The Bible and slavery

Front matter

iii li:

iilR

IN WHICH

Preface

During the last twenty-three years, or since 1834, the writer of these pages employed much of his time and attention on the subject of slavery. He commenced editorial life, January 1, 1884, and eighteen and a half years since that time has been occupied as an editor of the religious press. Throughout this period, the discussion of slavery formed a part of his official duties. On this account, he felt himself bound, as far as in him lay, to become professionally acquainted with the subject. He had access to all the leading weeklies, monthlies, and quarterlies of the times, and this subject has all along occupied considerable portions of these publications. The various pamphlets and books issued from the press, during the modern controversies on slavery, have been carefully consulted, whether those in reference to the abolition of the African slave-trade. West India emancipation, or the issues of the last twenty-five years, on American slavery. In prosecuting the subject in reference to the Christian Church, it was indispensable to have recourse to the great law codes of the Roman republic and empii^e, as contained in the Theodosian code, and the compilation of Justinian, as well as the canon law, as these are the leading standards. The Latin and Greek fathers, too, as well as the classical Greek and Latin writers, furnish very important matter on some portions of the general subject.

When the author of this volume was specially appointed, in 1848, to write the history of the events connected with the secession of a portion of Southern Methodists from the Methodist Episcopal Church, the whole subject of slavery was necessarily in his theme; and after maturely examining the entire ground, his subject naturally was divided into three parts. First, the evil nature of slavery; Second, slavery as it stands connected with the Church; and. Third, as it stood related to the Methodist Episcopal Church, in those difficulties which led to a considerable separation from her fold, in 1845.

The first part of the discussion led to the consideration of slavery in its evil moral character, which is proved from its evil origin, its injustice, its wrongs, its conflict with Christian principles and the Christian spirit, and from its evil effects on all concerned in it. This part of the subject was published six years ago, or in 1851, by Swormstedt & Power, Cincinnati, in two volumes, duodecimo. There is sufficient proof that these volumes have done good service in the Church, in establishing many in the south as to the wrongs of slavery. In the north, it has satisfied thousands, that as this work is in accordance with the teachings of the Methodist Episcopal Church, on the subject on which it treats, the Church herself can not be unsound on this topic. In short, the approbation of all whose suffrage may be deemed valuable, has been given to this part of our subject. The late Dr. Bond, on several occasions, informed the author that the work was unanswerable, and that the writer of it, in consequence, had a decided advantage over his opponents on those points in dispute, between him and them in other parts of the controversy. On review, after the lapse of six years, the writer of these two volumes sees nothing material in them which he would now change. And from all he can infer from the objections of opponents, or the approval of friends, this part of the discussion is suflSciently sustained as far as the author is concerned.

Before the second part of the discussion could be prepared for the press, it was necessary to publish "The History of the Great Secession," which was accordingly printed in one large octavo, in 1855, or two years ago. This involved the principles comprised in the other two parts, and they were used as occasion called for them in the historical narrative. This volume is composed, to some extent, of Church annals, which it was necessary to preserve and arrange, for the future protection of the Church. This work, of course, will never pay the author or the publishers of it, in a pecuniary point of view. But its material is such that it was necessary to be preserved for the benefit of the rising generations.

The present volume — which is entitled, " The Bible and Slavery" — comprises a thorough discussion of the relations of the Bible, historically and theoretically, to the system of slavery. The chapter on patriarchal service, under Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, will show how their treatment of the slavery of their times led gradually to its destruction. The influence of circumcision on it led to its overthrow. The principles of justice and judgment practiced by these patriarchs warred against it, and the leading element of slavery, that " the child follows the condition of the mother," was overturned in the families of Abraham and Jacob. Ishmael, the son of the slave, Hagar, who became the freed-woman of Abraham, was free, as well as his descendants. The four sons of Jacob's two slave-wives, who afterward became freed-women, were patriarchs, or heads of tribes, equally with the other sons of Jacob. And when Jacob descended to Egypt, there were no slaves or servants to go with him.

