The industrial evolution to the United States

Preface

The plan of this work comprehends a plain, simple statement of the leading facts attending the planting and development of the mechanical industries of our country. No attempt has been made to discuss some of the influences which have affected their development, such as the varied effects of tariff legislation, financial experiments, foreign policies, or economic conditions and principles. To have entered upon an ambitious field involving such important elements in the evolution of industry would have led to a work much more extensive than that contemplated. The results have been given, however, in such concise form as to present the general story of our industrial growth and the logical effects of such growth as shown in the various phases of the labor movement. Modern industry brought this movement as it is now understood into existence, and its influence upon future development will be important.

As invention has been the vitalizing principle of the factory system, it has been deemed wise to incorporate chapters on the influence of machinery. These chapters, the last three, are largely from addresses which I have made, and the line of thought followed in them is the result of extended observation and the wide study of facts, a study which has led me to change the conclusions reached by the earlier consideration of what I now see was a limited range of experiences.

The inception of great industries during the past quarter of a century and the building up of great manufacturvi

Preface.

ing establishments are features which, however desirable in an exhaustive work, could not be treated in detail, but the figures showing the results of such undertakings have been freely used, and they tell the story of the general movement and of the distribution of industrial interests.

The details of the development of transportation are legitimate features of the evolution of industry, but they have been omitted, that a continuous general story might be told in such a way as to interest and instruct the class of readers for whom this work is intended ; but their great importance is recognized, as well as the importance of mining, agriculture, and other sources of our vast supply of raw materials.

In the preparation of this work I have had the skilful services of Messrs. Samuel C. Dunham and Charles W. Morris, Jr. , in stenographic work, in proof-reading, and in the verification of names, dates, etc. I am also indebted to Mr. Wm. M. Steuart, late Chief of Division of Manufactures in the Eleventh Census, for the verification of figures taken from that and preceding censuses. All the maps and diagrams have been drawn by Mr. Charles G. Leonard especially for this volume, and many of the illustrations are from original sources.

c. D. w.

Washington, D. C, June i, Z895.

Contents

CHAPTER. PAGE.

Introduction n

Part I.— The Evolution Of Industry : The Colonial Period

I. The Inception of Industries —

II. Shipbuilding (Concluded) .... 33

III. Textile Industries 43

IV. Textile Industries (Concluded) . 53 V. Printing and Publishing .... 61

VI. Sawmills — Buildings and Build-

ing Materials 71

VII. The Iron Industry 80

VIII. The Iron Industry (Concluded) . 92

IX. Labor and Wages 104

Part Ii.— The Evolution Of Industry: 1 790-1890

X. The Development of the Fac-

tory System 117

XI. The Development of Industries,

1790-1860 132

XII. The Civil War ; An Industrial

Revolution 143

XIII. The Development of Industries,

1860-1890 159

vii viii

Contents.

CHAPTER. PACK.

XIV. The Development of Industries,

XV. The Number of Persons Employed

and Their Total Wages ... 189

XVI. Women and Children in Industry 200 XVII. Labor and Rates of Wages, 1790-

1890 215

Part Iii.— The Labor Movement

XVIII. The Inception of the Labor Movement ' 231

XIX. Labor Organizations 241

XX. Labor Organizations (Concluded) 253

XXI. The Basis of Labor Legislation . 264

XXII. Labor Legislation 273

XXIII. Labor Legislation (Concluded) . 283

XXIV. Labor Controversies 293

XXV. Historic Strikes 301

XXVI. The Chicago Strike, 1894 — Boycotts 313

Part Iv.— The Influence Of Machinery On Labor

XXVII. The Influence of Machinery on

Labor — Displacement . . . . . 323 XXVII I. The Influence of Machinery on

Labor — Expansion 336

XXIX. The Ethical Influence of Machinery on Labor 343

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Samuel Slater Frontispiece.

PAGE.

