The life and letters of Barthold George Niebuhr

Preface

No justification could be needed for offering to the English public a life of Niebuhr, but it seems necessary to explain how far the present work can claim to be considered as such.

It is founded upon one entitled " Lebensnachrichten uber Barthold Greorg Niebuhr," which is chiefly composed of extracts from Niebuhr's letters ; though a short narrative, intended to explain these, and fill up the chasms they leave in his history, is prefixed to each of the periods into which it is divided. The principal editor of " Lebensnachrichten" was Madame Hensler, Niebuhr's sister-inlaw, to whom most of the letters are addressed, and who thus states the views with which she performed her task :

. . . . " The reader will not need to be reminded that the extracts from the letters form the most important part of the work.

"As I have already observed, these are not to be judged from the point of view which would be taken by an editor of Niebuhr's learned or general correspondence : such a one would have made a very different and a much more copious selection, and would probably, too, have followed critical rules which were beside the aim of the present work. This aim is simply biographical ; to communicate whatever can throw light upon his natural capacities and vi PREFACE.

dispositions, his mental development, his studies, his mode of thought, his views of life, the State, art, and literature ; his relations as a citizen, a friend, and a member of the domestic circle ; his large and profound sympathies ;^ his keen sense of the noble and beautiful ; his zeal for justice and truth; and, not less, his faults and weaknesses, for these too, neither ought nor needed to be glossed over. Niebuhr was not so poor in great and amiable qualities, as to require an artificial light, in order to retain the esteem of those whose esteem he would have valued ; and while his letters contain many beautiful traits which a regard to others forbids us to publish, they contain nothing which could have brought our friendship for him and our love of truth into collision.

" Whether some of the letters retained might not have been omitted, and others inserted with advantage, is a point on which judgments will naturally differ

" The greatest possible care has been taken to avoid any thing like indiscretion toward the living, or a profanation of feeling, which Niebuhr would have regarded as belonging to the inner sanctuary of the heart. Perhaps, in some cases, this scruple has been carried too far (for instance in omitting expressions of affection in the letters to his betrothed), and possibly too, some things may unawares have been retained, in which one better acquainted with the circumstances may perceive allusions that escaped the selecter."

I believe none who have paid attention to the subject, will deny, that the editor has, in the main, accomplished her purpose, and presented a picture of Niebuhr as a man, and in his private relations, which, in point of completeness and fairness, is excelled by few biographies ; but it

PREFACE. vii

is equally certain that the account of his public career is very incomplete, and by no means one that enables the reader to perceive the relation in which Niebuhr stood to his times. The biographical notices in the present work are shorter than Madame Hensler's narrative on which they are based, but they also comprise a considerable amount of additional- information, derived partly from other publications, partly from conversation with intimate friends of Niebuhr.* Several letters too have been added, throwing additional light on his public life. Thus, it is believed, that something has been done toward supplying the deficiency alluded to, though far less than still remains to be done. It was hoped that much more might have been effected, but Niebuhr's memorials and dispatches, as well as some valuable collections of his letters (especially those to Yalckenaer and many of those to De Serre), still remain inaccessible to his friends.

Of the letters given in the " Lebensnachrichten," about half have been translated. In the selection of these the aim has been, while omitting those which could be interesting only in Germany, and avoiding repetition, where it was possible, to maintain the relative proportions which their various topics assume in the original, and thus to reproduce with faithfulness, on a smaller scale, the portrait there exhibited. Those who know the " Lebensnachrichten" will probably regret that none of Niebuhr's letters on learned subjects have been inserted ; but it seemed desirable to confine this selection to those of general interest, and should the present work meet with a favorable reception, it is intended to publish, in another

* Such information as helped to explain or illustrate the letters has been added in notes, in cases where it would have broken the thread of the narrative if inserted in the Introductory Notices.

volume, the letters referred to, together with the most valuable portions of his smaller writings.