The cases of Joseph and the Israelites in Egypt, are the proper types of the reigning slave systems of the times.

The chapters on the Mosaic code will show^ that slavery could not or did not live where, and as long as it was observed. The chapter on Roman slavery, which cost much labor, it is hoped will be acceptable to the reader. The exegesis and apiDlication of the Pauline discipline, it is presumed, will satisfy the greater number of unprejudiced persons.

In preparing the chapter on Roman law, there was very little truly available to be found in the English language. What may be culled from the treatises on Greek and Roman antiquities, and the classical dietionaries. will be found very defective indeed, as to any accurate discussion on the merits of the leading topics. The writer was therefore compelled to have recourse to original documents alone as the only reliable source of information. With these solely he prepared the chapter mentioned above, by reading and analyzing all he could find in them on the subject under inquiry. After this chapter was prepared, he found two works which would have aided him much, had he possessed them in time. The one is Blair on Slavery, which is a valuable book, and, as far as it goes, very accurate. This work confirmed fully what had been deduced from the original sources. Another publication of very great merit was obtained, in French, by Mallon. This work is infinitely superior to all in the English language on the subject of the Church and slavery. After perusing every word of it carefully, during the session of the late General conference, while watching over the little daily in Indianapolis, we found these volumes to sustain in full the brief outlines which had been prepared without any aid other than the original authorities themselves. Should any thing further be needed on the subject, the republication of Blair in this country, and the translation of Mallon would satisfy the inquiries of intelligent, candid men.

Though the author has, from the best and most reliable sources, prepared a thorough digest of the discipline of the post-apostolic Church upon the subject of slavery, after mature deliberation, he determined to send out the Biblical discussion as an independent and separate publication. He has not written a word or a sentence that, as he believes, in its connection, can be fairly construed in favor of slavery. The author feels himself relieved of a considerable task, in having completed, although imperfectly, what he has had so long on hand. He would now commit all to the providence of God, and implore him to bless what is good and right, and counteract whatever of error may be found in any of these volumes. He desires also, finally, to render to almighty God his sincere thanks for all his mercies, in sparing life and giving health to complete a service in itself imperfect, as other human performances are.

Charles Elliott.

Cincinnati, 0., 1857.

Introduction

1. Service and slavery the subject of Divine legislation 23

Slavery is condedHed by Scripture, page 23. Service a necessary institution, and approved of God, p. 24.

2. Difference between service and slavery 24

3. Slavery defined. 24

By the civil law, p. 25. The laws of Louisiana, p. 25. Of South Carolina, p. 26. Judge Stroud, p. 26. General views, p. 26.

4. Various ways of becoming slaves 26

Enumeration by Justinian, p. 27. Other modes, p. 27.

5. floral characteristics of slavery 28

6. Slavery the creature of law 29

Civil law quoted, p. 29. It is contrary to the law of nature and to the Divine law, p. 29. It exists by unjust human laws, p. 30.

7. The relation of the Church to slavery 31

Chapter II. Patriarchal Service

1. Preliminary remarks 32

Origin of slavery in the world, page 32. Mixed service among the patriarchs, p. 32. The religious patriarchs not slaveholders, p. 33.

2. Meaning of the Hebrew and Greek words rendered servant,

slave, etc 33

3. The curse pronounced on Cain 34

4. Patriarchal government. 36

(1. ) How Abraham's servants were obtained, p. 36. (2.) Religious character of Abraham, p. 37. ( 3. ) His servants were circumcised, p. 38. Religious element in this service, p. 39. It secured religious instruction, p. 39. And final liberty, p. 40.

5. Various ways in which Abraham became possessed of servants •• 40

Some were obtained by being proselytes, p. 40.