The " Half-Moon " on the Hudson 32

Fulton's " Clermont," 1807 37

Bell's Steamboat, "Comet," 1812 38

"Old Ironsides" 40

A Modern Atlantic Liner 42

The Spinning-Wheel 44

The Hand-Loom 45

Arkwright's Spinning Machine 50

Hargreaves' Spinning-Jenny 54

Crompton's Mule-Jenny 56

Benjamin Franklin 61

The Franklin Press 65

Plymouth, 1621 73

The First Church Erected in Connecticut, 1638 75

Weaving Room in a Cotton-Mill, Lowell, Massachusetts . 124

Eli Whitney's Original Cotton-Gin 127

Hulling Cotton-Gin, with Feeder, Breaker, and Condenser 128

The Self- Acting Mule 129

English Power-Loom for Weaving Calico 130

Weaving Room in a Southern Cotton-Mill 134

The Sewing Machine 141

A Virginia Tobacco Field 144

A Leaf Tobacco Sale in Virginia 148

Stemming Tobacco in a Virginia Factory 150

Drying Room in a Southern Tobacco Factory 153

Picking Cotton 154

"Cotton Day" at Marietta, Georgia 156

Shipping Cotton, Charleston, South Carolina 157

Hand-Loom now in Use in North Carolina 163

A Family Teasing Wool 165

Shoemaker at the Bench 169

"The Champion" Pegger 170

Spinning Room in a Southern Cotton Factory 176

The Dorrance "Breaker," near Wilkes Barre, Pa 179

Wilkes Barre "Breaker Boys" 181

Old-Fashioned Stage Coach 324

Passenger Car, 1834 326

Freight Car, 1835 326

Freight and Passenger Cars, 1848 327

Model of the John Stevens Locomotive, 1825 328

X

Maps and Diagrams.

PAGE.

Model of the Stockton and Darlington Locomotive, No. i 330

The "George Washington" Locomotive, 1835 332

The Hoe Sextuple Stereotype Perfecting Press and Folder 333 First Steam Train on the Pennsylvania State Railroad . . 335

The ' ' Pioneer, ' ' First Locomotive in Chicago 339

A Modern Locomotive 340

Masonic Temple, Chicago 344

MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.

Map showing Number of Inhabitants to the Square Mile in

Each State First front lining page.

Map showing Ratio of Imports to Exports, and General

Direction of Each Second front lining page.

Centers of Population at Each Census from 1790 to 1890 . . 17

Railway Mileage of the United States 18

Manufacturing Industries \ 159

Center of Manufacturing, 1850-1890 160

Textiles 161

Cotton 162

Wool ; Carpets 164

Silk 165

Dyeing and Finishing 166

Tailoring 167

Ladies' Clothing 168

Foot-wear 169

Food Products 171

Flour, Meal, etc 172

Meat-packing and Slaughtering 174

Iron and Steel . 177

Coke 180

Petroleum 183

Lumber, etc. ; Brick and Tile 184

Total Number of Employees 191

Total Wages Paid to All Employees 192

Number of Women Employees 205

Number of Children Employees 207

City Public Works 217

Cotton Goods 218

Agricultural Implements ; Books and Newspapers .... 219

Lumber ; Metals and Metallic Goods 220

Paper ; Woolen Goods 221

Railroads ; Building Trades 222

All Industries 223

Carriages and Wagons 224

All Articles Averaged According to Importance . . . 226, 227 Map showing Distribution of Gold, Silver, Coal, and Iron,

First end lining page.

Map showing Acquisition of Territory . Second end lining page.

THE INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION

OF THE

UNITED STATES.

Introduction

LAND. RESOURCES. POPULATION.

By the definitive treaty of Paris, September 3, 1783, between the United States and England, the United States gained all the material objects of the Revolution and came into possession of an imperial estate of 827,844 square miles of territory. * This was the national domain March 4, 1789, when the new constitution went into effect and the federal government under it began its operations. It consisted of the thirteen original states and the territory claimed by some of them. The area of the United States since then has been greatly increased by purchase, by conquest, and by cession. The first great accessions were through the acquisition of the Louisiana and Oregon tracts in 1803-5, covering 1,171,931 square miles. The Accessions. Florida purchase of 18 19 added 59,268 square miles. From Texas in 1845 the United States gained 376,163 square miles, while the first Mexican cession added 545,- 753 square miles, and the Gadsden purchase, in 1853, 44,064 square miles. In 1867 Russia, by purchase,

*I have used the areas of the original territory of the United States and all accessions thereto as given in the Federal Census Reports. They have been made with great care by Prof. Henry Gannett, of the Geological Survey and Geographer of the Census. The statements of no two authorities agree, the disagreement resulting from different estimates of boundary lines. The variation, however, is not very great. It seems wiser, therefore, to take the statements of the federal government.

