable education, and fitted him for the Church. He was first a

S<y THE LIFE OF '

country parson, but bis learning, wit, and talenta becoming known to Bishop Fox, be introduced bim to his master, Henry VII. Upon tbe accession of Henry YIII. Bishop Fox and tbe Duke of Norfolk struggled for tbe supremacy in the council, and when tbe bishop perceived tbat the soldier was fast gaining tbe confidence of tbe king, be brougbt Wolsey under tbe notice of Henry, boping thereby to get tbe upper band of tbe Duke of Norfolk. But Wolsey, witb astonishing talent, became bimself tbe most powerful and influential man at court, and left bis friends tbe duke and bishop, far behind bim in tbe race for distinction. He at once adapted bimself to all tbe sensual desires of the king, eating and drinking like anj courtier, and yet wben there was occasion, sbowing tbat be possessed not only profound learning, but also great abilities as a statesman. He was made lord chancellor of the kingdom, and was appointed by the pope to tbe lucrative and exalted office of papal legate. Ht? now became tbe most gorgeous prelate tbe world ever saw, maintaining a train of eight hundred persons, and at one time receiving an income as large as that of tbe king. He was the patron of learning and tbe arts, and was popular witb the j^ople until he was obliged, to meet the wants cf Henrj, to tax them too oppressively. Throughoat his most brilliant career he was devoted to the interests of his king. He did not hesitate to minister to his basest passions, thongh this was done for the security of his own interests. He was constantly aspiring to the papal chair, and made everything but his devotion to Henry, bend to this ambitious desire. He concealed from the nation his selfishness for a time, but by repeated taxes he lost his popularity. He built the famous palace at Hampton Court, which stands to this day a monument to his splendor. After it was finished, Henry asked of him who it was intended for • whereupon the great prelate, fearincr th.e jealousy of ine terrible monarch, (for the palace was the most sumptuous then built in the kingdom,) very handsomely gave it to Henry.

But England was fast approaching the hour ever reckoned the most important in her religious history, and Wolsey, his sad fate. The king had long been noted for liis intrigues, his gross devotion to sensual pleasures, and his inoonstancy, but had treated his wife with a certain respect, (vhich even that coarse age demanded from hira ; .s consistent with propriety. In the year 1523, he fell in love with Anne Boleyn, the daughtei of Sir Thomas Boleyn. She was twenty years of age, tall and slender, with dark hair and brilliant eyes, and very fascinating manners. Previous to seeing her Henry bad indulged in a love or fancy for her sister Mary Boleyn, indeed some of the chroniclers of that age declare that she was his mistress, which, upon the whole, we do not believe. Anne was sprightly, witty, and possessed of a large share of animal beauty, and well calculated to excite the gross passions of the king. He first met her in her father's garden, at Hever, by accident, and being surprised and delighted with her beauty entered into a conversation with her, and was still more surprised and delighted with her wit. When he next saw Wolsey he said, that " he had been discoursing with a young lady who had the wit of an angel and was worthy of a crown ;" most prophetic words ! " It is sufficient," replied the acute Wolsey, " if your majesty finds her worthy of your love." The prelate was quite willing that the king should become engrossed in another loveaffair, having no doubt but it would end like all his intrigues in the ruin of his victim, consequently he suggested that Anne be appointed maid of honor to the queen. As a matter of course, Anne Boleyn, being the most beautiful and accomplished woman at court, soon was surrounded with admirers. Lord Henry Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, though contracted by his father to the daughter of the E-arl of Shrewsbury, fell violently in love with Anne, and she so far returned his passion as to privately engage herself to him. Indeed there can be no possible question about the sincerity of ker love for Percy, and she never loved any one else. The cardinal was so blind as not to see the affection which the young couple entertained for each other, and Henry himself first made the discovery, and from the jealousy which at once filled his heart, discovered further that he himself loved the beautiful Anne.

He at once charged Wolsey to separate the lovers and to dissolve their engagement. Percy and Anne were both plunged into grief, for as yet the latter had not indulged in visions of ambition and power. The cardinal sent for Percy and reprimanded him severely for his secret engagement with Anne, and he was shortly aft^r banished from court, and compelled to marry the daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury. He was a ^ 8 man of gentle manners, of noble affections, and his sad fortune completely wrecked his happiness. That he never fully recovered from his bitter loss is very evident from the history of his subsequent career. Anne was dismissed to her father's house, being very much offended and vowing that if it ever were in her power, she would be revenged on Wolsey. At this time she had little idea how soon would come the day on which she would take ample revenge upon the cardinal. After a little time, however, the king came down to her father's castle, but Anne would not see him. Shortly after, to soften her heart, Henry advanced her father to the peerage under the title of Viscount Eochford. In 1527, Anne again appeared at court, and Henry endeavored in vain to seduce her from the path of virtue. To his criminal addresses, she replied,