American and her problems

Front matter

NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO

MACMILLAN & CO., Limited

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd.

Preface To The American Edition

To my Friends in the United States

This book, the fruit of a lifetime of observation, study and travel in distant countries, was written during 191 1, 191 2 and 1913 ; that is to say, almost on the eve of the war now being waged. It is an act of faith in American and in human idealism. My object was to give it living interest, and, for this purpose, I have devoted the first part of it to a faithful description of the country as I saw it, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Mexica to Canada, in the infinite variety of its magnificent scenery. During the last ten years I have paid several visits to the United States, which I have learned to know very imperfectly — it could not be otherwise with a continent — but to the best of my ability. I have tried to describe, for my readers' benefit, the United States as I saw them, with the numerous problems — internal, external, economic, political and moral — that confront them. I have tried to make these problems spring out of the ground, so to speak ; to make the soil tell its own story and explain its needs, its resources and the future of the inhabitants who have assumed the responsibihty of developing it. I have introduced the greatest possible number of those who are taking part in this great work in a country where no one is idle, where every one contributes to the accomplishment of a common

VI PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION

duty, where women and children share in it, where education is general, not only in universities and churches but in clubs and countless associations constituted by an incessant stream of immigration. I have not endeavored to minimize the difficulties that confront the population in which so many nationalities and different races, often uncongenial, end by becoming assimilated or Hving side by side. I have expressed my admiration for the manner in which they struggle against inherited error, routine and egoism, against drink, slavery, injustice and violence in all its forms.

My primary purpose is to make this an educational work, appealing to the ardent activity of the young and to the enthusiasm as well as to the good sense of public opinion. It was written in a spirit of confidence, after an experience of forty years of a laborious peace, in the strong hope that the danger of a great European war might be averted by the combined effect of concerted efforts and the cooperation of those disinterested workers who, in countless numbers, are scattered all over the world and who ask for nothing better than to unite and act together. To those skeptics who looked upon war as either a solution or a fatality, I have held up the greatest republic in the new world as an example.

I had two objects. One was to do my best not only to show the United States how fully I appreciated their vast resources, but to make them realize the incalculable service they could render to civilization, as well as to themselves, by remaining faithful to their peace policy, which is the main cause of their prodigious prosperity. Secondly, after defining this peace policy and quoting facts to show that it was inspired neither by short-sightedness nor by cowardice, I have tried to indicate its patriotic grandeur and its advantages for other nations, especially for those who believed in the superiority of militarism. I have given my

PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION vii

readers a choice between two forms of actual experience — two models, the first, to be followed, a peace policy, and the second, to be avoided, a policy of adventure and armament.

Since the first edition of this book appeared in French, in 1913, war has broken out. Events have proved, better than all arguments, that this war will bring no advantage to the governments that premeditated and declared it. As I have always foreseen, it stands out in its true light as a bad action and a piece of bad business, as an indescribable crime and a monstrous absurdity, perhaps even a form of suicide. All the hatred, sorrow, mourning and irreparable ruin it will leave as a heritage to our children will only too thoroughly justify the efforts of thoseidisinterested men who have tried their utmost to avert it. Had they had but one chance in a thousand to succeed, it was their duty to take that chance.

The pubKcation of an EngHsh edition of this book in the United States will be timely, for it is becoming more and more necessary that the young states of the new world should avoid imitating old Europe's mistakes. The spirit of domination will lose more and more of its prestige, while a policy of justice and conciliation will impose itself as being the only one corresponding to the aspirations and progress of humanity. We now have to decide the question that might serve as a conclusion to this work : the armed peace policy being condemned by facts, with what are we to replace it ? How are we to organize a peace that is not foredoomed to end in universal war ?