National domain.

Public domain.

Resources.

ceded to the United States Alaska, with an estimated area of 532,409 square miles. * All these acquisitions, added to the original territory, make the total area of our national domain 3,558,009 square miles. f

The ' ' public domain ' ' of the United States, as distinguished from the 1 1 national domain, ' ' comprehends the lands within federal boundaries owned by the government and which were at its disposal for public purposes in various ways. The ' ' public domain ' ' is the name given by the General Land Office to these lands. Before any dispositions the public domain contained 2,889,179.91 square miles. % This vast quantity of land has been disposed of through sales to settlers, grants to states for educational and other purposes, and grants to railroads to aid them in building their lines, until there remains at the present time only 946,938 square miles subject to the disposition of the federal government. 1 1 Had the government retained all the public domain, it would now have at its disposal an area of lands somewhat less than that of the whole United States, excluding Alaska. It will be seen that the land element in the industrial development of the country has been amply sufficient to justify the prophecies of the statesmen who founded the government.

The natural resources of the United States consist of almost every species of raw material produced by or from the earth essential to make a nation great in the three lines of development — agriculture, manufactures, commerce. The people in colonial days were quite content in the utilization of the natural resources of the soil and the forests. In the settlement of Virginia it was expected

* Estimate of Ivan Petroff, Special Agent of the Tenth Census.

fSee map showing accessions.

X " The Public Domain," by Thomas Donaldson.

|| Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1894.

Introduction.

that great gold mines would be discovered, and prospecting was at once begun. The results, however, were not satisfactory, and attention was turned to the exportation of timber, later on of tobacco, and afterward of cotton. The northern settlements exported manufactured timber Exportation of in the shape of shingles, ship timber, and other products 1 e ' of the forest. The fisheries also added to the resources of the colonists, and as the settlements extended back from the coast, both north and south, various attempts were made, some successful and others unsuccessful, toward winning from nature what she had to give without going beneath the surface. The vast tracts of virgin forest supplied the material for building, as well as products for exportation. These simple natural products attracted settlers and gave them sufficient occupation, but as the country grew the discovery of iron and lead ores

. . Gold, silver

and of coal, and occasionally of gold and silver, increased andiron, the wealth of the country and aided in its wonderful development.* There are no estimates of the area of the iron, gold, and silver lands of the country that can be trusted, but the coal-fields east of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific tiers of states would cover an area of nearly one hundred thousand square miles, a territory a dozen times as large as the state of Massachusetts. The discovery of great quantities of gold in California in 1 849 gave a new impetus to the development of our mineral resources, while the states of Nevada, Arizona, and Colorado have given of their wealth in great abundance.

The value of natural products can be stated in figures wealth, for the year 1889. In that year the farms gave $2,460,- 107,454 worth of products for the support of our people and for foreign trade. The value of the products of all

*For distribution of mineral products see map showing- deposits of gold, silver, coal, and iron.

mining industries was $587,230,662; of the fisheries, natural e $44,277,514; and of the forests, $446,034,761. This last value includes $8,077,379 worth of tar and turpentine, $403,667,575 worth of lumber and other mill products, and $34,289,807 worth of timber products not manufactured at mill. The total value of all these natural resources for the year 1889 was $3,537,650,391 — certainly a vast product, representing labor, the profitable investment of capital, and the energy of the people. The wealth of the country, including all material evidences of wealth, like land, buildings, merchandise, and all forms of real and personal property, in 1890 amounted to $65,- 037, 09 1 , 1 97, of which amount $39, 544, 544, 333 represents the value of real estate and the improvements thereon and $25,492,546,864 that of personal property, including railroads, mines, and quarries. Of course these great amounts are only approximately correct, there being many elements to preclude perfect accuracy, but they have been arrived at with great care and serve well their purpose to illustrate the development of the country as shown in property in existence. No comparative statements for any colonial period can be made. The per capita wealth at the present time is about one thousand dollars. It will be seen by these figures that the means for development are unlimited and indicate the activity of our people.