In reading Niebuhr's letters, it must be remembered first, that they were hasty compositions addressed to his most intimate friends, and hence in giving them to the world, Madame Hensler has deemed it necessary frequently to omit single sentences or expressions, which explains the somewhat abrupt and obscure style of many passages ; and secondly, with regard to his political sentiments, that it was necessary, in Grermany, to observe great caution in the publication of facts or opinions on such subjects ; and therefore these letters give no complete view of what he thought and felt, even on the passing events of the day : nevertheless it may be hoped that he will not be misunderstood in England, and that those who occupy themselves with political questions will lay his words to heart.

In conclusion, the translator begs to express the warmest acknowledgments to those friends of Mebuhr who have aided in the progress of this work, especially to His Excellency Chevalier Bunsen, without whose encouragement and assistance it would never have been undertaken, and to Professor Loebell, for his " Letter on Niebuhr's Character as an Historian," and to Professors Brandis and VVelcker, to the former of whom it has been indebted for most of the original information which it contains.

Chapter I. Childhood And Youth

PAGB

BIRTH. SKETCH OF HIS PARENTS AND NATIVE-PLACE. ILL-HEALTH.

CHILDISH AMUSEMENTS AND STUDIES. THE BOJES. INTEREST IN

POLITICS. ACQUAINTANCE WITH VOSS. EDUCATION. VISIT TO

H-iMBURGH. STUDIES. LIST OF THE LANGUAGES HE KNEW 25

Chapter II. College Life

LER. MADAME HENSLER. LOVE OF THE CLASSICS 44

LETTERS.

1. To his Parents. — His Society at Kiel. — Hensler 46

2. Grief at Fichte's Defense of Revolution 48

3. The Study of Philosophy. — Geographical Questions. — Hypo-

thesis respecting the earliest Colonization of Greece, &c. — The Origin of Races 48

4. Books in Hand. — Separation from a Friend who denied Free-

will 51

5. Plans of Study 51

7. Mode of Life. — Philosophy.— Thibaut 52

8. Introduction to Miss Behrens 53

9. A learned Lady > . . • 53

10. Good Resolutions 54

11. His future Vocation. — Education 55

12. Justification of his Refusal to go into Society 56

13. Algernon Sidney. — Dictating History of the Revolution 56

EUT1N AND THE SOCIETY THERE. THE STOLBERGS. THE RE VENT- LOWS. JACOBI. MOLTKE 57

A* x CONTENTS.

LETTERS.

PAGE

15. To Moltke. — Corruption of the German Language by the Thirty-

Years' War. — Voss. — Klopstock 60

1 6. Relative Importance of Grammatical Studies. — Wolf. — Jacobi.

— Becomes Private Secretary to Count Schimmelman. — Acquaintance with Amelia Behrens 61

Chapter III. Residence In Copenhagen

COUNT SCHIMMELMAN. LIFE AT HIS HOUSE. BECOMES SECRETARY

AT THE ROYAL LIBRARY. PLANS FOR GOING TO PARIS 64

LETTERS.