6. Others were bought with monei/ 41

The mere purchase determines nothing, p. 42. ( 1. ) Buying of personal property, p. 42. (2.) How God buys or purchases his people, p. 42. ( 3. ) Service was purchased, p. 43. ( 4. ) Wives were purchased, p. 43. (5.) Joseph bought the

Egyptians, p. 44. (6.) Purchase of Joseph involves slavery, p. 44. ( 7. ) Mere purchase does not involve slavery, as shown in purchasing for passage money, p. 45. (8.) Buying merely does not sanction slavery, p. 45.

7. Others were horn in his house 46

These were instructed and circumcised, p. 46.

8. Some were obtained by gift 47

9. Abraham arming his servants inconsistent with slavery 47

10. Abraham's servants were voluntary 48

11. He employed no force 49

12. The social condition of Abraham's servants forbids slavery 49

13. The patriarchs never sold their servants 50

14. The classing of servants with cattle, sheep, etc., does not prove

they were slaves 51

15. The case of Isaac considered 52

Does not favor slavery, p. 52.

16. The case of Jacob 53

His service to Laban, p. 54. To what extent he had servants, p. 55. No slavery in his case, p. 557 Services of Esau to Jacob, p. 55. Jacob had no servants when Joseph was sold, nor when he went down to Egypt, p. 66.

17. Service connected with the secondary wives of the patriarchs •• • 57

Hagar, p. 57. The secondary wives of Jacob, p, 58. First. These maids did not remain slaves, p. 59. Second. They were wives, p. 59. Third. Their children were equal or secondary inheritors, p. 60. Fourth. Their children were not slaves, p. 60.

18. Points of contrast between patriarchal service and slavery 61

Chapter III. Patriaechal Slavery

Service and slavery existed among the patriarchs 65

1. The moral character of the enslavers 65

( 1. ) They were wicked, page 65. ( 2. ) Were under the power of bad passions, p. 66. (3.) Determined to kill him, p. 66. (4.) Their conspiracy, p. 66. (5.) They forcibly seized him, p. 66. Their moral picture drawn, p. 67. Five characteristics given, p. 67.

2. The protest of Reuben 68

Speech of Josephus on the case, p. 69. The protests of good men in all ages, p. 69. The argument of Judah answers for all, p. 70.

3. Commutation of slavery for death 70

The argument of Judah for this, p. 70. It satisfied them,

71. The deception in the matter, p. 71. The theft, p. 71. 'he sin of the act, p. 72. Strictures on the commutation, p. 72. (1.) It has been the source of slavery, p. 72. Justinian quoted, p. 73. (2.) It is unjust, and founded in injustice, p. 74. Blackstone quoted, p. 74. (3.) The jarq/^f of the commutation, p. 74. (4.) Our sales compared to that of Joseph, p. 75. (5.) It was theft, p. 76. (6.) It was sinful, p. 77. Two cases given, p. 78. (7.) The c?eception, 78.

4. The slave-dealers in Joseph's case and our system compared, and

identified 79

Negro dogs, p. 81. Sale of Mr. Hill's slaves, p. 82.

"fn

5. Grief of Jacob 86

A case given, p. 87. Case of Daliah, p. 88. Other cases similar to Jacob's, p. 88.

6. Distress and suffering of Joseph 89

Similar sufferings of our slaves, p. 90. Are deprived of liberty, p. 90. This is done by force, p. 91. His unavailing prayers, p. 91. Our gag-laws, p. 92. He was converted into property, p. 92. The producers, traders, consumers, p. 92. The anguish of slaves, p. 93. Separation of children from parents, p. 9-i. Changes of masters, p. 94. Longings for liberty, p. 95. The slaves forgotten, p. 95.

7. Providence of God over Joseph - • 96

Lessons derived from it, p. 96.

8. Reverse of circumstances of enslavers 97

Anxiety of Joseph's brethren, p. 97. In our case, p. 98. Observations on our slavery, p. 98.

