Harvey's English grammar

Front matter

Class P E II t( Book . H

PRE5E1

>RESENTED BY

Preface

In the preparation of this treatise, the ever-recurring wants and requirements of the class-room have been kept constantly in view. The aim of the author has been to make a practical text-book — a useful manual for the learner, not a reference book for the learned.

The whole plan of the work is in accordance with the educational doctrine that accuracy and facility in the use of language, both spoken and written, are the ends to be secured by the study of grammar: that to secure these ends, a thorough acquaintance with the elements, forms, structure, and laws of our mother tongue, is indispensable; and that a practical knowledge of these can be acquired only by patient, persistent exercise in the analysis and synthesis of syllables, words, and sentences.

The author has endeavored to present the subject in a simple, concise, and perspicuous manner. He has purposely avoided the discussion of mere theories; preferring, rather, a plain didactic statement of his own views. Experience has taught him that such discussions serve only to confuse and discourage the beginner, and are of questionable utility to the advanced student. Neither the erudition of the teacher, nor the exhaustive completeness of the text-book used,' can compensate for the lack of drill in the class-room.

The distinguishing features of this treatise, to which special attention is invited, are the following :

1. The methodical arrangement and logical development of the subjects discussed.

(iii)

IV PREFACE.

2. The brevity, clearness, and uniformity of the rules and definitions.

3. The simple yet complete system of Analysis.

4. The great variety of carefully prepared Models for Parsing and Analysis. By these models, the pupil is taught howto parse every kind of word, and how to analyze every kind of sentence.

5. The abundance of appropriate exercises and illustrations, systematically arranged, and numbered for convenient reference.

6. The definite statement or clear indication of opinion upon those points which annoy and perplex both pupil and teacher.

7. The practical character and systematic classification of the instruction and exercises in False Syntax.

8. The lucid and comprehensive treatment of Punctuation and Prosody — both important subjects, too much neglected in most schools.

9. The superior mechanical execution of the work.

Actuated by a desire to render the labor of the class-room more pleasant and effective, by furnishing an attractive means for instruction in a useful branch of study, the author ventures the hope that this treatise will commend itself to the favorable notice and consideration of his fellow-teachers.

Contents

ORTHOGRAPHY.

PAGE

Elementary Sounds, .... 8

Part I Orthography

1. Orthography treats of elementary sounds, letters, syllables, and spelling.

2. An Elementary Sound is one which can not be separated into two or more distinct sounds.

3. A Letter is a character used to represent either an elementary sound, or a combination of elementary sounds; as, a, x.

4. A Syllable is a sound or a combination of sounds uttered with one impulse of the voice; as, man, man-ner.

5. A Word is either a syllable, or a combination of syllables; as, hat, men-tion, phi-los-o-phy.

3. Elementary Sounds.

1. There are forty elementary sounds in the English language.

2. They are divided into Vowels and Consonants. Consonants are subdivided into Subvocals and Aspirates.

3. Vowels, or Vocals, are those sounds which are made with the vocal organs open, and consist of pure tone only. They are also called Tonics.

4. Subvocals are those sounds which are obstructed by the vocal organs, in the process of articulation. They are sometimes called Subtonics.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

5. Aspirates are mere emissions of breath, articulated by the lips, tongue, teeth, and palate. They are sometimes called Atonies.

TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.

4. Towels.

a Ions' as in late.

a short, " a middle, " a Italian, " a broad, " e long, " e short, "

hat.

ask.

arm.

all.

eve.

elL i long, as in time.

i short,

' tin.

© long, _

< cold.

o short,

' hot.

oo long,

' ooze.

oo short,

' book u long,

' lute.

u short,

' cup.

5. Consonants.

1. Consonants may be divided into six classes, viz.:

Labials, or lip-sounds, which are made by the lips;

Unguals, or tongue-sounds, made by the tongue;

Ling-uo-dentais, or tongue-teeth-sounds, made by the tongue and teeth;

Ianguo-nasals, or tongue-nose-sounds, articulated by the tongue, the sound passing through the nose;

Palato-nasals, or palate-nose-sounds, made by the palate, the sound passing through the nose;

Palatals, or palate-sounds, made by the palate.

2. The Subvocals are arranged on the left of the page, and the corresponding Aspirates on the right.

Labials.

b, as in bib, p, as in lip, save, f, " life, way, wh, " when

111, "

am,

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

Ianguo-I>enials.

<1, as in lid, th, " with, J, " jar, z, " size, zh, " azure, t, as in tat, th, " myth, cli, " rich, s, " hiss, sh, " hush.