17. To Madame Hensler. — Attachment to Miss Behrens 67

18. To Moltke. — Announcing his Engagement 68

19. Position and Prospects at Schimmelman's. — Grouvelle 71

20. On Moltke's Marriage 72

21. Low moral Tone of German Poets. — Decline of Literature . . 73

22. To his Parents. — Progress in the Study of Persian. — Plan of

going to Constantinople 74

23. To Madame Hensler. — Schimmelman's plan for a Government

Journal 76

24. Requisites for a Professor of Philology 77

25. Plans of future Life. — Attachment to Amelia Behrens 78

26. Vindicating himself from the charge of idealizing his Friends 79

27. Dangers of the Scholar's Life. — Mental Training of the An-

cients 79

28. Revolution of the 18th Fructidor 81

29. To Amelia. — Anticipation of her Influence on his Character. . . 82

30. Grouvelle. — Desaugiers. — Friendships with Foreigners .... 82

31. To his Parents. — Political Apprehensions 83

32. Offer of a Professorship 84

33. Plans. — Studies in the Library 84

34. To Amelia. — His Faults 85

35. To his Father. — Society in Copenhagen. — Politics 85

36. To Amelia. — Effect of Weather upon the Spirits 87

37. To his Parents. — Souza. — Introductions in England 88

38. Visit to Hamburgh 88

extracts from his diaries. — VISIT TO holstein 89

Chapter IV. Journey To England And Scotland

JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. ACQUAINTANCE THERE. STUDIES IN EDIN- BURGH. RETURN TO DENMARK. RECEIVES AN APPOINTMENT IN

COPENHAGEN 91

CONTENTS. xi LETTERS.

PAGE

39. To Amelia. — The Journey , 95

40. Russell. — Rennell. — Sir Joseph Banks. — Want of Genius

among the English 95

41. The Works of Art in London. — Schonbom 96

42. The Sights of London 97

43. Effect of the Changes of Nature upon the Mind. — English

Political Writings 98

44. The English Stage 100

45. Visit to Pope's Garden 100

46. To Moltke. — The Citizens, Scholars, and Young Men of En-

gland. — Resolutions 100

47. To Amelia. — Journey from London to Edinburgh 102

49. Opening Lectures at the University. — Robinson. — Hope. —

Home. — Gregory. — Mode of Life 104

50. Mr. Erancis Scott. — Studies. — Moorhouse 105

51. An unpleasant Acquaintance. — The Scotts 107

52. National Character. — Young Men. — Women. 108

53. Want of Intimacy in English Friendships, and Neglect of the

Training of Children 109

54. His own Character 110

55. The English Character. — Beautiful Influence of Physical

Studies. — English Ideas of Germany Ill

56. Study of Philosophy in England 113

57. English Literature 113

58. Characteristics of the Scotch .. 114

59. Plans and Anticipations. — Taylor the Infidel 115

60. Interesting People 116

61 . The Study of the Natural Sciences. — Playfair 117

62. English Reserve 117

63. Visit to Dr. C , 118

65. Journey into the Highlands 120

66. The Same. — A Scotch Farmer. — Sir John Murray 120

67. Agricultural Class in Scotland 122

68. Return to Copenhagen 122

69. Good Resolutions 123

70. Parents and Children. — Pecuniary Circumstances 123

Chapter V. Official Life In Copenhagen

MARRIAGE AND SETTLEMENT IN COPENHAGEN. STOLBERG's CONVER- SION. BOMBARDMENT OF COPENHAGEN. STUDY OF ARABIC. FRESH

APPOINTMENTS. RECEIVES PROPOSALS FROM PRUSSIA. CONSENTS xii CONTENTS.

LETTERS.

PAGE

71. To Madame Hensler. — Stolberg's Conversion. — Modern Protest-

antism 132

72. Nelson's Arrival 133

73. State of Public Affairs. — Schimmelman 134

75. The Bombardment 135

76. State of the City 137

77. Truce. — Loss of the English 138

78. To Moltke. — On the Death of his first Wife 138

79. To his Parents. — Study of Arabic. — State of the Jews under

the Macedonian Rule 139

80. To Moltke. — Present Mode of Life. — Study of Roman History.

— Moltke's Visit to Italy. — Public Affairs. — Carnot 140

81. Love of Paintings. — Style of Ancient Authors. — Livy. — Ci-

cero. — Demosthenes. — Thucydides 142

82. Melancholy Issue of the War. — Mournful Anticipations re-

specting Germany 144

83. To his Parent's. — Departure from Copenhagen 145

Chapter VI. The Prussian Civil Service

ARRIVAL IN BERLIN. DEFEATS OF THE PRUSSIAN ARMY. FLIGHT TO

memel. . 147

LETTERS.