9. Our confession and remorse compared to those of Joseph's

brethren - 99

10. Contrast the slavery of Joseph with the service under Abraham,

Isaac, and Jacob 99

11. Identity of our slavery with that of Josej)h 100

Chapter IV, Egyptian Bondage

The principles of this bondage and slavery the same in substance- •• 103

1. Egyptian bondage was subjection to the government, and not to

individuals 103

The Hebrews enslaved as a nation or people, and not as individuals, page 103.

2. The service of Egypt more mild than our slavery 104

Instances given, p. 104.

3. Wherein Egyptian bondage consisted i • • 105

Compared with our slavery, p. 107.

4. The new king that did not know Joseph • . . . » 108

5. Points of resemblance between Egyptian bondage and our slavery- 109

6. The Egyptians did not want to lose the services of the Hebrews- 111

Our system compared in this respect, p. 111.

7. Increasing number and power of the Hebrews a ground of fear.. 112

Comparison with our system, p. 113.

8. Danger of insurrection 114

Tiie Greeks noticed, p. 115. The Romans, p. 115. Dangers in our system, and means to avert it, p. 115.

9. Prayer of the Israelites to God — and of our slaves 118

10. God's respect to their prayers 119

( 1. ) Bondage, its grievance, p. 119. ( 2. ) The oppressed have access to God, p. 120. (3.) His covenant secures redress, p. 120. ( 4. ) His attributes against oppression, p. 121.

11. The mission of Moses 121

Allies of our slaves, p. 122.

12. Punishments on the Egyptians 122

Analogy between them and us, p. 123.

13. Deliverance in their case and ours founded on the same princi-

ples of justice and mercy 123

(1.) The injustice the same, p. 123. Force the support

of both, p. 124, Example of women laboring, p. 124.

(2.) Threatenings are alike, p. 125. (3.) Judgments will be the same, p. 125. (4.) Deliverance will be the same, p. 125. '

14. Arguments from Egyptian bondage against slavery 126

U.) A general argument, p. 126. (2.) Because they were strangers and bondmen, they should not oppress strangers, p. 127. ( 3. ) Redemption from bondage a reason against all bondage of Hebrews, p. .129. (4.) The Jewish code prohibits all slavery, p. 129.

Chapter V. Mosaic Code — Classes Of Servants

The code appealed to to support slavery 130

Order of discussion, page 130.

1. The hired servant j3 j

2. The sexennial servant j^oo

Law in his case— its meaning, p. 133. Meaning of buy, p. 133, He and his family freed, p. 135. The gratuity conferred on him when freed, p. 135. He was no slave,

3. Ear-bored servant 237

He was a contractor in the matter, p. 138. The master was bound by the contract, p. 138, Meaning oi forever, p. 138.

4. Wife and children of the ear-bored servant 139

The wife was a heathen, p. 139, Marriage not dissolved, p. 139. Children were free, p. 140.

5. The daughter sold for a wife 141

The law in the case, p. 141. ( 1.) Her father sold her, p, 142. ( 2. ) She was purchased for a wife, p, 142. ( 3, ) The master could not sell her, p, 142. (4,) If married to his son, she is to be treated as a daughter, p. 142. (5.) If she does not become a wife, she is free, p. 143.

6. The Hebrew non-freeholder sold to a Hebrew I43

(1.) Not a freeholder— his gratuity, p. 144. (2.) Difference between the hired and bought servant, p. 144, The bought were superior, p. 144, (3.) Political imvileges, p. 145. (4.) His treatment more lenient than that of the heathen, p. 146. (5. ) ^'ot to be ruled with rigor, p, 146.