The present war will teach neutrals a terrible lesson. Whether they Hke it or not, their interests are bound up with those of the belligerents who are fighting for peace and justice. Fortunately for themselves and for civilization, they can no more free themselves from this bond than they can escape from the more and more complex obliga-

Vm PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION

tions of international intercourse. On the other hand, they do not want to compromise themselves. Their position is extremely difficult. What is their duty? Nothing could be a more deHcate matter, for instance, than for the government of the United States to avoid becoming involved in this world conflagration and, in a word, to remain neutral. But how are we to understand neutrality itself? No one suggests that the United States should take up arms, as a nation, on behalf of any of the belligerents, but, on the other hand, no one can conceive the neutraHty of the land of American independence as amounting to indifference. In showing that the duty of the American government is to deliver the world from the scourge of war, I do not draw the conclusion that it can insure the organization of peace by holding aloof. On the contrary, my belief is that such abstention, so far from keeping American influence intact, would amount to an abdication and would disqualify America. My view, at the very outset of the war, was that it was the duty of the United States government to make an indignant protest against the violation of Belgian neutraHty and of the Hague conventions, signed by its representatives. Its duty and interest were to make this protest all the more vigorously in view of the fact that it remained neutral. Its persistent silence has been an immense disappointment for its friends, and, I beHeve, a great mistake ; if it will not play its part as a defender of treaty obligations during the war, what authority will it have to advise the negotiation of other treaties after the war? It will not be Ustened to. So far from making peace easier, the United States government will have contributed to discrediting it and making it impossible.

Let us, however, put this burning question aside. The present war raises plenty of others for the consideration of neutrals. The first is whether national defenses should be in a state of preparation or non-preparation. This is an-

Preface To The American Edition IX

other difficult case to elucidate. How are we to escape both dangers : preparing too much or not enough ? I have felt bound to express myself unmistakably on this point, as well as on others, such as the abuse of governmental and parliamentary powers and of those in the hands of politicians, business men and their newspapers; as, for instance, excessive protection, the yellow peril, the Indian and negro questions and those raised by Mexico, the Panama canal, the Philippines, etc.

The problems I mentioned in 19 13 as containing serious ground for consideration have become questions of life or death for the United States since the war. It is not without interest that a foreigner should have studied them beforehand in a spirit of profound sympathy for the new worlds and with the conviction that it is their destiny to regenerate civilization.

Long before I visited the United States I had looked at them with a friendly eye. I began to know America, without having crossed the ocean, first by my own marriage, thirty years ago, and afterwards through the gentleness, courage and spirit of justice shown by several American men and women living or traveling in France, where they represented their country better than legions of newspapers could have done. Some of the friends who guided me have left this world. Among them I must name the refined and cultivated Edmond Kelly. Among others, nearly all of whom, I am glad to say, are still with us, are Edward Tuck, Nicholas Murray Butler, Du Puy, Cyrus McCormick, Edwin Ginn, General Porter, Henry White, Robert Bacon. After my first journey I made other visits to America, four times in all, and stayed longer and longer. Many Americans received me in their homes, from the White House down to the humblest. I have met most of their statesmen, their savants, their artists and their leading diplomatists and philanthropists, especially at the two

X PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION

Hague conferences. It was even arranged that, this year, I should at last accept long-postponed hospitahty from my many friends in South America. I was to have gone to Brazil, the Argentine Republic, Chili and Peru, returning by way of Panama, San Francisco (during the exposition), the United States and perhaps Japan. Like many other plans, this was upset by the war.

I am very far from having seen everything that attracted me to the United States. The problems that arose during my journey absorbed my attention more than the journey itself. I even had to give up the idea of seeing such marvels as the Grand Canon and Yellowstone Park, not to mention many others.

My first visit to the United States dates back thirteen years. I went there for the Washington anniversary at Chicago on Feb. 22, 1902. On this occasion I delivered my first speech in English. It was the starting point of a new phase of my existence. Formerly I had talked about the American peril. Since then I have believed in the American remedy. I returned in 1907, having been invited by the Andrew Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh to attend the foundation of the powerful American International Conciliation Association in New York. This association made the arrangements for my third journey in 191 1. Up to this time I had traveled very little outside the Eastern states. My friends advised me to go farther afield and to see the advance guard of Americans. Long in advance they planned out receptions for me, both public and private, in the largest possible number of important centers. I owe them much gratitude. But for their minute care I should have been unable to make so complete a tour and to understand what might otherwise have escaped a foreigner. Every city, every chamber of commerce, university, club

Preface To The American Edition XI

and corporation undertook to put me in touch, as soon as I arrived, with those who could give me the information I required, and also to make all the arrangements for my lectures. The number of people whose movements were affected by my visit made it all the easier for me to put questions, to listen to what others had to say, and to see what there was to be seen ; and I had no difficulty in speaking several times a day to all kinds of audiences, the smallest of which numbered a few hundreds, though the usual size was several thousands. It would be very ungrateful on my part if I omitted to say that, to my great surprise, this long journey fortified me instead of tiring me out; and when, the year after, Gabriel Hanotaux asked me to join the deputation from the Comite France-Amerique and pay a visit to the United States for the Champlain commemoration, I had no hesitation in accepting his invitation and doing my best to help him in his public-spirited enterprise.