84. To his Parents. — Consoling them under the present Calamities 147

85. To Madame Hensler. — Proceedings in Konigsberg 149

86. State of Public Affairs. — Intrigues 150

87. To Stein. — On Stein's Dismissal from Office 150

PROPOSALS FROM OTHER STATES. TAKES AN APPOINTMENT IN THE

COMMISSARIAT DEPARTMENT. VON SCHORN. HARDENBERG. PRIME

MINISTER. FLIGHT TO RIGA. PROVISIONAL COMMISSION. OFFER

FROM KLEIN. STEIN's RETURN TO OFFICE 152

LETTERS.

88. To Stein. — Stein's dismissal. — Public Affairs. — Lord Hutchinson 156

89. Proposals from Russia 157

90. To his Wife. — Journey to Bartenstein 158

91 . Mournful Aspect of Affairs ][ 1 58

92. The Same — -Bennigsen " * ' . 159

93. Negotiations with Hutchinson. — Health 159

94. Negotiations with the Russians.— Loss of Literary Leisure . . 160

CONTENTS. xiii

PAGE

95. To Stein. — Stein's Return to Office. — Dislike to Division of Re-

sponsibility in Administration. — Slavonic Literature. ... 161

96. To Madame Hensler. — Retrospect. — Justifying himself for

learning new Languages 1 63

PROVISIONAL COMMISSION. STEIN SENDS HIM TO NEGOTIATE DUTCH

LOAN. UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS. VALCKENAER UNDERTAKES IT.

STEIVS PROSCRIPTION. ALTENSTEIN, MINISTER. APPOINTMENT AS

MANAGER OF THE NATIONAL DEBT. DUTCH LOAN. HARDENBERG,

MINISTER. REFUSES TO ACT WITH HIM. APPOINTED HISTORIO- GRAPHER 165

LETTERS.

97. To Madame Hensler. — Journey from Memel to Landsberg. . . 172

98. Meeting with his Father 175

99. Thankfulness for the Blessings of the past Year 175

100. To Moltke. — Different Kinds of Friendships. — Reminiscences.

— Sismondi's Italian Republics. — Circular Letters. — Yondel 176

101. To Madame Hensler. — Sorrow for Denmark 178

102. Rmg Louis Napoleon 178

103. Influence of the Mind on Bodily Health. — Objects to be

aimed at in Charitable Institutions 179

104. To Moltke. — On the Death of his second Wife 180

105. To Madame Hensler. — Political Anxieties. — Countess Moltke. 181

106. Moltke. — Stem's Fall. — His Character. — Approaching Crisis 182

107. To Moltke. — Consolation under Trial. — His own Future .... 183

108. Dislike of Medical Men. — Mirabeau's "'Essai sur le Despot-

isme." — Necker. — Carnot 185

109. To Madame Hensler. — Intercourse. — Faith. — Stein 187

110. Stein's Proscription. — Political Doctrines at the Present

Conjuncture 188

111. To Moltke. — Stein's Character. — Altenstein. — Retirement

from Public Life. — Massillon's Writings. — Schiller's Thirty Years' War 189

112. To Madame Hensler. — Yalckenaer. — Dutch Poets 191

113. Yisit to his Father. — Reflections on Political Events. — Ma-

jorian 192

114. Grief at the late Events. — Schill . 193

116. Stay at Nutschau. — Early Intercourse between Greece and

Rome. — Mirabeau on Finance. — Baader 195

117. Successes of the Tyrolese. — Yillers 197

118. Journey to Konigsberg. — Ravages of War. — Stein 198

119. State of Political Feeling. — Schelling. — Benvenuto Cellini.

— Davy's Discoveries 200

120. Official Appointments. — Plans 202

121. To his Father. — Finance. — Occupations 203

122. To Madame Hensler. — Advantages of unrestricted Commerce 205 xiv CONTENTS.

PAGE

123. Dissatisfaction with the Ministry Regret at the Sacrifice

of Learned Pursuits 205

124. Hardenberg. — Intrigues 206

125. To his Father. — Study of Arabic 207

126. To Madame Hensler. — Opposition to intended Financial Meas-

ures 207

127. To Moltke. — Account of Proceedings. — Free Trade. — New

Books i 20S

128. To his Father. — Salt's Expedition. — Condition of the Abys-

sinians. — Prospects of England 209

Chapter VII. Professorship In Berlin

RETURN TO A LITERARY VOCATION. PLANS OF STUDY. EXTRAORDIN- ARY MEMORY. CHARACTERISTICS. OPENING OF THE UNIVERSITY.