1, as in lull, r, " roar.

Unguals.

(Have no corresponding asDirates.)

Ianguo-Xasal.

n, as in man. (lias no corresponding aspirate.)

x in song.

Palato-Xasal.

(Has no corresponding aspirate.)

g, as in nag,

y» " yes,

Palatals.

h, as in kick, h, " how.

Rem. — The sounds represented by I, m, n, and r, are sometimes called liquids, because they easily unite with other consonant sounds.

6. Letters.

1. There are twenty-six letters in the English alphabet. As there are more elementary sounds than letters, it becomes necessary that some letters represent more than one sound. Letters also combine to represent sounds for which there are no single representatives. Letters and combinations of letters are often used as substitutes for other letters.

7. Diphthongs, Digraphs, and Trigraphs.

1. A Diphthong consists of two vowels sounded together in the same syllable.

Rein — There are two diphthongal sounds, represented by four diphthongs, viz. : ou, ow, oi, oy, as in foul, now, boil, cloy.

2. A Digraph consists of two vowel letters written together in the same syllable, one only being pronounced, or both representing a single elementary sound.

Rem. — There are twenty-four digraphs, viz. : aa, Canaan ; ai, gain ; ao, gaol ; au, maul ; aw, maw ; ay, may ; ea, meat ; ee, need ; ci, ceiling ; eo, people ; eu, feud ; ew, new ; ey, they ; ie, lief; oa, coat ; oe, foe ; oi, avoirdupois ; oo, moon ; ou, tour ; ow, flow ; ua, guard ; ue, sue ; ui, guise ; uy, buy.

3. A Trigrapii consists of three vowel letters written together in the same syllable, one only being pronounced, or the three together representing a single vowel sound, or diphthong.

Rem. l. — There are seven trigraphs, viz.: aye, aye; awe, awe; eau, beau, beauty ; eou, gorgeous ; eye, eye ; ieu, lieu ; iew, view.

Rem. 2 — In such words as Christian, alien, union, i does not form a digraph with the following vowel, but is a substitute for y. In the unaccented terminations cean, cial, sion, Hon, the combinations ce, ci, si, ti, are substitutes for sh.

Rem. 3. — In such words as herbaceous, gracious, precious, e and i do not form trigraphs with the following vowels, but the combinations ce, ci are substitutes for sh.

8. Double Consonants.

Double Consonants consist of two consonant letters written together in the same syllable, representing a single elementary sound.

Rem. — They are ch, chord ; gh, laugh , ph, physic ; sh, hush ; th, thin, this , wh, when ; ng, sing.

9. Substitutes.

A Substitute represents a sound usually represented by another letter or combination of letters.

A long has four substitutes: e, tete; ei, feint ;ey, they; ao, gaol.

A middle has two substitutes : e, there ; ei, heir.

A broad has two substitutes : o, cord ; ou, sought.

E long has three substitutes : i, marine ; ie, fiend ; ay, quay.

E short has four substitutes : ay, says ; u, bury ; i, irksome ; ie, friend.

I long has three substitutes: y, thyme; ei, Steinway ; oi, choir.

I short has six substitutes : y, hymn ; e, England ; u, busy ; o, women; ee, been; ai, captain.

O long has three substitutes : eau, beau ; ew, sew ; oa, goal.

O short has two substitutes : a, what ; ow, knowledge.

U long has five substitutes : eau, beauty ; ieu, lieu ; iew, view ; ew, new ; ui, suit.

U short has three substitutes : e, her ; i, sir ; o, son.

F has two substitutes : gh, laugh ; ph, philosophy.

J has two substitutes : g, rage ; di, soldier.

S has two substitutes: c before e, i, and y ; z, quartz.

T has one substitute : ed final, after any aspirate except t.

V has two substitutes: /, of; ph, Stephen.

Whas one substitute: u, quick. It is understood before o in one, once.

X is used as a substitute for ks, as in wax ; gz, as in exact ; hsh, as in noxious.

Y has one substitute : i, alien. It is frequently understood before u, as in verdure.

Z has three substitutes : c, sacrifice ; s, his ; x, Xenia.

CH has one substitute : ti, question.

SH has six substitutes : ce, ocean ; ci, facial ; si, losion ; ti, motion ; ch, chaise ; s, sugar.

ZH has four substitutes: si, fusion; zi, brazier; z, azure; s, rasure.

NG has one substitute : n, generally before palatal sounds ; as in ink, uncle, conquer.