From the time of the first permanent settlement in Vir- 'opuiation. ginia in 1607 and in Massachusetts in 1620, the population of the colonies grew to be nearly four millions at the time of the adoption of the federal constitution, March 4,

1789. This constitution provided that a census of the people should be taken every tenth year, beginning with

1790. The first census showed a population of 3,929,- 214. Mr. Bancroft, the historian, states that in 1775 the

Introduction.

colonies were inhabited by persons ' ' one fifth of whom had for their mother-tongue some other language than the English." The one fifth who could not claim the English mother-tongue came from France, Sweden, Holland, and Germany, the importance of the contributions being in the order named. Drawing the line at the date named, the beginning of our constitutional government, the descendants of the people then living now constitute what may be called popularly the true American stock. Al At the time of the first census (1790) about seven hun- stl dred and fifty thousand of the people of the United States were colored. The population for each decennial census was as follows :

Census Per cent years. Population, of ificrease.

1800 5,308,483 35.10

1820 9,633,822 33-07

1830 12,866,020 33.55

1840 17,069,453 32.67

1850 23,191,876 35.87

1870 38,558,371 22.63

1880 50,155,783 30.08

1890 62,622,250 24.86

The population June 1, 1890, excluding Indians and Present popuiaother persons in Indian Territory, on Indian reservations, tlon ' and in Alaska, was 62,622,250, as given in the foregoing table ; but including these persons the aggregate population of the United States and its territories was 62,- 979,766.* It is probable that now, in the year 1895, tne population is about sixty-eight millions. The average number of inhabitants to the square mile, taking the gross area, land and water surface, was in 1790, 4.75, while in 1890 it was 20.70. The increase of population

*See map showing distribution of population at eleventh census (1890).

has come through natural increase and by immigration. Prior to 1 8 19 no account was taken of the number of immigrants settling in the United States, but the accepted estimate gives the total number between the first census and the year 1819 as 250,000. Since that year the federal government has taken account of immigration ; yet it has not been a correct one in all respects, on account immigration. of the faults in the entries of total alien passengers, etc. ;

but since 1856 immigrants have been given separately, so that the movements in this direction for each ) T ear are now given with fair accuracy. Up to June 30, 1894, the total number of immigrants since 1790 was 17,363,977. Nearly one half of the number arriving since the year 1820 has come from Ireland and the German states, including Prussia, and of this half of the whole foreign immigration more than one half has come from the German states. The balance of the immigration has come from all parts of Europe and some parts of Asia, while the British possessions and South America have contributed a fair share. According to the census of 1890, the popu- Nativeand lation consisted of 53,372,703 native-born and 9,249,547 foreign-bom. foreign-born, but the number of persons having one or both parents foreign-born was 20,676,046, or 33.02 per cent of the whole population. Taking this number and those whose grandparents were born abroad into consideration, it becomes quite evident that while in 1775 one fifth of the population of the colonies could not claim for their mother-tongue the English language, now one half cannot make such claim.

The strangers attracted to this country through the facilities for gaining land and through a desire largely to better conditions, have been assimilated with great facility, for the truth that strikes all observers who study to any extent the immigration to this country is

Introduction.

that the descendants of recruits from all nationalities become in one or two generations thoroughly American. The exceptions are few and not sufficient to vitiate the general statement. This great population has spread itself over the whole country, it has multiplied the original thirteen states to forty-four, it has prospected every region, it knows where its richest deposits are to be found. Jefferson said it would be one thousand years before the Great Northwest would be settled, but he said this not foreseeing the great inventions which have made it possible for the people to settle in the remotest corners of the land. The pioneer element of the Anglo-Saxon race could not content itself until it had reached the utmost western boundary of its American inheritance. It has developed cities and founded states, like its Aryan

Distribution of population.

z

PENNSYLVANIA

OHIO

KENTUCKY

Centers of Population in the United States at each Census from 1790 to 1890.

ancestry in its march from the table-lands of Central Asia center of across and over the whole of Europe. In the forty-four P°P ulat1011, states there are now 448 cities having a population of

Urban population.

Railroad mileage.

more than eight thousand each, while in 1790, at the beginning of our federal existence, there were but six such cities. The urban population now constitutes 29. 20 per cent of the total population, while in 1790 it constituted but 3.35 per cent of the total. The center of population has shifted westward. At the time of the first enumeration it was twenty-three miles east of Baltimore ; to-day it is twenty miles east of Columbus, in the state of Indiana. It has moved westward 505 miles in one hundred years, and constantly along the 39th parallel of latitude, varying but a few minutes from that degree. The center of area, not taking Alaska into account, is in northern Kansas, approximately in latitude 39 55'.

