The horse

Front matter

H

THE HOESE,

BY WILLIAM YOUATT.

Preface To The London Edition

PUBLISHED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION

OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.

The First Edition of The Horse, which was completed in the year 1831, has since had a large and continued sale: and in acknowledging the valuable communications which have been made for the improvement of the work, it is satisfactor}' to the Committee to be able to state, that no grave errors in it have been pointed out.

Vetermary science has, however, made great progress in the last twelve years; the Structure of the Horse, the Injuries and Diseases to which he is subject, and the Treatment of these have been investigated, in this country and abroad, with much dihgence and success, both at Colleges and in Societies devoted to the cultivation of Veterinary knowledge, and by practitioners whose education and experience render their observations worthy of great respect.

In these circumstances, the Society intrusted to the Author the preparation of a New Edition of this Treatise ; and he has subjected it to so complete a revision, as to render it in many respects a new work. This remark applies especially to the chapters relating to the Diseases of the Horse.

Respectfully submitted,

By order of the Committee, THOMAS COATES, Sec.

42 Bedford Square, London, 1st March 1843.

1 * (5)

PEEEACE,

BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR.

In undertaking, at the instance of the American publishers, to prepare a new edition of the last London copy of the work here presented, on he Horse ; it has been my endeavour to ad^pt it more exactly to the circumstances of our own country ; and by omitting some portions of the original, not immediately illustrative of the principal subject, to reduce the volume, without impairing its value for practical uses.

Few things have occurred, serving better at once to characterize and accelerate the march of intellect and benevolence which distinguishes the age in which we live, than the well-known formation, in England, of a " Society fou the DIF^usI0^^ of Useful Knowledge;" composed, as it is, of men of the highest repute in the various departments of learning and industry; headed by Lord Brougham.

Their proceedings, as far as published, all show them to be animated by a generous desire to collect, simplify, and publish in the cheapest form, the latest and most authentic discoveries and improvements in science, and in arts promotive of the comfort and happiness of the human race. Under their auspices, several series of publications have appeared, one of which is denominated the " Farmer's Series." Of this class, the first is the book on the Horse. That the Horse shouki have been placed at the head of the list of domestic animals, having in view a treatise on the breeds, properties and uses of each, is a distinction to which he is justly entitled, in reference as well to the beautiful symmetry of his form, and his extraordinary physical powers, as to his admirable docility of temper, and high moral qualities, fitting him eminently for the various purposes of pleasure and of business.

In the work to which we are now introducing the reader, pruned, as it has been, of some preliminary chapters, he will find little to amuse him, of a character merely curious and speculative ; the mysteries of charlatanry, and the nostrums of empiricism, have been carefully excluded; and where terms of anatomical and medical science have been necessarily employed, they are explained, and applied with a degree of plainness and precision, which bring them within the ready compre hension oi' every reader

vi)

PREFACE. VI]

The task of preparation to render the present edition more useful for '\naerican readers, has consisted chiefly in what will be found prefixed *o it, on the various stages which have marked and acts which have contributed to the improvement o( the English stock of horses; some of the best of which, as is more particularly shown, have been imported into the United States, from time to time, for the last century or more — as also, and more particularly, of what is said of the American Trotting Horse. To these have been added, a dissertation on the natural history and uses of the Ass and the Mule; the last named animal being decerned worthy of especial notice, on account of its utility and economy, in American agriculture ; and the yet greater extent to which it is believed it might be employed with advantage in this, as it is known to be in some other countries.

But without presuming to recommend the work on account of any observations of his own, the American Editor, who has himself written volumes to illustrate and defend the interests of American husbandry, does venture, with the utmost confidence, to pronounce the work itself to be one which every gentleman may read with certainty of instruction — leaving, as it does, in truth, nothing untold, which need be known of the Horse, in his minutest anatomy, with full directions as to breeding and breaking, food and exercise ; as, also, plain descriptions of his various diseases, and their most simple and certain cures. Such a work ought to be in the possession, for convenient reference, of every owner of horses, whether for the coach, the saddle, the cart, or the plough. The great value attached to this work, and its entire success in England, may be understood, when we state that the new edition just published in London, and from which the present is reprinted, has been nearl}' rewritten by the author, and improved by the insertion of many new cuts, prepared for it by a distinguished artist.

J. S. S.

Washington, May, 1843.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

I TROTTING MATCH IN HARNESS Frontispieck.