10. Forms of the Letters.

1. Letters are of different styles; as, Roman, Italic, ItM, <©0j ISnglisf).

2. Types for printing are of various sizes:

T? ^'^ Long Primer, Nonpareil,

Jinsmsn, „ 6 . Agate,

c Bourgeois, Pearlj

3. Letters are used either as capital letters or as lowercase, or small letters.

11. Capital Letters.

I. The first word of every sentence, or the first word after a fall pause, should begin with a capital letter.

Ex. — Winds blow. Snow falls. The heavens are aflame.

II. The first word after an introductory word or clause may begin with a capital letter.

Ex. — "Resolved, That the sum of $3000 be appropriated," &c. "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That section fourteen," &c.

III. Each new line or paragraph of an enumeration of particulars, arranged in lines or paragraphs, should begin with a capital letter.

Ex — " These expenditures are in proportion to the whole expenditures of government,

In Austria, as thirty-three per cent. : In France, as thirty-eight per cent. : In Great Britain, as seventy-four per cent."

IV. The first word of a direct quotation, or of an important statement, a distinct speech, &c, should begin with a capital letter.

Ex. — " When thou saidst, Seek ye my face, my heart said unto thee, Thy face, Lord, will I seek." " Dora said, ' My uncle took the boy.' " " One truth is clear : Whatever is, is right."

V; The first word in every line of poetry should begin with a capital letter.

" Put your best foot foremost, or I fear That we shall miss the mail : and here it comes With five at top ; as quaint a four in hand As you shall see — three piebalds and a roan." " Faith, he 's got the Knicker- Bocker Magazine."

VI. Proper names of persons, places, months, days, &c, should begin with capital letters.

Ex. — James, Emma, Boston, July, Wednesday, James Monroe, O. W. Holmes.

VII. Titles of honor or distinction, used alone or accompanied by nouns, should begin with capital letters.

Ex.— Earl Kussell ; the Duke of York ; Mr. Wilson, Mrs. Smith ; Dr. Johnson ; Gen. Harrison ; Sir Eobert Peel ; George the Third-; Charles the Bold; "O had I a thousand a year, Gaffer Green;" " The Elder spake as follows."

VIII. Names of things personified become proper nouns in sense, and should begin with capital letters.

Ex. — "Come, gentle Spring/ ethereal Mildness/ come." "In Misery's darkest cavern known, His useful care was nigh, When hopeless Anguish poured his groan, And lonely Want retired to die."

IX. Words or phrases used as names for particular objects should begin with capital letters.

Ex. — The Falls ; Yellow Creek ; the Havana ; the City of Brotherly Love; the Cape of Good Hope; John o' Groat's House; the

Round Tower ; the Sailor's Home ; " I have read ' The Tent on the Beach.' "

X. All appellations of the Deity should begin with capital letters.

Ex. — God; the Most High; the Supreme; the Infinite One; Divine Providence ; the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost ; our Lord Jesus Christ.

XI. A common word must sometimes begin with a capital letter, to show its reference to the Deity.

Ex. — "The Hand that made us is divine."

"The spangled heavens, a shining frame, Their great Original proclaim."

Bern. — A word that describes rather than denotes a name of the Deity, and a pronoun whose expressed antecedent is the name of the Deity, usually require no capitals; as, "O thou merciful God!" "The all-powerful Lord of lords;" "God provides for all his creatures."

XII. Xouns denoting the race or nation of individuals should begin with capital letters.

Ex. — The French ; the Spaniards ; the English ; the Anglo-Saxons.

XIII. Words derived from proper names should begin with capital letters.

Rem — When such words become common nouns by losing their reference to their original proper nouns, they should not begin with capital letters ; as, a louis d' or ; a guinea ; china-ware.

XIV. Words of special importance may begin with capital letters.

Ex. — The Tariff; the Sub-Treasury Bill ; the Commissioner of Common Schools ; " Be prepared for the Great Day ; n "Angler's Companion : a Complete and Superior Treatise on the Art of Angling."

XV. In natural history, generic names, or names of genera, should commence with capital letters. Specific names, or names of species, if derived from proper nouns, should also commence with capitals: otherwise with small letters. Scientific terms are usually printed in italics.

XVI. The pronoun I and interjection should be

capitals.

Ex.— "Sleep, O gentle Sleep,

Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee."

GENERAL REMARKS.