LECTURES ON ROMAN HISTORY. SAVIGNy's ACCOUNT OF THEM.

INTERCOURSE. BEGINS THE HISTORY OF ROME. VISIT TO HOL-

STEIN. LITERARY LABORS. FRENCH INVASION OF RUSSIA. WISHES

TO ENTER THE ARMY. ESTABLISHMENT OF " THE PRUSSIAN CORRE- SPONDENT" 210

LETTERS.

129. To Madame Hensler. — Goethe 219

130. Savigny. — Pamphlets of the 17th Century 219

131. Effect of his opening Lecture 220

132. Early Civilization of Western Europe 221

133. Account of his Occupations 221

134. The Existence of pure Disinterestedness. — Goethe's Theo-

logical Essay 222

135. The Danes. — History of Rome 224

136. De Serre 225

137. Detention of Letters. — Aspect of Public Affairs. — Impres-

sions received from Museum of Natural History 225

138. Goethe's " Dichtung und Wahrheit." — Madame de Stael. . 226

139. The Same. — Mode of Life 227

140. Schleiermacher's Views of the Ancient Philosophers 227

LETTERS FROM GOETHE TO NIEBUHR ON RECEIVING THE FIRST VOLUME

OF THE HISTORY OF ROME 228

141. To Madame Hensler. — Episodes in History 230

142. Inequality of Style no Fault 230

143. Johannes Muller 231

144. State of Public Affairs 231

145. Wilhelm Meister. — Goethe's Mental History.— Animal Mag-

netism 232

146. State of Public Affairs 233

147. The Same. — Klopstock and his Times 234

CONTENTS. xv

PAGE

148. To V * *. — On Religion. — Our Mental History. — Rationalism.

— Mysticism. — Catholicism. — The Future of the Church. 235

149. To Moltke. — Society in Berlin. — Reception of his History. —

Ideal of Historical Writing 239

150. To Madame Hensler. — The aim of Wilhelm Meister. — Oersted. 241

151. Reviewing.— Plato 241

152. EtTects of War. — Antique Works in Glass 242

153. To Perthes. — On the Birth of a Son. — Decline of Art after

Raphael. — English Policy 243

154. To Jacobi. — History of his own Intellectual Development. . . . 244

LETTERS FROM GOETHE TO NIEBUHR ON RECEIVING THE SECOND VOL- UME OF THE HISTORY OF ROME 247

155. To Madame Hensler. — Herder. — Public Health 249

156. To Perthes. — Studies in old German. — Goethe's Autobiogra-

phy. — Julian 250

157. To Madame Hensler. — State of Public Affairs 251

158. The same. — Return of the French from Russia 251

160. State of General Enthusiasm 253

161. To Perthes. — Neander's "Julian." — Goethe and the Catholic

Sacrament 253

162. To Madame Hensler. — The War of Liberation 254

163. Training for the Army. — Instances of Patriotism. — General

York 255

164. To Perthes. — Political Anticipations. — Arndt's "Landwehror

Landsturm" 257

165. To Madame Hensler — Wish to join the Army 257

Chapter VIII. Return To Public Life

EMPLOYED IN CENTRAL ADMINISTRATIVE COUNCIL. NEGOTIATIONS

WITH ENGLAND. ILLNESS IN PRAGUE. RELATIONS WITH STEIN.

MISSION TO HOLLAND. VISIT TO HOLSTEIN. THE RIGHTS OF PRUSSIA.