From this visit I returned with the conviction that if, through a combination of exceptional circumstances, my testimony could add ^another link and contribute to an exchange of instruction between Europe and the United States, I had no right to hold aloof. It seemed to me that my book would at least be useful as a record, like many other books that have preceded it, of the contemporary position of the United States, their strong and weak points, their resources and their defects, and the degree of prosperity to which they have attained. It was Albert Kahn's very human idea to photograph the world at once, before it is reduced to a uniform level or transformed by progress. His operators are bringing back cinema films to Paris from Morocco, the Far East, Albania, Belgium, etc., which will be of great interest fifty years hence as showing what the world was like in 1911, 1913 or 1915. This book is an xii PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION

attempt of the same kind — a faithful presentment of the present and my personal vision of the future of the United States.

The translation of this book into English has been most carefully made in Paris, in consultation with me, by Mr. George A. Raper, whose scrupulous exactness and most faithful interpretation of my meaning I cannot praise too highly. The proofs of this translation have been revised, in New York, by a staff of most devoted voluntary helpers, in spite of the complications, which can be only too readily imagined, resulting from the war. I owe my personal thanks to my friend, President Nicholas Murray Butler, whose energy, as usual, triumphed over all obstacles; to my compatriot Mr. A. R. Ledoux, in whose veins runs the rich blood of French ancestors and who is an embodiment of the Franco- American entente cor Male; and to the Secretary of the International ConciUation Association in New York, Mr. F. P. Keppel, an old and tried friend and fellowworker.

The delay in publishing the American edition has enabled me, not to modify my book — for that would have changed its character — but to make, in the form of notes or amplifications of the text, such additions as were necessary to bring it up to date, and also to bring forward fresh arguments in support of the confidence which I shall preserve, in spite of everything, to my dying day, in the future of humanity.

I bequeath to my American readers and to my friends, known and unknown, in the new world, the inheritance of the beHefs which, to my sorrow, I have been unable to make prevalent in the governing circles of the old world, though these beHefs are those of all nations. They will eventually outweigh the preconceived opinions of statesmen. After this horrible war we shall have more reason than ever to believe in the spirit of self-sacrifice, in the benefits of pain-

PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION xiii

ful creative effort, in the sanctified nature of the resistance that springs from both heart and head, and in the triumph of Reason, Good Will and Justice over the sterile forces of ignorance, pride and violence.

P. D'ESTOURNELLES DE CONSTANT.

Creans,

Chapter I From Washington To Texas And The Mexican Frontier

PAGE

1. On the way to Washington. Crossing the ocean. The lesson of

the Titanic. The port. The progress and mistakes of New York. The demoralizing skyscraper 3

2. Philadelphia. American independence. Franco- American work.

Newspapers, photographers and phonographs ... 8

3. The Mexican revolution. American Machiavellis. A collective

intervention.!* 11

4. Washington. The bureau of the American republics. An inter-

national center. Pan-American conciliation. Baltimore. Exchanges of teachers and students. Johns Hopkins University. The French diplomacy. Good men and bad organization. No information from France, but a daily hint from Paris. French taste 14

5. New Orleans. French names ; French initiative ; French souve-

nirs ; French ingratitude. Tulane University ... 21

6. Texas. New Orleans and Texas remind me of North Africa.

The Texan desert and the miracles of American energy. The resurrection of Galveston. Austin University. San Antonio and the American army. El Paso reminds me of a Turkish garrison. The end of the Mexican administration 23

Chapter II

THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO. NEITHER CONQUEST NOR ABSENTION

General Porfirio Diaz's dictatorship. The danger of the situation. Conquest.-* Mr. Hearst's publications. President Taft's firmness. An American party in Mexico. The cogwheel

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President Wilson. Madero. Huerta. A case of conscience. The dilemma. A moral intervention. The Hague institution 27

CHAPTER HI CALIFORNIA

The long distances. The state of Arizona. Los Angeles. San

Francisco 42

Labor and agriculture 44

Yellow immigration 47

An Eldorado. Touring. The American " cote d'azur." From

Los Angeles to Del Monte. Pasadena 50

Chapter IV

At the universities. Berkeley. The girls' dinner. Voluntary

servants. Young Americans traveling in France ... 55 An election campaign. For or against women. The boulevards

of Paris. Miserable young girls. The three husbands . . 59

The French woman. A French wife 63

Votes for women. The suffragettes in England. The woman and

the war. The necessary struggle. The rights of the man.