These elements — land, resources, and people — are the basic elements of our industrial evolution. With them alone, however, industrial development could not take

RAILWAY MILEAGE OF THE UNITED STATES.

IN THOUSANDSplace. There must be added the vitalizing element of intelligence, inventive genius, and courage. The people of the United States have furnished these qualities ; so the foundation for the story has been laid with abundant strength and proper proportions.

The great influence of transportation is best illustrated by the mileage of railroads. In 1830 only twenty-three

Introduction.

miles of railroads were operated in the United States, while in 1890 there were 163,597 miles, and in 1893 there were 173,433 miles.

This represents the means of carrying on internal com- Means of transmerce, but in addition to the railroads, water transporta- P ortatlon - tion adds largely to freight and passenger facilities. The navigable rivers and the Great Lakes all have their vast carrying trade ; but the development of the whole internal commerce is fully illustrated by the miles of railroad operated at different periods.

The resources of the country, resulting in the products that have been stated, have brought to the United States vast commercial relations. The exports for the year end- Exports, ing June 30, 1894, amounted to $892,142,572, while the imports, both free and dutiable, were valued at $654,- 994,622. This great trade is represented on the accompanying map, and the countries of the world with which the United States has commercial relations are shown thereon.

Part I. The Evolution Of Industry The Colonial Period

PART I -THE EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRY: THE COLONIAL PERIOD.

Chapter I

THE INCEPTION OF INDUSTRIES. SHIPBUILDING.

The beginnings of great nations are usually shrouded in mystery and doubt. Tradition crystallizes into history or into what is accepted as such. The beginnings of industry are more in doubt than the beginnings of nations themselves. It is impossible to learn when the ordinary handicrafts which have been essential to the progress of man were developed to such an extent that they could be called handicrafts. Weaving, spinning, pottery, stone-working, even iron-working, and many other industries that to-day constitute the greatest and most important elements in our manufactures and commerce, cannot be traced to their starting-points.

The American nation has the advantage of most great nations, for its beginnings are clearly defined, its growth readily traceable, its expansion matters of record. Doubts may exist as to certain features of American history, but its great trend can be followed with clearness. Its industrial development forms part of its history, and constitutes one of its most interesting features. The study of the struggles of a people to establish themselves upon an independent industrial basis, the efforts of the infant state to free itself from the control of other states, fill the whole record with the greatest interest, and especially as all

Uncertainty of early history.

Trend of American industrial history.

Purposes of the

American

colonists.

Early conditions.

such efforts and struggles can be located and brought, as it were, to the family interest which surrounds the growth of our own people.

The American colonists were content to win from nature the things essential to a fairly comfortable existence. They came here that they might pursue their ways in accordance with their own likes. Whatever their motives in crossing the stormy western ocean, they knew well that they must win their way in all material things and must establish their own freedom in industrial matters. They were without capital and could pursue their simple industries only as individuals. The factory system had no place in the world then. They very naturally followed the conditions and circumstances of the home country, and their necessities resulted in the immediate introduction of industries which have flourished and made our country great. Their ambition at first was to be a prosperous agricultural people, as the old country intended them to be, yet they were obliged to carry along with agricultural pursuits mechanical work, that they might be housed and clothed.

The industries of the world were conducted under the domestic system of labor ; that is to say, the hand, supplemented with crude tools and machines, was used in the production of goods everywhere. They had at their command all the methods which the mother-country could command for producing goods ; at least, they brought with them the knowledge of handicrafts which enabled them to command the methods in existence. They found here the forests, which had no counterpart in the country from which they came, and they saw at once the opportunities for building their own little vessels and the prospect of shipping to the mother-country some of the products of the forests ; and

The Inccptio7i of Indtistries.