2. HEAD OF THE BLACK ARABIAN Title.

3. SKELETON OF THE HORSE Page 68

4. BONES OF THE HORSE'S HEAD 70

5. SECTION OF THE HORSE'S HEAD 72

6. DIAGRAM OF THE SKULL 75

7. OCCIPITAL BONE OF THE HORSE 77

8. SPINAL CHORD, WITH BRANCHING NERVES 80

9. SECTION OF THE EYE 86

!0. MUSCLES OF THE EYE 92

11. HORSE LABOURING UNDER LOCK-JAW 103

12. ANATOMY OF THE LEG AND FOOT 113

13. SECTION OF THE UPPER JAW BONE 123

14. MUSCLES, NERVES, AND BLOOD-VESSELS OF THE HEAD AND

UPPER PART OF THE NECK 125

15. THE PALATE 142

16. GLENOID CAVITY OF THE HORSE AND TIGER COMPARED 143

17. TEETH OF A FOAL A FEW DAYS AFTER BIRTH. 144

18. TEETH OF A FOAL AT TWO MONTHS 144

19. TEETH OF A FOAL AT TWELVE MONTHS 145

20. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF A GRINDER 145

21. TEETH AT THE AGE OF A YEAR AND A HALF 146

22. TEETH AT THE AGE OF THREE YEARS 147

23. TEETH AT THE AGE OF THREE YEARS AND A HALF 147

24. TEETH AT THE AGE OF FIVE YEARS 148

25. TEETH AT THE AGE OF SIX YEARS 148

26. TEETH AT THE AGE OF SEVEN YEARS 149

27. TEETH AT THE AGE OF EIGHT OR NINE YEARS.— Bishoped 149

28. FINEST SHAPE FOR THE NECK AND HEAD 159

29. THE RIBS AND VERTEBRAE 167

31. TERMINATION OF THE ESOPHAGUS 222

32. THE BOT-FLY IN ITS VARIOUS STAGES 224

34 SECTION OF THE BLIND GUT 229

35. ENTANGLEMENT OF THE SMALL INTESTINES 239

36. CURVED AND STRAIGHT CATHETER 247

37. BONES OF THE LEGS 256

38. SIMPLE LEVER 257

39. MUSCLES OF THE OUTSIDE OF THE SHOULDER 259

40. MUSCLES OF THE INSIDE OF THE SHOULDER AND FOREARM. .. 260

41. SECTION OF THE PASTERN 272

42. INSIDE VIEW OF THE BONES OF THE PASTERN 276

43. OUTSIDE VIEW OF THE BONES OF THE PASERN 276

44. ATTACHMENTS OF THE MUSCLES OF THE PASTERN 276

45. DISEASES OF THE FORE-LEG 277

46. INSIDE MUSCLES OF THE HIND-LEG 281

47. OUTSIDE MUSCLES OF THE HIND-LEG 282

48. THE HAUNCH AND HIND-LEGS 283

49. THE HOCK-JOINT 286

50. ANATOMY OF THE FOOT 295

51. ANATOMY OF THE BASE OF THE FOOT 295

.52. THE CORONARY RING 297

53. PERCIVALL'S SUSPENSATORY APPARATUS FOR THE CURE OF

54. THE CONCAVE-SEATED SHOE 338

55. THE UNILATERAL 339

56. OPERATION FOR CORNS 340

57. PERCIVALL'S SANDAL 343

58. PERCIVALL'S SANDAL FASTENED TO THE FOOT 344

Contents

INTRODUCTION, BY J. S. SKINNER.

The Horse, in England and America — as he lias been, and as he is. .lage 17

Lindsay's Arabian 34

CHAPTER II. The Sensorial function ^'''

C CONTENTS.

CHAPTER m.

i'njuries a>'d Diseases of the Skull — the Brain — the Ears — and

THE Eyes „ 93

Fracture OH

Exostosis 9-i

Caries 91

Compression of the Brain 94

Pressure on the Brain 04

Megrims 94

Apoplexy 95

Phrenitis 98

Rabies, or Madness 100

Tetanus, or Locked Jaw 103

Cramp 106

Stringhalt 107

Chorea 109

Fits, or Epilepsy 109

Palsy 109

Rheumatism 110

Neurotomy Ill

Insanity , 115

Diseases of the Eye 116

Common Inflammation of the Eye 117

Specific Ophthalmia, or Moon-Blindness 117

Gutta Serena 121

Diseases of the Ear 121

leafness 122

CHAPTER IV. Tin A.WAT05IY AND DiSEASES OF THE NoSE AND McUTII 122

Nasal Polypus 12G

Nasal Gleet, or Discharge from the Nose 127

Ozena 128

Farcy 1 36

The Lips 139

The Bones of the Mouth .■ 141

The Palate 141

Lampas 142

The Lower Jaw 142

Dis<;ases of the Teeth 151

CONTENTS. XI

The Tongue 152

Diseases of the Tongue 152

The Salivary Glands 15;f

Strangles 154

The Pharynx 156

CHAPTER V. Fhe Anatomy and Diseases op the Neck and Neighbouring Parts 157

Poll-Evil 157

The Muscles and proper form of the Neck 158

The Blood- Vessels of the Neck IGl

The Veins of the Neck 161

Inflammation of the Vein 161

The Palate 163

The Larynx 163

The Trachea or Windpipe 164

Tracheotomy ". . . 165

The Bronchial Tubes 160

CHAPTER VI. FiiE Chest 167

The Spine and Back 171

The Loins 172

The Withers 173

Muscles of the Back 173

Fistulous Withers 174

Warbles, Sitfasts, and Saddle Galls 174

Muscles of the Breast 175

Chest-Founder 175

CHAPTER VII. The Contents of the Chest 175

The Thymus Gland 175

The Diaphragm 176

Rupture of the Diaphragm 177

The Pleura 179

The Lungs 181

The Heart 181

Diseases of the Heart 182

The Arteries 184

The Pulse 184

Inflammation 185 xii CONTENTS.