The woman and the child forgotten. The good man is shy.

Triumph of the women. The seaports and pleasure cities . 66

Chapter V

A new city. Seattle. The moving houses. The Seattle spirit The " single tax." Henry George. The churches

The Seattle exhibition. Past and future. Far West to Far East From the Arctic circles to the Tropics ....

Seattle's ambition. The railways. New ideals ; the French Revo lution. The products follow the ideas. Bad management deforestation; American waste. American organization The states of Washington and Oregon. Culture and gathering of the apples. If only France knew ! . . .

Portland. The Sacramento. The gold seekers. The rose city, The automatic telephone. The Columbia River. The gold The progress of agriculture

Dry farming. The Mormons. Illegal but existing polygamy

75 82

93 98

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Chapter VI Colorado Page

1. The Rocky Mountains. Colorado Springs. The canon. The

cathedral spires. The prairie. The Indians . . . 103

2. Boulder University. The Easter Sunday. Presided over by the

Rocky Mountains 108

3. Denver. My lecturing in EngHsh. Sons and Daughters of the

Revolution. Follow the flag ! But have it in good hands. The lesson of the Spanish War. A cornet solo . . . 110

4. The Chamber of Commerce, the Press, the legislature of Colo-

rado. The governor of the state. His Honor the Mayor of Denver. The Press of Denver. The legislature. Lady members. The chief justice 115

Chapter VII

THE «' INEVITABLE .? WAR" BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN

1. Japan premeditating war ? Let us study the danger. Soap bubble 125

2. The worst hypotheses : A. The United States attacks Japan.

B. Japan attacks the United States ..... 128

3. The empire of the ocean ; an anachronic dream .... 133

Chapter VIII Lincoln— Kansas City

1. The capital of Nebraska. Life on board of the American rail-

ways ; cabins, cooking. Lincoln or Omaha ? The work of militia. Voluntary discipline. The pacific and patriotic doctrine. Wilham Jennings Bryan. The Hague capital of new ideals. American disinterestedness. France sower of seed. Alcoholism. Paris and pornography. Too many dogs and cats. Temperance ....... 134

2. Another new city. Kansas City. Agriculture center. Scarcity

of labor. The 938 school teachers. The Press. French horses. The automobiles and the plucky girls. The park. The boulevards. The Missouri's failure. The floods. The lady who wants to know. The Knife and Fork Club . . 144

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Chapter IX St. Louis — Louisiana Pagb

1. New France. The Mississippi. I see Cavalier de la Salle pass-

ing. The martyrdom of our pioneers. The foundation of St. Louis. The treaties of Utrecht and of Paris. The seUing of Louisiana. The funeral of the flag 155

2. The population. The cUmate of the United States. All kinds of

chmate. Floods and earthquakes. Peace necessary. Souvenirs of France. St. Louis exhibition. French and American idealism relatives but strangers 164

3. The French spirit. The French language. The country as it is.

Mr. Robert Brookings. They do not dare speak foreign languages. Happy change. A French lesson. The lesson of The Hague 171

4. The American devotedness. The paradise of American hospi-

tality. Human good will. Against skepticism. St. Louis expansion 180

Chapter X Twin Cities — Madison— Baseball

1. St. Paul and Minneapolis. The Seine and the Mississippi.

American jokes 184

2. The railroad crisis. Mr. James J. Hill. Outburst of prosperity.

No terminal facilities. The panic. The water traffic. The ladies of St. Paul and Minneapolis. French influence . . 188

3. Madison. The lakes. The legislature and the university of the

state of Wisconsin. " Our future is on the water." The constitution of the state of Wisconsin. Political economy. Social science and peace organization. Again the militia . 196

4. Baseball. The umpire. Early risers. The international clubs.

The " Marseillaise." Seeds of liberty 204

Chapter XI Milwaukee— The Growth And Decline Of German Influence

The city and the surroundings. The well-deserved success of the Germans. France's disasters, but no decadence. The great revenge. German militarism against German idealism. The Americans and the Alsace-Lorraine question. Tired of