ILLNESS OF HIS WIFE. DEATH OF HIS FATHER 259

LETTERS.

166. To Madame Hensler. — Employments. — State of Public Affairs 262

167. Retreat after the Battle of Bautzen 263

168. Heroism of the Prussians. — Journey to Reichenbach 266

169. To the Princess Louisa. — Mournful Aspect of Affairs. — Rela-

tions with Stein. — Hardenberg 267

170. To Madame Hensler. — Stay at Pueichenbach. — Proposed Mis-

sion to England 269

171. To Perthes. — Condition and Prospects of Hamburgh. — Prus-

sian- Soldiers : 270 xvi CONTENTS.

PAGE

172. To Madame Hensler. — Fears for Holstein. — Noble Spirit of

the Nation 272

173. Conditions of the Peace. — Madame de Stael 273

174. Stay in Amsterdam. — Defeats of the Allies. — Character of

the Dutch 274

175. The War in France 276

176. Prospects of France 277

177. Behavior of the Russian Troops in France. — Prospects of the

Bourbons 278

178. Selfishness of the Dutch 279

179. French Literature 280

180. Aspect of Holland after the War 280

181. To Perthes. — Evil of French Influence 281

182. Essentials to a Reform of the Church 282

183. To Madame Hensler. — Lessons to Crown Prince. — Aspect of

Berlin. — Relations with France 282

184. Aspect of Europe. — Lessons to Crown Prince. — Hume and

Gibbon 283

185. State of the new Prussian Provinces. — Italy 284

186. Style and Punctuation. — England in the Middle Ages .... 284

187. Congress of Vienna 285

188. Society in Berlin. — Illness of his Wife 286

189. Animal Magnetism. — Apprehensions about the War 286

190. On the Death of his Father 287

Chapter IX. Residence In Berlin Up To July, 1816

DEATH OF HIS WIFE. APPOINTMENT AS EMBASSADOR TO ROME.

STUDIES AND WRITINGS. VISIT OF MADAME HENSLER. SECOND

MARRIAGE 289

LETTERS.

191. To Madame Hensler. — His Bereavement. — Journey Home . . 292

192. State of Mind 293

193. Plans of Employment in Rome. — Heyne 294

194. Resolutions. — Heindorf. — Belief of his Vocation to States-

manship 295

195. To Perthes. — Mission to Rome 296

.196. To Brandis. — His Loss. — Attachment to Prussia. — Anticipations 297

197. To Madame Hensler. — His own dangerous Illness 298

198. Funeral of his Wife 299

199. Measures for the Reform of the Catholic Church. — Own

Character 299

200. Pleasure at her Consent to accompany him to Rome. — De-

cline of Literature 300

201. Appointment as Royal Commissioner. — Servian Poetry ... 301

CONTENTS. xvii

PAGE

203. The Limitation of the Will 302

204. Fronto. — 111 Health 303

205. Fronto. — Marcus Antoninus 304

206. The Plague in Italy 304

208. Heindorf. — The Journey 305

210. Departure from Berlin 306

Chapter X. Mission In Rome

JOURNEY. DISCOVERY OF THE INSTITUTES OF GAIL'S. RESEARCHES

AND DISCOVERIES IN THE VATICAN. POLITICAL RELATIONS INTER- COURSE. THE GERMAN ARTISTS 307

LETTERS.

210. To Madame Hensler. — Account of the Journey from Ratisbon

to Munich. — Warzburg Cathedral and MSS. — Nuremberg.