1. Indirect quotations, or words quoted as the peculiar language of authors, should not begin with capital letters; as, "A man is an 'individual,' or a 'person,' or a 'party.'" "A fine house is always a ' palatial residence.' "

2. The pronouns he, his, him, thy, and thee, referring to names of the Deity, in sentences where their antecedents are understood, or when they are used for emphasis, may sometimes begin with capital letters; as, "The hope of my spirit turns trembling to Thee;" "Trust in Him, for He will sustain thee."

3. In writing many compound names of places, usage is not uniform. When the parts remain separate, or are connected by a hyphen, each should begin with a capital letter: when the parts are consolidated, but one capital letter should be used; as, New Castle, New-Castle, Newcastle.

4. In phrases or sentences used as headings or titles, nouns, adjectives, participles, or other important words, only, should begin with capital letters : unimportant words and connectives should begin with small letters.

5. In advertisements, show-bills, &c, different styles and sizes of type are frequently used, and the liberty of capitalizing is carried to an indefinite extent.

6. Names, signs, titles, and mottoes, designed to attract attention, are printed in various styles; most frequently in capitals.

0-RTHOGRAPHY. 17

1. — it is a pleasant thing to see the sun. man is mortal, flowers bloom in summer.

2. — Resolved, that the framers of the constitution, &c. 3. — The town has expended, the past year,

for grading streets, $15,000 :

for public buildings, 15,000.

4. — He said "you are too impulsive;" Eemember the maxim, " a penny saved is a penny earned." 5. — "The day is past and gone;

the evening shades appear ; O may we all remember well the night of death draws near." 6. — James and samuel went to baltimore last august; The general assembly meets on the first monday in february.

7. — The bill was vetoed by the president; John Jones, esq.; Richard the third ; " The opposition was led by lord Brougham." 8. — "When music, heavenly maid, was young, While yet, in early Greece, she sung, The passions, oft, to hear her shell, Throng'd around her magic cell." 9. — The central park; the Ohio river; I have read "great expectations ; " the mountains of the moon are in Africa.

10. — The lord shall endure forever; Eemember thy creator; divine love and wisdom ; " The ways of providence."

11. — " I know that my redeemer liveth ; " " I am the way, the truth, the life ; " " The word was made flesh."

12. — Those are chinamen; the turcomans are a wandering race; the gypsies of Spain; the indians are fast disappearing.

13. — The swiss family Robinson; a russian serf; "The rank is but the Guinea's stamp ; " a Cashmere shawl ; a Damask rose.

14. — The emancipation proclamation; the art of cookery, (a title) ; the Missouri compromise ; the whisky insurrection ; " A treatise on the science of education and the art of teaching."

16. — i don't like to study grammar, i write correct enough, uow. o, how i wish school was out!

H. G. 2.

13. Italics, Small Capitals, etc.

I. Emphatic words, phrases, and clauses are frequently printed in italics.

Ex. — "Do not you grieve at this?" "The truth is, his lordship

for the press, and wipes his eyes with the public ." — Curran.

II. Words borrowed from foreign languages should be printed in italics.

Ex. — "Each word stood quite per se" — Lamb. "This odd quid pro quo surprised me into vehement laughter." — Walpole.

III. The names of authors, annexed to selections from their writings, are usually printed in italics.

Ex. — "His coward lips did from their color fly." — Shakspeare,

IV. Parenthetical words and phrases are frequently printed in italics.

Ex. — Old gentleman (looking quite unconcerned), "Run away, has she?"

V. Names of ships, books, newspapers, and periodicals are frequently printed in italics or small capitals.

Ex. — "The Quaker City has arrived." "The Journal is committed to no such policy as that."

"VI. Names of important personages are frequently printed in small capitals.

VII. Words requiring special emphasis are frequently printed in small capitals or capitals.

Ex. — " I brand him as a rogue, a thief, a COWARD." — Placard.

Rem. 1 — Italicized words in the Bible are those supplied by translators to explain the original.

Rem. a. — In manuscripts, one line drawn under a word indicates italics; two lines, small capitals; thr ee lines, CAPITALS.

Rem. 3 — In this work, fun-faced types are also used for distinction.

ORTHOGEAPHY. 1 9

14. Syllables.

1. A Syllable may be composed,

1. Of a vowel, digraph, or trigraph ; as, o-men, ow-ranography, mw-de-cologne.

2. Of a vowel or diphthong, with one or more consonants prefixed or affixed ; as, l-o, h-oy, a-m, a-nd.

3. Of a vowel or diphthong, With one or more consonants prefixed and affixed ; as, b-&-d, fr-a-nk.

2. A vowel sound is an essential part of a syllable.

3. Synthesis is the process of combining elementary sounds.

4. Analysis is the process of separating a syllable or word into its elementary sounds.

15. Models for Analyzing* Syllables.

Model I.