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PAGE

" Might makes Right." German imperialism a threat and a

disappointment 209

2. The catastrophe. The balance-sheet of war. What German

militarism has brought . 223

Chapter XII The States Of Illinois And Ohio

1. Chicago. Latest developments. The lake traffic. The drainage

canal. The town. The American luncheon. The Panama Canal. American Sunday. The orchestra hall . . , 233

2. Art, music, literature, science, philosophy 244

3. The American barber 250

4. The universities of Chicago and IlUnois. Chicago. Urbana.

The religion of the future. The Chinese revolution boycotted by European diplomacy 252

5. Women and the drink question 262

6. Cincinnati. The wealthy man who does good. The fine river.

Toledo, Indiana, Columbus, Cleveland, Dayton. Organization of peace and aviation. The need of this organization is shown by the present war . . . . o . . 264

7. End of the first part of my campaign 275

Chapter XIII The Springtime Of A Nation

1. Back to Washington. A non-central Federal center. Fate of a

world decided by one city and one man. Awakening. Outburst of spring. Residential quarter. Children. Society women. Springtime of a nation 279

2. Plan of the Federal city ; how it was carried out. Major L'Enfant.

The Capitol taking the place of the Pantheon. The spirit of Franklin. Pubhc spirit 285

3. City planning. Blessings of air and sunshine. Religion of beauty.

Walks. Children's crusades against dirt. Women again . 291

4. Washington's park. Trees, birds ; the eagle and the bluebird . 296

5. The art of gardening. Gardening is internationalized and democ-

ratized. Cheap horticulture. More pleasure for less trouble

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PAGE

and less cost Bouquets of leaves. Turfed walks. Creation

of natural taste 300

6. Mount Vernon and the White House. The American middle class and the traditions of the simple life. Pilgrimage to Mount Vernon. A city of gratitude. Visits to the White House in 1902, 1907, 1911, and 1912. Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Taft. My appeal to President Roosevelt in 1902. The Hague tribunal saved by the United States. Consequences of this action. Mr. Taft and arbitration treaties. Is their failure to be deplored.' The White House as battle field. Capital or court of a democracy ? The eagle or the star ? . 304

Chapter XIV The Idealistic Movement

Everything for the future : Education. Nation building . . . 315

1. Freedom of instruction : Generalization] impossible. Educational

estabhshments. Margaret Morrison School. Domestic economy. The dietitian. German teachers of French. One of the results of our wars. " E pluribus unum." The leaders of pubHc spirit. Trustees. Lafayette College. Columbia University. Harvard. Yale. Princeton. Coeducation. Vassar College. Girls' Normal College in New York. Meeting of school children. The protection of youth. The Sorbonne and the Boulevard St. Michel. The church as a school. Toleration at the universities. Freedom for educators . . 318

2. Lake Mohonk. The Brothers Smiley. The lake cure. Debat-

ing great ideas. Supporting great causes .... 338

3. The education of political parties. PoUtical classifications. Mis-

leading names. The dissatisfied. The center between the two wings. Progressives and Socialists. Comparative weakness of Socialism 343

4. The Indians. American impatience. History of colonization.

French and English. Spaniards and Puritans. Prairie Caesars . 351

5. The Negroes : the inevitable day of reckoning. The slave trade.

The war of secession. Negroes liberated but not made citizens. Mingling of races. Unassimilated population. The negro in a white democracy. Injustice to be confirmed or atoned for. Americans have faith 359

6. Religion : is it dying out or becoming modernized ? Competition

in well-doing. Religion of good. Christian Scientists.

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Mrs. Mary Baker Eddy. People who imagine themselves sick. Mind cures. The Scientists' newspaper. Their Mother Church in Boston. Union of religions. The spirit of the French Revolution. The Pioneer of pioneers. Sentiment and reason. Indifference to dogma. The Unitarians. Man's duties. Rival gods. Morality common to all. Back to the real Christian spirit. Phillips Brooks. The religion of the future. American women and secularization in France . 370

7. Civic and philanthropic works : the Presbyterian Church at Se-

attle. Pastor Matthews. Andrew Carnegie. Edwin Ginn. Scientific management. American museums. A model farm 397