— Ratisbon 309

211. To Nicolovius. — Feelings on leaving Germany. — Jacobi. — Sail-

er. — The Catholic Church 313

212. To Madame Hensler. — The Tyrol. — lnnspruck. — Hofer. —

Speckbacher 315

account of his visit to speckbacher 317

213. To Savigny. — Discovery of the Institutes of Gaius at Verona. . 319

214. To Madame Hensler. — The higher Classes, and Scholars of

Italy.— Antiquities.— Ill-health of his Wife. — The Old Masters 321

215. Arrival at Rome. — Aspect of the City. — Misery of the People 324

216. To Savigny. — Mode of Life. — Aspect of Rome. — Works of Art.

— Terni 325

217. To Madame Hensler. — Society in Rome. — Absence of his

Books 328

218. Brandis. — Fragments of Cicero 329

219. On continuing the History of Rome 329

220. Impressions of Rome. — German Artists. — Mode of Life . . . 330

1817. reviews of his history. — birth of a son. — dangerous illness.

BEKEER 332

LETTERS.

221. To Madame Hensler. — Reminiscences. — Pain of being in a

Foreign Land. — Italian Language 333 xvni CONTENTS.

PAGE

222. To Jacobi. — Catholicism. — Goethe's Life 334

223. To Madame Hensler. — On Education. — Brandis 335

224. To Nicolovius. — The Climate and Condition of Rome 336

225. To Madame Hensler. — State of the Romans. — Literary La-

bors 339

226. To Savigny. — Modern Legislation. — Goethe's Life. — The Ger-

man Artists. — Goethe's Views of Art. — Description of

Niebuhr's House 341

227. To Madame Hensler. — Reminiscences 348

228. Birth of his Son 349

229. Education 349

230. Baptism of his Son - 349

231. Reminiscences. — Faith. — Catholicism 350

232. The Poor and Pauperism 352

233. His own dangerous Illness 353

235. Health of Rome. — Studies. — Political Demonstrations .... 354

236. To Savigny. — Josephus 355

POLITICAL COMMOTIONS IN FRANCE AND GERMANY. BIRTH OF HIS

ELDEST DAUGHTER. APPOINTMENT OF A CLERGYMAN TO THE EM- BASSY 356

LETTERS.

237. To Madame Hensler. — The State of Public Affairs 358

238. Reminiscences. — Harms's Theses. — Creeds and Tests of

Faith 359

239. Political and Ecclesiastical Affairs 361

240. Bunsen. — Brandis. — Animal Magnetism. — Spirit of Cathol-

icism 361

241. The Weather.— Harms's Theses. — Essentials of Christianity 362

242. Proselytizing Efforts of the Catholics.— Cornelius 364

243. To Nicolovius. — Church Reform 364

244. To Savigny.— Efforts of the Catholics.— Edition of Gaius. —

Bavarian Constitution. — Political Movements. — Gorres . 365

245. To Jacobi. — The Weather. — Moral and Social Condition of the

Romans. — Dearth of Intellectual Intercourse. — The Bavarian Constitution 366

246. To Savigny. — Health of his Family. — His Son. — Education.

— Governing. — Landed Property in Italy 370

247- To Madame Hensler. — The religious Education of his Son. —

Italian Banditti 372

248. To Savigny. — Genzano. — Religion of the Ancient Romans. —

Unfriendly Feeling toward Prussia 373

249. To Madame Hensler. — Seeker. — Sarpi 374

CONTENTS. yix 1819.

PAGE

ESSAY ON THE ARMENIAN EUSEBIUS. FRAGMENTS OF LIVY 375

LETTERS.

250. To Madame Hensler. — On leaving Italy — Kotzebue's Mur-

251. Tivoli. — Agricultural Population of Italy 377

252. To Nicolovius. — Gratification at the Appointment of a Chap-

lain to the Embassy 378

253. To Madame Hensler. — The Armenian Eusebius. — Schmieder. 379

254. Political Movements in Prussia 380

255. The Same. — On Removing to Germany. — Schmieder 381

256. Representative Institutions 383

257. Arrival of his Instructions. — The Catholic Reforming Party 384

258. His Children.— The Carlsbad Decrees 384

NEGOTIATIONS. REVOLUTION IN NAPLES. BIRTH OF A SECOND DAUGH- TER. LITERARY DISPUTES 385

LETTERS.