7. The Hebrew sold to a stranger, I47

(1.) The purchaser a sojourner, p, 148. (2.) The servant a freeholder, p. 148. (3.) Had the right of redemption, p, 148. (4.) To be treated as a yearly hired servant, or with respect, p. 149. (5.) To be free at the jubilee, p. 149. (6,) Reason for the law, p. 149,

8. The thief sold for theft 15X

9. The heathen servants 1 51

The law in the case, Leviticus xxv, 44-46, p. 151. This forriK the strongest ground for the pro-slavery advocate, p. 152. Errors of commentators on this point, p. 153, First. The stranger was purchased, p. 153. The heathen stranger, p, 153. Proselyte of the gate, p. 154. Proselyte of justice, p, 154, The poor only became servants, p. 155. Second. Legal restraints and disabilities laid on the stranger, p. 155. (1.) He could not be king, p, 155. (2,) Nor be exempt from usury, p, 156, (3.) Nor oppress a Hebrew, p. 156, (4.) He could be punished for blasphemy, p, 156, (5.) Must abstain from leaven, p. 157. (6.) Could not eat the passover before circumcision, p, 157. (7.) Timo of service, p. 157, Third. Privileges of tlie strangers, p. 157, Fourth. Religious duties of servants, p. 161. Fifth. The names bondmen and bondmaids considered, p. 162, iiixth. Meaning of buy, sold, p. 163. Seventh. Meaning oi forever, p. 164, Eighth. He was free at the jubilee, p. 165. Ninth. Meaning of inheritance, 2)o88c8- sion, p. 165. Tenth. No ground for slavery, p. 166.

Chapter VI. Mosaic Code — Constitutional Laws

II. Constitutional laws 168

Principles and usages of service among the Hebrews 168

These derived from heathen nations 168

The Mosaic code nullified these, and prohibited slavery 168

1. Canaan was to be, by promise, a free country 169

This is embraced in the Abrahamic promise, page 169. How this was fulfilled, p. 169,

2. Slavery was prohibited in condemning Egyptian bondage 170

3. The essential acts of enslavement forbidden as capital crimes by

a fundamental law, Exodus xxxi, 16, 170

4. The absence of a slave code in the law of Moses, and the presence

of a prohibitory one 172

5. The decalogue condemns, prohibits, and makes penal the system

of slavery ] 72

The fifth commandment, p. 173. The seventh, p, 173. The eighth, p. 174, The tenth, p. 174. No support for slavery in fourth and tenth commandments, p, 174. (1.) No servants among the Hebrews were slaves, p, 175. (2.) Servants were not property any more than wives, sons, and daughters, p. 175, (3.) The prohibition of eovetousness condemns slavery, p. 175, (4,) The fifth, seventh, and eighth commandments condemn slavery, p, 175.

7. The prohibition in respect of persons condemns slavery 176

8. The rights and privileges secured to servants prohibit slavery- •• 176

9. The Hebrew language has no word for slavery 178

10. The servant could never be sold •• .' 179

They could be bought, but not sold, p, 179, They were not subject to the uses of property, p, 179. Were in covenant relation, p, 180. They were voluntary servants and received wages, p. 180.

11. No fugitive slave could be arrested 180

(1.) The fugitive was not a Hebrew, p. 180. (2,) He was a foreigner or stranger, p. 181, (3,) He was under the protection of the magistrates, p, 181, (4,) Palestine was the asylum for slaves, p, 182. (5.) The Mosaic law excluded slavery in recognizing fugitive slaves as freemen, p. 182. (6,) No law to seize fugitive slaves could ever be made, p, 182. (7.) This law shows the evil nature of slavery, p. 182, (8.) The Hebrew nation an example of a free nation, p, 183, (9,) Our Fugitive-Slave law condemned by the Mosaic anti-fugitive-slave law, p. 183. ( 10, ) The Mosaic code different from ours, p, 183,

12. The Sabbatic year at war with slavery 184

The law of this institution, p, 184, The provisions of the law, p. 185. Hebrew servants released in this year, p. 185.