8. Children. Teaching them how to play. Their need for life,

space, cheerfulness, light. Nature and especially quiet. Playground associations. Tadpoles. Imitation war. Bonfires. Excursions. John Brashear. Doing the honors of the sky. Libraries. John Bigelow. The pageant. The light of truth. The Christian command 407 i CHAPTER XV

I

I COMPETITION

1. Pittsburgh. Production. The circulation of things, men and 1 ideas. Fort Duquesne. . Fort Pitt. Pittsburgh. Gas, coal and I wheat one above the other. Blast furnaces. The apotheosis

of initiative. Conveyance by land and water . . . 418

2. Americans versus Americans. Pittsburgh's competitors. Chicago.

Railroads and canals. The Erie Canal. Duluth. Roads. I La Salle Creek. Disciplining Niagara. Education by gentle-

1 ness. Collective labor. Another moving house. Unloading

ore automatically at Buffalo 426

3. Competition from Canada. The two banks of the Niagara. Re-

venge after prolonged disdain. A clear field. Four months of hot weather. The population of Canada. Agriculture. Motoculture. Pere Monnier. Three transcontinental railj roads. Navigation on rivers, canals and lakes. Hudson

Bay. Our slowness. The port of Brest. The armed peace system. A century of peace between England and America. ! Contagious dreadnought fever . . .... 444

\ 4. Universal competition. The West Indies. South America. The

African continent. From the Nile to the Zambesi. From

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Morocco to the Cape. Asia. Turkey. American ignorance of Russia. A Canada in Europe and Asia. Competition from old countries. Great and small powers. Scandinavia. Americans between two fires 467

Chapter XVI America's Duty

1. Pensions. The army and navy : 440 million dollars spent in

pensions. The professional army. The militia. The navy. The United States protected by two oceans. A race to ruin. \ " Ships that are too big." Progress in submarines, mines and

torpedoes. Expenditure. Dissatisfaction. Ports for all. The true American navy. The Naval School at Annapolis. The danger of an American navy and the poHcy of intervention. The lessons of the great war of 1914-1915 . 479

2. The colonies. Imperialism and its vicious circle. The Pacific

Ocean an American lake or the Pacific islands neutralized.-* The Philippines. Machinery wanted 497

3. Panama. The Panama Canal repudiated by the French republic.

Charles de Lesseps in prison. Resurrection. The forthcoming opening. A tribute to President Roosevelt and American energy. Fortifications. Enfeeblement through militarism. Possession or destruction of the canal. Preferential tolls. Treaty violation. Arbitration suggested and rejected. The actual war : neutrality not indifference . . 501

4. Customs tariffs. Pessimism : Putting tariffs into operation worse

than tariffs themselves. Inadequate justice. Administrative habits contrary to national ideaUsm. Parliamentary control a farce. Elected representatives as slaves. Pork-barrel legislation. Organization of the Grand Army of the Republic. " Patriotic " military and naval leagues. Electoral reform. Newspapers. Customs of legislation. PubUc spirit will reform the administration. Reply to pessimists. New currents of foreign immigration in the United States .... 513

5. Conclusion : Distance between the United States and their gov-

ernment. Americans faithful to the Mount Vernon traditions, but the government has moved away from them. Birth of imperiaUsm. The 1912 election. The rights of man and the right of peoples. The renovation of Europe. Interest and duty of the United States 518

Appendix : My New Year's letter 525

PART I THE COUNTRY

Chapter I From Washington To Texas And The Mexican Frontier

I. On the Way to Washington: crossing the Ocean. The lesson of the Titanic. The port, progress and mistakes of New York. The demoraHzing skyscraper. — 2. Philadelphia. American independence. Franco-American work. Newspapers, photographers and phonographs. — 3. The Mexican Revolution. American Macchiavellis. A collective intervention ? — 4. Washington. The Bureau of the American Republics. An international center. Pan-American conciliation. Baltimore. Exchanges of teachers and students. Johns Hopkins University. The French Diplomacy. Good men and bad organization. No information from France, but a daily hint from Paris. French taste. — 5. New Orleans. French names; French initiative, French souvenirs; French ingratitude. Tulane University. — 6. Texas. New Orleans and Texas remind me of North Africa. The Texan desert and the miracles of American energy. The resurrection of Galveston. Austin University. San Antonio and the American army. El Paso reminds me of a Turkish garrison. The end of the Mexican administration.