Modern history: from the coming of Christ and the change of the Roman republic into an empire

Front matter

V

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Part I

FROM THE BATTLE OF ACTIUM (B. C. 31), TO THE ACCESSION OF

CONSTANTINE (A. D. 306).

Page

Roman Empire, 13

Augustus, ib.

Caligula, 33

C'laudius, 35

Nero, 38

Galba— Otho— Vitellius, 44

Vespasian, 48

Titus, 54

Domitian, 56

Nerva — Trajan, 59

Adrian, 61

Antoninus Pius, 65

Marcus Aurelius, 68

Commodus — Pertinax — Didius

Julianus, 69

Septimius Severus, 70

Caracalla — Macrinus — Helioga-

balus, 77

Alexander Severus, 78

Military Usurpers, 83

Claudius II, 85

Aurelian, 87

Interregnum — Tacitus, 90

Probus, ib.

Carus, and his two sons Cari-

nus and Numerian, 92

Diocletian and Maximian; afterwards Constantius Chlorus

and Galerius, ib.

Part II

FKOM THE ACCESSION" OF CONSTANTINE (A. D. 306), TO THE DOWNFALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST (A. D. 476).

Page

Constantius, and his brothers

Constantine II and Constans, 107

Julian, 109

Jovian, 113

Valentinian and Valens, 114

Theodosius the Great — Gratian

and Valentinian II, ... . .... 116

Page

Honorius and Arcadius, 123

Valentinian III, in the West; in the East, Theodosius II,

or the Younger, 126

Marcian — Leo the Thracian, in the East — Last period and fall of the Western Empire, 131

TAl

CONTENTS.

Part III

FROM THE DOWNFALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE (A. D. 476), TO ITS REVIVAL UNDER CHARLEMAGNE (A. D. 800).

Page Foundation of the principal and most celebrated States of Europe, 135

Anglo-Saxons in Great Britain-

Hengist, ib.

Visigoths in Spain — Evaric,. . . 136

Franks in Gaul — Clovis,. ..... 138

Ostrogoths in Italy — Theodoric

the Great, 140

Emperors of Constantinople, . . 142

Justin I, ib.

•Glorious reign of Justinian, 144

Justin II— Tiberius II, 153

Mauritius, 157

Phocas, , 161

Heraclius, 162

Rise of Mahometanism, 164

Progress of Mahometanism,. . . 167 Conquests of the Saracens in Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia, ib.

Pago

Conquests of the Saracens in -Egypt, 1C9

in Persia, Rhodes and

other countries, 171

Dissensions among the Saracens, 174

Prosperity of the Greek empire under Constantine Pogonatus, ib.

Conquests of the Saracens in Africa, 176

Saracens defeated in the E ast — Leo the Isaurian, 181

Saracens defeated in France — Charles Martel, 182

Pepin, king of France, 184

Charlemagne, king of France and Lombardy, 186

Remarks on the state of civilization, learning, and particularly religion, during the third part of modern history, 192

Part IV

FROM THE REVIVAL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE (A. D. 800), TO THE BEGINNING OF THE CRUSADES (A. D. 1095).

Page

Charlemagne, Emperor, 196

Louis the Debonnaire, and his sons — Feudal system, 200

Arabian and Greek Empires during the ninth century, 201

Spain during the ninth and tenth centuries, 205

England during the ninth and tenth centuries, 209

France and Germany in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 214

Eastern nations in the tenth and eleventh centuries,...., 217

Ireland, particularly during the tenth and eleventh centuries, 220

Danish kings in England — Saxon line restored, 222

Normans in England — "William the Conqueror, 224

Normans in Italy, 227

Chivalry, particularly in Spain — Rise of the kingdom of Portugal 228

Affair of Investitures,.. . ...... 230

Remarks on the Middle Ages — Truce of God, 282

CONTENTS.

IX

Part V

FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE CJRUSADES (A. D. 1095), TO THEIR END (A. D. 1272).

P, ge

Origin and causes of the Crusades, 239

First Crusade,..' 240

General view of the first Crusade. — Return of the Crusaders, 2-50

Kingdom of Jerusalem, 252

Second Crusade, 255

Germany and Italy under Frederic I (Barbarossa). — England and Ireland under Henry

II (Plantagenet)., 257

Fall of the kingdom of Jerusalem, 260

Page

Third Crusade, 262

Fourth Crusade, 269

Fifth Crusade. — Foundation of the Latin empire of Constantinople, ^ 270

Wars throughout Europe, 274

Conquests of Genghis-Kan in

Asia , 279

Sixth Crusade, 281

Seventh Crusade. — St. Louis,... 284 St. Louis continued.-Civil war

in England, 287

Eighth and last Crusade, 288

Part VI

FROM THE END OF THE CRUSADES (A. D. 1272), TO THE DISCOVERY OP AMERICA (A. D. 1492).