Page,

13. The jubilee set all servants free 186

14. No Scriptural or other account of a slave system among the

Jews 188

15. The penal sanctions of Moses do not belong to a slave system,

but to a free ISO

(1.) Case of a servant corrected with a rod — Plato quoted, p. 189. (2.) Case of a servant killed b^f an ox, p. 190. (3.) Case when an eye or tooth Avas struck out, p. 191. (4.) Case of the betrothed bondmaid when assaulted, p. 192.

16. Summary of the constitutional laws 192

CH APTEE VII.

MOSAIC CODE — EIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES OB SERVANTS.

III. Rights and pkitileges op servants 196

1. All servants of strangers were proselytes 196

2. The master was compelled to keep the Hebrew servant if re-

quired. 196

3. Yarious rights — religious instruction — were guests at festivals —

had much time at command. 196

4. The servant was protected by law equally with others 198

5. Affection and love were to be exercised toward them 199

6. Servants were not to be vexed or oppressed 199

7. The poor were provided for 199

8. Servants might hold property 200

9. They received tuages. 201

10. Were equal to their masters in all civil rights 201

11. The gratuities conferred at the end of the term of service. 201

12. Servants received into covenant relation. 201

IV. Comparison of service and slavery 201

1. The two codes are from different origins 203

2. The one system is hereditary— the other by contract 203

3. The law of love governs Hebrew service; the law of enmity,

slavery • 203

4. Service was voluntary ; slavery is by force 203

5. The servant received wages ; the slave did not 204

6. The servant could not be sold ; the slave was 204

7. The slave could be punished cruelly; not so with the servant- •• 204

8. Marriage was the right of the servant, but not of the slave 205

9. The life of the servant protected ; the life of the slave exposed- - 205

10. Much time allotted to the servant; not so with the slave 205

11 . The slave can have no property ; the servant can 206

12. The servant had religious privileges by law ; the slave has no

such privileges 206

13. The servant had the common privileges of education; not so

with the slave 206

14. Servants could redeem themselves ; slaves can not 207

15. In Judea the fugitive slave was protected and freed ; not so

with us. 207

16. Our laws do not provide for general emancipation from slavery;

the Mosaic code terminated service 208

17. EfiFect of the Mosaic code on slavery 209

18. The slave laws considered »• 210

19. Conclusion 210

Chapter VIII. Working Of The Mosaic Code

Paok.

1. General survey of the Mosaic code 212

2. The Canaunites were not enslaved 213

They were politically destroyed, page 213.

3. The Gibeonitos not slaves 213

4. Solomon's servants not slaves 216

5. The case of the Syrians in B. C. 893, sent home by Elisha 217

6. A similar case in the days of Ahaz, B. C. 741 218

7. Denunciation of Isaiah, B. C. 712 219

9. No foreign or domestic slave-trade among the Jews 222

10. Period between Malachi and Christ 223

Chapter IX. The Roman Law On Slavery

I. Origin* op slavery 224

II. The Roman law on slavery 225

Various parts of the law, page 225,

1. Legal definitions 226

2. Rights of persons 227

3. nKjen ui, or freemen 228

4. Libcrtini, or freed-men 228

5. Of manumission and its modes, and how accomplished 228

6. Difference in freed-men abolished 229

Roman citizens, p. 229. Latins and the law of Jnnia JVorhona, p. 229. The Dcdititii and the law JSlia Sentia, p. 229.

7. Who can manumit 230

8. Manumission in fraud of creditors 231

Minors under twenty can not manumit, p. 231.

9. Just causes of manumission 231

10. Abrogation of the law ^lia Sentia 232

11. Power of masters over slaves 232

12. Power of parents over children 233

Adopted children, p. 234,

13. Of diminution 234

14. What are fruits 236

15. Slaves can have no property 237

16. Who are witnesses 238

17. Of making wills 238

18. Of heirs 239

The substitution of heirs, p. 240. Division of heirs — necessary heirs, p. 241.