*5 while they had been led to believe that they would find on the American coast large deposits of mineral wealth which would reward their labors, they were soon obliged to turn their attention in other directions. The London Company, which in 1607 planted the first colony at Jamestown, had stimulated the hopes of the discovery of gold. They must have from the very first, however, had in mind the development, or the establishment at least, of manufactures. From Stith's " History of Virginia"* it is learned that Captain Newport, in his second voyage, which took place late in 1608, brought with him work- 1608. men for the purpose of making pitch, glass, tar, soap-ashes, etc. , which, the historian observes, had the country been peopled would have done well, but which proved only a burden and a hindrance to those not so engaged, workmen He says that ' ' no sooner were they landed, but the president dispersed as many as were able, some to make glass, and others for pitch, tar, and soap-ashes. Leaving them at the fort under the council's care and oversight, he himself carried thirty about five miles down the river, to learn to cut down trees, make clapboards, and lie in the woods." The council in London made serious complaint that gold and silver were not forthcoming, and made some threats of desertion if the expenses of the expedition were not defrayed by the ship's return. Captain John Smith sent an answer by the ship, which was dispatched with the results of the pitch, glass, and soap-ash experiments and with what wainscot and clapboards could be provided. So this little cargo was, historically, the first ex- First exports, port which the colonies undertook, with the exception of a load of sassafras gathered near Cape Cod in 1608. This cargo from Virginia was almost exclusively of manufactured articles. Many of the experiments proved unsuc-

Decay of early works.

Cultivation of tobacco.

Cordage.

Salt works.

cessful, yet during their leisure time, as the historian states it, the Virginia colonists made clapboards and wainscot. Hemp, flax, and silk grass grew naturally, and some iron ore was sent to England and found to yield as good iron as any from other parts of the world.

By 161 7 what works and buildings had been constructed at Jamestown had fallen to decay, the prospects of the country declining rapidly. The people had turned their attention from primitive manufacture to the cultivation of the tobacco plant. May 17, 1620, the company in London had a meeting, to which report was made of this attention of the colonists to tobacco-growing, and at which Sir Edwin Sandys, who had been treasurer of the company, made a statement that he had endeavored to turn the colonists from the cultivation of tobacco to the production of necessary commodities. He informed the company that for this purpose one hundred and fifty persons had been sent to set up three iron works ; that directions had been given for making cordage, as hemp, flax, and more especially silk grass, grew in the colonies in great abundance, and were found upon experiment to make the best cordage and line that was manufactured. Each family was ordered to set one hundred plants of it, and the governor himself set five thousand. The colonists had also been advised to make pitch, tar, pot and soap-ashes, and timber for shipping, masts, planks, boards, etc., for which purpose men and materials had been sent over for erecting sawmills, although no sawmill was erected for many years. Salt works, which had originally been started, were restored, and the colony was generally imbued with new hopes of plenty, not only to serve the people with salt, but to supply the fisheries on the American coast.

It is evident that sufficient provision had been made

The Inception of Industries.

for the planting of the principal useful arts in Virginia,

for among 1 the list of tradesmen who had settled there Useful arts in

& Virginia.

may be named husbandmen, gardeners, brewers, bakers, sawyers, carpenters, joiners, shipwrights, boatwrights, ploughwrights, millwrights, masons, turners, smiths of all sorts, coopers, weavers, tanners, potters, fowlers, fishhook-makers, net-makers, shoemakers, rope-makers, brickmakers, bricklayers, dressers of hemp and flax, tilemakers, edge-tool-makers, leather-dressers, men skilful in vines and in iron works and mining. As stated in an old chronicle,* "the men sent have been, most of them, choice men, born and bred up to labor and industry ; out of Devonshire about one hundred men brought up to husbandry ; out of Warwickshire and Staffordshire above one hundred and ten ; and out of Sussex about forty, all framed to iron works, etc." This chronicle also says that " cotton-wooll and sugar canes, all of which may there also be had in abundance, with an infinity of othermore," were among the natural resources of the Virginia soil.

Many attempts were made to divert the colonists from Attempts to the production of tobacco and to establish in place of it handicrafts the work of handicraftsmen. These will be dealt with in a few illustrations. Their history is full of romantic interest, illustrating the wants of the colonists and their heroic efforts to supply them.

The Virginia colonists were planters by nature and by training more than they were manufacturers, and they Planters started in the world with the idea that planting and agriculture generally were far more respectable than commercial and manufacturing pursuits. As they grew they left their carrying trade to the seamen of the northern colonies, and while they had the raw material for many

* " A Declaration of the State of Virginia," 1620; Force's collection.