*Lo. — Give both sounds in quick succession, Ii-o, and pronounce the word.

Model II.

to ... is a syllable, containing two elementary sounds. I- .... is a consonant-subvocal-lingual. (Give its sound.)

.... is a vowel, long sound. ( Give its sound.)

Model III.

Clank. — Give the five sounds in quick succession, c-1-a-n-k, and

pronounce the word.

Model IV.

Clank is a syllable, containing five elementary sounds.

C .... is a consonant-aspirate-palatal, substitute for k. (Give its sound.)

1 .... is a consonant-subvocal-lingual. (Give its sound.) a .... is a vowel, short sound. (Give its sound.)

n .... is a consonant-subvocal-palatal -nasal, substitute for n<j. (Give

its sound.) fc .... is a consonant-aspirate-palatal. ( Give its sound.)

Model V.

Boy. — Give the three sounds in quick succession, b-a-i, and pronounce the word.

Model VI.

Boy . . is a syllable, containing three elementary sounds. B ... .is a consonant-subvocal-labial. ( Give its sound.) oy ... is a diphthong, representing a broad, and i short. (Give the sound of each in quick succession.)

Model Til.

View. — Give the two sounds in quick succession, v-u, and pronounce the word.

Model VIII.

View . is a syllable, containing two elementary sounds. V .... is a consonant-subvocal-labial. (Give its sound.) iew . . is a trigraph, equivalent to u long. (Give its sound.)

Xote. — Either set of models may be used in analyzing syllables. The models for complete analysis need not be used after the classification of elementary sounds shall have been thoroughly learned.

Analyze the following words, omitting all silent letters:

And, fly, warm, elm, fin, sing, wax, when, sue, light, pot, home,

Form syllables by prefixing a consonant to a, ay, ean, oy ;

By prefixing two or more consonants to e, oo, aw, i :

By affixing one, two, or more consonants to any of the vowels or

diphthongs.

16. Words.

1. A Word may consist of one, two, or more syllables.

A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable; as, care, man.

A word of two syllables is called a dissyllable; as, care-fid, man-ly.

A word of three syllables is called a trisyllable; as, care-fulness, man-li-ness.

A word of four or more syllables is called a polysyllable; as, com-mu-ni-ty, ec-cen-tric-i-ty.

2. Accent is a stress of voice placed upon a particular syllable. It may be either primary or secondary,

the primary being the more forcible.

3. Every word of more than one syllable has one of its syllables accented.

4. In words having both a primary and a secondary accent, the secondary occurs nearest the beginning; as, in"~ compatibiV ity, in" comprehen! sible.

17. Models for Analyzing Words.

Tree is a word of one syllable: therefore a monosyllable. '

Mature is a word of two syllables : therefore a dissyllable. It

is accented on the first syllable.

Commotion, is a word of three syllables: therefore a trisyllable.

It is accented on the second syllable.

Indefatigable is a word of six syllables: therefore a 2>olysyllable r

Jts secondary accent is on the first syllable, and its

primary accent on the third.

Xote. — A word having been analyzed according to one of these models, analyze each syllable according to the preceding models. In separating a word into syllables, divide it as it is pronounced. In writing, never divide a syllable at the end of a line. Each line should end with a word or an entire syllable.

Analyze the following words :

Write each of these words on your slates, and divide them into syllables, marking the accented syllables.

Correct the accent in the following words :

Change the accent of the following words to the second syllable, and give the meaning of each ivord before and after the change : In'sult, fer'nient, reb'el, rec'ord, pre'lude, conjure, entrance,

1. Words are either Primitive or Derivative.

2. A Primitive or Radical word is one in no way

derived from another in the same language ; as, mind, faith.

3. A Derivative word is one formed by joining to a primitive some letter or syllable to modify its meaning ; as, re-mind, faith-ful.

4. A Compound word is one formed by uniting two or more primitive or derivative words; as, man-worship, Anglo-Saxon.

5. A Prefix is that part of a derivative word which is placed before the radical; as, re-call, sub-phi.

6. A Suffix is that part of a derivative word which is placed after the radical; as, faithful, change-«6fe.

7. Prefixes and suffixes are called Affixes.

"Sole. — The meaning and use of affixes should be learned from some work prepared for that purpose. — See De Wolf's Instructive Speller and Hand-Book of Derivative Words.