The Veins 1^^

Bog and Blood Spavin 188

Bleeding 189

CHAPTER Vni.

The Membrane of the Nose 191

Catarrh, or Cold 192

Inflammation of the Larynx 193

Inflammation of the Trachea 194

Roaring • 1 94

Bronchocele 197

The Malignant Epidemic 203

Bronchitis 205

Pneumonia — Inflammation of the Lungs 20G

Chronic Cough 211

Thick Wind 212

Broken Wind 21S

Phthisis Pulmonalis, or Consumption 215

CHAPTER IX. Bots 224

The Liver 230

The Pancreas 231

The Spleen 231

The Omentum 231

CHAPTER X. The Diseases of the Intestines 232

The Duodenum 232

Spasmodic Colic 232

Flatulent Colic 234

Inflammation of the Bowels 235

Enteritis 235

Physicking 237

Calculi, or Stones, in the Intestines 238

Introsusception of the Intestines 238

PjHtanglement of the Bowels 239

Worms 330

CONTENTS. Xlli

Hernia, or Rupture 240

Diseases of the Liver 241

Jaundice 242

Tlie Kidneys 243

Inflammation of the Kidneys 244

Diabetes, or Profuse Staling 245

Bloody Urine — Haematuria 245

Albuminous Urine 245

The Bladder 245

Inflammation of the Bladder 246

Stone in the Bladder 246

CHAPTER XL

Castration 254

CHAPTER XII. The Shoulder 255

Sprain of the Shoulder 255

Slanting direction of the Shoulder 256

The Humerus, or Lower Bone of the Shoulder 260

The Arm 261

The Knee 264

Broken Knees 265

The Leg 267

Splint 268

Sprain of the Back-Sinews 269

Wind-Galls 271

The Pasterns 272

Lesions of the Suspensory Ligament 274

The Fetlock 275

Grogginess 275

Cutting 275

Sprain of the Coffin-Joint 277

Ringbone 277

CHAPTER XIII. The Haunch 279

The Thigh 279

The Stifle 283

Thorough-Pin 285

The Hock 285

TIV CONTENTS.

Enlargement of the Hock 286

Curb 287

Bog Spavin 287

Bone Spavin 288

Capped Hock 290

Mallenders and Sallenders 291

Swelled Legs 291

Grease 292

CHAPTER XIV. The Crust or Wall of the Hoof 296

The Coronary Ring 297

The Bars 297

The Horny Lamince 298

The Sole 298

The Frog 299

The Coffin-Bone 300

The Sensible Sole • 300

The Sensible Frog 301

The Navicular Bone 301

The Cartilages of the Foot 301

CHAPTER XV. The Diseases of the Foot 302

Inflammation of the Foot, or Acute Founder 302

Chronic Laminitis 304

Pumiced Feet 304

Contraction 305

The Navicular-Joint Disease 309

Sand-Crack 311

Tread and Over-reach 312

False Quarter 313

Quittor 313

Prick or Wound in the Sole or Crust 315

Corns 317

Thrush 318

Canker 320

Ossification of the Cartilages 321

Weakness of the Foot 321

CHAPTER XVI. Kractukes : 322

CONTENTS.

X7

CHAPTER XVII. On Shoeing 33J^

The putting on the Shoe 335

Calkins 33G

Chps 337

The hinder Shoe 337

Different kinds of Shoes 337

The Concave-seated Shoe 337

The Unilateral, or one side nailed Shoe 339

The Hunting Shoe 340

The Bar-Shoe 34O

Tips 311

The Expanding Shoe 341

Felt or Leather Soles 341

CHAPTER XVIII. Bleeding 345

Blistering 346

Firing ; 347

Setons 349

Docking 350

Nicking 351

CHAPTER XIX. The Vices and Disagreeable or Dangerous Habits of the Horse 353

Restiveness 353

Backing or Gibbing 356

Biting 357

Getting the Cheek of the Bit into the Mouth 358

Kicking 358

Unsteadiness while being Mounted 359

Rearing 359

Running Away 359

Vicious to Clean 360

Vicious to Shoe 360

Swallowing without Grinding 360

Crib-Biting 361

Wind-Sucking 362

Cutting 36ii

Not Lying Down 362

Overreach 362

Pawing 363

\Vl CONTENTS.

Quidding 363

Rolling 363

Shying 363

Slipping the Collar 365

Tripping 366

Weaving 366