259. To Madame Hensler. — Illness of his Wife. — Political Senti-

ments 387

260. Influence of Climate on the Intellect. — Negotiations for

Geneva. — Politics 387

261. Detention of Letters. — On Leaving Italy. — Duty of Gov-

ernors 388

262. Desirableness of forming a Gentry. — State of Spain. — Pros-

pects of Europe 390

263. Disposition and Education of his Son. — Spanish Constitu-

tion and National Character 391

264. Development of his own Character. — Spain. — De Serre. . . . 393

265. Revolution in Naples. — Sicily. — The Plague 394

266. His Children.— The Carbonari 396

267. Affairs in Naples. — Leanings toward Catholicism. — Duties

of Parents 397

268. Apprehensions of Revolt. — Sicily. — Stein - 399

269. Measures of the Neapolitan and Spanish Parliaments. —

Continuation of his History. — Plato 400

270. Events in Naples 402

AUSTRIAN INTERVENTION IN NAPLES. CONCLUSION OF NEGOTIATIONS

WITH THE PAPAL COURT. LITERARY LABORS 402 xx CONTENTS.

LETTERS.

PAGE

271. To Madame Hensler. — Public Events. — Stein. — Peyron .... 403

272. The War in Naples. — Revolution in Piedmont. — Arrival of

Hardenberg 404

273. To Nicolovius. — Conclusion of the Negotiations with Rome. . 406

274. To Madame Hensler. — The Same. — Stein 407

275. Insurrection in Piedmont 408

276. Lord Colchester. — The Countess of Albany 409

277. His Daughter. — Efforts for Greek Independence 409

279. To Nicolovius. — Hamann. — Pietism. — Biography. — Power of

the Historian 411

280. To Madame Hensler. — Hamann. — Essentials of Christianity. 412

281. Life in Ptome Hamann 414

BIRTH OF HIS THIRD DAUGHTER. REQUESTS HIS RECALL. VIEWS OF

PHILOLOGY. VISIT OF THE KING 414

LETTERS.

282. To Madame Hensler. — Views with Regard to his Son 416

283. Lieber.— Greek Soldiers 417

284. To Savigny. — Savigny's History of Jurisprudence. — State of

Italy in the Middle Ages. — Cicero's Views of the Constitution of Rome 418

285. To Madame Hensler. — De Serre. — Lieber 420

286. The Same. — Intercourse 421

287. To De Serre. — Pertz. — Veneration for De Serre 421

288. To a Young Philologist. — On the high Character of his Vo-

cation, and the right Method of pursuing Philological Studies 423

VISIT TO NAPLES. DEPARTURE FROM ROME. JOURNEY TO BONN. . . . 430

LETTERS.

289. To Moltke. — Reminiscences. — Position in Rome. — Marcus. —

De Serre 430

290. To De Serre. — On the Policy of England. — Canning. — Lessing.

— Proposed Essay on Roman History. — Varchi 432

291. Animal Magnetism. — Politics 434

292. To Madame Hensler. — Stay at Naples. — Marcus. — MSS. —

Climate 435

293. De Serre 436

CONTENTS xxi

PAGE

294. To De Serre. — Financial Condition of England. — Affinities

between Physical and Moral World 437

295. English Finance '. 439

296- Sentiments toward De Serre 440

•297 . Spanish Politics 441

298. To Madame Hensler. — Visit to his old Honse at Rome. — His

Son. — Feelings at Leaving Italy 442

299. To De Serre. — Journey to Florence. — Hannibal's Route. —

Florence. — Italian Literature. — Spain. — Fluctuations of Population 443

300. To Madame Hensler. — Character of the Tyrolese 446

301. To De Serre. — Literary Labors. — Condition of Switzerland. —

Ireland.— Chili 448

302. Heidelberg.— Thibaut.— Voss.— Spam 449

303. To Madame Hensler. — Tyrolese Scenery. — Thibaut. — Voss. —

Schlosser 450