Page England, Wales, and Scotland,

under kings Edward I and II, 298 Germany under the emperor Rodolph of Hapsburg;.-Commencement of the Helvetian

Confederation, 299

Prosecution and abolition of the

Knights-Templars, 302

Progress of the Christians of Spain, and signal victories

over the Moors, 304

War between France and England, 306

Edward III of England and

Philip VI of France, ib.

Edward III and John II, 310

Edward III and Charles V,.. . . 313 Rise of the Ottoman empire, and its progress, till the battle of Nicopolis, 317

Page Tamerlane and the Moguls. —

Battle of Ancyra, 321

Renewal of war between England and France, 324

Henry V and Charles VI, 325

Henry VI and Charles VIL-.. 327

Fall of Constantinople, 331

Mahomet II continued, 337

Mahomet II and Hunniades,.. 338 Mahomet II and Scanderbeg, . . 340 Mahomet II and Peter d'Aubus-

Contest of the houses of Lancaster and York in England, 344 Ferdinand and Isabella.— Final overthrow of the Moors in

Spain, 347

Remarks on the discoveries made during the sixth period of Modern History, 350

X

CONTENTS.

Part VII

FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA (A. D. 1492), TO THE TREATY Of VERSAILLES, OR PARIS, IN WHICH THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNI- TED STATES WAS SOLEMNLY AND UNIVERSALLY ACKNOWLEDGED (A. D. 1783).

Page Preliminary observations on America, 252

Discovery of America. — Christopher Columbus, 254

Portuguese settlements in Asia, 361 Decline of the Italian republics.

— Wars for the possession of Italy. — Cardinal Ximenes. —

Pope Leo X, 3fi4

Luther and the Reformation,.. . 367 Charles V and Francis I,.... 369

Charles V and Soliman II, 371

Conquest of Mexico. — Hernando Cortez, 874

Conquest of Peru. — Francis Pi-

zarro, 383

Charles V continued. — Accession of Philip II, and first transactions of his reign,. . . . 385 England under the Tudors, .... 387 War against the Turks. — Siege of ]\lalta.-Loss of Cyprus. —

Battle of Lepanto, 389

Philip II continued. — The republic of Holland. — France under the last Valois and Henry IV. — General state of Europe in the beginning of

the seventeenth century, 396

The Thirty years war, 399

Civil war in England. — Commonwealth. — Eestoration, . . , 401

British and French colonies in North America,. 405

Splendor of the Reign of Louis XIV, 407

War of Flanders, of Candia, etc., 409

War of Holland — and subsequent events till the league of Augsburg, 411

League of Augsburg. — Revolution in England, 415

Succession of Spain. — Death of Louis XIV, 417

Decline of the Turks, 422

Rise of Prussia and Russia. — Peter the Great. — Charles XII, king of Sweden, 424

Western Europe from the death of Louis XIV in 1715 to the treaty of Vienna in 1735, 426

Eastern Europe.-Thamas Kouli Kan, or Nadir Schah, the Persian conqueror, etc., 427

War of the succession of Austria. — The Pretender in England and Scotland, 429

Old French war, otherwise called War of Hanover, or Seven years war, 432

Origin and progress of the American Revolution 434

War of Independence, 437

Part VIII

FROM THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES, OR PARIS, IN WHICH THE INDEPEN- DENCE OF THE UNITED STATES WAS SOLEMNLY AND UNIVERSALLY ACKNOWLEDGED (A. D. 1783), TO THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1850.

Page Formation of the Federal Constitution of the United States.- Washington, first President,.. 444

French Revolution, 446

Napoleon Bonaparte, General and Consul,. 450

Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor, 455

Second American war, 463

General view of the Civilized World, from the year 1815, to the year 1844. — Conclusion,.. 465 Appendix for 1844—1850, 469

CONTENTS. HI

NOTES.

Page

Note A. — Character and Death of Seneca, Lucan, etc., 469

B. — The historian Josephus, 470

C. — Number of Martyrs, during the general persecutions of

the Church, 472

D. — Attempt of the emperor Julian to rebuild the temple of

Jerusalem,. 476

E.— Mahomet's pretended miracles, 479

F. — Answer of Pope Zaehary to a consultation of the French, 480

G. — Temporal Dominion of the Pope, , . . 481

H.— Popes of the Middle Ages, 483

I. — Conquest of Ireland, 486

J. — Prosecution and abolition of the Knights-Templars, 489

K. — Inquisition,. 492

L. — Bull of Alexander VI, called the Bull of partition, 494

M. — Influence of the Roman Church on the improvement of

science. — Affair of Galileo. — The Calendar, 496

N. — Massacre of St. Bartholomew's day, 497

O. — Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, , = 499

P. — On religious persecution, 502

Tables of contemporary Sovereigns, 509

Table of Authors, 535

MODERN HISTORY.