19. Of the pecidiuin 241

20. A new species of succession 245

21. The decree Mirahilis •• ^ 246

22. A slave held in common 246

23. Runaways, or stolen slaves 247

24. Obligations of those under our power 247

25. Of theft 248

26. Injury to a slave 249

On the peculium, p. 249.

27. Liability of masters for slaves 249

28. Noxal actions. 249

III. Digest of the Roman law 250

1. Division of persons into freemen and slaves 250

2. Slavery defined 251

Taylor quoted, p. 251.

3. Various modes of becoming slaves 252

(1.) By wars, p. 252. (2.) By kidnapping and commerce, p. 252. (3.) By birth, p. 252. (4.) By persons selling themselves, p. 252. (5.) By the operation of certain laws, p. 253. (6.) By diminution, p. 254.

4. Slaves in the power of their masters 254

5. They can have no property 255

6. Nor make contracts 255

7. Can have no marriage 255

Connuhium alone is theirs, p. 255. Concubinage, p. 256.

8. Are transmitted by inheritance 257

9. Can not be a legal witness 257

10. The fugitive — how treated 257

11. Injury done to a slave 257

12. Of manumission — it was variously effected 257

(1.) By the census, p. 258. (2.) By will or testament, p. 258. (3.) By will or testament, p. 258. (4.) By epistle, p. 259. (5.) By adoption, p. 259. (6.) By making the slave tutor, p. 259. (7.) By being made an heir, p. 259. (8.) In the face of the Church, p. 259.

13. Restraints on emancipation ' 260

The frced-man still depended on his former master, p. 260. The Dedititii, p. 260. The Latini, p. 261. The Lihertini, p. 261.

14. Patrons, and their relation to freed-men 262

The subjection of freed-men to patrons, p. 262.

IV. Slavery of Rome historically considered 262

1. Slavery in the early days of Rome 262

2. Number of slaves 263

3. Masters responsible for the slaves 263

4. Punishment of slaves 264

5. Restraints on punishing them 265

6. Slave-traders. 266

7. Value of slaves 267

8. Their food 267

9. Clothing 267

10. Their work — the egastula 267

11. Their privileges 267

12. Their education 268

13. Division into classes 268

V. Bad effects of Roman slavery 268

1. The condition of the slave was one of great hardship 269

2. Insurrections of slaves 269

3. Its effects in the rural districts 270

4. Its influence on free labor 271

5. On domestic life 271

6. On civic virtue 272

7. On public morals 273

VI. Principles of justice in the Roman code at variance with

slavery 274

1. Principles of justice as laid down in the Institutions of Justinian 274

Pagb.

2. Axioms of justice in the Digest 275

3. IIow these conflict with the system of slavery 270

VII. COMTAKISON BETWEEN THE ROMAN AND AMERICAN CODES 278

1. There are several points in wliich the two systems agree 278

(1.) They are identical in the leading elements instituting slavery, p. 278. (2.) Both cases adopt principles subversive of slavery, p. 279.

2. The two systems disagree in other respects 279

(1.) The Roman law did not forbid the enlightenment of the slave in letters, p. 279. (2.) Nor prohibit his emancipation, p. 279.

Chapter X. The New Testament

1. Extent of slavery at the advent 281

2. It did not exist in Judea 281

Not very expressly mentioned in the Gospel, page 282. The omission no proof in its favor, p. 282.

3. Christ and his apostles condemn it 283

They reaSirm the moral law on it, p. 283. Its not being condemned by nmne no argument for it, p. 283.

4. The law of love against it 283

5. The golden rule also 284

6. The brotherhood of Christianity 284

7. The equality of Christianity 284

8. Inequality of slavery forbidden 285

9. Our redemption • 285

10. The Gospel jubilee subversive of slavery 286

The salvation of the Gospel the principal element, p. 286. It removes the causes of slavery, as poverty, captives in war, etc., p. 287. Sets free those already enslaved, p. 288. A remedy for all moral evils, p. 289.